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Fanny Klenerman and the Vanguard Bookshop in Johannesburg *

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Fanny Klenerman and the Vanguard Bookshop in Johannesburg * JEWISH AFFAIRS PESACH 2017 “MORE THAN A SHOP”: FANNY KLENERMAN AND THE VANGUARD BOOKSHOP IN JOHANNESBURG * Veronica Belling A lifelong rebel, a trade unionist and a Trotskyite, Fanny Klenerman’s name is chiefly associated with the Vanguard Bookshop, iconic of leftist circles in Johannesburg during the period 1931-1974. Although her shop is often cited, most recently by Mark Gevisser in his autobiography, Lost and Found in Johannesburg (Jonathan Ball, 2014), its history has never been told, while its eccentric owner has been largely forgotten.1 In 1982, Fanny dictated her story to Ruth Sack, who recorded it on to audiotape and subsequently transcribed it. At that stage Fanny was virtually blind and unable to read or write her memoirs independently. In 1988, the tapes, the transcription, and a collection of pamphlets were donated to the Department of Historical Papers at Wits University by Rose Zvi, a South African novelist now living in Sydney, Australia.2 Zvi, who had met her in her shop, arranged for Ruth Sack to record her story.3 On the basis of her memoir, this article will attempt to reconstruct the story of Fanny Klenerman’s life and the history of the famous Vanguard Bookshop, so that they can assume their rightful place in the history of the Left in Johannesburg. Fanny opens her memoir with the description of an incident for which she became notorious, namely when she and seven girl friends were arrested for bathing nude in a secluded remote mountain pool near Fanny Klenerman, founder and director of Witpootjie in the Transvaal! The women were the Vanguard Bookshop, Johannesburg taken to the police station, fingerprinted, and only released on the payment of a bail of Vanguard bookshop. On sentencing them to £500 that they managed to raise with the a fine of £2 each the magistrate declared help of businessman, Fred Cohen, and trade that society had done its utmost to instil in unionist, Solly Sachs.4 However the incident them a sense of propriety. They had built made headlines in the newspapers. All their public lavatories in the veld for Africans “to names and addresses were published as well prevent them defiling the soil of the veld as the fact that Fanny was the owner of the and here … [they] Europeans, students and intellectuals furthermore [were] indulging in Dr. Veronica Belling is the author of disgusting practices.” Bibliography of South African Jewry (1997), Fanny succeeded in having the verdict Yiddish Theatre in South Africa (2008), and overturned and the fine revoked on the grounds the translator of Leibl Feldman's The Jews of that the place where they had bathed was Johannesburg (2007) and Yakov Azriel Davidson: remote and inaccessible and could hardly be His Writings in the Yiddish Newspaper, Der considered to be in the public eye. In order Afrikaner, 1911-1913 (2009). to substantiate her claim, her attorney had 1 JEWISH AFFAIRS PESACH 2017 the place inspected by a group consisting of her father, who imported The Clarion and the magistrate, the press and various other other liberal and socialist newspapers from officials. As none of them were familiar Britain. He and his friends were dedicated with the secret hiking trail, they managed, to socialism and to changing society and with great difficulty, to get only half way discussed these matters with Fanny. By the down. It transpired that the police who had age of fifteen, Fanny was an accomplished arrested the girls had spied on them through public speaker and was invited to speak binoculars from an adjacent ledge. Fanny was at the Zionist Hall on Sunday nights. She disgusted by the narrowness of officialdom was also a great admirer of Voltaire and in South Africa, pointing out that nude joined a group of Rationalists who met in bathing was commonplace in Europe. She Kimberley. At the University of Cape Town, and her friends continued to bathe nude in where she graduated with a degree in English mountain pools, “observed only by monkeys and History, she was a prominent speaker and baboons”. in the Students’ Parliament and her interest Many felt that this incident would harm in socialism was encouraged by reading the Fanny’s business. However, ever true to her New York Socialist weekly The New Age. beliefs, she had no regrets. In her words: “I After graduating, Fanny taught at Wynberg have always tried to maintain my true opinion Girls School but found the atmosphere “stuffy against those obscurantists and conservatives. and repressive.” She returned to Kimberley, And so far, people of intelligence have where she was unable to find work because accepted me. They regard me as a well- of her outspoken political views, expressed meaning rebel, but certainly not immoral in letters to the local newspapers. Shortly ... [Our] real customers – who also became after the Rand Revolt in 1922, relying on friends – all respected me as the owner of her father’s connections, she left to work for the best bookshop in South Africa”. the Labour Party in Johannesburg. Within a year she broke with the Party, objecting Childhood years to its industrial colour bar. Many years later she recalled: “Here we’ve come to a Born in 1897 in Lutzin in the Vitebsk country the British stole from the Africans Province in Belarus (today Ludza, Latgale … They haven’t got money to go anywhere, Province, Latvia), Fanny Klenerman and you’re excluding them from society and immigrated to South Africa at the age of bringing them down to the level of serfs. four or five together with her mother and And I said ‘I can’t take it’”.5 older brother. They joined her father, who Fanny joined the Communist Party of had arrived in Johannesburg in the late 1890s. South Africa (CPSA), the only multi-racial With money scarce during the period of party. Together with her great friend, Eva the South African War (1899-1902), Fanny’s Green, she would distribute Umsebenzi (The mother operated a small store or ‘kremelke’, Worker) newspaper in Rooiyard, Soweto, selling herrings, kvas (a popular drink made every Friday afternoon. Fanny was only a from the juice of fermented bread), pickles member for a short time. In 1935, together and brown bread. After the war the family with four others, including Eddie Roux,6 moved to Kimberley, where Fanny’s father she was expelled for being critical of the opened a men’s outfitting store. Self-educated party’s policy. and an accomplished Hebrew scholar who On leaving the CPSA, Fanny joined the read very widely, he lost his religion but South African Workers’ Party. Inspired by not his Jewish identity. Although they never the literature of Leon Trotsky, this had belonged to a synagogue, Fanny’s mother been founded by the Lenin Club in Cape insisted that the family attend services Town in 1935.7 A branch was established in on the High Holidays so that the children Johannesburg that had a small membership should not “grow up to be savages.” The but was very active. The Party was born out family supported Jewish organisations but of disgust over Comintern policy, but said were not Zionists. Fanny, people were not sufficiently politically Theirs was a Yiddish-speaking household. aware to understand the differences between Fanny remembers first attending school in them and the Communists. She defined their Kimberley not knowing a word of English, objectives as “to organise the workers, to but she soon picked it up and by the age accept change in society, and to resist the of seven or eight was an avid reader. At Communist alternative.” The members of the age of eight Fanny became a vegetarian, the group were professional people, doctors, having witnessed the killing of a chicken students and intellectuals. Because of the taken to be slaughtered according to Jewish structure of South African society, where the law. She never again ate meat although as an workers were mostly black, they had little adult she did eat fish for reasons of health. contact with working people and so could not She was first exposed to socialist ideas by influence them. The fact that none of these 2 JEWISH AFFAIRS PESACH 2017 groups survived, says Fanny, was sufficient scale introduced, and workers were graded. indication that there could be no such thing This gave the SAWWU a great boost. Shop as a ‘workers group’ of intellectuals. stewards were appointed to enrol members and to collect fees and the Union flourished. South African Women Workers’ Union As a trade union official, Fanny earned £17 a month, a very small amount. She shared a While working for the Labour Party, Fanny flat in Doornfontein with two friends, thus decided to enrol for legal studies in the managing to live reasonably comfortably. extramural program at Wits University. She They entertained friends and members in continued for two years, until she realised the living-cum-dining room where they also that these courses would not assist her in invited people to address their meetings. They her chosen work, which was to organise would visit the women at their residences, working class women who lacked any means where they were often sharing four to a of safeguarding their positions as workers. room and living and cooking cooperatively. After the 1922 Strike, wages fell sharply and Their work was universally praised. Eva, there was a large movement of women from being a teacher, had to work quietly and the country into the city where poverty was surreptitiously and could not take an official rife. The average monthly wage for working position in the union. She would come after women was £7, a salary on which it was school and do whatever was needed - typing impossible to survive.
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