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Klaviatuurid Ja Osundseadmed Magistriseminari „Kasutajaliideste Loomine“ (MTAT.05.091) Ettekanne Sven Kirsimäe ([email protected]) TÜ Mat-Inf

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Klaviatuurid Ja Osundseadmed Magistriseminari „Kasutajaliideste Loomine“ (MTAT.05.091) Ettekanne Sven Kirsimäe (Sven.Kirsimae@Ut.Ee) TÜ Mat-Inf Klaviatuurid ja osundseadmed Magistriseminari „Kasutajaliideste loomine“ (MTAT.05.091) ettekanne Sven Kirsimäe ([email protected]) TÜ Mat-Inf. Teaduskond Ettekanne baasmaterjal (lk. 348-374): "Designing the User Interface. Strategies for effective human-computer interaction (4th edition)" Ben Schneidermann, Catherine Plaisant, 2005. Kevad, 2007 Klaviatuurid ja klahvistikud Vana hea QWERTY Arvuti klaviatuur, oma kohmakuse ja suhtelise aeglusega, on tänapäeval jätkuvalt peamiseks tekstilise andmete sisestamise vahendiks. See paljuski kritiseeritud vahend on läbi aastakümnete olnud õnnestuim loendamatute alternatiivide kõrval. Sajad miljonid inimesed kasutavad arvuti klaviatuuri oma igapäevatöös. Kuigi info sisestamise kiirus jääb algajal umbes 1 täht/sekund1 piiresse (kogenud kontoritöötajal 5 täht/sekund ehk Inglise keele korral umbes 50 sõna minutis), võib professionaali käe all info sisestamise kiiruseks olla isegi 15 täht/sekundis. Inglise keeles teeb see umbes 150 sõna minutis. Kuna leidub rohkem erinevaid sümboleid, mida klaviatuuri abil on vajalik sisestada ning ergonoomilisuse eesmärgil ei ole mõistlik klaviatuuri „hiigelsuureks“ meisterdada, siis tavaliselt kasutatakse vajadusel klahvisiku kombinatsioone erinevate väljundite tekitamiseks. Näiteks leidub võimalus eristada väljundis suur- ja väiketähti kasutades selleks lisaklahvi ajal, mil tähte sisestatakse. Antud juhul on üldlevinud Shift nupu kasutamine koos tähega selleks, et valida sisestamiseks suur täht. Selliseid spetsiaalseid klahve leidub veelgi (Ctrl, Alt, Alt Gr). Kiiremini, kiiremini, kiiremini... Paistab, et on võimalik saavutada isegi paremaid andmete sisestamise kiiruseid luues loomulikuimaid ning disaini poolest efektiivsemaid vahendeid. Näiteks võiks andmete sisestamisel kasutada mõnele kasutajale loomulikumana tunduvat klaveri klahvistiku sarnast klaviatuuri. Antud vahend võimaldaks kasutada klahvikombinatsioone erinevate väljundite saamiseks ning nagu päris klaveri korral, oleks ka siinjuures väljund sõltuv klahvidele tekitatavast vajutussurvest. Lisaks kombinatsioonile oleme juurde tekitanud kolmanda mõõtme – klahvidele tekitatav vajutustugevus. Kindlasti oleks antud klaviatuur subjektiivselt sobilik, kuid arvatavasti paljudele mitte. Kasutamiseks vaja minevat õppimisaega on siinjuures veel keerulisem ette aimata. Küll leidub sarnaseid lahendusi juba praegugi. Filmides nähtud kohtusaalides kasutatav akord-klaviatuur (ckeyboard) klaviatuur kasutab just sellist lähenemist – tähti sisestatakse klahvikombinatsioonide abil. Vahendi eelkäija loomisaeg küündib telegraafiajastusse – 1836, Charles Wheatstone (Wheatstone, C.) ning William Fothergill Cooke (Cooke, W.) olid võtmetegelasteks ka telegraafi väljatöötamisel. Rohkem kui sajand enne tänapäeva klaviatuuri leidus vahend, mille andmesisestuskiirus võib küündida kuni 300 sõnani(!) minutis. Tänu efektiivsusele kasutatakse sarnaseid kiirkirjutusmasinaid (stenotype) ka tänapäeva kohtusaalides. Selleks, et saavutada selliseid kiiruseid, peab andmesisestaja treenima mitmeid kuid ning end pidevalt vormis hoidma. Mul on parem kui Sul Tänapäeva turumajanduses on toote väljanägemine ning pakendus justkui eraldi toode. Klaviatuuride disain (keyboardd), olles osa tootest, võib saada valiku tegemisel määravaks. Suured klaviatuurid paljude nuppudega jätavad vahendist professionaalse mulje. Tegemist on justkui äärmiselt keeruka vahendiga mida ainult tõeline oma ala meister kasutada oskab. Tulemusena võidakse ära hirmutada algajad kasutajad, kes antud tootest kiiresti mööda hiilivad. Väikesemõõtmelised klaviatuurid võivad tunduda välimuselt lihtsad, kuid võivad olla täisfunktsionaalsed klaviatuurid mobiilsetele seadmetele (mkeyboard) olles sobilikud just oma kompaktsuse tõttu. Ühekäeklahvistikud (ohkeyboard) osutuvad kasulikuks situatsioonides, kus andmete sisestamiseks on vaba ainult üks käsi. 1 andmete sisestamise kiirus, mil ühe sekundi jooksul vajutatakse klaviatuuril ühte vajalikku, kombinatsioonina või ilma, nuppu ühetähelise väljundi jaoks. Klaviatuuri klahvistiku paigutused QWERTY 19. sajandi keskpaiku tehti kirjutusmasina väljatöötamisel sadu erinevaid disainilahendusi. Kõik nad sisaldasid endas erinevaid paberi söötmise ning käitamise, trükkimise ning klaviatuuri paigutuse ideid (typewriter). Christopher Latham Sholes-e (Sholes, C.) 1870 aastatel väljatöötatud lahendus muutus edukaimaks. Trükimasinatel oli nimelt üks probleem – trükkimise ajal kippus üsna tihedasti tekkiv kahe nupu vajutus masina kinni kiiluma muutes kogu töö ebamugavaks. Sholes-e QWERTY asetusega klahvistik (qkeyboard) tagas tihedamini kasutatavate klahvide (so. nendel olevate tähtede) suurema vahemaa klaviatuuril viies enimkasutatavad klahvid üksteisest võimalikult kaugele. Selle tulemusena suurenes sõrmede liikumise vahemaa klaviatuuril, muutes sisestamise kiiruse aeglasemaks ning seega vähenes masina kinnikiilumise tihedus. QWERTY klahvide paigutus loodi olema aeglaseks sisestamiseks, kuid jätkuvalt on see tänapäeva kinnikiilumisvabade klaviatuuride juures enimpopulaarne klahvistiku paigutus. Dvorak'i paigutus Leidub ka teisi ideid. Kuna eelnevalt mainituna puudub tänapäeva digitaalsetel klaviatuuridel kinnikiilumise probleem, on väljatöötatud mitmeid klahvistiku paigutusi, mis tõstavad andmete sisestamise kiirust vähendades sõrmede liikumise vahemaad klaviatuuril. 1920 aastatel välja töötatud August Dvoraki (Dvorak, A.) omanimelise klahvistiku asetus (dkeyboard) toobki enimkasutatavad tähed klaviatuuri keskele sõrmede alla uuesti kokku. Kogenud kasutaja andmesisestuskiirus võib tõusta üle 200 sõna minutis, samal ajal vähendades trükkimisvigade tekket. Leidub ka Dvoraki klahvistiku paigutus ühele käele ning spetsiaalahendusi programmeerijatele. Dvoraki paigutusega klaviatuuride levik on olnud üsna visa vaatamata pühendunud jüngrite pingutustele. Väidetavalt võtab Dvoraki peale üleminek umbes nädala visa treenimist. Klahvistiku paigutuse levik aga tõestab, kui keeruline võib olla isegi teaduslikult tõestatud parema klahvistiku paigutuse peale ümberõppimine arvatavasti vaid selle tõttu, et ollakse harjunud QWERTY kasutamisega. ABCDE paigutus Üks huvitavamaid ideid on ABCDE klahvistiku paigutus. Antud asetuse korral paigutatakse kõik tähed vasakul ülevalt paremale alla tähestikulises järjekorras klaviatuurile. Paigutuse põhiline idee seisneb selles, et klaviatuuri harva kasutavad inimesed leiaksid tähed neile tuttaval mudelil kiiresti üles. ABCDE klaviatuur on üsna vastuvõtmatu isegi vähese kogemusega QWERTY kasutajatele ning osutub peagi väga ebamugavaks. Antud lahendust kasutatakse üldkasutatavatel terminaalidel. Klaviatuuride ergonoomilisus Klaviatuur, nagu iga töövahend, mõjutab otseselt neid kehaosasi, millega seda kasutatakse. Antud juhul – käsi ja randmeid. Käte ning randmete asetus tavalisel klaviatuuril võib mõne kasutaja jaoks tunduda ebaloomulik. Pikaajalisel klaviatuuri kasutamisel võib tekkida erinevaid füüsilisi probleeme seoses ebaloomuliku käteasetusega. Üsna tavaline on randmete tundlikkus või valulikkus pärast pikaajalist arvutiklaviatuuri kasutamist. On välja töötatud mitmeid ergonoomilisi klaviatuure (ekeyboard), millel klahvid paigutatakse loomulikuma nurga alla ning mille kasutamine võib suurendada ka andmete sisestamise kiirust. Klaviatuuri nupud Optimaalseimad 12 ruutmillimeetrised, kerge lohuga sõrmede tabamise suurendamiseks, piisavalt mugava 40-125 grammise vajutustundlikuse ning 3-5 mm vahe paigusega klaviatuuri nuppude omadused võivad saada määrava tähtsusega klaviatuuri kasutamisel. Tähtsat rolli kõige selle juures mängib ka heli mis kostab nuppude vajutamisel. Ühelt poolt on vajalik teadvustada kasutajat nupuvajutuse tekkimisest, kuid samas peab see olema piisavalt tasane, et ei häiriks kõrvalolijaid. Seega osutuvad pehmed kummist klaviatuurid pikaajalisel kasutamisel ebamugavaks, kuid on vajalikud just sellistes tingimustes, kus klaviatuuri mehhaanilist sisu on vaja väliste tingimuste (udu, vihm, ümber aetud kohvitass) eest kaitsta. Erifunktsiooni nupud (Caps Lock, Shift, Ctrl, Alt, Space, Backspace, Enter, Tab) peavad olema suuremad selleks, et kasutajal oleks neid lihtsam leida. Nupud, mis muudavad klaviatuuri nuppude vaikeväärtusi (Caps Lock suurtähtede režiimi sisselülitamiseks; Num Lock numbrilaua seadistamiseks) peavad tagama kasutajale optimaalse tagasiside antud funktsiooni kehtivusest. Tavaliselt kasutatakse selleks tulesid klaviatuuril. Eritähtsusega nupud tuleb vajadusel spetsiaalselt märgistada. QWERTY klaviatuuril tähistatakse nupud 'F' ja 'J' füüsilise markeriga (sõrmega tunnetatav väike joon või punkt), mille abil märgitakse trükkimise 10-sõrme-süsteemis nimetissõrmede asukohta. Mobiiltelefonide standardsetel numbriklaviatuuridel võib märgata keskmisel klahvil '5' samuti füüsilist markerit. Mõningatel juhtudel võib vajalikuks osutuda nuppude värvimine visuaalse eraldamise eesmärgil. Vaadake näiteks oma sülearvuti klaviatuuri erifunktsiooninuppe Pad Lock, Num Lock, Stand-by, helitugevus ja ekraani heledus. Tähtsaks osutub ka nupude paigutus klaviatuuril. Sarnaste nuppude asetus peaks olema samas piirkonnas (Print Screen, Pause/Break, Home, End, Page Up/Down). Noolenuppude paigutus T- kujuliselt on kõige ergonoomilisem just antud nuppude kolme sõrme kasutamise põhjusel. Üldiselt on nuppude omadused otseselt korrelatsioonis klaviatuuri üldomadustega. Näiteks sülearvuti väikesel klaviatuuril tuleb ohverdata nuppude paigutusmugavus ning mõningatel juhtudel ka nuppude arv - ruumi väiksuse tõttu. Klaviatuurid ja klahvistikud pihuseadmetele Tänapäeva mobiilses maailmas soovime, et meie mobiilne
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