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(Am) Fungi in Ornamental Flowering Plants Commonly Found in Goa

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(Am) Fungi in Ornamental Flowering Plants Commonly Found in Goa 1 STUDIES ON ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL (AM) FUNGI IN ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING PLANTS COMMONLY FOUND IN GOA A Thesis submitted to Goa University for the Award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in BOTANY By MS. JYOTI D. VAINGANKAR, M. Sc. Research Guide PROF. B.F. RODRIGUES, M.Sc., Ph.D. Goa University, Taleigao Goa 2012 2 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “STUDIES ON ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL (AM) FUNGI IN ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING PLANTS COMMONLY FOUND IN GOA” submitted to Goa University, for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY is a record of original and independent work carried out by me during August 2007 - August 2012, in the DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, GOA UNIVERSITY under the supervision of Dr. B. F. RODRIGUES, Professor, Department of Botany, Goa University and that it has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma, Associate-ship or Fellowship or any other similar title to any candidate of this or any other University. Signature of the Guide Signature of the student (B. F. RODRIGUES) (JYOTI D. VAINGANKAR) Professor, Department of Botany Goa University 3 CERTIFICATE I hereby certify that the thesis entitled “STUDIES ON ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL (AM) FUNGI IN ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING PLANTS COMMONLY FOUND IN GOA” submitted to Goa University, for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY is a record of original and independent work carried out by her in the DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, GOA UNIVERSITY during the period of August 2007 – August 2012, under my supervision and that it has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma, Associate-ship or Fellowship or any other similar title to any candidate of this or any other University. I affirm that the thesis submitted by Ms. Jyoti D. Vaingankar is completely the independent research work carried out by her under my supervision. Signature of the guide (B. F. RODRIGUES) Professor, Department of Botany Goa University 4 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My most sincere gratitude goes to my guide, Dr. B. F. Rodrigues, Professor, Department of Botany, Goa University for his invaluable support, guidance, encouragement and patience throughout the duration of this research. My sincere thanks to Prof. M. K. Janarthanam, HOD, Department of Botany, Goa University for providing the facilities for carrying out my research work. I am thankful to Prof. Irene Furtado, Professor, Department of Microbiology, for her valuable help, encouragement and suggestions in carrying out my research work. My special thanks to Dr. P. K. Sharma, Professor, Dr. V. U. Kerkar, Associate Professor, Dr. S. Krishnan, Associate Professor and Dr. N. M. Kamat, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany for their valuable help. My special thanks to Prof. D. J. Bhat, former HOD, Department of Botany, Goa University for his support and encouragement. I am grateful to Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi for providing fellowship. I am also grateful to Goa University for providing research studentship. I am also thankful to the Director, National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Dona Paula, Goa for the Scanning Electron Microscopy facility and the Director, Ela Farm, Old Goa for providing the soil testing facilities. My sincere thanks to non-teaching staff, Department of Botany, Goa University for their kind co-operation and help. I also thank Dr. Emilia Mascarenhas and Mrs. Milinda N. Kamat for their help. 6 Special thanks to my labmates Dr. Radhika K. P. Nair, Mr. James D’ Souza, Ms. Seema Dessai, Ms. Cassie Rodrigues and Ms. Kim Rodrigues for their help and reducing the lab stress with their good sense of humour. I thank Ms. Sonashia Velho-Pereira, Mr. M. Bhaskaran, Ms. Shilpa Bhosle, Ms. Vera D’costa, Mr. Ashish Prabhugaonkar, Mr. Sidhesh Naik, Mr. Ravikiran Pagare, all my friends and well wishers for their valuable help and moral support. I shall always remain extremely grateful to my Brother-in-law, Mr. Amar S. Mayekar and my sister Mrs. Arpita A. Mayekar for their encouragement and moral support. They have helped me immensely in many ways. Few complimentary words may not really justify their help. I shall always be grateful to my brother, Mr. Mahesh D. Vaingankar for being kind, understanding, tolerant and helping during the course of my work. I shall be always indebted to my mother for her moral support and encouragement. I am also grateful to each one of my family members who stood by me all through my academic and research career. Jyoti Damodar Vaingankar 7 INDEX SR. CONTENTS PAGE NO. NO. 1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 18–26 General introduction 18 Aims and objectives 26 2. CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 28–86 3. CHAPTER 3: ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL 88–125 (AMF) ASSOCIATION IN ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING PLANTS OF GOA 3.1 Introduction 88 3.2 Materials and methods 90 3.3 Results 9 3 3.4 Discussion 121 4. CHAPTER 4: ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL 127–157 (AMF) DIVERSITY IN THE RHIZOSPHERE OF ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING PLANTS OF GOA 4.1 Introduction 127 4.2 Materials and methods 130 4.3 Results 135 4.4 Discussion 153 5. CHAPTER 5: TAXONOMY OF ARBUSCULAR 159–202 MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI FROM ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING PLANTS OF GOA AND THEIR MASS MULTIPLICATION 5.1 Introduction 159 96 5.2 Materials and methods 161 98 5.3 Results 162 99 5.4 Discussion 200 6. CHAPTER 6: MYCORRHIZAL STATUS OF SELECTED 204–221 ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING PLANTS AS INFLUENCED BY ITS PHENOLOGY 6.1 Introduction 204 6.2 Materials and methods 207 6.3 Results 211 6.4 Discussion 217 8 7. CHAPTER 7: EFFECT OF THE DOMINANT 223 – 267 ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL SPECIES ON GROWTH AND FLOWER QUALITY IN SELECTED ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING PLANT SPECIES 7.1 Introduction 223 7.2 Materials and methods 225 7.3 Results 232 7.4 Discussion 257 8. CHAPTER 8: SUMMARY 269–272 9. CHAPTER 9: BIBLIOGRAPHY 274–323 9 LIST OF TABLES SR. NO. Title PAGE NO. 1. Classification of AM fungi. 35 2. Ornamental flowering plant species from Goa 94 selected for the study. 3. Physical and chemical characteristics of soils from 109 garden and wild habitats. 4. Seasonal variation in soil characteristics in selected 110 study sites. 5. Percent root colonization in garden plants. 111 6. Percent root colonization in wild plants. 112 7. Seasonal variation in percentage root colonization in 119 selected flowering plants from 3 distinct regions in Goa 8. AM fungal species and spore density in the 137 rhizosphere of ornamental flowering plants. 9. Frequency of Occurrence and Relative Abundance of 140 AM fungal spores in 43 ornamental flowering plants. 10. Influence of seasonal variation on mean spore 152 density in the selected study sites. 11. Effect on AM colonization, spore density and AM 213 diversity as influenced by host phenology. 12. Total P concentration at different stages of plant 216 growth in 3 flowering species in Goa. 13. Effect of AM fungi on selected vegetative 236 characteristics in C. morifolium. 14. Total Na, P and K concentrations in AM fungi 238 inoculated C. morifolium plants against control in the vegetative stage. 15. Effect of AM fungi on floral characteristics and total 239 dry weight in C. morifolium plants. 10 16. Effect of AM fungi on selected vegetative 244 characteristics in C. infundibuliformis plants. 17. Total Na, P and K concentrations in AM fungi 245 inoculated C. infundibuliformis plants against control in the vegetative stage. 18. Effect of AM fungi on floral characteristics and total 246 dry weight in C. infundibuliformis plants. 19. Effect of AM fungi on selected vegetative 247 characteristics in J. nitidum. 20. Total Na, P and K concentrations in AM fungi 251 inoculated J. nitidum plants against control in the vegetative stage. 21. Effects of AM fungi on floral characteristics and total 252 dry weight in J. nitidum. 22. Effect of AM fungi on selected vegetative 258 characteristics in T. erecta. 23. Total Na, P and K concentration in AM inoculated T. 259 erecta plants against control in the vegetative stage. 24. Effect of AM fungi on floral characteristics and total 260 dry weight in T. erecta plants. 11 LIST OF FIGURES SR. NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1. Map of Goa showing the study sites. 92 2. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal colonization in selected 117 garden plants. 3. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal colonization in selected wild 118 plants. 4. Influence of seasonal variation on percent root 120 colonization in the selected study sites. 5. Effect plant diversity on AM fungal species. 142 6. Variation in number of AM species in ornamental 142 flowering plants. 7. AM fungal spore density 100g-1 soil in garden plant 144 species. 8. AM fungal spore density 100g-1 soil in garden wild 145 plant species. 9. Relative abundance of AM fungi in garden plant 146 species. 10. Frequency of occurrence of AM fungi in garden plant 147 species. 11. Relative abundance of AM fungi in wild plant species. 148 12. Frequency of occurrence of AM fungi in wild plant 149 species. 13. Species richness in garden and wild ornamental 150 plant species. 14. Species evenness in garden and wild ornamental 150 plant species. 15. Simpson’s index of dominance for garden and wild 151 ornamental flowering plants. 16. Influence of seasonal variation on mean spore 151 density in the selected study sites. 12 17. Relative abundance of AM fungi during different 214 stages of growth in C. morifolium. 18. Relative abundance of AM fungi during different 214 stages of growth in C. infundibuliformis. 19. Relative abundance of AM fungi during different 215 stages of growth in C. morifolium. 20. Percent root colonization in C. morifolium plants 235 inoculated with various AM treatments (after 60 days of growth).
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