Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service Richard J

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-06619-8 - Intelligence and the War against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service Richard J. Aldrich Index More information

Index

Abbotabad, 251 Anglo-Japanese intelligence Abwehr co-operation, 106 decrypts, 143, 215, 242 Anglo-Thai Treaty, 324 in Britain, 49 Annam, 345 Acheson, Dean, 136, 323 Anson, Wilfred, 129 Adams, Alec, 195, 320–1 Anstey, Brigadier Sir John, 316 Adul, Luang, 195 Anti-Fascist Organisations (AFOs), 201, aerial reconnaissance, 50 336 Afghanistan, 151, 157, 165, 217, 265 Anti-Japanese United Front (AJUF), agent recruitment, 184–5, 219–20 190, 229, 330–4 Agnew, Lt Colonel, 367 archives, 214, 385 Air and Ground Forces Resources and Arlington Hall, 235, 248 Technical Staff (AGFRTS), 273 Armstrong Vickers Ltd, 31 Air Ground Aid Service (AGAS), 273, Asiatic Petroleum Ltd, 31 343, 360 Assam, 101 Atlantic Charter, 111 air intelligence, weakness of, 23, 31, 36 atomic bomb, xv, 307, 318 Airy, Lt Colonel E. A., 192 atomic intelligence, 317 Allied Forces headquarters (AFHQ), attack indicators, 49–51, 65–7 141 Attlee, Clement, 121, 178, 323–4 Allied Land Forces Para-Military Aung Sang, General, 199, 335 Operations (ALFPMO), 316, Australia, 89, 193 328–9, 352–3, 355 and ‘American imperialism’, 380–1 Amanullah, King of Afghanistan, 165 Australian Security Intelligence American–British–Dutch–Australian Organisation, 70 Command (ABDA), 156–7, 236, Axis intelligence co-operation, 46–7 241 Axis Planning Section, 53, 90 Amery, Julian, 288 Axis, surrender, xiv Amery, Leo, 158, 172, 199, hopes for modus vivendi, 177 Ba Maw, 167 Thailand annexation, 120–1 Baghdad, 250 Ananda Mahidol, King, 328 Balankura, Chamkad, 294–6 Anderson, sigint centre, 244–8 Balkans, 59, 98, 187, 193, 213, 302 Anderson, Sir John, 93 Banque d’Indochine, 346 Andrew, Findlay, 283 Bao Dai, 313 Anglo-American intelligence Barker, Group Captain James, 362 co-operation, origins, 34, 38, 77–8, Baroda House, 217 92 Barrackpore, 211, 220–3, 253 Anglo-American relations, 5, 70, 382 Barrett, Colonel, 270 Anglo-Dutch Plantations Ltd, 7 Batavia, 354–6 Anglo-French staff talks, 1939, 44 Battle of Midway, xiv, 78, 237, 240 Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 47 Battle of the Java Sea, 64

484

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-06619-8 - Intelligence and the War against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service Richard J. Aldrich Index More information

Index 485 Battle of Savo Island, 64 Bracken, Brendan, 109 beach intelligence, 247 Breckinridge Long, on Donovan, 13 Beaton, Cecil, MOI photographer, Brewer, Susan, 100 287 bribery, 165, 361–2 Beaulieu, SOE training, 101 Bridges, Sir Edward, 194 Beaumont-Nesbitt, Major, 354 Britain–USA Agreement (BRUSA), beauty parlours, for espionage, 154 235, 241–4, 248, 255 Beddington, Brigadier E. H. L., 144, British Army Aid Group (BAAG), 224–5, 288 286–7, 358–62, 371 Beesly, Patrick, 70 British Council, 29 ‘Belconnen’, 241 British Empire, restoration, 5 Belvedere House, 217 British Joint Staff Mission (BJSM), 211 Bennett, John Sterndale, Indochina, 8, British Joint Staff Mission in 324, 326 Washington, 144 Berkeley Street (Diplomatic Section of British Paciﬁc Fleet, 156 GC&CS), 76, 85 British Security Co-ordination (BSCO), Berle, Adolf, 101–2, 136, 290 95–103, 127–30 Bernard, Harry, 292 compared with India, 153 Best, Antony, 61, 75, 82 Phillips report, 149–50 ‘betrayal’ at Pearl Harbor, 19, 69–91 PWE element, 140 Bevin, Ernest, 129, 318, 356 broadcasts, effectiveness, 384 Birch, Frank, 238 Brooke, Field Marshal Alan, 85, 186 Birch, Major John, 372 Brooke-Popham, Air Vice-Marshal Sir Bird, Willis R., 314 Robert Birley, Lt Colonel Eric, 432 airbases in French Indochina, 38–9 Bishop, Max, 325 fall of Singapore, 50 Bissell, General 289 Japanese threat, 54–7 ‘BJs’, 75 Japanese capabilities, 61–3 ‘black-bag jobs’, 70 FECB 36 black markets, 286, 371–2 MI5, 40 Blaizot, General, 176, 344 relations with SOE, 104, 110 Blamey, General, 354 SIS, 37–8 Blandy, Air Commodore, 366 value of sigint, 51 Bletchley Park Brooker, Bill, 101 growth, 10 Broome, Richard, 105 relations with outstations, 234–58 Brown, W. Norman, 149, 200 and SIS, 215 Browning, Lt General Sir F.A.M. ‘Boy’, Block, Ralph, 147, 152 171 Bluechel, Major, 348 Bruce, Colonel David, 145 Blunda, Colonel, 213 Bulkey, Dwight, 185 Board of Economic Warfare Bureau of Information and Statistics relations with OSS, 13 (BIS), 262, 280 resists integration, 144 Bureau of Ordinance, 64 Bocca Tigris, 281 Burma, 200–5, 279, 334–9 Boer War, 338 Burma Patriotic Front, 311 Bombay–Burmah Trading Corporation Burma Road, 54, 268 Ltd, 320 Burmese National Army (BNA), 201, ‘Bombes’, 77, 241 336–7 Borneo, 53 Burnett, Lt Commander Malcolm, Bose, Resh Behari, 160 238–40, 245 Bose, Subhas Chandra, 162–3, 338, Butler, Neville, 127 350, 371, 458 Butler, R. A., appeaser, 10, 106–7 Bowden-Smith, Brigadier P. G., 222, Butterﬁeld and Swire Ltd, 130 225–9, 366 Buxton, Colonel, 305 Boxer, Major, 280 Byrnes, Jimmy, 318

486 Index Cabinet Defence Committee, 54 Chang Hung, 190 Cabinet Far Eastern Committee, 130, Chapman, John, 46 194 Chapman, Spencer, 190 Cadogan, Alexander Chappell, Group Captain, air Barbarossa,84 intelligence FECB 36 R. A. Butler, 106–7 Chatterjee, Major General A.C., 350 colonial co-operation, 177 chemical warfare, 217 Cadogan, Alexander (cont.) Cheng Kai-min, General, 349, 351, 366 Japanese, 54 Chennault, General Clare, 204, 208, secret service politics, 10, 144, 281 244, 263, 272 sigint circulation, 79 Cheston, Charles, 306 SIS problems, 11, 93–4 Chettle, Brigadier, 337 V-J Day, xiv Chiang Kai-shek, 105, 367 Calcutta police, 154 anti-Western nationalism, 124 Cal-Texaco Co., 7, 292 with Donovan, 268 Calvert, Major Michael, 281 on Hong Kong, 360 Cambodia, 44, 328 on India, 136, 159 Camp X, 101 with Mountbatten, 171–2, 181 Campbell, Sir Ronald, 148–9 proposes cross-theatre co-ordinating Camranh Bay, 53, 108 committee, 180 Canadian Broadcasting Company, 100 security, 248 Canton, 280 and Stilwell, 204 Captain Ingersoll, US Navy mission to trafﬁc systems, 318 UK, 32 Chiang Mai, 383 carrier operations, 73 Chief Censor, India, 151 carrier pigeons, 182 Chiefs of Staff (British), Indochina, 8 Cartwright, Lt Colonel, 367 Chiefs of Staff, British Casablanca Conference, 124 Malayan resistance, 331 Casey, Richard, 89 hopes in Thailand, 321, 327 Casey, William, 87 on SSU, 327 Cass, Colonel Bill, 347, 351 Chiki training centre, 284–6 Catroux, General George, 108 Chin Peng, 168, 334 Caucasus, 137 China British re-organisation in, 367–9 Cavendish-Bentinck, Victor insecurity of communications, 232, colonial co-operation, 177 248–50 Pearl Harbor, 68, 78, 87–8 operations in, 261–78, 358–74 inﬁltration of Thailand, 109 China–Burma–India Theater, 5, 171, SIS–SOE relations, 230 183, 198 Cawthorn, Brigadier Walter ‘China hands’, 61 DMI India, 144 China, secret service, 2, 297, in India, counter-subversion, 151–2, 159 155, and Tibet, 290–1 on OSS, 153, 181 China Theater, 1 in Russia, 218 Chinese Army, 61 Cecil, Robert, 315 Chinese Commission, in India 154 Ce´dile, Jean, 345, 347 British espionage against, 155 censorship, 382 Chinese Communists, 261–2, 281–2, Central Bureau, Brisbane, 238, 241, 288, 329–30, 371–4 248 Chinese Intelligence Wing, 152, 279, central government, 9 414 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Chisolm, Don, 369 formation, 95, 309–19, 372–4 Chou En-lai, 263, 289 Thailand, 328 Christison, General, 356 treaty with SIS, 14 Churchill, Winston wish to control intelligence, 72, 81 atomic bomb, 307 Central Intelligence Group, 313, 373 attitude to Menzies, 11 Chang Fa-kwei, 293 on the Balkans, 187

Index 487 Churchill, Winston (cont.) Comilla, 253 on Burma strategy, 202 Comintern archive, capture, 21 creation of SEAC, 171 Comintern, British penetration of, 21 delegation, 4 Anglo-Japanese co-operation against, on Donovan, 1 106–7 dubious circle, 47 commodities, 123 French Indochina, 4, 207, 212–13, communications, OSS–SIS–SOE, 182 301–2 Conferences imperial restoration, 4 Cairo, 181, 169, 301 on India, 4, 134–9, 148–50, 158 Quebec, 8, 171 intelligence and Empire, 2 Potsdam, 257, 307, 345 shaping historical interpretation, 303 San Francisco, 304–5, 310, 344–5 objectives, xiv, xv Teheran, 301 obsession with Middle East, 59 Congress Party of India, 134, 158–9 on Pearl Harbor, 69–91 conspiracy theory, as explanation, 19, secret service control, 315 69–91 on Thailand, 4, 196 Control documents, 141 underestimation of Japan, 59, 63–4, control of secret service, 145 83 Coolidge, Captain Joseph, 348, 372 civil affairs, 6 Coon, Carleton S., 307 Civil Affairs Staff (Burma), confront Cooper, Duff, 61 SOE, 334–7 Cooper, Gary, 164 civil airlines, 308 corporatism, 103, 378–9 Civil Air Transport Co., 315 Corps Le´ger d’Intervention (CLI), 207, civil intelligence, 177 211 Clarke, Ashley, 121 Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 186 Clarke, William F., 28 Coudrais, Commander, 206 clerical staff, security problem, 32 Coughlin, Colonel John G., 140–1, 146, Cliff, Group Captain, 354–5 188, 199, 272, 278, 319, 325, 335 Clive, Nigel, 11 counter-factual history, 78 Clodagh, 174 Counter-Intelligence Combined Board closed documents, xvi (CICB), 370 Cochin China, 345 Counter-Intelligence Corps, 309, 311 Cold War, onset, 303–18 coup of 9 March, 340 Colombo, 236 Cox, Melville, death in Japan, 30 colonial mentality, 2, 20–1 Craigie, Sir Robert, 90, 106 Colonial Ofﬁce Crane, Robert, 149 ambitions in Thailand, 120–1, 328 Criminal Investigation Department issue of internment for Japanese, 40 (CID), India, 151 on OSS, 363 Cripps Mission, 135, 159 recovery of Hong Kong, 358–62 Cripps, Stafford, 165 on security in Malaya, 32 Crosby, Sir Josiah, 31, 39, 75, 108 working with SOE, 9, 190–2 Crossman, R. H. S., 384 colonialism, problems of 122–5 Cull, Nicholas, 100 Colville, John, 141 Currie, Laughlin, 126 Combined Bureau Middle East, 250 Curzon, Lord, 102 Combined Intelligence Bureau Hong Kong (CIBHK), 23–6 Dalton, Hugh move to Singapore, 28 economic intelligence, 376 Combined Intelligence Bureau Malaya and MEW, 94 (CIBM), overstretched, 30–1 rows with Anthony Eden, 13, 109 Combined Intelligence Bureau, and Thailand, 109 Shanghai, 29 Dambulla, 174 Combined Services Detailed Darlan, Admiral, 101 Interrogation Centre (CSDIC), 163, Darvall, Group Captain Lawrence, 63 386 Dato’ Perdana Mentri, 192

488 Index Davidson, Major General Francis, 88 Digri, 210 Davies, John Patton Dill, Field Marshal, 59, 144 Anglo-American relations, 5, 146 direction finding (DF), 28, 37, 75–6, 80 in China, 272 Director of Military Intelligence, exile, 270–1 London, 30 on importance of OWI, 146–7 Director of Naval Intelligence (DNI), Davies, John Patton (cont.) British, 238, 303 on Mountbatten, 173 Director of Naval Intelligence (DNI), on OSS, 183 US, 73 pure American identity, 6 Directorate of Military Operations Sino-American relations, 6–7 (DMO), British, optimism, 60 Davis, Elmer, 124, 379 Directorate of Naval Intelligence, Davis, John, 105, 190, 332 British, 84 Day, Edward, 111 Direk Jayanama, 197 De Cre`vecoeur, General Jean Boucher, Dixie Mission, 262, 269, 273 206 Dixon, Colonel C. D, 370 De Gaulle, General Charles, 108, 176, Dobbie, Major General, 382 205–6, 208, 232, 302, 340–3 Dockrill, Saki, 19 De Gray, Nigel, 238, 242 doctrinal surprise, 65 De Langlade, Baron François, 108, 206, Dolan, Captain, Brooke, 290–3 344 Dolbeare, Frederick, 197 De Valetta, John, 381 Doll, William, 120 Dewavarin, Colonel A., see Passy Dong Minh Hoi, 350 De Wiart, General Adrian Carton, 210, Donovan, and US JCS, 11 249, 359–60, 363, 367, 379 Donovan, founding father, 1 Dean, Patrick, 30 Donovan, General William J. deception, 51, 341 astute, 210 Deception (D) Division, 254, 341 on the Balkans, 187, 213 declassification, 3, 385–8 on Burma, 124, 135, 199 Deer Mission, 343 on centralisation, 13 Defence Regulation 18B, 48, 93 courts Nimitz, 277 Deignan, Herbert, 195 on Churchill, 125 Delaney, Colonel Robert, 373 demobilising guerrillas, 330–4, 335–8 on China, 265–8, 272–3, 283, democracy, 384 368 Denham, Geoffrey, 7 on colonialism, 383 and French Indochina, 55 and Frank Knox, 10 as SIS Far Eastern Controller, 37–8, on India, 150 105 on Malaya, 194, 363 Dening, Esler, 196, 199, 230, 304, and Henry Morgenthau, 10 322–7, 338, 352, 356, 363–4, 378– origins of OSS, 95–103 9, 381, 383 and Roosevelt, 10, 91, 125–6, Dennis, Captain, 329 176 Denniston, Commander Alistair, 28, 81, on SEAC, 192, 197, 319 235 on Thailand, 294, 322–4 Dennys, General, 281 on Tibet, 290–3 Department of Overseas Trade, 130 war ending, 305–7 ‘Destroyers for Bases Deal’, 98 Dorman-Smith, Sir Reginald destruction of documents, waves, on Churchill, 175 385–8, 458 on OSS, 202–3 Detachment 101, 141, 202–5 Downes, Donald, 100 Detachment 202, 146 Drage, Charles, 23–4, 284 Detachment 303, 146 Dulles, Allen Welsh, 101 Detachment 404, 146, 174 Dunn, James, 305 Dewey, Colonel Peter, 347 Dutch Country Section, 193 Dickey, John, 99 Dykes, Brigadier Vivian, 81

Index 489 economic intelligence, 5 Ferris, John, 61 Economic Survey Detachment/Group 44 Field Security Units, 370 (ESD 44), 373–4 Field, Brigadier Leonard, 81, 156 Eden, Anthony Fielding, Major A. F., 348 agents in Churchill’s circle, 47 fifth-column fears, 93, 96–8 and Chinese Ambassador to London, Roosevelt on, 99 250 Fischer, Louis, 122 colonial policy, 9 Fish, Hamilton, 100 on French Indochina, 207 Fleming, Ian, 101, 256 with Harry Hopkins, 76 Fleming, Peter, 281 receives reports on Halifax, 102 Fletcher, Walter, 286–7, 362, 371 on sigint circulation, 79 Foot, M. R. D., 3, 168 secret service organisation, 13, 315 Ford, John, 100 on Thailand, 196–7, 295 Force 136, see Special Operations underestimation of Japan, 49 Executive Eifler, Colonel Carl, 202, 265 Foreign Office, jurisdiction, 10 Eisenhower, General Dwight D., 149, Foreign Office, new departments, 9 172, 242 Fort Canning, 30 Ellis, Dick, 101 Foss, Hugh, 238 Emblanc, Colonel, 291–2 Foster, Jane, 355 Emperor Hirohito, 55 Four World Policemen, 122 Empire trade, 7 Fourteenth Air Force, xv, 204, 272 enemy-led view, 375–6 and OSS, 273–4, 292, 342 Enigma, 77 Fourteenth Army, 217, 220–3 espionage as attack indicator, 35 Fourth Marines at Shanghai, 33 ethnic stereotypes, 64 Fox-Holmes, Lt Colonel, 152 European War, 4, xv France, secret service, 2, 4, 21, 38, Evans, General Geoffrey, 328 346–9 expansionism, 103 Free France, 12 Free Siamese, 7 Fabian, Commander, 255 Free Thai, 7, 191, 294 Fabre, Commander, 357 publicity, 320 Fairbairn, Captain William, 101 purged, 329–30 Fairbank, John King, 261 French Foreign Legion, 369 fancy footwork school, 375–9 French Indochina Faqir of Ipi, 165 future of, 4, 279, 301–3 Far Eastern Bureau, 195, 200 operations, 205–12, 291–3 Far Eastern Combined Bureau (FECB) Roosevelt on, 123 forecasts, 60–4 theatre boundaries, 8, 171 at Hong Kong, 23–8 French Military Mission, Chungking, on Pearl Harbor, 80–3 207 move to Singapore, 35–8 French Military Mission in SEAC, 175 at Singapore, 39–68 Fujiwara Iwachai, Major, 41, 56, 162 leaves Singapore, 156–7 after Singapore, 236–9 Gale, Esson, 265 squeezed, 35–6 Galena, Colonel, 164 Far Eastern Security Service (FESS), Galle, 174 40, 66 Gambia, 124 Far Eastern War Gandhi, Mahonjas K., 134 terminology, 19, fragmentation, 132 and Hitler, 159 February 1941 war scare, 76 hunger strike, 146 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and Roosevelt, 135–7, 150 95, 100, 149, 205, 271, 377 Garden, Don, 313, 319–20 ‘Fellers Affair’, 240 Garnons-Williams, Captain G.A., RN, Fenn, Lt Charles, 292–3 181–3, 187, 216, 221, 226–9, ‘ferret force’, 334 232–3, 247, 319, 367

490 Index Gayter, Sir George, 120–1 Hainan, 280 GBT network, 292–3, 342 Halifax, Lord, 76, 84, 98, 106, 150, 210 Gent, Sir Edward, 120–1, 191, 360–1 watched by SIS in the US, 102 ‘Gentleman’s Agreement’, 171, 181–2, Hambro, Sir Charles, 103 209, 212, 248, 276 Hankey, Lord, on the British fifth George V, King, 350 column, 48 George, Lloyd (CIA officer), 374 Hanoi, 210, 340–6 Gestapo, 369 Harkness, Captain K. L. RN, 36, 62 Gibbs, Commander J. P., 182, 194, 224, Harmon, Lt Colonel Gordon, 249, 269, 229, 321 288–9 Gill-Davies, Lt Colonel Derek, 284, Harriman, Averell, 70 358 Harris, Air Vice-Marshal Arthur Gimson, Franklin, 361–2 ‘Bomber’, 159 Giraud, General, 291 Harrison, E. D. R., 225 Glass, Colonel Austin, 348 Harvard University, 309 Godfrey, Admiral John H., 97, 101 Harvey, Oliver, 54 Goodfellow, Basil, 104 Hastings, Captain, 242 Goodfellow, Colonel Preston, 142 Hayes, Major General, 367 Gordon, Laurence, 292 Hearst, Randoph, 122 Government Code and Cypher School Heenan, Captain Patrick, ‘officer (GC&CS), 10 traitor’, 45 ciphers, Afghan, 250 Helfrich, Admiral, 193 ciphers, Chinese, 25, 82, 232, 248–50 Helms, Richard, 101 ciphers, French, 108 Hendricks, Lt Colonel C. A., 42 ciphers, German, 215, 235, 250 Heppner, Colonel Richard ciphers, Italian, 235 in China, 273–5 ciphers, Japanese, 25, 34, 47, 51, on French Indochina, 343 70–91, 238–54 in London, 143 ciphers, Soviet, 25, 28, 250, 434 on Mahara, 184–5 in Hong Kong, 25, 69 on Mountbatten, 173 long-term view, 246–7, 257–8 in SEAC, 174, 176, 181, 192–4, 319 post-war plans, 317 ‘hidden hand’ explanations, xv, 91, in SEAC, 234–58 375–87 Gracey, General Douglas, 346–9, 351 Higgins, Dr, 186 Graham, Major D. B., 347 Hill, Colonel, 166 Grand, Laurence, 92 Hillgarth, Captain Alan, 88 Greece, 335 Hinsley, Sir Harry, 3, 71 Greene, Graham, 384 historiography, 3, 19–20, 50, 303, bureaucratic life, 10 375–7 Greenwell, Colonel, 81 Hitler, Adolf Grigg, Sir James, 129 secret service, 13 Grimsdale, Major General Gordon captured British documents, 46 in China, 279–80, 284–5, 289 views on empire, 164 at FECB, 35, 62 HMS Hermes, 237 Griswold, Major Alexander, 373 HMS Prince of Wales, 236 Grut, Major Edmond, 175, 295, 320 HMS Repulse, 236 Guam, 245 HMS Tamar, sigint vessel, 25, 44 Guard documents, 141 HMS Truculent, 193 Gubbins, Major General Sir Colin, 93, Ho Chi Minh, 3, 21, 271, 292–4, 181, 187 343–6, 356, 453 guerrilla demobilisation, 332–4 Hoffman, Major Charles, 294 Guise, Major, 131 Hohnston, Frank, 369 Gwyn, Brigadier, 221 Holden Agreement on naval sigint, 238–9, 241 Hailey-Bell, Lt Colonel, as DSO Holland, Major J. C. F., 93 Singapore, 31 Holland, secret service, 2, 4, 81–2

Index 491 Hollerith machinery, 80, 245 Indian Legion, in Germany, 151, 162, Holliday, John S., 383 166 Holts Ltd, 130 Indian National Army (INA), 42, 201, Holtwick, Commander, 245 332, 383, 458 Holt-Wilson, Sir Eric Indian Political Intelligence (IPI), 20, as Deputy Head of MI5, 21 162 in Hong Kong, 24–5 Indian strategic airbases, 318 in Singapore, 31, 39 indirect rule, 123, 375–9 Hong Kong informal empire, 123, 375–9 defence of, 28 Institute for International Studies (IIS), future of, 1 282–4, 371 recovery of, 279–80, 358–63 integration, 6, 14 security problems. 24 Intelligence Assault Units, 370 Hong Kong Civil Affairs Unit, 360 Intelligence Bureau, Delhi (IB), 20, Honolulu, sigint, 235, 237, 245, 256 151–2, 157–68, 278, 317, 386 Hopkins, Harry, 76, 103, 137, 272 intelligence history, xvi Hornbeck, Stanley, 131 interception of American and Chinese Hsu, Dr Konrad, 129 mail, 151–2 Hua Hin, 196 Inter-Service Liaison Department Hue, 345 (ISLD), 214, 217 Hull, Cordell Iraq, 157 on India, 148–50 Ireland, guerrilla war, 93 internationalist, 302 Islamic inﬂuence, 134 on projection of United States, 131 Ismail Ibin Sultan Mohamed IV, 191 on Tibet, 290–1 Ismay, General Hastings, 48 Hull–Nomura talks, 86 Italian colonies, 121 Hunt Lt Colonel, 159 Italy, 64 Hurley, Major General Patrick J., 176 cipher security, 26 in China, 268–70, 288 secret service, 165 on French Indochina, 343 signals intelligence, 46 on Thailand, 177 J. & P. Coats Ltd, 7, 158 Hutchinson, Colonel, 199 Japan Huyler, Major Coulter, 311 accuracy, 48 Hyderabads, Ist Battalion, mutiny, 42 air power, 23 Army ill-discipline, 199 Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd (ICI), Army, use of intelligence, 334 286 Army–Navy rivalry, 56 Imfeld, Colonel, 352 ciphers, 25, 34, 47, 51, 70–91 impact of intelligence, 383 Communist Party, 33 Imperial Airways Ltd, secret mail, 22 Consul-General, Singapore, 56, 85 Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), 103 decision-making process, 49 imperial retreat, 375 high-level penetrations, 43–6 Imperial Security Service, 21, 92, 103 imperial conferences, 79–80 India, British surveillance, 20 Naval Air Service, 34, 47 OSS and OWI in, 155 ‘New Order’, 41 police state, 151 propaganda, 41 rear area for SEAC, 134 search for an armistice, 257 Indian Army secret service, 13, 35–50, 347 in Malaya, 41–3 southward expansion, 2 in India, 158–9 spy schools at Rangoon and Penang, and SIS, 216 163 Indian Communist Party (ICP), 20 spy-mania, 33 and SOE, 160–2 strategic planning, 53–5 and SSU, 314 surveillance of US Embassy, 33 Indian Independence League, 41 ‘tourists’, 54–5, 110

492 Index Japan (cont.) Keswick, John, 7, 130, 186, 279, 281– use of Muslims, 163 3, 289 volatility of decision process, 89 Khan Sheng, 266 ‘Y’ trafﬁc, 40–1 Khan, Ramat, Soviet agent, 166 Japanese-Inspired Fifth Columnists Kheng, Chean Boon, 331 (JIFs), 151, 161–4 Kilindini, 236–42 Jaques, Brigadier Victor, 322 Killery, Valentine St, 103, 107–9 Jardine Matheson Ltd, 7, 130, 279 King, Admiral Ernest J., 262, 276, 367 Java, 355 Kingsley, Rolfe, 314 Jebb, Gladwyn, 95, 109 Klotz, Lt, 353 Jinnah, 160 Knox, Frank, 96 JN-25, 26, 70–91, 239, 244 Kolchak, Admiral, 216 JN40, 237 Komatsu, Keiichiro, 76 Johns Hopkins University, 369 Konoye Government, 54–5 Johnson, Charles, 271 Konthi Suphamongkon, 322 Joint Intelligence Committee, London Korean War, 14, 73, 232, 235 (JIC), 7 Korps Insulinde, 193 on American policy, 89–91 Kou Min-tang (KMT), 188, 248, 261, on Anglo-American exchange, 80 280 on Barbarossa,84 Kra Isthmus, 4, 53–4, 57–8, 109–14, duties and representation, 50–1 177, 199, 320–1, 330 on inﬁltration tactics, 62 Kranji, intercept site, 28, 44, 50 on Japanese aircraft, 56 evacuated, 156–7 on Japanese capabilities, 60–4 resourcing 36–7 on Japanese intentions, 53–9 Kroner, Brigadier General Hayes W., on Pearl Harbor, 87–8 74 recovery of Hong Kong, 358 Kuether, Klaus, 369 as referee, 12–13 Kunjara, Colonel Karb, 294–5 Sino-British intelligence, 289 Kunming, 210, 272, 343, 345–6, 358 on staff ceilings, 227 Joint Intelligence Committee, SEAC, Lai Tek, British agent, 21, 105, 190, 332, 334 254 Lal, Chamal, 149 Joint Planning Staff, 50–1 Lammers, Captain, 236 Jones, A. E., 103 Lamplough, General, 247, 254 Joshi, P. C., 161 Landon, Kenneth, 127 Joubert, Air Vice-Marshal Philip, 336 Langer, William, 305 Jurika, Stephen, 65 Langson, 210 language specialism, 7, 34 Kachins, 201–3, 335–7 Lao Issara, 352 Kahn, David, 72 Laos, 44, 351–4, 383 Kame, 56 Larson, Robert P., 292 Kampuchea, 351 Layton, Admiral, 156 Kandy, xv Leavel, Colonel Lewis, 373 Kane, R. Keith, 387 Lebanon, 124 Karen National Liberation Army Leclerc, General, 352 (KNLA), 339 Lee, General Raymond, 34, 80, 82 Karens, stalwart resistance, 201–3, Leese, Lt General Oliver, 335 335–8 Lenanton, Colonel Hugh Kedah, 121 Lend-Lease, 102 Keith, Commander Bruce, 236 Leonard, Captain R. P., 347 Kelantan, 121 Lethbridge, Brigadier John S., Mission, Kell, Sir Vernon, 32 173–4, 179 Kemp, Major Peter, 353 levels of activity, 379–81 Kempei Tei, 161, 188, 201, 347, 370–1 Li Mo-an, General, 281, 284 Kennedy, Malcolm, 85 liaison, 14, 132

Index 493 Liberator aircraft, 218 Malayan Campaign Libya, 121 counter-subversion exercises, 43 Lindbergh, Charles, 100 intelligence, 53–65 Lindsay, Professor Michael, 269, 281, Japanese espionage, 35–50 288 Malayan Civil Service, 190 Linlithgow, Lord Malayan Communist Party (MCP), 21, and Colin Mackenzie, 158 105–6, 168, 188, 330–4 on OSS, 144, 146, 172 Malayan government, security liquidation, 161, 202, 349, 428 intelligence, 20 Liu, Xiaoyuan, 3 Manchuria, 368 Lives of the Bengal Lancer, 164 Mani Sanasen, 175 Lloyd George, David, British Premier, Mao Chin-hsiang, 266 102 Maquis, 335 Local Security Section, FECB, 39 Marder, Arthur, 64 London School of Economics, 376 Marr-Johnston, Edward, 151 London Signals Intelligence Board, 256 Marshall, General George C., 83, 342 looting, 200, 314 Martin, General, 107 Louis, Wm Roger, 2, 126 Maxwell, Sir George, 120 Lovell, Stanley P., 186, 277 Meade, John, 192 low-level surveillance, 382 Meikleried, William, forecasts war, 55 Lu Han, General, 350 Melbourne, sigint, 235, 237, 239 Luang Prabang, 352 Menzies, Sir Stewart Lusey, A.R., 265 on China, 276 Lushington, Captain, RN, 185 and Churchill, 301 Lyttelton, Oliver, 286 future of SOE, 315 limitations, 11–12, 93–4, 215 Ma Hem, detainee, 185 on SOE, 221 MacArthur, General Douglas, 3, 50, on US security, 77 238, 241, 244 on Y trafﬁc, 251, 258 on Australia, 380–1 Mergui, 223 cold warrior, 317 Messmer, Pierre, 345 relations with OSS, 14, 205, 232, 277 methodology, 376–7, 385–8 relations with the US Navy, 14 McBaine, Lt Commander Turner H., Meynier Mission, 291, 292 273–4 MI (R), 93, 281 McCarthy, Major, 312 MI2, 60–4, 85, 87, 107, 158 McCormack, Alfred, 243 MI5, 20 McDonough, Major John M., 153 and de Gaulle, 205 McGrath, Commander, in Japanese end of the war, 316 network, 47 and FBI, 95 McHugh, James, 262, 266 in Malaya, 31, 40 Mackenzie, Colin, 7, 158–9, 366 telephone taps, 47 in SEAC, 181–2, 204, 207, 211, 296, in Saigon, 347 319, 321–3, 353 War Criminals, 370–1 on SIS, 222–5, 331–2, 335 MI6, see Secret Intelligence Service MacLeish, Archibald, 139 microphones suspected, 152 Magruder, General, 312 Middle East, 7, 59, 69, 103, 123, 134, Mahara Examination Centre, 184–6, 143, 193, 213, 307–8 191, 212, 220 Miles, Lt Commander Milton, 262, 291, Mahl, Thomas, 100 366–8 Malay nationalist leaders, 41 Military Intelligence Division, US, 74 Malaya Military Mission, 204, 281, 283–6, Japanese population, 32 367–8 operations in, 188–95, 330–4, 363 ‘Miller incident’, 275 post-war defence, 330 Ministry of Economic Warfare (MEW), symbolism, 330 93, 95

494 Index Ministry of Information, 10 Nave, Paymaster Eric, 25, 69–73 in Delhi, 155 Navy predominance Mitsubishi Ltd, 33 at HIBHK, 25 Moffat, Abbot Low, 175, 199, 303, at FECB, 36 323, 328, 383, 443 NEFIS, 354 Mon Cai, 291 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 158, 383, 386 Mongolia, 269 Nelson, Sir Frank, 103, 157–8 monsoons, 57 Netherlands East Indies Mordant, General Euge`ne, 207–8 in Japanese plans, 53 Morgan, Major, Special Branch, 40 operations, 190–4, 354–8 Morgenthau, Henry, 99 New Zealand, 237 Moscrip, Major Amos, 174, 373 Nguyen Ai Quoc, see Ho Chi Minh Mounsey, Sir George, 376 Nicholls, Colonel, 251 Mount Vernon Academy, 236 Nimitz, Admiral Chester, 3, 205, 379– Mountbatten, Admiral Lord Louis, 88 80 atomic bomb, 307 Nishamura espionage case, 39 Burma, 335–6 Nixon, F. H. B., 103 character, 171–3, 381–2 Nixon, Richard, 271 on China, 363 NKVD on French Indochina, 344 in India, 157, 164–8 in Malaya, 331 intercepts German communications, on OSS, 325 165 on political warfare, 200–1 and SOE, 105 operations, 187–214 Noble, Admiral Sir Percy, 44 row with Dening, 327, 356 Nordic League, 48 secret service control, xv, 14, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation 171–87, 213, 226–7 (NATO) shootdown attempted, 248–9 and secret service, 14 SOE after 1945, 315–18 North-West Frontier, 157 on Thailand, 196, 322 Nottingham, E. A., 369 Mountbatten–Wedemeyer boundary Nyholm, Erik, 281 dispute, 8, 209–13, 292, 363 Muggeridge, Malcolm, 234 Office of Naval Intelligence, 64 on George Orwell, 384 Office of Strategic Services (OSS) on Harold Steptoe, 29 end of, 154 on Arthur Trevor-Wilson, 349 origins of, 95–103 Munro-Faure, Colonel, 281, 284–6 penetration by allies, 309–10, 367 Murphy, Peter, 381 post-war plans, 307–18 Murray, Colonel E. D., 351 publicity, 320, 443 Muslim areas, post-war intelligence in, R&A Branch, 126, 135, 305, 311 307 rapid growth, 9–10 Mysbergh, Captain, 333 relations with the State Department, ‘mysteries’, 55 127–9, 177 revises view of empire, 304 Naguchi, Yone, 135 X-2 Branch, 151, 306, 311, 347, Nagumo, Vice-Admiral, 160, 236 369–71 Nakano school of military intelligence, Office of Strategic Services (OSS) 41, 54 operations Nanchang, South Western Guerrilla in Burma, 179, 200–5, 334–9 Training School, 281 in Calcutta, 153–5 National Security Agency (NSA), 74, in China, 141, 261–78, 283–5, 359, 235 363–8 National Socialism in Asia, 167 in French Indochina, 205–12, 291–3, Naval Group, 261–78 340–54 Naval Intelligence Division, London in India, 133–55 (NID), 240 in Malaya, 188–95, 330–4

Index 495 Office of Strategic Services (OSS) ‘Pacific Century’, 309 operations (cont.) Pacific Fleet, 272 in Netherlands East Indies, 354–8 Pacific Ocean Area (POA), 3, 277 in Thailand, 194–9, 293–6, 319–30 Page, Denys, 325 in Tibet, 291–2 Pahang, 190 Office of War Information (OWI) Palestine, guerrilla war, 93 Anglo-American relations, 382 Pan-Asianism, American fears of, 124 Australia, 380–1 Pao, Consul General, 154 broadcasts from the Philippines, Park Report, 154 179 Parkin, R. T., 32 on imperialism, 178 Paskin, John, 120–1 India, 143–8 Passport Control Offices, 376 SEAC, 179 Passy, Colonel, 30, 343 relations with OSS, 13, 140 Patti, Major Archimedes, 305, 345–8, relations with POA 356 relations with PWE, 140–1 Peacock, Lt Colonel, 337 resists integration, 144 Peacocke, Lt T. A., disappearance, 30 social revolution, 124 Pearl Harbor, xiv, 19, 65–7, 68–91 watched in India, 152 British ‘warning’, 86 official history, 70, 105, 376 Pearson, Drew, 141, 149–50, 328, 335 in India, 133–55 Pechkoff, General, 229, 291 oil, 308 ‘Percentages Deal’, 302 Okinawa, 278 Percival, Lt General Sir Arthur E., 61 Op-20–G, staffing, 33, 256 relations with SOE, 104–5 Operation Barbarossa, 79, 84 Peridrinia, 172 Operation Barnowl, 223 Perkins, Milo, 124 Operation Bazaar, 210 Persia, 157 Operation Belief I-III, 207–8 Peterson, Sir Maurice, as ‘Uncle Operation Bramble, 198 Beastly’, 7 Operation Cairngorm I, 333 Petro, Captain W., 385 Operation Carpenter, 192 Petrograd, 217 Operation Character, 337 Phibul, Field Marshal Luang Songkram, Clean-up 57, 75, 108, 195, 328–9, 340 Operation , 188 Philippines, 38, 50, 85–6 Operation Irony, 330 Japanese attack, 19 Operation Jukebox, 191–2 Phillips, Admiral Tom, 237 Operation Matador, 110–14, 330 Phillips, William, in London, 143–4 Operation Nation, 337 leaked report, 149–51 Operation Natterjack, 204 Phuket, 185 Operation Oatmeal, 193 Piggott, Major General F. S. G., 30, 62 Operation Oblivion, 358 Pihu training centre, 284–5 Operation Panicle, 322 Pilditch, Sir Denys, 151, 153 Operation Remorse, 286–7, 342, 361–2 pirates, 436 Operation Sequence, 197 Pitt-Hardacre, Wing Commander, 354 Operation Spaniel, 371 plywood, 10 Operation Sugarloaf II, 193 Policy Planning Staff, 271 Operation Sun, 218 Political Intelligence Centre, Cairo, 214 Operation Waldorf, 286–7, 361–2 Political Warfare Executive, 7, 200 Operation Young, 333 on imperialism, 178 Operation Zipper, 186, 194 on Thailand, 195 Operational Intelligence Centre, 240 visits to United States, 140 Oriental Mission, SOE, 103–15 post-war planning, xiv Orwell, George, 383 post-war settlement, xv Oshima, Baron, 78, 82 power, relative nature, 65 Osmun, Colonel, in India, 143 Pownall, Lt General Sir Henry, 50, 172, OSS Morale Operations, 140 181

496 Index POWs, 163, 307, 345–6, 368–71 Rockefeller Center, 96 reconditioning, 186, 249 Romania, 93 Prados, John 72 Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin, 59 preconception, 83–7 Roosevelt, Franklin D. preferential trade, 4 anti-colonialism, 4 Prescott, Brigadier Richard, 335 and Burma, 200 Pridi, Luang Banomyong, 194, 198–9, on China, 258, 269 324, 329–30 colonial conspiracy, 2, 176 Priorities (P) Division, 14, 178–86, death, 333 192–4, 212–13, 222, 247, 354 on de Gaulle, 205 Project Bingo, 310 delegation, 4 Psychological Warfare Board, 181 on French Indochina, 4, 124–5, 208, Public Record Office, 214 212–13, 301–3, 340–4, 356 Puerto Rico, 194 and India, 133–42, 148–52 Pulai, 333 internationalist vision, 122–5 ‘Purple’, 26, 33, 52, 70–91, 238 intervention, 1, 19 ‘Purple’ machine lost by Britain, 78, on Netherlands East Indies, 124 257 objectives, xiv, xv Pearl Harbor, 68–91 Qadir, Major Altif, 149 SEAC, 171 Quai d’Orsay, 292 suspects State Department, 345 Quezon, President Manuel, 39 on Thailand, 322 quinine, 287 in West Africa, 124 Quinn, General William, 312, 373 Rosher, Major, and SIS agents in ‘Quit India’ movement, 134, 150, 159 Malaya, 38 Rothschild, Lord, 349 race conflict, 384 Royal Dutch-Shell Ltd, 31 racism, 64 rubber, 321 radar, 227 Rubenstein, Major Sidney S., 153–4 Radio Malaya, 111 Rumrich, Guenther, 95 Radio Security Service (RSS), 162 Rusbridger, James, 69, 71 radio silence, 66, 72–3, 87 Russian Civil War, 216–17 Radio-Finger-Printing, 37 Safford, Commander Laurence F., 77 RAF Special Duties, 183, 192, 210, Saigon, 346–50 224, 332 Sainteny, Major Jean, 343–5 raised expectations, 383 Sandwith, Commander, 236 Raman, T. A., 138 Saudi Arabia, 307 Ramsay, Sir Archibald, 48 Saunders, Commander Malcolm, 245, Rangoon, 202 247 Rankin, Colonel Niall, 184 Schaller, Michael, 3 Read, Conyers, 126, 200 Scholtz, Major Herman, 175 real time intelligence, 12, 430 scientific intelligence, 227 re-armament of Germany and Japan, Seabridge, G.W., 42 303 SEAC Intelligence Division ID7, 370 Red Cross, 286 Seagrim, Lt Colonel H. P., 201 Red Fort, 163, 167, 350, 386 Secret Intelligence Australia (SIA), 354 registries, 21 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), 7 Reilly, Patrick, 215 agents caught in Siberia, 30 retarding resistance, 319–40 on bases in Indochina, 55 Reuters Ltd, 287–8 hides behind Ultra, 9 Ribbentrop, Joachim, 165 inadequacies, 11–12 Ride, Dr Lindsay, 286, 358 relations with OSS, 308 Ridsdale, Captain Julian E., 87 relations with SOE, 66, 94–5 Right Club, 48 on resistance in Indochina, 107 Ripley, Dillon, 309–10 Section V, 242, 349, 370–1 Roberts, Andrew, 418 use of harbour pilots, 23

Index 497 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) Sikh nationalists, 20 locations silkworms, 287 in China, 284, 287–9, 292 Simalur, 193 in Hanoi, 349–51 Sinclair, Admiral Sir Hugh, 93 in Hong Kong, 23, 358–53 Singapore in Saigon, 347 ‘city of blimps’, 123 in SEAC, 214–34 surrender of, 20 in Shanghai, 23, 28–9 Singh, Captain Mohan, 163 in Singapore, 37–8 Singh, Pritam, 41–2 secret service Singlaub, Captain John K., 373 categories of activity, 22 Sinkiang, 269 definition, xiv Sinkov, Dr Abram, 77, 238, 241 foreign policy making, 5 Sino-American Co-operative post-war settlement, 5 Organisation (SACO), 266–8, 276, recruitment, 7 367–8 treaties, 14, 142–7, 179 Sino-American trade, watched by SIS, secret service politics, 9–12 130 bureaucratic growth, 10 Sino-Japanese War, 22, 25 nature, 375–88 Slim, Major General Bill, intelligence rubber dagger, 15 problems, 220–3, 253, 258, 335 Section D, 92 Slocum, Commander, 184 security and origin of Western Small Operations Group, 220 intelligence co-operation, 21 Smith, Air Vice-Marshal Harcourt, Security Service, see MI5 210 Selborne, Lord Smith, Bradley, 2 on French Indochina, 212 Smith, Major Nicol, 294, 358 future of SOE, 375 Smith, R. H., 97, 124 on OSS, 1 Smuts, Jan, 338 on Thailand, 196 social science, 382 self-estimation, 65 Special Operations Executive (SOE) Sempill, Lord, in Japanese network, bolshevist elements, 168 47–8, 63 effect on civil order, 168 Seni Pramoj, 294 and the Foreign Office, 7–8 ‘disappears’, 325–6 forward headquarters, 176 Service d’action (SA), 206, 229–30, Oriental Mission, 103–15 342–3 origins of, 92–5 Service d’reseignments (SR), 206, post-war plans, 315–18, 375 229–30 relations with OSS, 95–113 Service Liaison Français d’Extreˆme relations with SIS, 66, 216–34 Orient (SLFEO), 206 relations with Viceroy, 158–9 Service, John, 271 renegade operation, 338, 450 Seymour, Sir Horace, 177, 287, 359–60 spheres of control, OSS–SOE, 142–6, Shah of Iran, 91 178–84, 195–7 Shanghai, 28, 369 Special Operations Executive (SOE) Comintern network, 21 operations Shaw, Commander, H. L., 25 in Burma, 200–5, 334–9 Sheridan, Leslie, 191 in China, 279–99, 371–2 Sherwood, Robert, 90 in French Indochina, 205–12, 340–54 Shield Force, 362 in Hong Kong, 8 Short, General Walter C., 80 in India, 157–8 Shridhirani, 138 in Iran, 13 Siberia, 53 in Malaya, 188–95, 330–4 Sigaba machine 83 in Netherlands East Indies, 354–8 signals intelligence (sigint), 234–58 in Portugal, 13 Sihanouk, King Norodom, 351 in Thailand, 194–9, 319–30 Sihfkeng, 271 in Turkey, 13

498 Index Soekarno, 355 Steveni, Colonel Leo, 182, 216–18 Solomon islands, 244 Stevens, Captain G.C., 81, 240 Somerville, Admiral James, 184, 201 Stillwell, General Joseph, 5, 123, 141, atrocities, 370 183, 198, 201, 244, 263 battles with Bletchley Park, 237–40, Stimson, Henry L., 71, 84, 96 245–7, 255, 258 Stonecutter’s Island, interception station, letter interception, 382 25–6 Son Ngoc Thanh, 351 Stopford, Lt General Sir Montagu, 337 Songkhla, 328–9 Strategic Services Unit (SSU), 306, Soong, T. V. 265, 282 312–13, 373–4, 383 Sourabaya, 256 Continuity Project, 314 sources, 385–8 Stripe, Wing Commander John, 244 South America, 100 Stripp, Alan, 253, 386 South East Asia Command (SEAC) Strong, Brigadier General George, 77, expansion in 1945, 307 242 formation, 140 submarines, 184, 247, 370 operations in, 171–214 Sultan, Lt General D. I., 201, 244, 324 secret services, xv Sumatra, 191, 193, 355 sigint consumer, 255–6 Sun Yat-sen, Madame, 282 South East Asia Supreme Headquarters Allied colonial conspiracy, 2 Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), not divided up, 142 141, 232 South West Paciﬁc Area (SWPA), 3, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers 241, 277 Europe (SHAPE), 14 Soviet Union, as a deterrent, 54, 59, 79 surprise attack, 19, 28 collapse of, 157 Suzuki, Colonel Keiji, 41, 162 post-war policy, 304–5 Sweden, 93 Special Air Service (SAS), 186 Sweet-Escott, Bickham, 175 Special Branch, Singapore, 188 Syria, 124, 207 Special Communications Unit, 3, 163 Special Counter-Intelligence Unit Tagore, Rabindranath, 135 (SCIU), 46, 370 Tai Li, General, 262, 270, 280, 283–7, SS Automedon, loss of War Cabinet documents, 46 289, 293–6, 342, 367–8 SS Nankin, 237 Taihokual, 350 Stalin, Josef, 84, 168, 302 Tamura, Colonel, 41 Stamp, Captain F. B., 156 Tan, Frank, 292 Standard Oil Co., 348 Tarling, Nicholas, 88 Stanley, Oliver, Hong Kong, 2, 331 Taylor, Brigadier George F. Starr, C. V., 289 in China, 366 State Department, abandons dislike of Foreign Ofﬁce, 131 cryptanalysis, 33 imperial restoration, 7–8 State Department on Malaya, 194 European sections, 345 on OSS, 144 and OSS, 198, 348 on SIS, 230 South East Asia Division, 306, 343–4 technical facilities, 186 World Trade Intelligence, 99 Taylor, Lt Commander Edmond Station M, 100 on delusion, 178 Station X, 77 in P-Division, 181–3, 187 Stephenson, Sir William, 90, 95–103, on Indian spy-phobia, 160 187, 309 in SEAC, 174, 176, 192, 197–8, 208, economic espionage, 129–30 232, 278, 319, 321 Steptoe, Harold, 29–30, 284 on meaning of secret service, 377–9 Sterling, 310–11 telephone taps, 76 Stern, Lt Colonel Ben, 379 Thai monarchy, 321, 327 Stettinius, Edward, 293, 305, 344 Thai–Indochina border dispute, 44, 296

Index 499 Thailand U Nu, 338 airforce, 63 U Saw, 200 British ambitions, 175, 198–9, 301–2, Ultra, 98, 143, 163, 240–3 320 Ungphakorn, Major Phuey, 195 Japanese espionage, 39 United Nations, as a stalking horse, 121 Japanese occupation, 185 United Nations, mandates, 4, 302 neutrality, 44 University of London, 10 operations, 194–9, 230–1, 293–6, US Air Force, 198 319–30 US Army, 73–4, 243 outbreak of war, 54–8, 82 US Chief of Naval Operations, 73 post-war trade, 7 US intelligence, and South East Asia SOE plan coup, 109 before 1941, 32–5 Thai–Japanese relations, 408 US Joint Chiefs of Staff theatre boundaries, 8, 171 base requirements, 124 US policy, 320–1 OSS, 143, 278 Thai–Malaya border, 52, 332 Navy Group, 266, 368 Tharp, Robert, plants agents on Chinese, US Military Intelligence (G-2), 34, 144, 155 243 theatre command problems, 373–5 US Naval War College, 73 Theatre commanders, secret service US Navy, 272 control, xv, 14 cryptanalysis, 33, 243 Thomas, Sir Shenton, 32 US Provost Marshal, India, 153 arbitration, 44 Usher, Richard, 314 SOE, 105 Thompson, Geoffrey, 329, 354 ‘V’ Force, 220, 222 Thorne, Christopher, 3 Vachit Vadhakarn, 167 Tibet, 279, 289–92 Van Millingen, Colonel Edward, 195, Tiltman, Colonel, 238–9, 251 320 Timberman, Brigadier General Thomas Vandenbosch, Amry, 194 S., 313–14, 327 Vichy, 44, 107, 291, 340–4 tin, 321 Vickery, Sir Phillip, 21 Tito, Josip Bros, 288 Vientianne, 357 Tojo Hidecki, General, 54 Viet Minh, 293, 340–8, 352–3 Tolstoy, Captain Ilia, 290–3 Vietnam, re-occupation, 340–51 Tonkin, 345 V-J Day, xiv torture, 201, 368–71 Vyshinsky, Andrei, 165 Tota, Ishimaru, 57 Toungoo, 337 Waffen SS, 166 traitor killing, 190 Waldegrave Initiative, 214 Trans-Caspian region 157 Walker, Colonel Chapman, 357 transport issues, 183–4, 218–20 Wallace, Henry, 150, 302 Travellers’ Club, 217 Walsh, Major General, 221 Travis, Sir Edward, 235 Wang Ching-wei, 23, 132 Treasury (London), 376 Wang Ping-sheng, General, 282–3 Trevor-Wilson, Lt Colonel Arthur, war criminals, 368–71 349–51 War Department, 302 Tripartite Pact, 76 absorbs SSU, 11 Tripolitania, 121 Warren, Colonel A. G., 103 Truman, Harry S., 303, 307, 328, 348 Washington Treaty, 33 Tsubokami, Ambassador, 57 Watt, Donald Cameron, 2 Tulloch, Lt Colonel J. ‘Pop’, renegade Wavell, Field Marshal Sir Archibald activities, 337–9 with Americans, 146–7 Tunisia, 124 Churchill on, 59, 143 Turral, Major R. D., 337 on IB, 386 Twentieth Indian Division, 345–51 injury, 156–7 Type 93 Torpedo, 64 on OSS, 179

500 Index Wavell, Field Marshal Sir Archibald Winant, John G., 70, 323–4 (cont.) Windmiller, Marshal, 149 on sigint, 251 Windred, George, 110 on Thailand, 295 ‘Winds’ message, 86 Wedemeyer, General Albert C., 152, Wingate, Brigadier Orde, death of, 173 201–2, 209, 272–4, 318, 342, 359, Wint, Guy, 139 363–8 Winterbotham, Frederick, 253 Welles, Sumner, 79, 135, 148, 205, 302 Wireless Experimental Centre, Delhi Wendler, Ernst, 100 (WEC), 246, 250–4, 386 Wenger, Commander, 239, 256 Wood, Kingsley, 102 Westinghouse Co., 7 Wren, Colonel, represents MI2, 144 Wheeler, General ‘Speck’, 202, 325 Wyatt, Inzer, 243–4 Whitaker, John T., 368 White, George H., 155 ‘X’ craft, 455 White’s Club, 217 Y trafﬁc, 75, 81, 236, 250–1 Whitworth-Jones, Air Vice-Marshal, Yala, 328 367 Yamamoto, Admiral Isoroku, 47, 71, Wigglesworth, Wing Commander 249 H. E. P., 22–9, 34 Yanagawa, General, 106 Wilkinson, Lt Colonel Gerald, Yardley, Herbert O., 72 briefs London on America, 129 Yenan, 262, 274, 288 on SIS, 233 Yost, Charles, 328 watches MacArthur, 127 Young, Courtney, 370 Willoughby, Brigadier General Charles, Young, I. A. Wilson, 326 241–2, 317 Yugoslavia, 335 Wilmott, Chester, 303 Wilson, Bishop Leonard, 371 ‘Z’ Force, 220, 222 Wilson, Field Marshall ‘Jumbo’ , 21, Zero aircraft, 45, 63, 65 344 Zhukov, General Georgi K., 65 Wilson, Woodrow, 122 Ziegler, Philip, 381