Two Fiber Pathways Connecting Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex in Humans and Monkeys
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Role of Human Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Learning and Recall of Enhanced Extinction
3264 • The Journal of Neuroscience, April 24, 2019 • 39(17):3264–3276 Behavioral/Cognitive Role of Human Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Learning and Recall of Enhanced Extinction X Joseph E. Dunsmoor,1 XMarijn C.W. Kroes,2 XJian Li,3 X Nathaniel D. Daw,4 Helen B. Simpson,5,6 and X Elizabeth A. Phelps7 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, 2Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 3School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behaviour and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China, 4Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, 5Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, 6New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, and 7Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Standard fear extinction relies on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) to form a new memory given the omission of threat. Using fMRI in humans, we investigated whether replacing threat with novel neutral outcomes (instead of just omitting threat) facilitates extinction by engaging the vmPFC more effectively than standard extinction. Computational modeling of associability (indexing surprise strength and dynamically modulating learning rates) characterized skin conductance responses and vmPFC activity during novelty- facilitated but not standard extinction. Subjects who showed faster within-session updating of associability during novelty-facilitated extinction also expressed better extinction retention the next day, as expressed through skin conductance responses. Finally, separable patterns of connectivity between the amygdala and ventral versus dorsal mPFC characterized retrieval of novelty-facilitated versus standard extinction memories, respectively. -
Extinction Learning in Humans: Role of the Amygdala and Vmpfc
Neuron, Vol. 43, 897–905, September 16, 2004, Copyright 2004 by Cell Press Extinction Learning in Humans: Role of the Amygdala and vmPFC Elizabeth A. Phelps,1,* Mauricio R. Delgado,1 CR). Extinction occurs when a CS is presented alone, Katherine I. Nearing,1 and Joseph E. LeDoux2 without the US, for a number of trials and eventually the 1Department of Psychology and CR is diminished or eliminated. Behavioral studies of 2Center for Neural Science extinction suggest that it is not a process of “unlearning” New York University but rather is a process of new learning of fear inhibition. New York, New York 10003 This view of extinction as an active learning process is supported by studies showing that after extinction the CR can return in a number of situations, such as the Summary passage of time (spontaneous recovery), the presenta- tion of the US alone (reinstatement), or if the animal is Understanding how fears are acquired is an important placed in the context of initial learning (renewal; see step in translating basic research to the treatment Bouton, 2002, for a review). Although animal models of of fear-related disorders. However, understanding how the mechanisms of fear acquisition have been investi- learned fears are diminished may be even more valuable. gated over the last several decades, studies of the We explored the neural mechanisms of fear extinction mechanisms of extinction learning have only recently in humans. Studies of extinction in nonhuman animals started to emerge. Research examining the neural sys- have focused on two interconnected brain regions: tems of fear extinction in nonhuman animals have fo- the amygdala and the ventral medial prefrontal cortex cused on two interconnected brain regions: the ventral (vmPFC). -
Gene Expression of Prohormone and Proprotein Convertases in the Rat CNS: a Comparative in Situ Hybridization Analysis
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1993. 73(3): 1258-1279 Gene Expression of Prohormone and Proprotein Convertases in the Rat CNS: A Comparative in situ Hybridization Analysis Martin K.-H. Schafer,i-a Robert Day,* William E. Cullinan,’ Michel Chri?tien,3 Nabil G. Seidah,* and Stanley J. Watson’ ‘Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0720 and J. A. DeSeve Laboratory of *Biochemical and 3Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W lR7 Posttranslational processing of proproteins and prohor- The participation of neuropeptides in the modulation of a va- mones is an essential step in the formation of bioactive riety of CNS functions is well established. Many neuropeptides peptides, which is of particular importance in the nervous are synthesized as inactive precursor proteins, which undergo system. Following a long search for the enzymes responsible an enzymatic cascade of posttranslational processing and mod- for protein precursor cleavage, a family of Kexin/subtilisin- ification events during their intracellular transport before the like convertases known as PCl, PC2, and furin have recently final bioactive products are secreted and act at either pre- or been characterized in mammalian species. Their presence postsynaptic receptors. Initial endoproteolytic cleavage occurs in endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues has been dem- C-terminal to pairs of basic amino acids such as lysine-arginine onstrated. This study examines the mRNA distribution of (Docherty and Steiner, 1982) and is followed by the removal these convertases in the rat CNS and compares their ex- of the basic residues by exopeptidases. Further modifications pression with the previously characterized processing en- can occur in the form of N-terminal acetylation or C-terminal zymes carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and peptidylglycine a-am- amidation, which is essential for the bioactivity of many neu- idating monooxygenase (PAM) using in situ hybridization ropeptides. -
Dissociable Roles of Prelimbic and Infralimbic Cortices, Ventral Hippocampus, and Basolateral Amygdala in the Expression and Extinction of Conditioned Fear
Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 529–538 & 2011 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. All rights reserved 0893-133X/11 $32.00 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Dissociable Roles of Prelimbic and Infralimbic Cortices, Ventral Hippocampus, and Basolateral Amygdala in the Expression and Extinction of Conditioned Fear 1 1 ,1 Demetrio Sierra-Mercado , Nancy Padilla-Coreano , Gregory J Quirk* 1 Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, USA Current models of conditioned fear expression and extinction involve the basolateral amygdala (BLA), ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and the hippocampus (HPC). There is some disagreement with respect to the specific roles of these structures, perhaps due to subregional differences within each area. For example, growing evidence suggests that infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) subregions of vmPFC have opposite influences on fear expression. Moreover, it is the ventral HPC (vHPC), rather than the dorsal HPC, that projects to vmPFC and BLA. To help determine regional specificity, we used small doses of the GABAA agonist muscimol to selectively inactivate IL, PL, BLA, or vHPC in an auditory fear conditioning and extinction paradigm. Infusions were performed prior to extinction training, allowing us to assess the effects on both fear expression and subsequent extinction memory. Inactivation of IL had no effect on fear expression, but impaired the within-session acquisition of extinction as well as extinction memory. In contrast, inactivation of PL impaired fear expression, but had no effect on extinction memory. Inactivation of the BLA or vHPC impaired both fear expression and extinction memory. Post-extinction inactivations had no effect in any structure. -
Structural Changes in Brains of Patients with Disorders Of
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Structural changes in brains of patients with disorders of consciousness treated with deep brain stimulation Marina Raguž1,2*, Nina Predrijevac1, Domagoj Dlaka1, Darko Orešković1,2, Ante Rotim3, Dominik Romić1, Fadi Almahariq1,2, Petar Marčinković1, Vedran Deletis4, Ivica Kostović2 & Darko Chudy1,2,5 Disorders of consciousness (DOC) are one of the major consequences after anoxic or traumatic brain injury. So far, several studies have described the regaining of consciousness in DOC patients using deep brain stimulation (DBS). However, these studies often lack detailed data on the structural and functional cerebral changes after such treatment. The aim of this study was to conduct a volumetric analysis of specifc cortical and subcortical structures to determine the impact of DBS after functional recovery of DOC patients. Five DOC patients underwent unilateral DBS electrode implantation into the centromedian parafascicular complex of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei. Consciousness recovery was confrmed using the Rappaport Disability Rating and the Coma/Near Coma scale. Brain MRI volumetric measurements were done prior to the procedure, then approximately a year after, and fnally 7 years after the implementation of the electrode. The volumetric analysis included changes in regional cortical volumes and thickness, as well as in subcortical structures. Limbic cortices (parahippocampal and cingulate gyrus) and paralimbic cortices (insula) regions showed a signifcant volume increase and presented a trend of regional cortical thickness increase 1 and 7 years after DBS. The volumes of related subcortical structures, namely the caudate, the hippocampus as well as the amygdala, were signifcantly increased 1 and 7 years after DBS, while the putamen and nucleus accumbens presented with volume increase. -
Cerebral Blood Flow in Immediate and Sustained Anxiety
The Journal of Neuroscience, June 6, 2007 • 27(23):6313–6319 • 6313 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Cerebral Blood Flow in Immediate and Sustained Anxiety Gregor Hasler,1 Stephen Fromm,2 Ruben P. Alvarez,2 David A. Luckenbaugh,2 Wayne C. Drevets,2 and Christian Grillon2 1Psychiatric University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland, and 2Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 The goal of this study was to compare cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes associated with phasic cued fear versus those associated with sustained contextual anxiety. Positron emission tomography images of CBF were acquired using [O-15]H2O in 17 healthy human subjects as they anticipated unpleasant electric shocks that were administered predictably (signaled by a visual cue) or unpredictably (threatened by the context). Presentation of the cue in either threat condition was associated with increased CBF in the left amygdala. A cue that specifically predicted the shock was associated with CBF increases in the ventral prefrontal cortex (PFC), hypothalamus, anterior cingu- late cortex, left insula, and bilateral putamen. The sustained threat context increased CBF in the right hippocampus, mid-cingulate gyrus, subgenual PFC, midbrain periaqueductal gray, thalamus, bilateral ventral striatum, and parieto-occipital cortex. This study showed distinct neuronal networks involved in cued fear and contextual anxiety underlying the importance of this distinction for studies on the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. Key words: fear; anxiety; amygdala; hippocampus; context; cerebral blood flow Introduction Phelps and LeDoux, 2005). These structures were hypothesized Understanding the nature of fear and anxiety provides a frame- to be activated by cues predicting shocks in the present study. -
On the Scent of Human Olfactory Orbitofrontal Cortex: Meta-Analysis and Comparison to Non-Human Primates
Brain Research Reviews 50 (2005) 287 – 304 www.elsevier.com/locate/brainresrev Review On the scent of human olfactory orbitofrontal cortex: Meta-analysis and comparison to non-human primates Jay A. Gottfrieda,*, David H. Zaldb aDepartment of Neurology and the Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Searle 11-453, Chicago, IL 60611, USA bDepartment of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA Accepted 25 August 2005 Available online 6 October 2005 Abstract It is widely accepted that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) represents the main neocortical target of primary olfactory cortex. In non-human primates, the olfactory neocortex is situated along the basal surface of the caudal frontal lobes, encompassing agranular and dysgranular OFC medially and agranular insula laterally, where this latter structure wraps onto the posterior orbital surface. Direct afferent inputs arrive from most primary olfactory areas, including piriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex, in the absence of an obligatory thalamic relay. While such findings are almost exclusively derived from animal data, recent cytoarchitectonic studies indicate a close anatomical correspondence between non-human primate and human OFC. Given this cross-species conservation of structure, it has generally been presumed that the olfactory projection area in human OFC occupies the same posterior portions of OFC as seen in non-human primates. This review questions this assumption by providing a critical survey of the localization of primate and human olfactory neocortex. Based on a meta-analysis of human functional neuroimaging studies, the region of human OFC showing the greatest olfactory responsivity appears substantially rostral and in a different cytoarchitectural area than the orbital olfactory regions as defined in the monkey. -
Features of the Cerebral Vascular Pattern That Predict Vulnerability to Perfusion Or Oxygenation Deficiency: an Anatomic Study
431 Features of the Cerebral Vascular Pattern That Predict Vulnerability to Perfusion or Oxygenation Deficiency: An Anatomic Study D. M. Moody1 In an ongoing study of brain microvasculature in humans at autopsy, we had the 1 2 M.A. Bell · opportunity to analyze the overall scheme of this vascular supply. The native endothelial V. R. Challa3 membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, is used to precipitate black lead sulfide salt in the vessel wall, rendering the brain microvasculature visible by both light microscopy and microradiography. There are six distinct patterns of intraparenchymal afferent blood supply to the supratentorial brain: short arterioles from a single source (e.g., those in the cortex); short- to intermediate-length arterioles, single source (anterior two-thirds of the corpus callosum); short- to intermediate-length arterioles and arteries, dual source (subcortical U fibers); intermediate-length arterioles and arteries, triple source (extreme/ external capsule and claustrum); long arteries and arterioles, single source (centrum semiovale); and large, long muscular arteries, single source (thalamus and basal ganglia). The nature of this arrangement offers some protection to certain regions of the cerebrum from circulatory challenges such as hypotension, while leaving other areas vulnerable. The distal arterioles supplying two of these protected regions, the U-fiber area and the extreme/external capsule and claustrum area, also exhibit the feature of interdigitation, which can offer additional collateral potential from one arteriolar territory to the next. Aging, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis can have a significant impact on brain microcirculation. The way in which vascular patterns dictate the distribution of these effects is discussed. The ability to stain the cerebral microvessels and demonstrate the finer points of their patterns in sections and microradiographs has enabled us to resolve some long-standing questions about vascular connections and directions. -
Memory Loss from a Subcortical White Matter Infarct
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.51.6.866 on 1 June 1988. Downloaded from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1988;51:866-869 Short report Memory loss from a subcortical white matter infarct CAROL A KOOISTRA, KENNETH M HEILMAN From the Department ofNeurology, College ofMedicine, University ofFlorida, and the Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA SUMMARY Clinical disorders of memory are believed to occur from the dysfunction of either the mesial temporal lobe, the mesial thalamus, or the basal forebrain. Fibre tract damage at the level of the fornix has only inconsistently produced amnesia. A patient is reported who suffered a cerebro- vascular accident involving the posterior limb of the left internal capsule that resulted in a persistent and severe disorder of verbal memory. The inferior extent of the lesion effectively disconnected the mesial thalamus from the amygdala and the frontal cortex by disrupting the ventral amygdalofugal and thalamic-frontal pathways as they course through the diencephalon. This case demonstrates that an isolated lesion may cause memory loss without involvement of traditional structures associated with memory and may explain memory disturbances in other white matter disease such as multiple sclerosis and lacunar state. Protected by copyright. Memory loss is currently believed to reflect grey day of his illness the patient was transferred to Shands matter damage of either the mesial temporal lobe,' -4 Teaching Hospital at the University of Florida for further the mesial or the basal forebrain.'0 l evaluation. thalamus,5-9 Examination at that time showed the patient to be awake, Cerebrovascular accidents resulting in memory dys- alert, attentive and fully oriented. -
The Paramedian Supracerebellar-Transtentorial
J Neurosurg 116:773–791, 2012 The paramedian supracerebellar-transtentorial approach to the entire length of the mediobasal temporal region: an anatomical and clinical study Laboratory investigation UğUR TÜRE, M.D.,1 MEHMET VOLKAN HARPut, M.D.,1 AHMET HILMI KAYA, M.D.,1 PRAVEEN BAIMEDI, M.D.,1 ZEYNEP FIRAT, PH.D.,1 HATICE TÜRE, M.D.,2 AND CANAN AYKut BINGÖL, M.D.3 Departments of 1Neurosurgery, 2Anesthesiology, and 3Neurology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey Object. The exploration of lesions in the mediobasal temporal region (MTR) has challenged generations of neurosurgeons to achieve an appropriate approach. To address this challenge, the extensive use of the paramedian supracerebellar-transtentorial (PST) approach to expose the entire length of the MTR, as well as the fusiform gyrus, was investigated. Methods. The authors studied the microsurgical aspects of the PST approach in 20 cadaver brains and 5 cadaver heads under the operating microscope. They evaluated the features, advantages, difficulties, and limitations of the PST approach and refined the surgical technique. They then used the PST approach in 15 patients with large intrinsic MTR tumors (6 patients), tumor in the posterior fusiform gyrus with mediobasal temporal epilepsy (MTE) (1 patient), cavernous malformations in the posterior MTR including the fusiform gyrus (2 patients), or intractable MTE with hippocampal sclerosis (6 patients) from December 2007 to May 2010. Patients ranged in age from 11 to 63 years (mean 35.2 years), and in 9 patients (60%) the lesion was located on the left side. Results. In all patients with neuroepithelial tumors or cavernous malformations, the lesions were completely and safely resected. -
Imaging of Functional Brain Circuits During Acquisition And
brain sciences Article Imaging of Functional Brain Circuits during Acquisition and Memory Retrieval in an Aversive Feedback Learning Task: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Freely Behaving Rats Katharina Braun 1,2,*, Anja Mannewitz 1, Joerg Bock 2,3, Silke Kreitz 4, Andreas Hess 4, Henning Scheich 2,5,† and Jürgen Goldschmidt 2,5,† 1 Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; [email protected] 2 Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (J.G.) 3 PG “Epigenetics and Structural Plasticity”, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany 4 Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (A.H.) 5 Combinatorial Neuroimaging Core Facility, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-391-67-55001 † Shared senior authorship. Citation: Braun, K.; Mannewitz, A.; Abstract: Active avoidance learning is a complex form of aversive feedback learning that in humans Bock, J.; Kreitz, S.; Hess, A.; Scheich, and other animals is essential for actively coping with unpleasant, aversive, or dangerous situations. H.; Goldschmidt, J. Imaging of Since the functional circuits involved in two-way avoidance (TWA) learning have not yet been entirely Functional Brain Circuits during Acquisition and Memory Retrieval in identified, the aim of this study was to obtain an overall picture of the brain circuits that are involved an Aversive Feedback Learning Task: in active avoidance learning. -
Accepted Manuscript
Disrupted Olfactory Integration in Schizophrenia: Functional Connectivity Study Sara Kiparizoska, BS1 and Toshikazu Ikuta, Ph.D2 1 School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States 2 Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States RunningAccepted title: Piriform connectivity in schizophrenia Manuscript Submission Category: Regular Research Article © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of CINP. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non- Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] Author to correspond: Toshikazu Ikuta 311 George Hall, 352 Rebel Drive, University MS 38672, USA. [email protected] Word count: 2035 words, 4 figures, and 1 table Funding: None Accepted Manuscript 2 Abstract Background: Evidence for olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia has been firmly established. However, in the typical understanding of schizophrenia, olfaction is not recognized to contribute to or interact with the illness. Despite the solid presence of olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia, its relation to the rest of the illness remains largely unclear. Here, we aimed to examine functional connectivity of the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, and piriform cortices and isolate the network that would account for the altered olfaction in schizophrenia. Methods: We examined the functional connectivity of these specific regions associated with olfaction in order to isolate other brain regions that are associated with olfactory processing in schizophrenia.