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Theological Symbolisation of Watugunung Myth and Sangkuriang Legend (Comparative Literature Study)

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Theological Symbolisation of Watugunung Myth and Sangkuriang Legend (Comparative Literature Study) Vol. 2 No. 2 October 2018 Theological Symbolisation Of Watugunung Myth And Sangkuriang Legend (Comparative Literature Study) By: Ni Made Ayu Susanthi Pradnya Paramitha Institut Hindu Dharma Negeri Denpasar E-mail: [email protected] Received: August 6, 2018 Accepted: September 22, 2018 Published: October 31, 2018 Abstract Science that has developed to this day seems to shift the role of the logic of Theo- logos, namely science that is still supported by divine values or religion. Before humans recognize the logic of science as a tool to understand truth, humans initially seek truth by using mythical logic so that myth is called pre-logic. Between myth and science or logos has the same role, which is to be an answer to chaos in understanding a natural phenomenon. One of the pre-logical phenomena is found in literary works of various myths or legends. Some of them are the myth of Watugunung and the legend of Sangkuriang. Both works are urgently studied in the comparative literature study paradigm, because they contain the same substance, namely the incest and symbolism of the siwaistic understanding of the archipelago. The focus of the issue that will be discussed in this study is how is sexual relations in the Watugunung Myth and Sangkuriang Legend as theological symbolization? This problem was assessed using structural and semiotics theory while, the research method used a qualitative paradigm with the type of data in the form of narration or discourse in the medium of language. The primary data source is the text of the Medang Kemulan Manuscript and the printed text of the Sangkuriang Manuscript. The theological symbolization in the myths of Watugunung and the legend of Sangkuriang there are several symbols, namely: (a) Phaulus as a symbol and understanding of Shiva, (b) Symbol of fertility due to meeting lingga with yoni, (c) Symbol of Wealth, (d) Symbol of awareness of sexuality, (e ) Symbol of awareness of time, (f) Symbol of awareness of the holy place. While symbolizing the theological meaning in Sangkuriang, namely: (a) Mountain as a symbol of Shiva, (b) Symbol of unification of mountains with lake water (lingga and yoni), (c) Symbols of sexual awareness, and (d) Symbol of awareness of time and place. Keywords: Watugunung Myth, Sangkuriang Legend, and Theological Symbolization 211 Vol. 2 No.2 Oct 2018 I. Introduction assumption that basically literary work is a The Watugunung myth originates "world in words" which has intrinsic from the Tutur Medang Kemulan text written meaning that can only be extracted from the by I Wayan Budha Gottama on the Sunday literary work itself. Pure structuralism theory pon wuku wayang on 22-9-1991. While the emphasizes the autonomy of literary works Sangkuriang legend comes from oral stories in which literary work is a structure whose in the Sundanese Tatar region. The legend elements or parts are intertwined closely revolves around the creation of Bandung (Pradopo, 2002: 93). Stanton, as quoted by Lake and Tangkuban Parahu Mountain. The Suwondo (2002: 55-56), said that the Sangkuriang legend was originally an oral building elements of the structure itself tradition. Written references to this legend consist of themes, story facts, and literary are in the Bujangga Manik manuscript facilities, where the plot, characters, and written on palm leaves from the end of the setting are included in the facts of the story. 15th century or early 16th century AD. Both Further mentioned structural theory is also works are important to be studied in the widely used in studying oral literature paradigm of comparative studies, because related to folklore. Studies are emphasized they contain the same substance, namely the on the building blocks of a text. It also incest and symbolism of the siwaistic means that analysis of oral literature views archipelago understanding. culture as text. Structure must be seen as part Based on the background above, the of a systematic totality, but the study of the focus of the problem that will be discussed in structure of oral literature can be only this study is how sexual relations in the partially (Endraswara, 2009: 114-115). This Watugunung Myth and Sangkuriang Legend opinion is based on the assumption that as theological symbolization. The purpose of basically literary work is a "world in words" this study in general was to give an overview which has intrinsic meaning that can only be to the community about the existence of a extracted from the literary work itself. The literary work that has implications for the theory of pure structuralism emphasizes the lives of Hindus. autonomy of literary works in which literary To discuss further about problem work is a structure whose elements or parts above, it takes a theoretical basis as a scalpel the parts are tightly intertwined. (2) Semiotic and sharpens the analysis carried out. In this theory is used to discuss the problem of study the following theories were used: (1) theological symbolism. Semiotics assumes structuralism theory used to sharpen the that in the level of language or speech, each analysis of the narrative structure of the two word or utterance has meaning as an index, works formulated in the formulation of the icon, and symbol. The semiotic theory put first problem. The use of this theory is based forward by Umberto Eco (2009: 101-102), in on the basic assumption of his theory that the realm of code theory explained that the each literary work consists of interrelated interpretant or the recipient of the message elements in building the integrity of work can take several forms, among which may be and structural analysis is to dismantle and it is equivalent (or seems to be equivalent) of explain as much as possible the relationship the vehicle of sign, for example I can make a between elements in building a complete picture of a dog that corresponds with: (1) meaning. Teeuw (1991: 61) states that the word "dog"; (2) it may be an index however also structural analysis is a priority directed at a single object; (3) it could be in for a literary researcher before he steps into the scientific definition, being in the same other things. So, to understand literary works semiotic system, for example salt marking optimally, understanding the structure is a sodium klorisa; (4) it might be an emotive stage that is difficult to avoid or in more association that gets the value of a clear extreme terms it must be done (Suwondo, connotation, "dog" marks compliance; (5) or 2002: 55-56). This opinion is based on the it could be that it is a translation of one term 211 Vol. 2 No.2 Oct 2018 into another language, or a substitute in the the data can be divided into two, namely form of a synonym. This theory is applied to primary data used in this research was a capture the possibilities related to the myth of Watugunung text contained in meaning of a particular thing. Watugunung papyrus "Tutur Medang Kemulan" collection and Sangkuriang are talking about mountains of Bali Provincial Cultural Office, Jalan Ir. and boats and lakes. All of these can be seen Juanda No. 1 Denpasar, with manuscript as icons, indexes, or symbols. code T / XI / 11 / DISBUD. The selection of This type of research is qualitative primary data was based on the consideration with a comparative literature study approach. that the myth of Watugunung is known to be Sugiyono (2012: 6) states that qualitative found in the fragments of the Tutur Medang research is a study whose data are in the Kemulan story. Thus it is appropriate to form of words, sentences, gestures, facial choose Medang Kemulan speech as primary expressions, charts, pictures, and data. The second primary data, namely the photographs. While quantitative research is a text of the Legend of Sangkuriang, is found study in which data is in the form of numbers in "Kumpulan Cerita Rakyat Nusantara or qualitative data which sre transformed into (Legenda)" published by Pustaka Agung numbers. The purpose of qualitative research Harapan. Whereas secondary data sources presented by Fatchan in Basrowi and used as support in this research were Suwandi (2008: 8), namely to provide a Medang Kemulan speech which was detailed explanation of phenomena that are compiled in the book " Alih Aksara dan difficult to convey with quantitative Terjemahan Tutur Bhuwana Mareka, Tutur methods. Furthermore, Semi (2012: 34) Brahmokta Widhisastra, Tutur Medang emphasizes that qualitative research is Kemulan " collection of Bali Provincial suitable for research that is related to culture, Culture Office, Watugunung story contained and values such as literature. It is said that in the book "Tenung Wariga (Kunci because literature is a creative form of work Ramalan astrologi Bali)” by IB Putra M. and its shape is constantly changing or not Aryana, paper on the myth of Watugunung, fixed (einmalig) which must be given as well as data obtained from related interpretation. Facing literature means facing libraries such as Hindu magazine which are the text in which the writer and the literary relevant to this research. reading community can also be considered as text. This text is read and an interpretation is II. Discussion made. In qualitative data research are There are several theological generally in the form of recording, symbols in the myths of Watugunung and the photographs, recordings, or memoranda and legend of Sangkuriang, namely: not in the form of numbers (Semi, 2012: 30- (a) Phaulus as a symbol and 31). All data used in this study were broken understanding of Shiva. The truth about the down in verbal form, both oral literature data myth of Watugunung has elements of Siva and other written documents as supporters. understanding can be examined in terms of Therefore, the data in this study were a type the use of mountains as a place of of qualitative data, and not in the form of asceticism.
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