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The Connexions of the Amygdala
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.28.2.137 on 1 April 1965. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1965, 28, 137 The connexions of the amygdala W. M. COWAN, G. RAISMAN, AND T. P. S. POWELL From the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford The amygdaloid nuclei have been the subject of con- to what is known of the efferent connexions of the siderable interest in recent years and have been amygdala. studied with a variety of experimental techniques (cf. Gloor, 1960). From the anatomical point of view MATERIAL AND METHODS attention has been paid mainly to the efferent connexions of these nuclei (Adey and Meyer, 1952; The brains of 26 rats in which a variety of stereotactic or Lammers and Lohman, 1957; Hall, 1960; Nauta, surgical lesions had been placed in the diencephalon and and it is now that there basal forebrain areas were used in this study. Following 1961), generally accepted survival periods of five to seven days the animals were are two main efferent pathways from the amygdala, perfused with 10 % formol-saline and after further the well-known stria terminalis and a more diffuse fixation the brains were either embedded in paraffin wax ventral pathway, a component of the longitudinal or sectioned on a freezing microtome. All the brains were association bundle of the amygdala. It has not cut in the coronal plane, and from each a regularly spaced generally been recognized, however, that in studying series was stained, the paraffin sections according to the Protected by copyright. the efferent connexions of the amygdala it is essential original Nauta and Gygax (1951) technique and the frozen first to exclude a contribution to these pathways sections with the conventional Nauta (1957) method. -
Normal Mentality Associated with a Maldeveloped " Rhinencephalon " by P
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.13.3.191 on 1 August 1950. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1950, 13, 191. NORMAL MENTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH A MALDEVELOPED " RHINENCEPHALON " BY P. W. NATHAN and MARION C. SMITH Fronm the Neurological Research Unit of the Medical Research Coulncil, National Hospital. Queen Square, London In 1937 Papez published his views on the Case Report functions of the gyrus fornicatus. He summarized The specimen is the brain of a man, aged 34, who died them as follows. of a chondrosarcoma of the ileum. He was one of a series of cases under investigation in a programme of " It is proposed that the hypothalamus, the anterior thalamic nuclei, the gyrus cinguli, the hippocampus, research concerned with operations for the relief of and their inter-connexions constitute a harmonious pain. As many hours had been devoted to the testing mechanism which may elaborate the functions of of sensation and the discussion of signs and symptoms, central emotion, as well as participate in emotional our knowledge of the patient, which extended over a expression." period of six months, was much greater than that Bilateral temporal lobectomies performed on acquired in most routine cases. Protected by copyright. and Bucy in 1939 gave evidence No abnormality of development had been suspected monkeys by Kiuver during the patient's life, for he came well within normal supporting Papez' general hypothesis. The effects limits from intellectual and psychological points of of extensive lesions of the hippocampus-fornix view. His mother had remained well during pregnancy, system in cats and dogs were reported by Spiegel, and his birth was normal. -
The Importance of Hippocampal Volume Reduction in People with Alzheimer’S Disease
Journal of ISSN: 2581-7388 Biomedical Research and Reviews Volume 1: 2 J Biomed Res Rev 2018 The importance of Hippocampal Volume Reduction in People with Alzheimer’s Disease 1Department of Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil 1* Mirto Nelso Prandini 2Department of Medicine, University of Medicine of ABC- FMABC, Brazil Mahara Barbosa Nonato2 3Department of Medicine(Medical Student), University of Grandes Lagos- Balestrieri João Vitor Lois3 UNILAGO, Brazil Abstract Article Information Hippocampus is an anatomic structure located inside the temporal Article Type: Research lobes. It is and an important component of the limbic system and considered the main place of memory. It plays, also, an important role Article Number: JBRR110 Received Date: 26 April, 2018 in the visuospatial memory. The healthy aging process is accompanied Accepted Date: 30 May, 2018 by the decline of physiological functions as well as some cognitive Published Date: 06 June, 2018 abilities mainly the ones related with episodic memory, the principal function carried out by the hippocampus. In senesce or in cases of *Corresponding author: Dr. Mirto Nelso Prandini, pathological process, some anatomic alterations in neural structures Department of Neurosurgery, Federal University of São may be encountered such as the reduction of the cerebral volume as a Paulo, Rua dos Crisântemos, 117 CEP 04049 020, São Paulo whole. Therefore, one of the principal challenges in clinical practice is Brazil. Tel: + 991156830; Email: mnprandini(at)uol.com.br to separate the normal to the pathological cognition when occurring in old aged people as well as in patients suffering from diseases located Citation: Prandini MN, Nonata MB, Lois BJV (2018) The in the hippocampus. -
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION of the CONNEXIONS of the OLFACTORY TRACTS in the MONKEY by MARGARET MEYER and A
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.12.4.274 on 1 November 1949. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1949, 12, 274. AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CONNEXIONS OF THE OLFACTORY TRACTS IN THE MONKEY BY MARGARET MEYER and A. C. ALLISON From the Department ofAnatomy, University of Oxford The great expansion of the-cerebral cortex which bilateral degeneration of olfactory terminals appar- has taken place in higher primates has brought ently passing through the anterior limb of the about a considerable displacement of structures on anterior commissure. The present study has been the base of the telencephalon, and the precise undertaken to map out the connexions of the comparison of certain areas in this part of the olfactory bulb in the monkey's brain as precisely brain with those in lower mammals has been a as possible with the same silver technique. matter of some difficulty. This is true particularly Material and Methods of the olfactory areas which lie on the orbital aspect guest. Protected by copyright. of the frontal lobe and the adjacent part of the Three macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and two this immature Guinea baboons (Papio papio) were used. temporal lobe. Although part of the brain The operative technique was similar in all cases: under in primates has been subjected to detailed cyto- nembutal anesthesia and with the usual aseptic pre- architectural and myelo-architectural examinations cautions a large right frontal bone flap was reflected; (Rose, 1927b, 1928; Beck, 1934, and others), the the frontal lobe of the hemisphere was carefully retraced, areas directly related to olfaction have never been and the olfactory peduncle, lying on the ventral surface, clearly defined. -
Arterial Patterns of the Rat Rhinencephalon and Related Structures
EXPEKIRIEN'TAI. NE~'ROI.OGY 49, 671-690 (1975) Arterial Patterns of the Rat Rhinencephalon and Related Structures PETER CoYLE1 Rccciz*cd J~r~w 7. 19i5 Course and distribution information on arteries in the rat rhinencephalon was not found in the literature. Such data are useful for designing experi- ments and interpreting findings, tracing nerve fibers on or to intracerebral vessels, and in considering routes for diffusion or transport of intracerebral injected agents. Adult rats were perfused with silicone rubber and many brains were cleared in glycerin. The major arteries to the olfactory bulb stem from the anterior cerebral artery. A middle cerebral arterial ramus could provide a collateral source. The septum receives supply exclusively from the anterior cerebral artery. A rostra1 lesion in the medial septum would most likely involve arteries supplying more caudal structures includ- ing hippocampal afferent and efferent fibers. No anastomoses between septal arteries or with middle or posterior cerebral arterial rami were observed. The cingulate cortex receives anterior cerebral arterial branches with the middle cerebral artery being a collateral source. The amygdala and over- lying cortex receive branches of the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries. Transverse arteries in the hippocampal fissure stem from the longitudinal hippocampal artery, a branch of the posterior cerebral artery, to nourish the hippocampus and portions of the fascia dentata. Other branches supply the remainder of the fascia dentata, entorhinal and sub- icular structures, and certain vessels anastomose with middle cerebral arterial rami. A transverse artery occlusion would probably result in a lesion : No intracerebral arterial anastomoses were observed. -
9.14 Lecture 32: Limbic Forebrain and Amygdala Notes
A sketch of the central nervous system and its origins G. E. Schneider 2014 Part 9: Hypothalamus & Limbic System MIT 9.14 Class 32 Limbic forebrain and amygdala (Limbic system 5) 1 Terms: “Rhinencephalon" (see Brodal, p. 433-434, note 1) “Limbic lobe”; “Limbic system” (see following slide) 2 (From previous classes) Describe Papez' Circuit (Papez, 1937). What did Papez claim about it? . Per Brodal deleted his description of Papez’ work from the 3rd edition of his textbook, opting for less history in order to limit the length of the book. Other reasons? Some did not see enough evidence to group the structures together. They put less weight on the connections argument than experimental neuroanatomists did. James Papez at Cornell described evidence that what was known as the “rhinencephalon” is not actually dominated by the olfactory system. Instead, he proposed, it includes a circuit of interconnected cell groups concerned with feelings and emotional expressions. 3 . This led to new thinking, and resulted in Paul McLean’s giving the name “limbic system” to those structures in 1952, resurrecting the term used by Broca when he described “the great limbic lobe”. More recently it was discovered that the functions of this system extend beyond mood and emotion: they play a major role in spatial cognition and in the formation of specific memories for places and events. This has led to a revival of interest in Papez' circuit. 4 [Review] You have seen the next slide before—it is a useful reference figure. It shows the cerebral hemisphere of small smooth-brained mammal, medial view, with a sketch of Papez’ circuit: a small selection of connections from a large interconnected network. -
Neuroanatomy of the Common Dolphin (Delphinus Delphis)As Revealed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 268:411–429 (2002) Neuroanatomy of the Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis)as Revealed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) LORI MARINO,1* KEITH D. SUDHEIMER,2 D. ANN PABST,3 3 1 2,4 WILLIAM A. MCLELLAN, DAVID FILSOOF, AND JOHN I. JOHNSON 1Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 2Radiology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 3Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 4Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan ABSTRACT In this study, magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain of an adult common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) were acquired in the coronal plane at 66 antero-posterior levels. From these scans a computer-generated set of resectioned virtual images in orthogonal planes was constructed using the programs VoxelView and VoxelMath (Vital Images, Inc., Michigan State Univ.). Sections in all three planes reveal major neuroanatomical struc- tures. These structures in the adult common dolphin brain are compared with those from a fetal common dolphin brain from a previously published study as well as with MR images of adult brains of other odontocetes. This study, like previous ones, demonstrates the utility of MR imaging (MRI) for comparative neuroanatomical investigations of dolphin brains. Anat Rec 268:411–429, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: common dolphin; neuroanatomy; magnetic reso- nance imaging; MRI; brain Compared with other mammalian brains, the cetacean Although extensive studies have been conducted on the brain is, in many respects, highly unusual. Morgane et al. brains of other odontocetes, such as the bottlenose dolphin (1980, p. -
On the Rhinencephalon of Delphinus Delphis, L
ON THE RHINENCEPHALON OF DELPHINUS DELPHIS, L. WILLIAM H. F. ADDISON From the Neurological Institute, Frankfurt-am-Main, and the Anatomical Labora- tory, University oj Pennsylvania, Philadelphia FIFTEEN FIGURES CONTENTS Introduction.. ... .............. ............. 497 Material studied.. ...................................... ............. 498 Mammalian rhinencephalon ............ ........................ 499 External form of dolphin brain.. ........................... External olfactory region.. ................ ...................... 507 Tertiary centers and connections.. .......................... ......... 510 Summary.. ................................. ................... 519 ................... 521 INTRODUCTION The brain of the common dolphin is characterized by the entire absence of the olfactory tracts and bulbs, and hence the dolphin is completely anosmatic. It was in 1878, that Broca first applied the terms osmatic and anosmatic to the Mammalia as a means of classifying them according to the relative state of development of their entire olfactory apparatus. In the group of anosmatia Mammalia he placed the Primates, Cetacea, and Carnivora pinnipedia; leaving all others in the osmatic group. Later Turner ('90) made the subdivisions macrosmatic, micros- matic and anosmatic. In the macrosmatic forms he included the Ungulata proper, the Carnivora fissipedia, and, ind-eed, the majority of mammals. In the group of microsmatics, or those having the olfactory system relatively feeble, he placed the Carnivora pinnipedia, the whalebone whales, apes arid man; while under the anosmatic group were placed the dolphins, and 497 498 WILLIAM H. F. ADDISON with some uncertainty, due to lack of definite informatmion,the toothed whales in general. As is well known, the Cetacea, as a result of their conformation to an aquatic mode of life, have undergone many changes in their structural peculiarities, but in no system perhaps are these changes more striking than in the organs concerned with olfac- tion. -
Topic 28. the Rhinencephalon. Limbic Brain. the Basal Nuclei. Limbic System
Topic 27. External structure of cerebral hemispheres. 1. Describe the cerebral hemispheres with related surfaces, principal parts and the boundaries 2. Describe the sulci and gyri of the superolateral face of cerebral hemispheres. 3. Describe the sulci and gyri of the medial surface of cerebral hemispheres. 4. Describe the sulci and gyri of the inferior surface of cerebral hemispheres. 5. Describe structure of the cerebral cortex. Discuss V.A. Betz’s researches. 6. Give definition of the analyzer. 7. Describe location of the cortical ends of analyzers. B. Choose the correct answer. 1. Specify surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres. A. Superolateral and medial B. Ventral, dorsal and lateral C. Superolateral, medial, inferior D. Anterior and posterior E. Medial and lateral 2. Match cerebral cortex to the region in which it is located: A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon Topic 28. The rhinencephalon. Limbic brain. The basal nuclei. Limbic system Specify anatomical structures Basal nuclei Theoretical questions for the self-check: 1. Describe structure and functions of the rhinencephalon. 2. Discuss topography, compartments and functional significance of the basal nuclei. 3. Discuss topography, compartments and functional significance of the corpus striatum. 4. Describe the parts and functional significance of the limbic system. B. Situational tasks. 1. A 60-year-old man after cerebral hemorrhage felt asleep for a long time. Damage of what structure caused this state? A. Nuclei of the cranial nerves B. Hippocampus C. Reticular formation D. Cortex of the large hemispheres E. Black substances 2. Match cerebral cortex to the region in which it is located: A. -
Morphology and Morphometry of Few Components of Limbic System of Brain of Surti Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis)
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(7): 622-630 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 07 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.075 Morphology and Morphometry of Few Components of Limbic System of Brain of Surti Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Alka Suman* and S.P. Pandya Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anand Agriculture University, Anand, 388001, Gujarat, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT The present study entitled ―Morphology and Morphometry of few components of Limbic System of brain of Surti Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)‖ was carried out at the Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anand Agricultural University , Anand, Gujarat. For this study, 12 specimens of brain of buffaloes were used and few components of limbic system were recorded with the help of the K e yw or ds scientific weighing balance, Vernier callipers, thread and scale. The limbic system is also called as an emotional brain. The few components of limbic system included the thalamus, Limbic system, fornix, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, septum pellucidum, amygdaloid body, and Fornix, mammillary body. The thalamus was an oval shaped structure. The overall mean value of Hippocampus, diameter of thalamus was 1.46±0.03 cm. The fornix was bilateral structure of white fibers Septum pellucidum, Caudate nucleus, which consisted of body, two columns and two crura. The overall mean value of length of Amygdaloid body, fornix was 8.03±0.1 cm. -
Layer Pattern in Presubiculum, Parasubiculum and Entorhinal Cortex. a Review
REVIEW published: 04 October 2017 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00084 The Human Periallocortex: Layer Pattern in Presubiculum, Parasubiculum and Entorhinal Cortex. A Review Ricardo Insausti 1*, Mónica Muñoz-López 1, Ana M. Insausti 2 and Emilio Artacho-Pérula 1 1Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain, 2Department of Health Sciences, Physical Therapy School, Public University of Navarra, Tudela, Spain The cortical mantle is not homogeneous, so that three types of cortex can be distinguished: allocortex, periallocortex and isocortex. The main distinction among those three types is based on morphological differences, in particular the number of layers, overall organization, appearance, etc., as well as its connectivity. Additionally, in the phylogenetic scale, this classification is conserved among different mammals. The most primitive and simple cortex is the allocortex, which is characterized by the presence of three layers, with one cellular main layer; it is continued by the periallocortex, which presents six layers, although with enough differences in the layer pattern to separate three different fields: presubiculum (PrS), parasubiculum (PaS), and entorhinal cortex (EC). The closest part to the allocortex (represented by the subiculum) is the PrS, which shows outer (layers I–III) and inner (V–VI) principal layers (lamina principalis externa and lamina principalis interna), both separated by a cell poor band, parallel to the pial surface (layer IV or lamina dissecans). This layer organization is present throughout the anterior- posterior axis. The PaS continues the PrS, but its rostrocaudal extent is shorter than the PrS. The organization of the PaS shows the layer pattern more clearly than in the Edited by: PrS. -
Limbic System)
Telencephalon Structure of telencephalon Gray matter Cortex (pallium) Basal ganglia (striatum) White matter - pathways Projection Commissural Association Cerebral cortex ALLOCORTEX 3-5 layers a) palleocortex (rhinencephalon) archicortex b) archicortex (limbic system) MESOCORTEX = palleocortex peripaleocortex, periarchicortex NEOCORTEX (ISOCORTEX) 6 layers Rhinencephalon Limbic lobe Bulbus olfactorius Gyrus cinguli Tractus olfactorius Gyrus parahippocampalis Tuberculum olf. Indusium griseum Stria olf. med. et lat. HippocampalARCHICORTEX complex: Hippocampus (cornu ammonis, CA) Gyrus dentatus Subiculum Fornix Limbic system – classic conception Papez‘s circuit (James Papez 1939) without specific function ncl. anterior thalami tr. mammilo-thalamicus ncl. mamillaris gyrus cinguli fornix gyrus parahippocampalis hippocampus RECENT CONCEPTION OF LIMBIC FOREBRAIN • basomedial telencephalon, structures of diencephalon and mesencephalon for emotion and motivation of our behavior Regular structures • g. cinguli, g. parahippocampalis, hippocampus, insular cortex, neocortical regions of forebrain - basal frontotemporal regions, orbital cortex • area septalis, amygdalar ncll., ventral striatum (pallidum) • ncl. anterior et medialis dorsalis thalami, habenulla • hypothalamus (ncl. mammillaris) Limbic system – classic conception Papez‘s circuit (James Papez 1939) Image of tooth pain Image of fear Reminiscence of music hearing Brodman’s map (cytoarchitectonic map of cortex) 11 regiones 52 areae Functional regions of cortex Primary motor c. (a 4), primary