Lab 6. Limbic System & Ventricles
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An Eloreta Quantitative EEG Study
brain sciences Article Power Spectral Differences between Transient Epileptic and Global Amnesia: An eLORETA Quantitative EEG Study Jacopo Lanzone 1,* , Claudio Imperatori 2 , Giovanni Assenza 1 , Lorenzo Ricci 1 , Benedetto Farina 2, Vincenzo Di Lazzaro 1 and Mario Tombini 1 1 Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (G.A.); [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (V.D.L.); [email protected] (M.T.) 2 Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (C.I.); [email protected] (B.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 July 2020; Accepted: 4 September 2020; Published: 6 September 2020 Abstract: Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) is a rare epileptic condition, often confused with transient global amnesia (TGA). In a real-life scenario, differential diagnosis between these two conditions can be hard. In this study we use power spectral analysis empowered by exact Low Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography (eLORETA) to evidence the differences between TEA and TGA. Fifteen patients affected by TEA (64.2 5.2 y.o.; 11 female/4 male; 10 left and 5 right temporal epileptic focus) ± and 15 patients affected by TGA (65.8 7.2 y.o.; 11 females/4 males) were retrospectively identified in ± our clinical records. All patients recorded EEGs after symptoms offset. EEGs were analyzed with eLORETA to evidence power spectral contrast between the two conditions. We used an inverse problem solution to localize the source of spectral differences. -
Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Epilepsy Research and Treatment Volume 2012, Article ID 176157, 12 pages doi:10.1155/2012/176157 Review Article AnatomyoftheTemporalLobe J. A. Kiernan Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1 Correspondence should be addressed to J. A. Kiernan, [email protected] Received 6 October 2011; Accepted 3 December 2011 Academic Editor: Seyed M. Mirsattari Copyright © 2012 J. A. Kiernan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Only primates have temporal lobes, which are largest in man, accommodating 17% of the cerebral cortex and including areas with auditory, olfactory, vestibular, visual and linguistic functions. The hippocampal formation, on the medial side of the lobe, includes the parahippocampal gyrus, subiculum, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and associated white matter, notably the fimbria, whose fibres continue into the fornix. The hippocampus is an inrolled gyrus that bulges into the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. Association fibres connect all parts of the cerebral cortex with the parahippocampal gyrus and subiculum, which in turn project to the dentate gyrus. The largest efferent projection of the subiculum and hippocampus is through the fornix to the hypothalamus. The choroid fissure, alongside the fimbria, separates the temporal lobe from the optic tract, hypothalamus and midbrain. The amygdala comprises several nuclei on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe, mostly anterior the hippocampus and indenting the tip of the temporal horn. The amygdala receives input from the olfactory bulb and from association cortex for other modalities of sensation. -
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans Ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai To cite this version: Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai. Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, Frontiers, 2018, 12, pp.93. 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093. hal-01929541 HAL Id: hal-01929541 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01929541 Submitted on 21 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW published: 19 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093 Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans J. ten Donkelaar 1*†, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer 2† and Jürgen K. Mai 3† 1 Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 2 IMN Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, 3 Institute for Anatomy, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany The gyri and sulci of the human brain were defined by pioneers such as Louis-Pierre Gratiolet and Alexander Ecker, and extensified by, among others, Dejerine (1895) and von Economo and Koskinas (1925). -
The Connexions of the Amygdala
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.28.2.137 on 1 April 1965. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1965, 28, 137 The connexions of the amygdala W. M. COWAN, G. RAISMAN, AND T. P. S. POWELL From the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford The amygdaloid nuclei have been the subject of con- to what is known of the efferent connexions of the siderable interest in recent years and have been amygdala. studied with a variety of experimental techniques (cf. Gloor, 1960). From the anatomical point of view MATERIAL AND METHODS attention has been paid mainly to the efferent connexions of these nuclei (Adey and Meyer, 1952; The brains of 26 rats in which a variety of stereotactic or Lammers and Lohman, 1957; Hall, 1960; Nauta, surgical lesions had been placed in the diencephalon and and it is now that there basal forebrain areas were used in this study. Following 1961), generally accepted survival periods of five to seven days the animals were are two main efferent pathways from the amygdala, perfused with 10 % formol-saline and after further the well-known stria terminalis and a more diffuse fixation the brains were either embedded in paraffin wax ventral pathway, a component of the longitudinal or sectioned on a freezing microtome. All the brains were association bundle of the amygdala. It has not cut in the coronal plane, and from each a regularly spaced generally been recognized, however, that in studying series was stained, the paraffin sections according to the Protected by copyright. the efferent connexions of the amygdala it is essential original Nauta and Gygax (1951) technique and the frozen first to exclude a contribution to these pathways sections with the conventional Nauta (1957) method. -
Fetal Brain Anomalies Associated with Ventriculomegaly Or Asymmetry: an MRI-Based Study
ORIGINAL RESEARCH PEDIATRICS Fetal Brain Anomalies Associated with Ventriculomegaly or Asymmetry: An MRI-Based Study X E. Barzilay, X O. Bar-Yosef, X S. Dorembus, X R. Achiron, and X E. Katorza ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Fetal lateral ventriculomegaly is a relatively common finding with much debate over its clinical signifi- cance. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between ventriculomegaly and asymmetry and concomitant CNS findings as seen in fetal brain MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fetal brain MR imaging performed for various indications, including ventriculomegaly, with or without additional ultrasound findings, was assessed for possible inclusion. Two hundred seventy-eight cases found to have at least 1 lateral ventricle with a width of Ն10 mm were included in the study. Ventriculomegaly was considered mild if the measurement was 10–11.9 mm; moderate if, 12–14.9 mm; and severe if, Ն15 mm. Asymmetry was defined as a difference of Ն2 mm between the 2 lateral ventricles. Fetal brain MR imaging findings were classified according to severity by predefined categories. RESULTS: The risk of CNS findings appears to be strongly related to the width of the ventricle (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.08–1.76; P ϭ .009). The prevalence of associated CNS abnormalities was significantly higher (P ϭ .005) in symmetric ventriculomegaly compared with asymmetric ventriculomegaly (38.8% versus 24.2%, respectively, for all CNS abnormalities and 20% versus 7.1%, respectively, for major CNS abnormalities). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we demonstrate that the rate of minor and major findings increased with each millimeter increase in ventricle width and that the presence of symmetric ventricles in mild and moderate ventriculomegaly was a prognostic indicator for CNS abnormalities. -
Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria Official Journal of the Brazilian Psychiatric Association Psychiatry Volume 34 • Number 1 • March/2012
Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2012;34:101-111 Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria Official Journal of the Brazilian Psychiatric Association Psychiatry Volume 34 • Number 1 • March/2012 REVIEW ARTICLE Neuroimaging in specific phobia disorder: a systematic review of the literature Ila M.P. Linares,1 Clarissa Trzesniak,1 Marcos Hortes N. Chagas,1 Jaime E. C. Hallak,1 Antonio E. Nardi,2 José Alexandre S. Crippa1 ¹ Department of Neuroscience and Behavior of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP). INCT Translational Medicine (CNPq). São Paulo, Brazil 2 Panic & Respiration Laboratory. Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). INCT Translational Medicine (CNPq). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Received on August 03, 2011; accepted on October 12, 2011 DESCRIPTORS Abstract Neuroimaging; Objective: Specific phobia (SP) is characterized by irrational fear associated with avoidance of Specific Phobia; specific stimuli. In recent years, neuroimaging techniques have been used in an attempt to better Review; understand the neurobiology of anxiety disorders. The objective of this study was to perform a Anxiety Disorder; systematic review of articles that used neuroimaging techniques to study SP. Method: A literature Phobia. search was conducted through electronic databases, using the keywords: imaging, neuroimaging, PET, spectroscopy, functional magnetic resonance, structural magnetic resonance, SPECT, MRI, DTI, and tractography, combined with simple phobia and specific phobia. One-hundred fifteen articles were found, of which 38 were selected for the present review. From these, 24 used fMRI, 11 used PET, 1 used SPECT, 2 used structural MRI, and none used spectroscopy. Result: The search showed that studies in this area were published recently and that the neuroanatomic substrate of SP has not yet been consolidated. -
Meninges Ventricles And
Meninges ,ventricles & CSF Dr.Sanaa Al-Shaarawy Dr. Essam Eldin Salama OBJECTIVES • By the end of the lecture the student should be able to: • Describe the cerebral meninges & list the main dural folds. • Describe the spinal meninges & locate the level of the termination of each of them. • Describe the importance of the subarachnoid space. • List the Ventricular system of the CNS and locate the site of each of them. • Describe the formation, circulation, drainage, and functions of the CSF. • Know some clinical point about the CSF MENINGES • The brain and spinal cord are invested by three concentric membranes ; • The outermost layer is the dura matter. • The middle layer is the arachnoid matter. • The innermost layer is the pia matter. DURA MATER ▪The cranial dura is a two layered tough, fibrous thick membrane that surrounds the brain. ▪It is formed of two layers; periosteal and meningeal. ▪The periosteal layer is attached to the skull. ▪The meningeal layer is folded forming the dural folds : falx cerebri, and tentorium cerebelli. ▪Sensory innervation of the dura is mostly from : meningeal branches of the trigeminal and vagus nerves & C1 to C3(upper cervical Ns.). DURA MATER Folds Two large reflection of dura extend into the cranial cavity : 1.The falx cerebri, In the midline, ▪It is a vertical sickle-shaped sheet of dura, extends from the cranial roof into the great longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres. ▪It has an attached border adherent to the skull. ▪And a free border lies above the corpus callosum. DURA MATER Folds 2. A horizontal shelf of dura, The tentorium cerebelli, ▪ It lies between the posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum. -
Normal Mentality Associated with a Maldeveloped " Rhinencephalon " by P
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.13.3.191 on 1 August 1950. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1950, 13, 191. NORMAL MENTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH A MALDEVELOPED " RHINENCEPHALON " BY P. W. NATHAN and MARION C. SMITH Fronm the Neurological Research Unit of the Medical Research Coulncil, National Hospital. Queen Square, London In 1937 Papez published his views on the Case Report functions of the gyrus fornicatus. He summarized The specimen is the brain of a man, aged 34, who died them as follows. of a chondrosarcoma of the ileum. He was one of a series of cases under investigation in a programme of " It is proposed that the hypothalamus, the anterior thalamic nuclei, the gyrus cinguli, the hippocampus, research concerned with operations for the relief of and their inter-connexions constitute a harmonious pain. As many hours had been devoted to the testing mechanism which may elaborate the functions of of sensation and the discussion of signs and symptoms, central emotion, as well as participate in emotional our knowledge of the patient, which extended over a expression." period of six months, was much greater than that Bilateral temporal lobectomies performed on acquired in most routine cases. Protected by copyright. and Bucy in 1939 gave evidence No abnormality of development had been suspected monkeys by Kiuver during the patient's life, for he came well within normal supporting Papez' general hypothesis. The effects limits from intellectual and psychological points of of extensive lesions of the hippocampus-fornix view. His mother had remained well during pregnancy, system in cats and dogs were reported by Spiegel, and his birth was normal. -
Anatomic Significance of Topographical Relief in the Pars Basalis Telencephali
Rom J Leg Med [27] 1-9 [2019] DOI: 10.4323/rjlm.2019.1 © 2019 Romanian Society of Legal Medicine FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH Anatomic significance of topographical relief in the pars basalis telencephali. Implications in forensic psychopathology Gheorghe S. Drăgoi1,2,*, Ileana Marinescu3 _________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: Topographical relief situated in the pars basalis telencephali have always been aspects of interest for anatomists and neurologists with regard to their terming and integration in neuronal systems. The main target of the present work is the macroanatonic analysis of the location and relations of reference anatomic markers of topographical relief on which connections of anatomical and functional areas are based. The study was carried out on human biological samples. Twenty samples of lesion- free encephala were taken from 8 men (aged between 36 and 65), 7 women (aged between 41 and 69) and 5 new-born infants (2 males and 3 females). Based on reference anatomic markers, identification of anatomic and functional area borderlines was done in the subcalloso – olfactory space. According to morphological variability the markers were grouped in 3 classes: a) commissural interconnective markers; b) non-commissural interconnective markers; c) markers modelled by the branches of the anterior cerebral artery. Based on our research and further corroboration with the progress made in the research of topographical relief as well as of the experimental results on septal nuclei, we offer an attempt at clarifying of the semantic content of taxonomy of terms as well as their implication in forensic phychopathology. Key Words: septum verum, subcallosal area, paraterminal gyrus, paraolfactory area, paraolfactory gyri. INTRODUCTION [7]; Cruveilhier (1836)[8]; Bergman (1831)[9]; Meynert (1867)[10]; Broca (1879)[11]; și Zuckerkandl (1887) Topographical relief variation in the pars basalis [12]. -
On the Scent of Human Olfactory Orbitofrontal Cortex: Meta-Analysis and Comparison to Non-Human Primates
Brain Research Reviews 50 (2005) 287 – 304 www.elsevier.com/locate/brainresrev Review On the scent of human olfactory orbitofrontal cortex: Meta-analysis and comparison to non-human primates Jay A. Gottfrieda,*, David H. Zaldb aDepartment of Neurology and the Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Searle 11-453, Chicago, IL 60611, USA bDepartment of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA Accepted 25 August 2005 Available online 6 October 2005 Abstract It is widely accepted that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) represents the main neocortical target of primary olfactory cortex. In non-human primates, the olfactory neocortex is situated along the basal surface of the caudal frontal lobes, encompassing agranular and dysgranular OFC medially and agranular insula laterally, where this latter structure wraps onto the posterior orbital surface. Direct afferent inputs arrive from most primary olfactory areas, including piriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex, in the absence of an obligatory thalamic relay. While such findings are almost exclusively derived from animal data, recent cytoarchitectonic studies indicate a close anatomical correspondence between non-human primate and human OFC. Given this cross-species conservation of structure, it has generally been presumed that the olfactory projection area in human OFC occupies the same posterior portions of OFC as seen in non-human primates. This review questions this assumption by providing a critical survey of the localization of primate and human olfactory neocortex. Based on a meta-analysis of human functional neuroimaging studies, the region of human OFC showing the greatest olfactory responsivity appears substantially rostral and in a different cytoarchitectural area than the orbital olfactory regions as defined in the monkey. -
Features of the Cerebral Vascular Pattern That Predict Vulnerability to Perfusion Or Oxygenation Deficiency: an Anatomic Study
431 Features of the Cerebral Vascular Pattern That Predict Vulnerability to Perfusion or Oxygenation Deficiency: An Anatomic Study D. M. Moody1 In an ongoing study of brain microvasculature in humans at autopsy, we had the 1 2 M.A. Bell · opportunity to analyze the overall scheme of this vascular supply. The native endothelial V. R. Challa3 membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, is used to precipitate black lead sulfide salt in the vessel wall, rendering the brain microvasculature visible by both light microscopy and microradiography. There are six distinct patterns of intraparenchymal afferent blood supply to the supratentorial brain: short arterioles from a single source (e.g., those in the cortex); short- to intermediate-length arterioles, single source (anterior two-thirds of the corpus callosum); short- to intermediate-length arterioles and arteries, dual source (subcortical U fibers); intermediate-length arterioles and arteries, triple source (extreme/ external capsule and claustrum); long arteries and arterioles, single source (centrum semiovale); and large, long muscular arteries, single source (thalamus and basal ganglia). The nature of this arrangement offers some protection to certain regions of the cerebrum from circulatory challenges such as hypotension, while leaving other areas vulnerable. The distal arterioles supplying two of these protected regions, the U-fiber area and the extreme/external capsule and claustrum area, also exhibit the feature of interdigitation, which can offer additional collateral potential from one arteriolar territory to the next. Aging, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis can have a significant impact on brain microcirculation. The way in which vascular patterns dictate the distribution of these effects is discussed. The ability to stain the cerebral microvessels and demonstrate the finer points of their patterns in sections and microradiographs has enabled us to resolve some long-standing questions about vascular connections and directions. -
The Paramedian Supracerebellar-Transtentorial
J Neurosurg 116:773–791, 2012 The paramedian supracerebellar-transtentorial approach to the entire length of the mediobasal temporal region: an anatomical and clinical study Laboratory investigation UğUR TÜRE, M.D.,1 MEHMET VOLKAN HARPut, M.D.,1 AHMET HILMI KAYA, M.D.,1 PRAVEEN BAIMEDI, M.D.,1 ZEYNEP FIRAT, PH.D.,1 HATICE TÜRE, M.D.,2 AND CANAN AYKut BINGÖL, M.D.3 Departments of 1Neurosurgery, 2Anesthesiology, and 3Neurology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey Object. The exploration of lesions in the mediobasal temporal region (MTR) has challenged generations of neurosurgeons to achieve an appropriate approach. To address this challenge, the extensive use of the paramedian supracerebellar-transtentorial (PST) approach to expose the entire length of the MTR, as well as the fusiform gyrus, was investigated. Methods. The authors studied the microsurgical aspects of the PST approach in 20 cadaver brains and 5 cadaver heads under the operating microscope. They evaluated the features, advantages, difficulties, and limitations of the PST approach and refined the surgical technique. They then used the PST approach in 15 patients with large intrinsic MTR tumors (6 patients), tumor in the posterior fusiform gyrus with mediobasal temporal epilepsy (MTE) (1 patient), cavernous malformations in the posterior MTR including the fusiform gyrus (2 patients), or intractable MTE with hippocampal sclerosis (6 patients) from December 2007 to May 2010. Patients ranged in age from 11 to 63 years (mean 35.2 years), and in 9 patients (60%) the lesion was located on the left side. Results. In all patients with neuroepithelial tumors or cavernous malformations, the lesions were completely and safely resected.