DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 4 Development of the Oulu ICT Cluster, and Verification of the Working Hypothesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 4 Development of the Oulu ICT Cluster, and Verification of the Working Hypothesis DBJ Research Center on Global Warming Discussion Paper Series No. 59 (4/2016) The Mechanism of High-tech Industrial Cluster Formation: An Empirical Study on the Process of ICT Cluster Formation in Oulu, Finland Takashi Sasano The aim of this discussion paper series is to stimulate discussion and comment from academics and policymakers through a preliminary draft form. This paper is included by permission of the author(s) as a tentative material before publication in peer-reviewed journals or books. Copyright and all related rights are maintained by the author(s). Views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the views of the Research Institute of Capital Formation or Development Bank of Japan. DBJ Research Center on Global Warming Discussion Paper Series No. 59 (4/2016) The Mechanism of High-tech Industrial Cluster Formation: An Empirical Study on the Process of ICT Cluster Formation in Oulu, Finland1 2 Takashi SASANO Research Institute of Capital Formation Development Bank of Japan 1 This paper is an English translation of most of the original paper, which was written in Japanese and originally appeared in Economics Today, Vol. 27, No. 2, October, 2006, published by the Research Institute of Capital Formation, Development Bank of Japan. I deeply thank Ms. Beverly D. Hasegawa, International Strategy and Coordination Department, Development Bank of Japan Inc., for her careful translation. 2 I thank Prof. Takeo Kikkawa (Tokyo University), Prof. Shigeru Matsushima (Hosei University), Prof. Akio Nishizawa (Tohoku University) and participants in the seminars respectively held by Prof. Kikkawa, Prof. Matsushima and the Research Institute of Capital Formation for their helpful comments and suggestions. I am also indebted to Prof. Yuko Harayama (Tohoku University) for his many motivating suggestions given at the Regional Cluster Seminars in Sendai and Tokyo. I also thank key persons related to the Oulu ICT cluster who kindly allowed me to conduct interviews, and especially thank Mr. Seppo Mäki, former Manager, Business Relations, City of Oulu for his extensive help and kind suggestions. II CONTENTS Introduction･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ · 1 Chapter 1 Differentiating the Concepts of Industrial Agglomeration and Industrial Clustering･･･････････････････････････････････････････ · 4 Chapter 2 A Review of Research Findings on the Economic Mechanisms At Work within Industrial Agglomerations and Industrial Clusters･･ · 9 Chapter 3 Constructing a Working Hypothesis for the Formative Mechanism of High-tech Industrial Clusters･･･････････････････････････････････････････ 17 3.1 Sustaining Mechanisms of Industrial Agglomerations･･････････････････････ 17 3.2 Summarizing the Breakdown Mechanisms of Industrial Agglomerations･････ 21 3.3 The Formative Mechanisms of High-tech Industrial Clusters････････････････ 22 3.3.1 Innovation and Its Relationship to Industrial Agglomerations･････････････ 24 3.3.2 Sustaining Mechanisms of High-tech Industrial Agglomerations･･･････････ 29 3.3.3 Working Hypothesis for the Formative Mechanisms of High-tech Industrial Clusters･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 30 3.4 Verifying the Working Hypothesis: Selection of a Region for Analysis････････ 39 Chapter 4 Development of the Oulu ICT Cluster and Verification of the Working Hypothesis･････････････････････････････････････････････････ 41 4.1 Oulu Before Development･････････････････････････････････････････････ 41 4.2 Summary of the Development of Oulu and the Oulu Region････････････････ 45 4.3 Moves Taken by Local Actors in the Forming of the Oulu ICT Cluster, by Decade･･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 60 4.3.1 Principal Initiatives from 1958 through the 1970s･････････････････････････ 60 4.3.2 Principal Initiatives in the 1980s･･･････････････････････････････････････ 86 4.3.3 Principal Initiatives in the 1990s･･････････････････････････････････････ 102 4.3.4 Principal Initiatives in the 2000s･･････････････････････････････････････ 107 4.4 Verification of the Working Hypothesis･････････････････････････････････ 111 III 4.4.1 Verification of the Five Formative Processes････････････････････････････ 111 4.4.2 Verification of Mutually Enhancing Causal Correlations among the Formative Processes･･････････････････････････････････････････････････ 134 4.4.3 Verifying the Boundary between the Foundation Period and the Development Period･････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 144 4.5. Principal Actors in Activity Groups Involved in the Formative Process of the Oulu ICT Cluster･･･････････････････････････････････････････････････ 145 4.6 Summary･･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 149 Chapter 5 Conclusions･････････････････････････････････････････････････ 152 Appendix Implications of IT Cluster Formation for Regions in Japan････････ 155 Afterword･･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 165 Bibliography･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 166 IV Introduction The concept of the industrial cluster is a familiar one to regional development workers, policy formulators for industry, science and technology, and researchers in these fields throughout the world.3 In Japan, the central government implements cluster policies4 developed since the beginning of this century by the Ministry of Economy and Industry (METI) and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Regional governments may use central government measures to augment policies they already have in place; those with no measures of their own may use the government’s as starting points for new initiatives. The development of an industrial cluster takes time. This may be one reason why Japanese communities planning to create a cluster tend to wait for the results of existing initiatives to come in before exploring future strategies.5 Similar approaches are taken throughout much of Europe, North America and Asia. Even regions where clusters are up and working make ongoing efforts to ensure that they produce stable or better results. As an idea, the industrial cluster has drawn steady interest from a wide range of people across the world and from regional development specialists in particular. This is because it is seen as a valuable methodology for producing stable growth and employment in regional economies, one which helps a region’s leading industries to maintain and strengthen their competitiveness while creating new local firms and sectors. For individual companies, the concept can have important relevance for site location and innovation strategies. Companies with global operations, especially in knowledge-intensive or science-based fields, find numerous advantages in locating in an industrial cluster: not only do they enjoy superior access to materials and components, but they also have a better chance to differentiate their goods and services 3 Michael E. Porter, in The Comparative Advantage of Nations (1990), points out that the more competitive of a country’s industries tend locate in clusters. He uses the term frequently throughout the book. 4 METI initiated an industrial cluster project in FY2001. MEXT began an intellectual cluster development project in FY2002. 5 Some regions, such as Kyoto and Hamamatsu, are regarded as home to developed industrial clusters. Even here, however, efforts are ongoing to support the creation of new businesses and industries. 1 from those of other firms. Clusters provide a favorable environment for innovation, which is a difficult factor to overestimate. Entrepreneurs, meanwhile, benefit greatly from starting up in a region supportive of their needs. It would hardly be surprising to find that regions which are supportive turn out disproportionate numbers of entrepreneurs. Research on industrial clusters took off in earnest in the 1990s, when both national and local government policymakers showed increasing interest in the subject. From the start, there has been some confusion as to what, exactly, is meant by the term ‚industrial cluster,‛ and proponents tend to differ in their definitions. Some, moreover, refer simply to ‚clusters,‛ others to ‚industrial clusters‛ or ‚regional clusters.‛6 Still others, emphasizing the role of clusters in fostering venture business, use the term ‚innovation clusters.‛7 In a similar vein are the ‚industrial district‛ and ‚innovative milieu‛ concepts. 8 ‚Regional innovation systems‛ 9 also have many features in common with industrial clusters. Terms and definitions may vary, but all of these concepts are closely connected with how regional development strategy, national and regional science and technology policy, and innovation policy are designed. ‚Industrial cluster‛ is the term I use in this paper. It refers to a type of regional industrial strategy aimed at achieving sustainable development of the local economy, or, more specifically, ensuring stable employment and maintaining or increasing local exports. Thus I stress the word ‚industrial‛ in ‚industrial cluster.‛ Suitable businesses for an industrial cluster are by no means limited to those in high-tech or even the manufacturing industry. Local measures to promote the tourism industry may result in ‚tourism clusters,‛ for example. Of the many types of industrial 6 METI and MEXT use the term ‚regional cluster‛ in linking the Industrial Cluster Plan with the Intellectual Cluster Creation Project (MEXT Science and Technology Research Center Research Group No. 3 (2004), p. 4). 7 Nishizawa
Load more

Recommended publications
  • O U L U W a T E R W O R K S B U L L E T I N 2 0
    O U L U W A T E R W O R K S B U L L E T I N 2 0 1 0 Dear Customer of Oulu Waterworks! all requirements and recommendations set for household water well. The amount of chemicals used in the purification process This bulletin contains information on your has nevertheless increased significantly water supply services. The bulletin con- due to the deteriorating condition of the tains useful information on how water water quality in the Oulujoki River. supply services are produced and what Our future goal thus is to start using kind of development projects are being groundwater taken from the Viinivaara planned. area. The City Council resolved, on 8 De- Oulu Waterworks is a company operat- cember 2008, on more closely defining ing as a water supply plant as intended the permit application to the Water Rights in the Finnish Act on Water Services. Oulu Court. The environmental permission for Waterworks is responsible for the distri- the ground water project is being proc- bution of water, sewerage and sewage essed by the Regional State Administrative treatment in the area of the city of Oulu. Agency, and the decision is expected dur- Almost all of the 138,000 people living ing 2010. The objective of the project is in Oulu use the services of Oulu Water- to improve the security of water purchase works, and over 17,000 properties have of the City of Oulu and to offer high-qual- a direct contract with us. ity groundwater to its inhabitants. We are used to having impeccable 24/7 A total of over 15 million euros have been water supply: clean, fresh water directly invested in the extensions of the sewage from the tap and sewerage and sewage treatment plant during the last five years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dispersal and Acclimatization of the Muskrat, Ondatra Zibethicus (L.), in Finland
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center Other Publications in Wildlife Management for 1960 The dispersal and acclimatization of the muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus (L.), in Finland Atso Artimo Suomen Riistanhoito-Saatio (Finnish Game Foundation) Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Artimo, Atso, "The dispersal and acclimatization of the muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus (L.), in Finland" (1960). Other Publications in Wildlife Management. 65. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother/65 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Other Publications in Wildlife Management by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. R I 1ST A TIE T L .~1 U ( K A I S U J A ,>""'liSt I " e'e 'I >~ ~··21' \. • ; I .. '. .' . .,~., . <)/ ." , ., Thedi$perscdQnd.a~C:li"'dti~otlin. of ,the , , :n~skret, Ond~trq ~ib.t~i~',{(.h in. Firtland , 8y: ATSO ARTIMO . RllSTATIETEELLISljX JULKAISUJA PAPERS ON GAME RESEARCH 21 The dispersal and acclimatization of the muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus (l.), in Finland By ATSO ARTIMO Helsinki 1960 SUOMEN FIN LANDS R I 1ST A N HOI T O-S A A T I b ] AK TV ARDSSTI FTELSE Riistantutkimuslaitos Viltforskningsinstitutet Helsinki, Unionink. 45 B Helsingfors, Unionsg. 45 B FINNISH GAME FOUNDATION Game Research Institute Helsinki, Unionink. 45 B Helsinki 1960 . K. F. Puromichen Kirjapaino O.-Y. The dispersal and acclimatization of the muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus (L.), in Finland By Atso Artimo CONTENTS I.
    [Show full text]
  • Alliancing in Finnish Transport Agency, Finland
    Alliancing in Finnish Transport Agency, Finland Pekka Petäjäniemi, Director, Finnish Transport Agency Finnish Transport Agency - Infrastructure* provides a platform for growth Infrastructure Current spending on FTA's share of the total assets on-going projects infrastructure market 19,5 billion € 2.9 billion € 1/4 *Roads, Railways & Fairways Number of people the Annual budget FTA personnel FTA employs indirectly approximately through projects 2,1 billion € 650 12,000 experts 2 www.liikennevirasto.fi Major Projects in Finland 2016 • In 2016 about 600 Million euros will spent on large investment projects (2016 • Current projects of the Projects Division amount to about 2,6 Billion euros. • 32 projects underway, of which • 23 road connection projects • 7 railway traffic projects • 2 fairway projects • An additional 4 projects in the preparation phase • A total of 26 project managers are working in the Major Projects Division. www.liikennevirasto.fi Current major projects ROAD PROJECTS FAIRWAYS PROJECTS 26 Pietarsaari channel 1 Ring Road III 2nd phase 27 Rauma channel 2 Main Road 19 Seinäjoki eastern bypass 28 Realignment of Savonlinna deep channel 3 Main Road 12 Tampereen rantaväylä 4 Road 101, Improvement of Ring Road I 5 Main Road 4 at Rovaniemi 6 Main Road 5 at Mikkeli 7 Main Road 8 Turku-Pori 8 West Metro park-and-ride facilities 9 E 18 Hamina-Vaalimaa (PPP project) 10 Main Road 6 Taavetti-Lappeenranta 11 Main Road 3 Grade separated junction at Arolampi 12 Road 148 Improvement at Kerava 13 Secondary Road 77, Viitasaari-Keitele 14 Main
    [Show full text]
  • ALUEANALYYSILIITE HAILUOTO LIMINKA LUMIJOKI PYHÄJOKI RAAHE SIIKAJOKI TYRNÄVÄ Työpaikkojen Osuus %, 2018 Alkutuotanto Jalostu
    ALUEANALYYSILIITE HAILUOTO LIMINKA LUMIJOKI PYHÄJOKI asukkaita 949, asukkaita 10238, asukkaita 2036, paljon asukkaita 3051, Perämeren suurin ikäjakaumaltaan Suomen kausityöntekijöitä Hanhikiven saari, koko kunta nuorin kunta, Liminganlahti maatiloilla, Varjakan ydinvoimalatyömaa, kansallismaisemaa kansainvälisesti merkittävä merellinen voimakkaasti ainoana Suomessa, muuttolintujen levähdys- ja virkistysalue, ainut kansainvälistyvä kunta, paljon taiteilijoita, pesimäalue, lännestä itään virtaava arviolta vuonna 2030 saaristolainen Ruutikankaasta mereen laskeva joki, täällä tuotetaan 15 % mentaliteetti ja rakentumassa yksi Ruutikankaan (ydin- ja tuulivoima) elämänrytmi, Euroopan suurimmista ampumaurheilukeskus Suomen sähköstä, hiekkadyynit ampumaurheilukeskuksista on puoliksi Lumijoella Pyhäjoki ja sen 16 koskea RAAHE SIIKAJOKI TYRNÄVÄ asukkaita 24353, purjelaiva- asukkaita 5034, Pohjois- asukkaita 6603, erikoistunut aikakauden historia, Perämeren Suomen vanhin alkutuotanto, perunapitäjä – vilkkain satama ja suurin teollisuuspaikka, Tauvon Pohjoismaiden ainoa High saaristo, Vanha Raahe, hiekkarannat Perämeren Grade -perunantuotantoalue ja Rautaruukki – nykyinen SSAB laajimpia lentohietikkoja, Ruukin ilmaperuna, Suomen suurin ja sen myötä merkittävä luonto- ja hevoskeskus, yhtenäinen suojeltu lakeusalue terästeollisuusklusteri, vanha Siikajoki (joki) Lampinsaaren kaivoskylä Hanhikiven ydinvoimalahanke: Hanhikivi 1 -ydinvoimalalaitos rakennetaan Pyhäjoelle, suurimpia yksittäisiä investointeja Suomessa (7 miljardia euroa), työllisyysvaikutus
    [Show full text]
  • Choose Your Style! in COOPERATION
    Choose your style! IN COOPERATION City of Oulu Kempele Municipality Muhos Municipality Ii Municipality Tyrnävä Municipality Liminka Municipality Lumijoki Municipality North Ostrobothnia ELY Centre Photography Valtteri Kantanen WE WANT TO MAKE CYCLING MORE VISIBLE! The main cycling routes in the Oulu region are made visible and distinct from regular cycleways. The main routes are waymarked and numbered, and signs with maps and distances between destinations are mounted along the routes. The slogan for cycling in the Oulu region is: Choose your style! This brochure gives information about the main cycling routes and the diversity of cycling in Oulu: it does not matter whether you sport a cruiser, mountain bike or a pink Jopo. You do not need special gear to cycle. Instead, you can cycle barefoot or with your boots on and with or without a helmet. The most important thing is that you cycle. New signs will be mounted along the main routes in 2019! Try the new routes and visit the sights nearby. Harri Vaarala Traffic engineer City of Oulu Cycling improves your physical condition and is an eco-friendly mode of transportation… But in the Oulu region cycling is something much more. In Oulu, all styles of cycling are allowed. You can exercise or you can cycle just for fun – there is no need to stress about proper gear or fancy bike models! Cycling is a natural part of the all-year- round lives of Oulu citizens. Choose your style and stay safe! MAIN CYCLING ROUTES People in the Oulu region cycle more than anywhere in Finland MAIN ROUTE 1 1 Oulu-Haukipudas 21 km The route starts at the Market Square and passes over the Tervaporvari bridges in the Oulujoki river delta.
    [Show full text]
  • J.Ala-Ahon Hautaustoimisto
    J. ALA-AHON HAUTAUSTOIMISTO Kuljetushinnasto, hinnat sis ALV. ARKKUUN LAITTO JA PUKEMINEN Yleisimmät pitkänmatkan kuljetushinnat Arkkuun laitto 154,00 € Oulu - Helsinki 1 700,00 € Omien vaatteiden pukeminen, lisä 62,00 € Oulu - Rantsila 425,00 € Oulu - Kemi 525,00 € SIIRTOKULJETUKSET ARKISIN 9-17 Oulu 255,00 € Oulu käsittää vanhan Oulun kaupungin alueen Lähialue 1 275,00 € Lähialue 1 käsittää Oulunsalon, Kempeleen, Kiimingin ja Haukiputaan Lähialue 2 295,00 € Lähialue 2 käsittää Ylikiimingin, Yli-Iin, Tyrnävän, Limingan Hailuoto (ei jäätietä) 315,00 € ja Muhoksen sekä Hailudon kun jäätie käytössä. Pidemmät matkat 110 € + 1,40 € /km Odotusmaksu, alkava tunti 77,00 € SIIRTOKULJETUKSET VIRKA-AJAN ULKOPUOLELLA: Sis. auto ja yksi henkilö. Hinta kuljetuksen päättymisajankohdan mukaan, mikäli aika Ala-Ahosta riippumaton. Oulussa: Lähialue 1 ja 2: Arkisin 17-22 335,00 € Arkisin 17-22 (Hailuoto 385 €) 365,00 € Arkisin 22-09 375,00 € Arkisin 22-08 415,00 € Lauantai 8-14 335,00 € Lauantai 8-14 (Hailuoto 385 €) 365,00 € Viikonloppuisin (La 14.00 - Ma 08.00) 425,00 € Viikonloppuisin (La 14.00-Ma 08.00) 485,00 € Aattopäivät ja arkipyhät 425,00 € Aattopäivät ja arkipyhät (Hailuoto 495 €) 485,00 € Mikäli tarvitaan apumies ark. 77,00 €, pyhä/la 14.00-ma 09.00 132,00 € SAATTOKULJETUKSET JA KIRKKOSIUNAUKSET HUOM! Mikäli saattokuljetus päättyy arkisin tai lauantaina klo 17.00 jälkeen, lisätään hintaan 77 € Asiakkaalta veloitettavat hinnat, seurakunnalta laskutetava tukiosuus huomioitu hinnoissa. Siunaus Oulun ja Oulunsalon kirkoissa (tuhkaus tai hautaus Oulu
    [Show full text]
  • Henkilöstökertomus 2018
    Jokilaaksojen koulutuskuntayhtymän HENKILÖSTÖKERTOMUS 2018 ”ENEMMÄN YHDESSÄ” Jokilaaksojen Hyväksytty yhtymähallituksessa 29.3.2019 koulutuskuntayhtymä 1. JOHDANTO 3 Sisällys 1. JOHDANTO 3 2. KESKEISET TUNNUSLUVUT 4 2.1 Henkilöstön määrä 4 2.2 Henkilöstö tehtäväalueittain 6 2.3 Henkilöstön ikä- ja sukupuolijakauma 6 3. STRATEGISTEN PAINOPISTEALUEIDEN TOTEUTUMINEN HENKILÖSTÖSTRATEGIAN NÄKÖKULMASTA 9 3.1 Henkilöstön johtaminen ja esimiestyö 9 3.1.1 Toteutuneita toimenpiteitä syksyn 2018 osalta eri toimipisteissä 11 3.2 Henkilöstön osaamisen kehittäminen 16 3.2.1 Henkilöstötuloslaskelma ja henkilöstön ammatillisen osaamisen uudistaminen 16 3.3 Henkilöstön rekrytointi ja perehdyttäminen 17 3.4 Henkilöstön työhyvinvointi ja työturvallisuus 18 3.4.1 Yhteistoiminnan ja työsuojelun toteutuminen 18 3.4.2 Varhaisen tuen malli ja henkilöstön eläköityminen 19 4. KEHITTÄMISTOIMINTA 22 4.1 Pedagoginen kehittämistoiminta ja henkilöstön kehittäminen 22 4.2 Laadunhallinta ja arviointi 23 4.3 Opiskelijahallintopalvelut 24 4.4 Markkinointi ja viestintä 25 4.5 Kansainvälinen toiminta 26 4.6 Hanketoiminta 27 5. HENKILÖSTÖKOULUTUS 29 5.1 Henkilöstökoulutuksen suunnittelu ja arviointi 29 5.2 Henkilöstökoulutukseen osallistuminen 30 5.3 Opetushenkilöstön asetuksen mukainen kelpoisuus 32 6. TYÖKYKYÄ YLLÄPITÄVÄ TOIMINTA 33 6.3 Henkilöstön työkuntoisuus, työssä jaksaminen ja työtyytyväisyys 35 7. YHTEENVETO 36 Liite 1 TOB kyselyn tulokset vuodelta 2017 37 Liite 2 Henkilöstötuloslaskelma 38 Liite 3 POISSAOLOT JEDUSSA VUONNA 2018 39 Paino: Rannikon Laatupaino Oy
    [Show full text]
  • Effectivity of Delivery
    Pohjois-Pohjanmaan sairaanhoitopiiri ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN REHABILITATION - effectivity of delivery Eero Kyllönen M.D., Ph.D. Clinic of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Oulu University Hospital European Union of Medical Specialists, section of PRM European Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Pohjois-Pohjanmaan sairaanhoitopiiri New devices Pohjois-Pohjanmaan sairaanhoitopiiri Controlling environment Pohjois-Pohjanmaan sairaanhoitopiiri Independent life POHJOIS-POHJANMAAN SAIRAANHOITOPIIRI CASE NORTHERN FINLAND: Oulu University Hospital Northern Ostrobotnia District Eero Kyllönen M.D., Ph.D. Clinic of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Pohjois-Pohjanmaan sairaanhoitopiiri OULU UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL DISTRICT UTSJOKI Finland is devided in five University Hospital INARI districts for special level treatments according to ENONTEKIÖ the agreements and state rules Lappi Länsi- Pohja OUHD district has geographically largest area, MUONIO KITTILÄ SODANKYLÄ 51,14% of Finland SAVUKOSKI Pohjois- OYS 1 Pohjanmaa Kainuu KOLARI Keski- PELKOSENNIEMI Pohjanmaa Pohjois- Savo 733 343 inhabitants 31.12.2009, Etelä- Pohjois- PELLO SALLA Vaasa Pohjanmaa KEMIJÄRVI KYS Karjala Keski- 14% of the total population in Finland Suomi Pirkan- Itä- RovaniemiHospital Sata- maa Etelä- Savo YLITORNIO ROVANIEMI kunta Savo OUH AND FOUR LOCAL HOSPITALS TAYS Päijät- Etelä-Karjala Häme TERVOLA Varsinais- Kanta- POSIO TORNIO Suomi Häme Kymenlaakso 2 TYKS RANUA Helsinki ja Uusimaa KEMINMAA Kemi KUUSAMO SIMO HYKS Hospital KEMI II TAIVALKOSKI YLI-II PUDASJÄRVI HAUKIPUDAS Hospital District Population Percentage% Oulu University HospitalKIIMINKI HAILUOTO OULU SUOMUSSALMI OULUNSALO KEMPELE MUHOS UTAJÄRVI PUOLANKA 1. Lappi 118 371 16,1 LUMIJOKI LIMINKA TYRNÄVÄ SIIKA- HYRYNSALMI RAAHE 2. Länsi-Pohja 65 377 8,9 JOKI RISTIJÄRVI 3 VAALA PYHÄJOKI VIHANTI PALTAMO MERIJÄRVI 3. P-Pohjanmaa 395 510 53,9 SIIKALATVA 4 KALAJOKI OULAINEN KUHMO ALAVIESKA HAAPAVESI VUOLIJOKI Kajaani 4.
    [Show full text]
  • J-/S80C02S «^TU£V9—£2 STV K
    J-/S80C02S «^TU£v9—£2 STUK-A62 June 1987 RADIOACTIVITY OF GAME MEAT IN FINLAND AFTER THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT IN 1986 Supplement 7 to Annua! Report STUK A55 Airo R.mMvii.ir;). T'mt! Nytjrr-r K.t.ulo r-jytJr»• r•; ,iin! T,ip,ifi' f-K v ••••<-!• STV K - A - - 6 2. STUK-A62 June 1987 RADIOACTIVITY OF GAME MEAT IN FINLAND AFTER THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT IN 1986 Supplement 7 to Annual Report STUK-A55 Aino Rantavaara, Tuire Nygr6n*, Kaarlo Nygren* and Tapani Hyvönen * Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute Ahvenjärvi Game Research Station SF - 82950 Kuikkalampi Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety P.O.Box 268, SF-00101 HELSINKI FINLAND ISBN 951-47-0493-2 ISSN 0781-1705 VAPK Kampin VALTIMO Helsinki 1988 3 ABSTRACT Radioactive substances in game meat were studied in summer and early autumn 1986 by the Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety in cooperation with the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute. The concentrations of radioactive cesium and other gamma-emitting nuclides were determined on meat of moose8 and other cervids and also on small game in various parts of the country before or in the beginning of the hunting season. The most important radionuclides found in the samples were 134Cs and 137Cs. In addition to these, 131I was detected in the first moose meat samples in the spring, and 110"Ag in a part of the waterfowl samples. None of them was significant as far as the dietary intake of radionuclides is concerned. The transfer of fallout radiocesium to game meat was most efficient in the case of the arctic hare and inland waterfowl; terrestrial game birds and the brown hare belonged to the same category as moose.
    [Show full text]
  • Mihin Suuntaan Mennään Vuokra-Asuntomarkkinoilla?
    Mihin suuntaan mennään vuokra-asuntomarkkinoilla? SIJOITUS INVEST 29.-30.11.2017 Tuomas Viljamaa Suomen Vuokranantajat ry. Koko Suomi data Vuokraovi.com yksityisilmoittajat neliövuokra vuosimuutos 01-06/2017 14,7 0,1 % 01-06/2016 14,7 yritysilmoittajat neliövuokra vuosimuutos 01-06/2017 15,3 4,3 % 01-06/2016 14,7 kaikki vapaarahoitteiset neliövuokra vuosimuutos 01-06/2017 15,3 4,0 % 01-06/2016 14,7 Asuntosijoittamisen alueelliset tuotot 2017-2021 PTT ja Suomen Vuokranantajat Vuokratuoton laskeminen • Vuokratuotto ennen veroja lasketaan tässä tapauksessa näin: € 2 € 2 × 12 % = × 100 € 2 + € 2 + € 2 ⁄ − ⁄ 푀 ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ • Vuokratuotto lasketaan sitoutuneen pääoman sen hetkiselle markkina-arvolle. • Asunto hankitaan ilman lainaa ja varainsiirtovero asunto-osakkeista on 2 prosenttia. • Remonttivaraksi on oletettu PKS 700 €/m2, muut suuret kaupungit 500 €/m2, muu Suomi 400 €/m2. 5 Vuokratuotto ennen veroja 2017-2021, yksiöt Kajaani Pori Rauma Kotka Mikkeli Jyväskylä Kouvola Kehyskunnat Rovaniemi Kuopio Seinäjoki Kokkola Keskiarvo Lahti Vaasa Oulu Joensuu Tampere Turku Hämeenlinna Lappeenranta Vantaa Espoo-Kauniainen Porvoo Helsinki 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% vuosikasvu, keskimäärin 6 Arvonnousu 2017-2021, yksiöt Helsinki Kokkola Vaasa Espoo-Kauniainen Turku Tampere Vantaa Jyväskylä Kuopio Keskiarvo Lahti Seinäjoki Kehyskunnat Joensuu Hämeenlinna Porvoo Pori Mikkeli Rovaniemi Lappeenranta Kotka Kajaani Oulu Rauma Kouvola 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% vuosikasvu, keskimäärin 7 Keskimääräinen kokonaistuotto 2017-2021, yksiöt Kokkola Vaasa Helsinki Jyväskylä
    [Show full text]
  • Societal Transformation Affecting the Visibility of Architecture in Finnish Defense Forces 1917-2017
    SOCIETAL TRANSFORMATION AFFECTING THE VISIBILITY OF ARCHITECTURE IN FINNISH DEFENSE FORCES 1917-2017 Master’s Thesis // Architecture Aalto univeristy // School of Arts, Design and Architcture 2018 // 91 pages 2 3 4 21 michel foucault’s take on power 24 power-knowledge in built environment 30 power as socially negotiated environment 30 architecture as a functional background 32 architecture as visual signs 35 architect constructing power 5 39 Building white Finland (1917-1950) 41 Töölö car-company garrison 42 Niinisalo Lamella barrack 44 Santahamina Military Academy 47 Säkylä garrison 50 Vekaranjärvi garrison 51 Santahamina-House 53 Military architecture inside Finnish society 54 Architecture as a representation of Finnish Defense Forces 56 Functionality and appearance 6 59 Change in lifestyle 61 Transformation of media 62 People substituting buildings in media and entertainment 64 Foucault’s principles in current societal reality 66 Possible critique 68 Action plan 70 In terms of a user 71 In terms of an architect 74 In terms of the Finnish Defense Forces 75 In terms of architecture 76 In terms of society 7 Tässä työssä käsitellään Suomen Puolustusvoimien yhteiskunnallisen val- ta-aseman muutosta sotilasarkkitehtuurin näkyvyyden funktiona välillä 1917-2017. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on osoittaa, kuinka arkkitehtuuri ja sen senhetkinen näkyvyys vaikuttavat instituution kansalliseen valta- asemaan. Keskeisimpiä tutkimuskysymyksiä ovat (1) Kuinka arkkitehtuuri vaikuttaa instituution valta-asemaan yhteiskunnallisesti ja mikä on arkki- tehtuurin
    [Show full text]
  • FINGRID O YJ Annual Report 2011
    FINGRID OYJ Annual Report 2011 Fingrid. Powering Finland. FINGRID OYJ, Arkadiankatu 23 B, P.O. Box 530, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland Tel. +358 30 395 5000, fax +358 30 395 5196, www.fingrid.fi I41200550_Fingrid_Kannet_EN.indd 1 13.3.2012 17.34 Contents of annual report and reporting principles Fingrid draws up the consolidated financial statements and interim reports in accordance with the IFRS reporting standards accepted by the European Union and in accordance with the Finnish Se- curities Market Act. The annual review and the financial statements of the parent company of the Group are prepared in accordance with the Finnish Accounting Act as well as the guidelines and statements of the Finnish Accounting Standards Board. The information on personnel is based on the calculation systems used by human resource management, and the calculation of the rel- evant information is in compliance with the general guidelines of the Finnish Accounting Stand- ards Board concerning the preparation annual reviews. The environmental data is collected from the information reported to the authorities and from the company’s own data compilation systems. An external emissions trading verifier has verified our carbon dioxide emission report. In other re- spects, the corporate responsibility information has not been verified. Sustainability reporting covers the economic, social and environmental impacts of Fingrid Group’s own operations in 2011. We apply the international GRI G3.0 (Global Reporting Initiative) report- ing guidelines for the first time to our sustainability reporting. Moreover, we report selected indi- Graphic design and layout: cators stated in GRI’s Electric Utility Sector Supplement.
    [Show full text]