Perbandingan Mitos Sangkuriang Dan Mitos Pangeran Butoseno Kajian Strukturalisme Levi-Strauss

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Perbandingan Mitos Sangkuriang Dan Mitos Pangeran Butoseno Kajian Strukturalisme Levi-Strauss PERBANDINGAN MITOS SANGKURIANG DAN MITOS PANGERAN BUTOSENO KAJIAN STRUKTURALISME LEVI-STRAUSS COMPARATION BETWEEN THE MYTH OF SANGKURIANG PANGERAN BUTOSENO: STRUCTURIALISM STUDY OF LEVI-STRAUSS Naila Nilofar Balai Bahasa Jawa Provinsi Timur Jalan Siwalanpanji, Buduran, Sidoarjo, Jawa Timur, Indonesia Ponsel: 081231635337 Pos-el: [email protected] (Makalah diterima tanggal 24 Januari 2017—Disetujui tanggal 10 Mei 2017) Abstrak: Sangkuriang merupakan cerita rakyat yang mengisahkan seorang anak laki-laki yang mencintai ibu kandungnya. Cerita ini berkembang di daerah Jawa Barat. Cerita serupa ditemukan di Desa Melirang, Gresik, Jawa Timur yang oleh masyarakat sekitar disebut dengan mitos Sangkuriang Desa Melirang atau mitos Pangeran Butoseno. Dengan adanya dua mitos yang hampir sama di dua tempat yang berbeda, penulis tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan persamaan dan perbedaan mitos Sangkuriang dan mitos Pangeran Butoseno. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Strukturalisme Levi-Strauss. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwap persamaan antara kedua mitos tersebut terdapat pada pesan yang disampaikan melalui struktur mitos-mitos. Adapun perbedaan antara mitos Sangkuriang dan mitos Pangeran Butoseno terdapat pada strukturnya. Struktur kedua mitos tersebut mengalami transformasi atau alih rupa, yang meliputi transformasi karakter (tokoh cerita), latar cerita, dan persyaratan yang diajukan oleh sang putri kepada calon suaminya.. Kata kunci: sastra bandingan, cerita rakyat, strukturalisme, Sangkuriang Abstract: Sangkuriang is a folklore that tells about a young man who falls in love with his own mother. This folklore was developed in West Java. The same story is also found in Melirang village, Gresik, East Java. This folklore is known as Sangkuriang myth from Melirang village or Pangeran Butoseno myth. The existing of similar myth in difference place interested the writer to do this research. The aim of this research is to reveal the similarities and the differences between the myth of Sangkuriang and Pangeran Butoseno. This research uses Levi-Strauss structuralism approach. The result shows that the similarities between the two folklores are in the message that shown on the myths structure. Whereas the difference among them was the structure. The structure of both myth is transformed, that are the transformation of character, background, and the rules that proposed by the princess to her husband candidates. Keywords: comparative literature, folklore, structuralism, Sangkuriang PENDAHULUAN Sangkuriang merupakan cerita rakyat Perbedaan di antara versi-versi yang berkembang di daerah Jawa tersebut tergantung dari letak Barat. Sangkuriang mengisahkan geografisnya. Misalnya, di daerah tentang seorang anak laki-laki yang sekitar Bandung, kisah tersebut mencintai ibu kandungnya dan dikaitkan dengan Gunung membenci ayahnya. Di Jawa Barat, Tangkubanperahu sebab benda alam cerita tersebut memiliki banyak versi, tersebut merupakan pertanda penting di antaranya versi Bandung, Banten, daerah tersebut. Ciamis, dan Kuningan. Perbandingan Mitos Sangkuriang dengan… (Naila Nilofar) (Damono, 2009: 42 dan Supriatin tersebut dengan pendekatan dkk., 2013: 146—147). Strukturalisme Lévi-Strauss. Cerita Sangkuriang yang pada Berdasarkan latar belakang awalnya merupakan cerita rakyat, tersebut, rumusan masalah dalam seiring dengan perkembangan zaman penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: cerita tersebut sudah banyak diresepsi a. Bagaimana persamaan mitos menjadi buku cerita, komik, dan Sangkuriang dan mitos Pangeran drama. Bahkan penelitian mengenai Butoseno? Sangkuriang sudah banyak dilakukan, b. Bagaimana perbedaan mitos seperti Resepsi Pengarang Drama Sangkuriang dan mitos Pangeran Indonesia Modern terhadap Cerita Butoseno? Rakyat Sangkuriang dan Model Adapun tujuan penelitian ini Pembelajarannya yang Relevan adalah mengungkapkan persamaan (Sumiyadi, dkk., 2007), Analisis dan perbedaan mitos Sangkuriang dan Komparatif Cerita Sangkuriang mitos Pangeran Butoseno. Banten, Bandung, Kuningan, dan Ciamis (Masduki, 2004). KAJIAN LITERATUR Di Jawa Timur, tepatnya di Penelitian mengenai cerita Desa Melirang, Kecamatan Bungah, Sangkuriang yang sudah pernah Kabupaten Gresik cerita yang mirip dilakukan antara lain sebagai berikut: dengan cerita Sangkuriang juga Kearifan Lokal Cerita ditemukan. Cerita tersebut memiliki Sangkuriang: Menuju Ketahanan nama tokoh-tokoh dan latar cerita Bangsa (Supriadi, 2012). Penelitian ini yang berbeda, akan tetapi memiliki mengungkap nilai-nilai kearifan lokal motif cerita yang sama, yaitu seorang yang terdapat dalam cerita rakyat anak laki-laki yang mencintai ibu Sangkuriang dengan menggunakan kandungnya. Masyarakat daerah pendekatan tematik. Hasil penelitian tersebut memberi nama cerita itu menunjukkan bahwa cerita dengan sebutan ‘Sangkuriang Desa Sangkuriang mengandung beberapa Melirang’ atau ‘Pangeran Butoseno’. nilai kearifan lokal, seperti 1) Setelah melakukan kajian hedonisme, yaitu nilai yang pustaka, peneliti tertarik untuk memberikan kesenangan; 2) nilai membandingkan mitos Sangkuriang artistik, yaitu nilai yang dan mitos Pangeran Butoseno dengan memanifestasikan suatu seni; 3) nilai menggunakan pendekatan kultural, yaitu nilai yang berhubungan Strukturalisme Lévi-Strauss. Adapun dengan kemasyarakatan, peradaban, alasan peneliti melakukan penelitian dan kebudayaan; 4) nilai etika, moral, dengan pendekatan tersebut karena dan agama; dan 5) nilai praktis. sejauh pengetahuan peneliti, penelitian Resepsi Pengarang Drama mengenai Sangkuriang sebelumnya Indonesia Modern terhadap Cerita hanya sebatas mencari persamaan dan Rakyat Sangkuriang dan Model perbedaan unsur-unsur intrinsik cerita, Pembelajarannya yang Relevan seperti penokohan, latar, dan alur (Sumiyadi, dkk., 2007). Penelitian ini cerita, akan tetapi belum ada yang berusaha memaknai resepsi pengarang sampai pada mencari perbandingan drama Indonesia terhadap cerita rakyat mythemnya. Dengan alasan itulah Sangkuriang dan model peneliti tertarik untuk meneliti hal pembelajarannya yang relevan dengan menggunakan pendekatan A.J. 25 JURNAL BÉBASAN , Vol. 4, No. 1, edisi Juni 2017: 24—37 Greimas. Hasil penelitian tersebut masing memiliki kekuatan dan orang menunjukkan bahwa model Bajo sesungguhnya membutuhkan pembelajaran yang relevan adalah keduanya. Dongeng Pitoto’ Si model konstruktivisme. Muhamma’ dapat dikatakan Analisis Komparatif Cerita merupakan sebuah upaya simbolisasi Sangkuriang Banten, Bandung, orang Bajo untuk memahami Kuningan, dan Ciamis (Masduki, kontradiksi-kontradiksi empiris: 2004). Penelitian ini mengungkap mereka sebagai orang yang hidup dari persamaan dan perbedaan cerita mengumpulkan hasil laut tetapi Sangkuriang versi Dano, Kabupaten sekaligus tergantung pada hasil bumi Serang, Provinsi Banten dengan versi dari darat. Pertanyaan tentang gunung Sangkur yang ada di kontradiksi-kontradiksi ini tidak Kabupaten Ciamis. Hasil penelitian pernah terjawab dengan tuntas. Karena menunjukkan adanya persamaan dan itulah dongeng ini memberi jawaban perbedaan berbagai versi sesuai tentang konflik batinini, yakni: bagi dengan keadaan lingkungan dan juga orang Bajo, aktivitas yang terpenting nama tokoh-tokohnya kecuali nama adalah mengembara dan mengunjungi Sangkuriang sebagian besar tidak sesama orang Bajo. Dalam aktivitas sama dalam setiap versi. Selain mengembara inilah mereka perbedaan nama-nama tokoh, juga menemukan identitas mereka. terdapat perbedaan dalam amanat Dongeng ini menjawab konflik batin cerita. itu: pertanyaan tentang superioritas- Adapun beberapa penelitian inferioritas menjadi kurang relevan. sebelumnya yang menggunakan teori Mereka tetap memilih menjadi Strukturalisme Lévi-Strauss adalah pengembara. beberapa penelitian yang dilakukan Kajian Shri Ahimsa Putra oleh Ahimsa-Putra, yaitu penelitian lainnya yang menggunakan terhadap dongeng masyarakat Bajo pendekatan Strukturalisme Lévi- berjudul ‘Pitoto’ Si Muhamma’, Strauss berjudul Sri Sumarah, Bawuk, karya-karya sastra Umar kayam Sri dan Para Priyayi: Sebuah Analisis Sumarah, Bawuk, da Para Priyayi, dan Struktural-Hermeneutik (Taum, 2011: Mitos Sawerigading dan Dewi Sri 161). Hasil kajian tersebut (Taum, 2011: 160). Dalam mengkaji menunjukkan: (1) Tema cerita dongeng masyarakat Bajo, Ahimsa- ‘dongeng’ Umar kayam yang dikaji Putra (Taum, 2011: 160—161) sampai tersebut adalah: kisah tentang pada kesimpulan bahwa dongeng keluarga-keluarga priyayi Jawa yang Pitoto’ Si Muhamma’ benar-benar beberapa anggotanya terlibat PKI. (2) mencerminkan konflik batin orang karya-karya tersebut berhasil memberi Bajo yang terus-menerus mendua dan jawaban terhadap kebimbangan Umar tak pernah terpecahkan: di satu pihak Kayam tentang siapa yang ‘harus dan mereka adalah orang laut yang tidak harus’ jatuh ke dalam lubang meyakini superioritas laut, tetapi di nasib mereka. pihak lain mereka juga sangat Kajian lain yang menggunakan tergantung pada kehidupan darat dan pendekatan Strukturalisme Lévi- menyaksikan superioritas darat. Dalam Strauss adalah Pemaknaan Novel kenyataannya, mereka tidak Bekisar Merah dan Belantik dengan sepenuhnya dapat hidup hanya dari Teori Strukturalisme Lévi-Strauss dan hasil laut saja. Laut dan darat masing- Hermeneutika Geertz (Prakoso, 2006). 26 Perbandingan Mitos Sangkuriang dengan… (Naila Nilofar) Hasil kajian tersebut menunjukkan perkembangan teori yang terus- bahwa struktur novel Bekisar Merah menerus bergulir. memiliki pola-pola dan relasi yang b. Mitos tetap. Cerita tentang kehidupan tokoh Menurut Lévi-Strauss sentral dalam novel tersebut memiliki
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