, 334 EX1:'ENSIONS OF-REMARKS rJanuary- 8, _19_69 H.J;t. 2607. A bill !or the r.elief of Jos.e Costa rico Pesce; to the- Committee on the Judi- Tardanico; to the -Committee on the Judi Marques and Almerinda de Matos Sao Marcos ciary. , ,.. ciary .. Born and their minor child; to the Commit- . H,R. 2622. A bill for the relief -Of Armando H.R. 2638. A bill for the reUef of Vincenzo tee on the Judiciary. Plsaniello; to the Committee on- the Judi- Francisco Taverna; to the Committee on the H.R. 2608. A blll !or the relief of Manuel ciary. Judiciary. Marques; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 2623. ~ bill for the relief of Amalia H.R. 2639. A bill for the relief of Pietro H.R. 2609. A bill for the Telief of Hernan Placldi; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Evarista Tonolinl; to the Committee on the Pavon Martinez; to the Committee on the H.R. 2624. A b111 for the rellef o! Americo Judiciary. Judiciary. Placid!; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 2640. A bill for the relief of Goon Wing H.R. 2610. A bill for the relief of Solomon H .R. 2625. A bill for the relief of Jose Pinto Wah; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Erick Newman Martinez; to the Committee Repas; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. ROYBAL: on the Judiciary. H.R. 2626. A bill for the relief of Giuseppe H.R. 2641. A blll for the relief of Rafael H.R. 2611. A bill for the relief of Domenico, Russo; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Hernandez-Rangel; to the Committee on the Serafina, and Maria Mazzei; to the Commit- H.R. 2627. A bill for the relief of Manuel Judiciary. tee on the Judiciary. da Cunha Santos; to the Committee on the H.R. 2642. A bill for the relief of Ezatolla H .R. 2612. A bill for the relief of Gaspare Judiciary. Partovi; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Muraca; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 2628. A bill for the relief of Manuel By Mr. SMITH of New York: H.R. 2618. A bill for the relief of Rosa Gil Santos; to the Committee on the H.R. 2643. A blll for the relief of Leonard Tindara Nasisi; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Ronald Currie; to the Committee on the Ju Judiciary. H.R. 2629. A bill for the relief of Saverio diciary. H.R. 2614. A bill for the relief of Samuel Scalzi; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 2644. A bill for the relief of Pietro N. Newman; to the Committee on the H.R. 2630. A bill for the relief of Giuseppe Giuseppe Serini; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Scorsone; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Judiciary. H.R. 2615. A bill for the relief of Jose H.R. 2631. A bill for the relief of Palmira By Mr. VAN DEERLIN: Oliveira; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Silva; to the committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 2645. A bill for the relief of Mesaros H.R. 2616. A bill for the relief of Friedrich H.R. 2632. A bill for the relief of Battista Mihalj; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Peter ott; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Sorrentino; to the Committee on the Judici By Mr. BOGGS: H.R. 2617. A bill for the relief of Luigi H. Res. 107. Resolution to refer the bill, Papa; to the Committee on the Judiciary. ary. H.R. 1507, entitled "A bill conferring juris H.R. 2618. A bill for the relief of Carlos s. H.R. 2633. A bill for the relief of Paul diction upon the U.S. Court of Claims to hear, Adolfo Pavon; to the Committee on the Stavropoulos; to the Committee on the Ju- determine, and render ju
EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS
MORE THINGS ARE WROUGHT BY Give us, 0 God, the vision which can see In the beginning God created the heaven PRAYER THAN THIS WORLD Thy love in the world in spite of human and the earth: And the earth was without DREAMS OF failure. Give us the faith, the trust, the form, and void; and darkness was upon the goodness, in spite of our ignorance and face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved weakness. Give us the knowledge that we upon the face of the waters. HON. WILLIAM G. BRAY may continue to pray with understanding And God said, Let there be light; and there hearts and show us what each one of us was light. OF INDIANA can do to set forth the coming of the day And God saw the light, that it was good; IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of universal peace. and God divided the light from the darkness. Wednesday, January 8, 1969 And God called the light Day, and the Hope and faith; without them man is darkness he called Night. Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, tomorrow the nothing and with them man knows he And the evening and the morning were the Congress of the United States will have can look forward. Mankind's hope and ftrst day. the high honor of holding a joint meet faith has been expressed in many mov And God said, Let there be a firmament in ing to welcome Col. Frank Borman. Capt. ing ways; one is as follows: the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. James A. Lovell, Jr., and Lt. Col. Wil And God shall make thy soul a glass And God made the firmament and divided liam A. Anders, America's three astro Where 18,000 eons pass; the waters which were under the firmament nauts who have just completed the most And thou shalt see the shining worlds from the waters which were above the firma magnificent and significant journey ever As men see dew upon the grass. ment; and it was so. undertaken in the history of mankind. Christmas Eve, 1968; behind them, And God called the firmament Heaven. They will stand before the U.S. Con hanging in space, the three astronauts of And the evening and the morning were the gress, as they have stood before the second day. Apollo 8 could see a sight human eyes had And God said, Let the waters under the American Republic and the rest of the never seen before-the "shining world" heaven be gathered together into one place, world, as symbols of the synthesis and of earth. viewed from almost a quarter of and let the dry land appear: and it was so. application of the total knowledge and a million miles. Below them, just 70 miles And God called the dry land Earth; and skill thus far amassed and attained by away, was the surface of the moon, 18,000 the gathering together of the waters called the human race. eons old-and more-in its age of 4 % the Seas; and God saw that it was good. The quotation above, that heads these billion years. During World War II it was said, remarks, was spoken by the dying King The moment was in its way equivalent often, and, I think, correctly, that "There Arthur to Sir Bedivere 1n Tennyson's to that unknown and unrecorded instant, are no atheists in foxholes." Communist "The Passing of Arthur," and summarize cynicism and irreverence aside, neither the faith that man has in his Creator, buried no one knows how many millions are there, nor, I believe, will there be, in and the acknowledgment by man that of years back in time, when for the first space. The prayer and the recitation of in his span of years he will often stand time some early man saw the full moon the stately, moving, and cadenced verses in an attitude of awe and wonder be rise into the sky, and stretched out his of the Book of Genesis by the crew of fore things and sights that there is much hands toward it, half in fear, half in Apollo 8 were the first, but certainly he never will know, and much that he hope. It was a beginning, once again, and will not be the last, open admissions of cannot hope to fathom. Man must "lift as Apollo 8 moved into the lunar sunrise, what every man will surely feel-and re up his eyes unto the hills." a waiting, watching, and listening earth flect upon-as he enters into the in It was surely in this sense that Astro heard the voices of the three astronauts credible vastness on journeys uncharted, naut Borman read the following prayer reading the first 10 verses of the :first over distances immense, into a void with from Apollo 8: chapter of the Book of Genesis: out boundaries. January 8, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 335 And while, with silent, uplifting mind,-rve nearly all the basic articles of the European The subcommission began hearing evidence trod, That high, untrespassed sanctity of Convention for the Protection of Human on Monday morning in a highly charged at Space, Put out my hand, and touched the Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The case mosphere. · Proceedings before the commis face of God. dragged on for more than a year through sion are absolutely secret. (It ls doubtful purely legal and procedural stages, but last that any sovereign state would sign the Con month when a subcommission convened in vention if they were public.) However, the Strasbourg to hear testimony on torture, the witnesses themselves, if unable to tell what TRIBUTE TO STAN BAHNSEN human element of human rights burst upon happened inside the commission, were able to the commission. The French provincial city relate their experiences in Greece. Lieutenant was the scene of a drama reminiscent of both (j.g.) Marotls-Lanas of the Greek Navy's HON. WILLIAM J. SCHERLE James Bond and the Keystone Cops. Two South Aegean Command, formerly in charge OF IOWA witnesses brought by the junta escaped their of the junta's security office of Pireaus and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES guards. Rushing about Strasbourg all week the Aegean islands (he defected after the were officers of the French SO.rete, armed King's coup) told of watching Greeks being Wednesday, January 8, 1969 junta thugs, international lawyers, Greek tortured, told of picking bodies up on the Mr. SCHERLE. Mr. Speaker, Stan exiles and hordes of journalists. Not only is beaches around Athens, and told of a secret the case on its way to becoming a landmark interrogation center in Agios Paraskevas, Bahnsen, a pitcher for the New York in the history of the international protection near the American College, where the camp Yankees, has achieved the honor of being of human rights, but it has assumed an commander proudly showed him his latest selected the 1968 American League immediate political importance. torture equipment. (The Greek delegation Rookie of the Year. The European Commission on Human admitted the existence of this hitherto secret This is the first time anyone from my Rights came into existence after World camp, but claimed it was a NATO camp for congressional district has attained this War II. Empowered to hear cases brought by "interrogating" Eastern Europeans.) The wit . distinction. We are all pleased and very individuals or member states, the basic func ness also told of a police list of nearly 1,000 proud of his performance as an athlete. tions of the commission are to find the facts names of those in biding who were to be of a dispute and to attempt a "friendly set killed on capture. (Tsarouchas had been on · On January 9, the citizens of Council tlement." It has not been easy for the Scan the list.) Most important as to direct junta Bluffs, Iowa, will pay tribute to Stan for dinavians to press the case. Not only has responsiblllty was Lieutenant Marotis-Lanas' his outstanding accomplishments. We pressure from many quarters been exerted testimony that in his presenc~ Minister of the appreciate the opportunity to "show off'' on them to abandon their efforts, but it has Interior Pattakos gave orders to torture and our honored citizen. We are grateful for been difficult to find witnesses outside Greece kill specific persons. Miss Kiti Arseni, 30, the fame he has brought to his home who were willing to testify, especially wit told of her nightmarish torture a year ago on town and the State of Iowa. nesses who had been tortured. The junta the notorious "terraza" of the Bouboulinas does not permit anyone who has been tor Street Security Police Station. Arrested for America's leadership rests in the hands tured to leave Greece, and recently they have passing along a "freedom poem" of Theodo of the youth typical of this fine young been forcing torture victims to sign declara rakls, she suffered falanga as well as being man who has the ability to excel. Stan tions that they were well treated. beaten all over her naked body with a plaited Bahnsen has demonstrated this leader The delegation of the Greek regime flew steel wire. The climax was when her brother, ship through his dedication to perfection from Athens to Paris on Saturday, Novem an army draftee, was brought in and forced in his chosen field, a baseball career. ber 23. In this delegation of forty-nine which to beat her himself. Even those observers who My colleagues, I commend his feats to took the train to Strasbourg were not only knew about torture in Greece were shocked you and ask that you join with me and lawyers and witnesses but members of the by the picture that emerged. Rather than the Greek security police, the military police work of an occasional Balkan sadist, it is a the people of Council Bluffs, Iowa, in (ESA), the Greek CIA (KYP), and pistoleros highly programmed modern enterprise. their salute to the American League attached to the Prime Minister's office. Three On Wednesday morning the two Greek Rookie of the Year, Stan Bahnsen. of the witnesses were soon to find themselves transfuges left the Grand Hotel under heavy on the front pages of the world press-two police escort, ran the gauntlet of television because they appeared before the commission and press to enter the modern commission and one because she didn't. building where armed Greek heavies and On Sunday Constantine Melitls, 33, a Council of Europe police milled about the OPPRESSION CONTINUES IN grocer from Salonika, and Pandelis ·Marketa corridors. The French, aware that the Greeks GREECE kis, 38, a car mechanic from Crete, sat with were armed, were under orders from Paris their guards in the hotel dining room puz to avoid any incidents on the premises. After zling over the menu. A Greek came up and the witnesses had testified, they were whisked HON. DONALD M. FRASER offered to help. This man belonged to Andreas back by the Surete to their original hotel to OF MINNESOTA Papandreou's Panhellenlc Liberation Move retrieve their luggage. In a dramatic con frontation, the head of the Greek delegation, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ment (PAK). Through him the two wit nesses found the chance they were looking Mr. Koutoupls, told Marketakis: "For what Wednesday, January 8, 1:J69 for; they managed to elude their guards and you have done today your children will pay."• arrive at the Grand Hotel to ask the Nor The drama then shifted to the fate of a Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, reports wegian delegation for protection. The story third Greek witness, Miss Zaira Peta, who continue to appear in some segments of had still not broken on Monday when an never appeared before the commission. (She the American press on the relentless op emissary of the junta came to the Grand had been in Bouboulinas at the same time pressiveness of the military regime that Hotel "on his own" to ask that the "kid as Miss Arseni.) Sunday she was in tears at has ruled Greece since April 1967. napped" witnesses be handed over for dinner and each time she left her room she One such report appeared in the Jan "humanitarian reasons." was :flanked by two Greek guards. At least uary 6 issue of the Nation magazine. The The two witnesses turned out to have quite one journalist was roughed up for inquiring a story to tell. Melitis had been the driver of about her. Wednesday Miss Peta disappeared. report, datelined Strasbourg, France, the car in which a leftist deputy named The Greek delegation gave out three differ was written by James Becket. Mr. Becket Tsarouchas was arrested last May between ent stories as to why she was unable to ap is a Harvard Law School graduate who Salonika and Athens. Melitis was savagely pear: she was sick, her sister was sick, and is studying for an advanced degree at the beaten, his cheekbone shattered, but at least business commitments necessitated her im- University of Geneva. He is a young man he arrived alive in Salonika. Tsarouchas died who is intimately familiar with develop of a "heart attack." Melitis broke under the •A Reuters story of December 18 reported ments in Greece since the coup. KYP tortures of falanga (bastinado), mock that Mr. Marketakis was in London, accom Mr. Becket's article tells a very human execution, and worst of all electric torture panied by Greek Government officials, en side of the hearings now underway be when electrodes were attached to his genitals. route from Stockholm to Athens. ms official Marketakis, who lost an eye fighting the "interpreter" said that Marketakis retracted fore the European Human Rights Com Communists in 1948, was arrested in Crete mission on charges against the Greek after an explosion in a factory. He went allegations of torture. alleged that he had junta of violating the European Conven through seventy-five days of systematic tor been kidnapped by "Communists in Stras tion for the Protection of Human Rights ture, nearly dying of internal bleeding. When bourg," and had been forced to say what he and Fundamental Freedoms. The article both men were finally released, the police did under the threat of "twenty revolvers." follows: spread the story that they had betrayed their The Greek Embassy in Stockholm also an comrades. Isolated and without work, they nounced that he had been held earlier in GREEK JUNTA ON TRIAL were cultivated by the police, who planned Norway by "twenty anarchists" (a number STRASBOURG, FRANCE.-ln September of to use them as prosecution witnesses when apparently favored by junta spokesmen). Be 1967 the governments of Norway, Sweden, ever needed. Given the ever-present threat fore turning him over to his countrymen, the Denmark and Holland filed an application to their families, the police believed they Swedish police questioned Mr. Marketakis, with the European Human Rights Commis could count on them. They were brought to who however, mantained that he was return sion charging the Greek junta with violating France as "tame" witnesses. ing home of his own volition.-The Editors. 336 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 8, _1969 mediate return to Athens. Miss Peta is a Two PLEBISCITES· while another 250,000 or more lined the route seamstress. THE FALSE PLEBISCITES of the funeral procession. Meanwhile the case gradually proceeds. Predictably, the "plebiscite" of Septem The junta had offered to give him a state More evidence on torture is being heard in ber 29 resulted in an overwhelmingly favor funeral, complete with contingents of the mid-December, then the commission plans able vote for the constitution proposed by armed forces; it sought to imprison him be· to hear witnel>ses in Greece. If a "friendly the junta, who counted the votes. Jn most hind its bayonets in death as it had for so settlement" is not reached (and it is difficult rural areas, where the conduct of the voting many of the la.st months of his life. But to imagine how wholesale torture and mur was not subject to foreign scrutiny, the neither in life nor in death did George Pap der can be subject to this formula) . the com "yes" vote approached 100 per cent; in some andreou compromise with the oppressors of mission will submit a report to the Council it may have exceeded that figure. Each voter his country. Hk family rejected the offer of a of Ministers, which is made up of the For was given a "yes" and a "no" ballot, one state funeral and insisted on a private one, eign Ministers of the Council of Europe of which he had to deposit in the ballot box. attended only by those who were closest to countriel>. After a three-month waiting pe In rural areas the knowledge that the local him-the people of Greece. riod, they wlll seek a solution. gendarme might ask to see the remaining In the cathedral, Panayotis Kanellopoulous For international law and the developing spoke for all who love liberty, in Greece and ballo~ven if in fact he did not-was international protection of human rights, probably quite sufficient to . discourage dis elsewhere. He declared: "I bow before George this case is an important test. Here the con sidence. Papandreou In the name of our past con cepts of national sovereignty and human In the Athens-Piraeus area, however, there fiicts, all of which took place within the rights clash. Before leaving Greece, Marke were foreign observers at many polling arena of democracy." Other political leaders, takis and Melitis had been told that for places. Only 77.3 percent of the voters were ranging from Mikis Theodorakis to Con eigners were attacking Greece and that they officially reported to have voted "yes." Even stantine Karamanlis, sent wreaths. Outside, would go to the Greek con!>ulate in Stras more significant, 22.3 percent of the voters the crowd chanted the name of Papandreou, bourg to give testimony. True, they had in the country as a whole abstained, in spite as they had at the great meetings he ad been beaten some themselves, but that was of the fact that the junta had made voting dressed between July 1965 and the colonels' between Greeks and abroad they would be compulsory under pain of imprisonment and coup. patriots. The existing aspect of this case other penalties. The square was filled with shouts of "Dem from the standpoint of human rights law The promise that the referendum would ocracy" and "You will always be our leader!" (as well as from the standpoint of the vic be conducted under conditions of "absolute Along the route of the funeral procession, tims) is that it is a Norwegian's business freedom" was half-kept, a rathe.r higher Athenians called out: "Today is the day we when a fellow European's human rights are vote no!" And at the grave several hundred percentage than was usual for the j~~ta~~ violated. The question remains whether the promises; anyone who wished to urge a yes young people took up the shout; "The giant rather fragile international mechanism can vote was completely free to do so. For op is fallen! He leaves an heir, Andreas! Liberty? bear the strain <>f this case, the most im ponents, the story was different. After hav Liberty1" Others cried out: "Papandreou, portant it has ever !aced. The Greek investi ing promised to release political leaders from now you are free!" gation will make or break the commission. imprisonment and house arrest so that And after If it ls unable to protect such basic human they could debate the proposed constitution, It was a demonstration whose meaning no rights as the right to be free from torture, the junta did indeed, release seven of all it will be exposed as an institution able to body could mistake, even the junta's mega those it held, one week before the vote- phone Byron Stamatopoulos, who told re handle only procedural issues which provide with a warning ·that if they said anything articles in learned legal periodicals. The case porters that "only a few hundred" demon they would be immediately rearrested. And strators had turned up. The police sought to is dynamite for its political implications an American family, who displayed a "no" not only in Greece, where heads are sure to contain the crowd and to avoid a clash whose in their car window, were pursued into the outcome would have been unpredictable. roll as a result of last month's fiasco but U.S. Embassy by the Greek police. This re also in Europe and the Atlantic Alliance. Only toward the end did they beat some dem sulted in an official Amerioan protest and an onstrators and make some forty arrests on Even though this is supposedly a Euro apology from the junta. pean matter, the proceedings were held the outskirts or the throng; two days later under the long shadow of the United States. But the Embassy offered no sanctuary to the Athens court-martial gave twenty-nine American diplomat!> at such institutions as eight million Greeks, and they received no of those arrested prison terms ranging from apology from the junta. the Council of Europe, the Common ~rket eighteen months to four years and eight and NATO have put considerable pressure on And after months. the Europeans to ease up on the Colonels. The junta did not wait long before taking The United States argues that "communica action against those who had defied it by tions must be kept open" with the Papa staying away from the polls. To be sure, it STRENGTHENING THE UNITED dopoulos regime. If the alUes were to push could scarcely put a quarter o! the Greek NATIONS 1 too hard, dangerous hard-linerts might :take voters in prison. But it announced that those over. But given the situation in the Mediter who had .not voted must submit written ex ranean, stability not democracy has top pri planations to the police. Those who could HON. DON EDWARDS ority. Observers at the Council of Europe, be not present doctors' certificates, to prove OF CALIFORNIA lieving that NATO calls the tune, are that they had been sick, were debarred from IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES pessimistic that the Council of Ministers obtaining or renewing driving licenses or would act even on a .finding of genocide by automobile circulation permits; they were al Wednesday, January 8, 1969 the commission if it oppo!Sed what the so not allowed to sell their cars. Mr. EDWARDS of California. Mr. United States conceived its NATO interests Three Greek citizens ii.led suits to annul to be. But pressure is building up on the the elections. One of them told the Supreme Speaker, the year just passed was marked Colonels and the Americans. After the drama Court that, after he filed suit, Deputy Prem by violence, destruction, and fear. I of Strasbourg, the one newspaper in Nor ier Pattakos threatened to imprison him if think most people were glad to see the way which has been tympathetic to the he did not withdraw it. Another of the peti year end, and no matter who each would Colonels, the conservative Morgenblatt tioners, Manolis Glezos, was already im have preferred for President, our prayers wrote: "NATO must choose--Gr·eece or Nor prisoned, as he had been since the coup. for President-elect Nixon are fervent. way." But the Supreme Court-which had been We are appalled at the prospect of more A second article worth noting, Mr. purged and pa.eked with the junta's ad Vietnams, and we know that the United herents--threw out all three suits; a "revolu Speaker, appeared in the latest issue of tionary" government, it ruled, had the right States is not really protected by our pres News of Greece, the bimonthly news to make its own laws. ent nuclear superiority, for it is based letter of the U.S. Committee for De Meanwhile, nothing has changed; the pro only on a balance of terror. mocracy in Greece. visions of the new constitution for the forma We are, therefore, hopeful that our This report summarizes the pertinent tion of political parties, the holding of elec new President's pledge to strengthen the details on the Greek constitutional refer tions, and the protection of even minimal United Nations will be honored decisively endum of last September 29 and the sub civil liberties, remain suspended. Martial law and powerfully. The leading newspaper sequent public protest November 3 at continues, and courts-martial enforce lt. in my congressional district, the San the funeral of former Prime Minister And the junta continues to amend its new Jose Mercury and News, recently con constitution by decree. George Papandreou. It is clear from the tained an excellent editorial on this mat account of these two "plebiscites" that THE TRUE PLEBISCITE ter which I commend to my colleagues: the face of Greece that the junta would On Sunday, November 3, the people of NIXON AND THE U.N. Athens reaffirmed their loyalty to George like to present to the world sometimes President-elect Richard M. Nixon this Papandreou, and to the democracy which he week rea.mrmed the intention of his admin has far different features from the symbolized. They filled the Cathedral f<>r the istration to work within and to strengthen country's true face. Following is the funeral services and at least 50,000 of them the framework of "the United Nations as a second article: gathered outside in Constitution Square, force of peac.e. January 8, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 337 and making new friends, were among the The thing won't be easy to do, but if a REPORT TO SPONSOR few. means can be found to do it, the American (By Clothilde Cheramie) The two days I disliked the most were the people would surely give Richard Nixon a Father Lorio, Commander of the Ameri first day when everything was new to me and second four years in the White House on the can Legion, President of the American Le the last day, when I had to bid farewell to strength of that one accomplishment alone. gion Auxiliary, Congressman Hale Boggs, Pel State and all my new friends, the rest A "return" to the United Nations, if it can members of the American Legion and Aux of our days were filled with participation in be called that, would accord wholly with the iliary, Honored Guest and friends. government and the realization that we the present temper of the American people, who The purpose of Pelican Girl's State was youth of today will be the citizens of to want no more Vietnams and who wish to educate us, as young citizens in the duties, morrow and hold the future of our Country nothing more fervently than to find a way privileges, rights, and responsibiUties of and responsibility in our hands, therefore to reduce the world-policeman role which American Citizenship. We obtained this edu we must dedicate our aims towards, good has evolved on the United States. cation by actually performing the duties citizenship, steadfastness, honesty, firmness, The problem arose originally, of course, and using the privileges and rights of an but fairness for all, and never forget love because the United Nations post-Korea American citizen. From the time I became for our truly great country and our fellow ceased to be an effective international po a citizen of Pelican Girl's State, I put every men. liceman. The United States, convinced of the thing I had into it, so that I could do my part In accomplishing this, surely we will all necessity of stemming the forcible export of in making the 1968 session of Pelican Girl's live in peace and happiness, so we, the young "wars of national liberation," stepped into State one of the best. But it didn't end citizens of today must and will let no one the breach. It has been a bloody, expensive when Pelican State ended. It was only the nor anything swerve us from our great goal. and unhappy affair, and the American people beginning. What I have gotten out of Peli I want to sincerely thank the American would vastly prefer to be in some other can Girl's will be carried on through the Legion--Joseph Roberts, Jr. Post No. 344 for business if the transition can be managed rest of my life. giving me the opportunity to go to Pelican with safety. When we look back at that long week, we Boy's State. It might just be possible, and it might just think of all the times we were tired and be that Richard Nixon is coming to the sleepy and physically and mentally ex White House at the right time to make it hausted, but we also remember all t.he good MULTILATERAL AID NEEDED possible. things we brought home with us which out The world today is far different than it weighs the bad times, the vast amount of was when the U.N. sent armed forces to knowledge about government, political par counter Communist China's at first covert Hon. PETER H. B. FRELINGHUYSEN ties, and civil offices which we hadn't had the OF NEW JERSEY and then overt invasion of South Korea. It slightest idea about before. We cherish the is a different world both for the free nations friends we made in such a short time and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and for the Communist bloc nations, and it cried when we had to part with them. Wednesday, January 8, 1969 is this fact that gives Nixon greater oppor I realize now how fortunate I was to be tunity for diplomatic initiative. selected as one of the top 600 girls in the Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. Speaker, The giants of world communism have seen state of Louisiana, and I would like to say the United Nations development pro events within their spheres of infiuence force this: we see and hear about all the riots gram has compiled an impressive rec changes in the direction of their own dy and demonstrations the teenagers of today ord in the past decade, but now stands namism. They are no less interested in are supposed to be responsible for, and we world revolution today-as a theoretical in peril of being unable to continue its shake our head and condemn all because multilateral assistance effort because of concept--than they ever were. However, as a of a small minority group compared to the practical matter, they have more immediate number of teenagers in our country today. a shortage of funds. and pressing problems. For the Soviet Union I said minority because they only make up a Mr. Paul G. Hoffman, the able and there is the matter of security in Europe and minority because the majority is made up dedicated administrator of the U.N. de Asia coupled with rising expectations on the by teenagers who love their country and are velopment program, has expressed the part of the Soviet peoples. For China, there proud to be a part of this great country just fear that a reduction in funds for the is the fierce struggle of the Maoist succes as you are. program could seriously hamper this ef sion, econoln,ic stagnation and security along It was great to come in contact with 1200 its Soviet borders. fort to aid international development. boys and girls who feel this way about their I should like at this time to insert Nobody, east or west, wants a nuclear war, country. I think Pelican Stat.e makes you stop and the spread of the nuclear capability and realize that it is now your turn to take into the RECORD an editorial published in seems only to strengthen the balance of t.er the responsibilities upon yourself as a young the New York Times concerning the ror. Fear of mutual destruction may not be citizen of your country. They say that you need for multilateral aid, as well as an the noblest of motives, but if it preserves come back from Pelican Girl's State as a article published 1n the December issue the human species it will do until some changed person, I don't think you actually of Pre-Investment News concerning an thing nobler comes along. change but rather the real you comes out, address by Mr. Hoffman. In the meantime, the U.N. should, of the one that you've been hiding and now course, be reorganized. so a.s to deal more The editorial ls first, fallowed by the have the chance to express. I would like to magazine article: effectively with international discord. The describe Pelican Girl's State as a Great Emo time may be ripe for the Nixon administra tional experience which is rare to come upon. [From the New York Times] tion to advance this cause-as beneficial to Now I would like to take this opportunity MULTILATERAL Am NEEDED the nation and to the world at large. to thank each and everyone of you who Paul G. Hoffman, apostle and long-time made it possible for me to be a citizen of practitioner of International development, the mythical 51st state, Pelican Girl's State, marked his tenth anniversary as an admin something which I will remember and treas istrator of United Nations development ef REPORT TO SPONSOR ure for the rest of my life. forts last week in an atmosphere of increas ing gloom. HON. HALE BOGGS REPORT TO SPONSOR The former Marshall Plan administrator (By Jules Cochiara., Jr.) and Ford Foundation president can be proud OF LOUISIANA of the accomplishments of the U.N. Develop Commander, Madam President, Father IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ment program which he heads. Of the 44 Lorio, Congressman Hale Boggs, members, countries in which the U.N. has substantial Wednesday, January 8, 1969 honored guests and friends. programs, 25 can boast growth rates in excess Mr. BOGGS. Mr. Speaker, the follow I come here tonight feeling like a fellow of the 5 percent annual target. The average veteran. The reason for this is because dur is a respectable 4.7 percent. ing are the reports of two fine young ing my stay at Pelican Boy's State, I marched To sustain this effort, however, and to take citizens of my district, Miss Clothilde so much I thought I was in the army. Let me advantage of expanding opportunities and Cheramie and Mr. Jules Cochiara, Jr., give you an example of one typical day. demands for development, Mr. Hoffman be who were delegates from the Joseph Starting off early in the morning (7:00) a lieves the developed. countries should double Roberts, Jr., American Legion Post No. march to breakfast, from there we marched the present level of assistance. The prospects 344, of Lafitte, La., to a statewide meet to convocation, another march to our oity for such an increase are not good. Indeed, ing of young people in my home State hall for city elections. such as mayor, com there is real danger of a reversal in the st.eady missioner of finance, city judge and so on, growth of development aid. this past year. Their reports contain a marched back to lunch, then to convocation U.N.D.P. itself had projected a budget of great deal of information on the subject again, from there to athletics and supper. $200 million for the eoining yea.r, a modest of good citizenship and, I think, reflect The one thing left out of our schedule, increase o! about $17 Inilllon. But today, the attitudes of the vast majority of re was sleep, we were fortunate, if we averaged nearly two months after the a.nnual pledg sponsible young Americans. I know that two or three hours a night, but all kidding ing session, U.N.D.P. has still received no new the foll-Owing will be of interest to my aside there were also the good tim.ee I had. commitment frOm its leading contributor, colleagues: The Governor's Ball, our visit to the capitol the United States. CXV--22-Part 1 338 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 8, 1969 The Johnson Administration, which had nations would have to come from loans tably in its unsuccessful attempts to get planned to increase its pledge to $80 million granted at normal commercial rates and Congress to approve Fast Deployment Logis this year, has been seriously embarrassed by from public and private investment. tic Ships. Congressional cuts in the foreign ald budget. Nick's mare's nest. Another unfortunate Nevertheless, funds should be found-and example is Nicholas Johnson, the then 29- quickly-to sustain this vital multilateral year-old Texan whom President Johnson assistance effort, at least up to last year's named as MARAD Administrator in 1965. $75-million level. GOOD MEN ARE NEEDED TO SAVE With absolutely no maritime background, Continuing American delinquency threat MERCHANT MARINE Nick Johnson attempted a sweeping complete ens to undermine what has proved to be, reorganization of the entire U.S. maritime under Mr. Hoffman's brilliant management, structure. The result was chaos and stale a remarkably successful program encourag HON. WENDELL WYATT mate until President Johnson eased his un ing other nations to share more fully the OF OREGON related namesake out by appointing hlm to burden of international development. the Federal Communications Commission. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The entire U.S. merchant marine was set [From the Pre-Investment News, Wednesday, January 8, 1969 back by this appointment. December 1968] The third unhappy example ls, of course, Mr. WYA'IT. Mr. Speaker, as one who Secretary of Transportation Alan S. Boyd. UNDP ADMINISTRATOR PREDICTS VICTORY IN represents a leading historic maritime Late last year Congressional maritime lead WAR ON GLOBAL WANT district of the west coast, I have been ers such as Senators Warren G. Mfj.gnuson A belief that the war on global want will long concerned with the decline of the and E. L. (Bob) Bartlett and Congressman be won and that the groundwork for this U.S. merchant marine. In the January Edward A. Garmatz got tired of waiting for victory has already been laid, was expressed issue of the National Maritime Union the Johnson Administration to present its by the UNDP Administrator Paul G. Hoffman publication, the Pilot, there is a forth long-promised maritime program, and care when he addressed the Second Committee fully drafted merchant marine revitalization (Economic and Social) of the United Na right analysis by Hoyt S. Haddock, ex legislation of their own. What ls more, they tions General Assembly in New York. ecutive director of the AFL-CIO Mari did it in cooperation with Boyd and the He said major and relatively rapid progress time Committee, of why this has hap White House in the understanding that it could now be made against hunger, disease, pened. His column explains how Presi would have Administration backing when ignorance, unemployment and other causes dent Johnson, despite his good inten introduced in Congress. of human frustration and suffering. tions, has ended up with, in Mr. Had Boyd's butchery. Again, you know what These prospects should be given their due dock's words, "a sorry record of futility happened. When Boyd was called to testify weight, since undue disillusion with the ef on the legislation before a Senate Subcom fectiveness of development aid and undue in maritime affairs." To avoid the same mittee last May, he marched up to Capitol discouragement with the pace Of develop fate, Mr. Haddock believes that our new Hill to denounce the bill he had reportedly ment progress could endanger the entire de President must appoint men of stature helped draft in November. As a further in velopment effort. who are dedicated to saving the U.S. sult, he presented a so-called Administration Mr. Hoffman said there was a growing merchant marine. I, for one, hope that substitute bill that was ridiculously inade realization that the responsibility for speed Mr. Nixon will follow this course of ac quate and non-germane to the industry's real ing development progress rested with equal tion. I commend Mr. Haddock's words to problems. The howls of outrage and "double weight on all countries. Poverty did not stem the attention of all those interested in cross !" that went up from maritime sup from a lack of natural or human resources porters in Congress could be heard as far in low income nations, but from a "great maritime affairs and include his article away as the New York waterfront. under-utilization" of these resources. in the RECORD, as follows: The result, naturally, was that nothing Another growing realization during the WASHINGTON LOOKOUT: CAN THE PRESIDENT happened. Even though Congress contains a 1960's was that adequate pre-investment and ELECT FORCE A BREAKTHROUGH IN MARITIME? clear majority of merchant marine sup technical assistance played a unique and in (By Hoyt S. Haddock) porters, they realized it was not possible to dispensable role in the whole development This ls being written before President-elect pass the legislation under the Administra process. Nixon has announced his selection of a Sec tion's determined opposition. Thus, the bill, UNDPGROWTH retary of Defense, Secretary of Transporta which had been brought forth with brave Outlining the UNDP's growth, Mr. Hoff tion, a Maritime Administrator and other heraldry, died a sorry whimpering death. man said that the UNDP's combined commit posts of power that relate directly to mari So-thanks to his own subordinates-Pres ments for pre-investment and technical as time affairs. Who these men will be and what ident Johnson's record in maritime affairs sistance had risen from $129 million in 1959 mandate they will have under which to op must be recorded as a significant minus. to $467 million in 1968. There had also been erate will be of paramount importance to Wlll the new President learn from his a steady increase in voluntary contributions the future of the U.S. merchant marine. tory? Let us hope that President-elect Nixon from nations in all stages of development. The President-elect ls known to be-"de knows and understands this recent past his These contributions had risen from $20 mil termined" is the word used by a House tory when he appoints the men who will be lion in 1950 to $183 million in 1968. Republican who has conferred with Mr. responsible for maritime. If they do not share There had been 40,000 fellowships granted Nixon-to restore the American-flag mer his stated views, good intentions and brave for study abroad by the UNDP, and a total of chant marine to its days of pa.st glory. I be hopes will come to naught. 400,000 persons had been trained for essen lieve, from what I know, that this is an But if he does appoint people determined tial occupations in their own countries. accurate estimate. to revive American-fiag shipping, he will find As to the future role of UNDP, he said the Nevertheless, it will take competent officers a friendly climate both on Capitol Hill and UNDP Governing Council had begun a study and front-rank administrators of a like bent in the maritime industry to get the job done. to establish the size and nature of the needs to make what is hope on Mr. Nixon's part With desperate n~cessity usually being the of low-income countries as well as the capac into something resembling reality. If he does motivating force the time is now right for ity of the programme and the participating not appoint men determined to do some making such a breakthrough. agencies to provide substantially increased thing about the merchant marine, Mr. Nixon services. The first phase of the study-a pro will end, as Mr. Johnson did, with a sorry jection of developing countries' needs-was record of utmty in maritime affairs. completed during 1967. The second phase, The case of LBJ. The example of the out MR. GUY LINCOLN SMITH dealing with the capacity of the UNDP system, going President ls a stark case to illustrate was now underway. this point. President Johnson came into office The study demonstrated with reasonable out-spokenly determined to restore our slip HON. JOHN J. DUNCAN reliability the magnitude of valid needs for ping merchant marine and made a notable OF TENNESSEE UNDP assistance. It also showed the need speech to this effect in early 1965. to greatly increase pre-investment and tech You know all too well what happened. Mr. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES nical assistance both from the UNDP and oth Johnson's Secretary of Defense, Robert S. Wednesdau, January 8, 1969 er sources. McNamara, did not happen to share his Analysis of countries with an annual views. McNamara was perfectly content with Mr. DUNCAN. Mr. Speaker, during growth rate of 5 per cent in their gross na such U.S. maritime-destroyers as fiags-of the adjournment of Congress, Tennessee tional product illustrated that the fiow of convenience and the effective control con suffered a great loss in the passing of external resources to these countries had cept. He had no real intention of attempting the editor of the Knoxville Journal, Mr. been roughly twice as large as the flow to to restore American-flag shipping. And his Guy Lincoln Smith. Thus, it is only fit those countries with a lower growth rate. subordinates-such as Joe Califano, who ting that during the opening days of this There was general agreement, he said, that later went to the White House as chief all external resource fiows should be dou domestic troubleshooter-either shared his new Congress we pay honor to the mem bled, as the World Bank had planned. views or went further. Result: the Defense ory of this great Tennessean and loyal Because of the present leveling off of for Department at best did nothing to strengthen American. eign aid, it was logical to assume that much the merchant marine; or, at worst, actively Guy Smith was a hard-working leader, of the added resources needed by low-income attempted to further weaken it, most no- a well-known journalist and editor, a January 8, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF· REMARKS 339 friend and critic of government, a faith and complex study In an attempt to fore is concerned, this is a harsh glow, In ful citizen and dedicated American. He cast our course and aims. deed. Surely the perfidy of the De Gaulle was a Republican and led the Republican To this end, ·1 offer to the attention of regime is cause for all freedom-loving Party as Tennessee's chairman for sev my colleagues an editorial from the Frenchmen to hang their heads in utter eral years. But, he was willing and ready Christian Science Monitor which pro shame. to counsel all who sought his advice and vides considerable food for thought along Is this the France of the Cross of Lor he kept an eye on everything the Con the lines I have mentioned: raine? Is it the France of Diderot? Of gress did. He was our friend and our (From the Christian Science Monitor, Montesquieu? Of Voltaire? Of Rousseau? adviser. Jan. 7, 1969] Of Victor Hugo? Is this the France of As editor of east Tennessee's largest THE MOON AND ANTARCTICA· the Tennis Court oath? Or the France morning newspaper, his editorials After the lunar landing within months, that has bled whenever freedom was at reached a quarter of a million people what happens to the American space pro stake? Is this the France that sent a and his opinions were held in high es gram? No spectacular manned :flight&-to thrill of joy throughout the world when teem for he was not afraid to Point out Ma.rs for instance-a.re scheduled after that. she brought an honorable finish to the the fallacies of our local, State, and Fed Very much wi~l depend on the views of Presi shame of Dreyfus? dent Nixon, the mood of Congress, the ver eral governments and his words, like his dict of the American people concerning the Does not Emile Zola's spirit and that life, reflected insight, expertise, loyalty, value of further space adventuring. of Clemenceau writhe in spiritual agony and dedication. The National Aeronautics and Space Ad at the sight of their France-beloved The late Guy Lincoln Smith was a ministration currently is operating on an France-selling their birthright for the thinker, a planner, a leader-not a meek annual budget of slightly less than $4 bil favor of Arab desPots? follower. He was a man of high ideals lion. This is down a billion and more from How incredible. How degrading. How and with all his strength and abilities the earlier massive space budgets. During his disgusting. ·suPPorted this democracy of ours. Our campaign, Mr. Nixon said the space program was "both indispensable and of major im Here is the sight of a Biblical people, world is better for the time he spent portance to our country." Since the election, driven, despoiled, and ravaged for 20 on this earth and our loss ls shared by his science adviser, Dr. Lee DuBridge, has said centuries. After all the destruction visited future generations who will never have that NASA should be allowed to proceed with UPon them by generations of hatred, they the honor to consult him, to hear or read those spaceships and rockets already on or saw it culminate in the utter carnage his words of wisdom. der. He didn't say much a.bout ordering new and horror of the Hitlerian era. Who can hardware for manned flights following !;he ever forget the agonies we all felt as the moon landing. We believe that the American space pro fruits of genocide were revealed. The Jews are the only people on our glob~ A NEW ERA gram should receive steady support, but we also recognize that, right now, there a.re who have had visited upon them this also priorities right here on earth-the prob practice. HON. J. J. PICKLE lem of poverty, the plight of the city cores But France also felt the heel of the which require strong and consistent funding. OF TEXAS Nazi jackboot. France was tormented for The space program should proceed a.t mod over 4 years by the brutality of the SS, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES erate speed, so that compelling earth-based Gestapo, and the vagaries of Himmler's Wednesday, January 8, 1969 needs can be handled a.t high speed. This will not mean a. dormant space pro desires. France sent her sons to feed the Mr. PICKLE. Mr. Speaker, the success gram. NASA has projects a.head for instru Nazi maw. France was pillaged and de ful lunar probe by Apollo 8 has ushered ments probes of Mars a.nd Venus. They a.re graded by the occupation. Under the in 'a new era in man's history-an era not supercostly. After the moon landings Arch of Triumph marched the German that will be as significant to the future (three in all), NASA will use the leftover legions . . Upon Napoleon's tomb Hitler of mankind as any one singular discovery rockets and spacecraft in what is ca.lied the gazed with unholy glee. At Compiegne Apollo Applications Program. This Will in he danced his jig of victory in the virtual in history. clude an earth-orbiting space station, and There is no doubt that astronauts Col. probably an eventual laboratory or station shadow of Marshal Foch's railroad car Frank Borman, Capt. James Lovell, and on the moon. riage. Lt. Col. William Anders will be remem Meanwhile the United States Air Force Is the memory of France so short? Is bered in history as the original trail will be busy with earth orbital missions, her conscience so dead? Are there no blazers of the mysteries of the moon. looking to the development of effective ob Zolas 1n France today? Is there no jus They have. captured the imagination servational satellites and other items of mili tice in French hearts? Shall honest of the world. They are, indeed, heroes. I tary significance. Frenchmen stand by and allow their have been privileged to visit the NASA Would it not be possible, as America's government to perpetrate such an un eventual space aim, to see the moon treated conscionable outrage upon Israel? f acllity and meet with our astronauts. much as Antarctica. today is treated? That They are great Americans. Coinciden is to say, as a "continent" where nationality Israel was founded as a refuge. Israel tally, Astronaut Lovell visited my dis does not play a. significant role. There could is a few thousand square miles of pitiful trlct--san Marcos, Tex.-last year and be a research station on the moon, manned dirt and desert, made to flower by loving captured the hearts of the people who the year a.round-not merely by Americans hands and toll of refugees from tyranny. met him because of his friendliness and but by invitation to the scientists a.nd tech She 1s defended by people who have no gentlemanly manner. nicians of other interested nations. And par option but survival or annihilation. De ticularly the Soviets. Gaulle knows all this full well. I am pleased that our Congress in set This would be an effective means of lifting ting aside Thursday to commemorate the mankind's sights beyond the ancient rival The Israelis have thrice turned the performance of Apollo 8, and I welcome ries of earth. dreams of dictators into the ashes of de the opportunity to express my apprecia f eat. Thrice she has been faced with the tion to the world's greatest space trio. threat of annihilation. Thrice she has The success of Apollo 8 has brought us risen in righteous defense of her right to a time of reflection and a time of FRANCE: FAITHLESS ALLY AND to live. Thrice she has carried the ban searching as we continue in our conquest BETRAYER OF ISRAEL ners of David to a triumph for democ of the unknown: racy. Every bit of knowledge gained by man Israel is the living embodiment of since the beginning of time has mirrored HON. BERTRAM L. PODELL ideals great Frenchmen have lived and 1n the success of America's latest space died for on battlefields and barricades. OF 1'EW YORK Since the founding of Israel, France has effort. In the past few years, we have IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ·achieved more than any time in recorded often lived up to her beliefs by aiding her history and we now stand on the thresh Wednesday, January 8, 1969 in her :fight for survival. In return, Israel old of discovery that is limited only by Mr. PODELL. Mr. Speaker, I observed has kept the light of western democracy the bounds of our capacity. with astonishment and dismay the action and civilization aglow in the Middle East. I feel that now is the time we must taken by De Gaulle's France in imposing All efforts of Nasser and his Soviet allles give our most thoughtful effort to the a total embargo on spare parts and weap have failed to extinguish it. direction and the goals we seek beyond ons for Israel. In light of the well-known But now Israel is beset once again from the limits of our world. fact that Israel's Armed Forces are main all sides by assassins who strike in the There 1s a need for serious discussion ly French in origin as far as equipment night, and. foes who threaten her fron- 340 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 8, 1969
tiers. When she bleeds and strikes out As we have sought to unravel the Viet GENERATINGGREA~BY at her tormenters, she rioes so in right nam puzzle, suffering our own agonies UNDERSTANDING eous wrath and self-defense. there, De Gaulle's France has smugly sat The differences are striking. The Fede on the sidelines, enjoying our discom yeen kill an Israeli with an act of .Piracy fiture, and cheering on those who daily HON. GEORGE BUSH at an international airport in Athens. shed the blood of our beloved sons. For OF TEXAS Just as they sought to prevent her from getting all the while that France's be IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES using sealanes in international com nighted colonialism and naked imperial Wednesday, January 8, 1969 merce, so they seek to do the same for her ism were prime causes of that entire sit right to use international airlanes. uation to begin with. Mr. BUSH. Mr. Speaker, on Octob~r 9, In response, Israel strikes in Lebanon, We entered the Vietnam quagmire be 1968, Mr. Marvin Hurley, executive vice insuring that no civilians are injured. cause of her botching of a war that she president of the Houston Chamber of The world rises in shrieking indigna created through brutal exploitation and Commerce, delivered a speech entitled tion at a convenient target. Not the gross incompetence. "Generating Greatness by Understand Arabs who murdered, but the Israelis I state here and now that it is time ing-the Past" to the 54th annual man who retaliated. for the United States of America to give agement conference of the American This is the excuse De Gaulle's France the back of its hand to De Gaulle's France Chamber of Commerce Execwtives. This now uses to deprive Israel of a supply of in no uncertain terms. It is time we stand speech puts our urban problems into weapons, spare parts, and munitions. up and show our contempt for her ac focus and it is worth the attention of This is how she seeks to bare Israel naked tions and our intention to frustrate her every Member of this body: to those who wait like slavering wolves drives. Millions of Americans would ap GENERATING GREATNESS BY UNDERSTANDING to rend and tear and murder. plaud such activity. THE PAST It was not enough for France to ac Shall we allow this third-rate power, (By Marvin Hurley) cept payment for airplanes from Israel led by an aging egomaniac who thinks This age has imposed upon us the task and then fail to deliver them. It was not in 19th-century terms, to gore us and of re-thinking our nature and our role in enough to take the side of Arab primi place a tiny democratic state in the path civilization. We are experiencing what ap tives who live and think in the style of of immediate disaster? pears to be a conspiracy against reality. We the Middle Ages. It was not enough to are caught up in a wave of insistent demand Shall we not show our displeasure as to cure every conceivable evil, either real or bare France's nudity of conscience citizens and as a body which has some imagined, right now. We demand instant when the scales held an oil concession alternatives as far as our Nation's policy magic. Since this is not possible, a spirit of and Jewish lives. Now De Gaulle perpe toward France are concerned? Certainly, pessimism prevails. The protestors, the ac trates this fresh atrocity. it is my intention to do so. Certainly, tivists, the nihilists are the newsmakers. De Gaulle's France is America's enemy. French actions shall not be forgotten in But any concept that we are helpless vic She has betrayed and injured the United times to come. tims of a sick society, the powerless pawns States just as she seeks to betray and It is my enduring hope that the spirit of a vicious system, is alien to our history and traditions and foreign to the facts. We injure Israel. She drove us from our of a diff.erent France will emerge. It is are not at the mercy of inexorable trends NATO bases, seeking to destroy that my deep desire to see the spirit of the and super-human social forces as we fre instrument of deterrence to Soviet ag France I have loved come to the fore quently hear our urban perplexities de gression. She blithely tests hydrogen and seek to do justice as in the past. It scribed. We are merely paying the penalty weapons, seeking to pollute our environ is my hope that the memory and spirit of a lack of understanding on the part of ment and play the deadly international of Captain Dreyfus will sit and walk and our society and a failure to anticipate prob game of nuclear politics. lie by General de Gaulle from this in lems and solve them before they reached the emergency stage. We need perspective. She attacks the American dollar, then stant on. May he be joined by the spirits This is particularly significant to us be crawls back on her belly, crying for us to of those Israelis who have been foully cause our work brings us into the very salvage what is left of the value of her murdered by Arab assassins striking mainstream of the great currents of hu franc. from the night. May they be joined by man development that are sweeping over the She ignores her debts of wars of the the spirits of those American soldiers world. There are tides of change that are past to us, forgetting even the moral ob who sleep in French soil, and who De creating turmoil in our society today that ligation she owes this Nation and Eng Gaulle showed contempt for. practically demand new dimensions for Chambers of Commerce and for individual land. Her President delivers a deadly in From this reaction may the sleeping effort. We are in a continuing battle with sult to our country by dishonoring cele spirit of a democratic France bring back obsolescence. brations at Normandy of the invasion of to life the ideas and actions that will In our professional responsib111ties as Hitler's Festung Europa. De Gaulle did redress these evils. For the conscience of managers, we have been slow to recognize not even deign to honor thousands of France I wish it. that a scientific and technological age has dead Americans who lie buried above the Every Israeli who dies because of erupted and that it is irresistibly urban. Our understanding of the implications of beaches there. France's action will lie like a curse and a urbanism for modern society has been in She stirs up the sleeping horrors of weight upon the pages of France's his adequate. The mounting evidence that the French nationalism in Canada by inter tory in ages yet to come. It is my hope city is the primary agent in man's culture fering in the internal life of a sovereign that my message, which I know others and civilization has met with resistance. state which has gone to her defense in shall concur in, reaches the appropriate At least some of the conditions with which two world wars. people. we are now struggling might not have de She lies like a dog in the European Mr. Speaker, in times to come France veloped if we had been more professionally manger, refusing entry into the Com effective, but many of them resulted. from will have dire need of this country's good conditions beyond our influence. I am con mon Market to England, who bled for will. Even now her military gazes with vinced. that if there had been no Chambers her, helped free her, and seeks to enter desire at American nuclear armament. of Commerce, we would be sunk more deeply peacefully into a European economic There will be many opportunities to in the quagmire of troubles than we are union. It is perhap,s the last best hope for strike at her vitals. It is my intention to today. Yet, the American public does not a cure to the disease of European na see to it that these options are exercised give us credit for the role we do play in tionalism that has twice almost destroyed in times to come. It is further my inten urban affairs. It concerns me that in a the world. search I made in preparation for these re tion to see to it that anti-French activi marks, in some 25 books and perhaps 100 She sits today ns the very negation of ties in this country are intensified, and articles on the urban situation, I found only what her democratic tradition has al the summary I have delivered dissemi isolated references to Chambers of Com ways stood for. She stands forth today as nated throughout this Nation. It is my merce. a nation that eagerly cavorts by the side intention to do this ceaselessly, sleeoless But, let me get the record straight. I of any despot, be they Arab or anti ly, untiringly, inexorably. offer no apologies for our performance. I find American, or Soviet, if there is harm to I accuse France, just as Clemenceau much basis for pride in the record of Cham be done to our country, sop to be gotten bers of Commerce. I would hate to see us accused her government, of anti-Semi engage in the nonsense of self-reproach and for her frustrated ego, or a franc or two tism, anti-Israeli actions founded on the self-ridicule or to permit a gudlt complex to to be turned. basis of motives. envelop our profession. There are some critics January 8, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 34l who would have us plead guilty to mass in This morning, I am afraid that both we and ditions which- erupt into even more serious eptness. This is ridiculous. By nature, we are our society stand convicted by circumstantial events. doers and not worriers, and we can take pride evidence of some significant failures. We have failed to enlist the talent avail in our achievements. We are not infallible, It concerns me when our national Con able in our communities to help us recog but we should always be willing to explore gress has found it necessary to sit wt.th nize and analyze basic trends influencing our our shortcomings and failures and try to cor armed regulars manning machine guns on programs; and we have failed to understand rect them. the Capitol steps in a city smoldering from the counteractions-the long-range strat So, this morning, in this review, I find no the fires of a week end of senseless destruc egy-and to use el!rly-warning that comes reason to think of the past as a chamber of tion; and especially since this is not an iso from analysis and understanding horrors. As a matter of fact, I have spent lated experience. We have busied ourselves with the petit lar most of my life in the past, and I rather like It concerns me that our streets are clogged ceny of daily minutiae without doing an much of what I have seen and what I have with traffic, our air is laden with filth and adequate job of problem analysis that be experienced. The past, of course, has lessons fumes, our water is soiled with wastes, our comes increasingly necessary in this age of for us. We can ignore them, or we can profit landscape is desecrated with ugliness, and dynamic change. from them. If we ignore them, though, the our youngsters are having their minds We have failed to recognize the growing chances are we will keep on making the same poisoned with psychological pollution. interdependence of problems and opportuni mistakes. Thus, a little analysis of our past It concerns me that so many of our citi ties in our communities; the growing in performance may be a worthwhile exercise zens are so apathetic that they prefer to sit terrelationships of institutions, conditions in generating greatness this morning. comfortably in the box-seats of indifference and influences on a regional, or broader, We have been experiencing a process of while their future is being decided on the basis; and the need for intercommunication social change in this country that is so in playing field of public affairs. essential for human understanding. finitely complex and varied that we have It concerns me that support is growing for We have found ourselves with too little, become confused and frustrated. Many forces the theory that only those who want to work too late, for a future that showed up ahead have been at work in the interaction of social should have to work; and that those who do of schedule-a revolutionary new age change, and our responsibilities involve us in not want to work have an intrinsic right to brought on by science and technology, by most of them. Passing over the urban prob food, clothing, shelter, medical care, educa the automobile, industrialization, urbaniza lem and the race issue for the moment, let tion and the other essentials of a good life tion, mob111ty and rapid growth. me indicate some of the basic trends of re without the necessity of being socially useful. We have suffered our cities to remain sad cent years that have influenced our work, but It concerns me that there is so much em dled with outmoded political structures and which we may have been slow to recognize. phasis today in entertainment, art and lit patterns during a time when problems and We have reached an affluence unprecedent erature on the lowest forms of human ap needs increasingly ignore the artificiality of ed by world standards, but it has not allevi peal, with sexual immorality being defended governmental jurisdictions and archaic sys ated our personal and public economic prob by intellectuals and excused by semi-reli tems. lems. gionists; and that the "new left" movement We have permitted the taxing structure of Governmental policies and other influences would convert our college campuses into local government to become so restrictive have moderated the business cycle and have sanctuaries to counsel sedition, treason and that it lacks the flexibility demanded by the given us a new and perhaps false sense of other intentional invasions of the rights of growing responsibilities of this age. economic stabilization. other people. When the federal government has moved Education ls having a new impact on social It concerns me that the principle of civil into the voids left by local government, our change, both in material terms and in pat disobedience is being perverted to justify community leadership has had a tendency terns of living and thinking; but we are still various types of invasion of the rights of to defect and leave the initiative to Wash searching for educational objectives appro• other citizens; that we have become so in ington bureaucrats. priate to our time in history. dulgent in excusing deliberate violations of Our knowledge has not kept pace with Increasing affluence and rising educational the law in the name of lofty causes that we our responsibilities, and we have not devel levels are altering attitudes toward work and are entirely too tolerant of violence as a oped nor utilized adequate opportunities for seem to be eroding some of our traditional method of social protest; and that the for continuing education for essential personal work values without providing any accept gotten man in the halls of justice seems to development. able alternatives. be the so-called ordinary citizen. Although we should accept the fact of our Developments in communication and It concerns me that allegiance is growing own failures in the past, we must recognize transportation are increasing and strength for the basic premises of anarchism: for a that we share responsibilities with others, ening the interdependence of our govern stateless society without government, with including the people themselves, business mental, economic and non-profit institutions, out law, and without ownership of property--; and industry, and our community leaders. both domestically and internationally. for the theory that the end justifies the Let me elaborate. After almost a century of an industrial means; that we make progress by changing The strength of our communities rests society in this country, following two and a the social structure through political power with our people and the effectiveness of our half centuries of an agricultural society, we and social pressures rather than by changing programs depends upon the quality and par now seem to be in the early stages of a post the hearts of men and women; and that ticipation of our people. A program of total industrial society, built around services and violent revolution may be necessary to over community development must be concerned knowledge. with the welfare, understanding, participa With near-instant sight and sound rapidly throw society and make way for a better world. tion and opinions of all the people of the abolishing the barriers of time and space, we community. have created a world neighborhood, but we It concerns me that the Puritan ethic share it with ideological strangers. which served the pioneer period of our na In comparison to those of past generations, For the first time in history, we, as well as tion so well is being replaced by "situation our people today are reasonably qualified for other major powers, hold in our hands the ethics"-by the theory that the circum their citizenship pairticipation. But, at the power to destroy our civilization. stances of each situation determine the prin same time, they have failed to keep pace History offers us a degree of consolation by ciple rather than applying eternal moral with the growing responsibilities that citi reminding us that problems have flourished principles to a situation. zenship in our present complex age requires. in every age. As we make the transition now It concerns me that so many of our old The average American today is younger into a new social and economic world, in a moralities and ancient values are losing their than before, under 27 years Of age. Since period of revolutionary scientific and tech credibility and that our American way of life more of his ti.me has been spent in school, nological change, we are reminded that every is being painted as a fraud and a cheat. he is less experienced. He has the equivalent generation tends to think it has inherited It concerns me that a gloomy spirit of of a high school education, but unfu.rtu the worst problems of any age. despair prevails so generally over our people nately, he let his education end there. Now If we are to have a clear and fruitful un and that brash, frustrated and iconoclastic he devotes two-and-a-half hours each day derstanding of our responsibilities as Cham young professors in our colleges, universities to watching television-but not educaJtional ber of Commerce managers, we need to clarify and seminaries are telling our young people television. He reads his local newspaper and and reformulate our expectations, concepts that America has been in the hands of char a few popular magazines, but not the mind and assumptions about our socie.ty and our latans for generations. · stretching articles, and he practically never communities. During periods of uncertainty, We have not understood the underlying reads a book. He is more interested in sports people have a tendency to accept faulty as causes of these conditions as well as we than he is in social trends and political is sumptions as facts and then to use them as should; and our performance in the presence sues, is not much concerned a.bout heaven ciir a basis for propounding theories. Our work of such conditions has not always measured hell, and has lost confidence in the honesty .demands that we be more objective and up to the high standards we must have for of public omcials. more analytical. professional competence. Art Lumsden mentioned a significant fact This year, we have been observing the Too often, we have been technicians in about people in the recent issue Of the Jour 200th anniversary of the Chamber of Com our work rather than professionals and have nal~that "we have been unwilling to bury merce movement in America. Our organiza tried to cope with revolutionary trends while the agrarian myth and accept our role as an tions have operated in cities throughout the still limited by superficial understanding. urban nation". The truth is, our people do urban history of this country. Obviously, We have concerned ourselves with events not like cities and never have. The European there have been failures along the line. Cer and current conditions without understand tl"adition is essentially urban, but when our tainly we have created no urban utopias. ing the longer-range trends that create con- forefathers ca.ine to America they seemed to 342 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 8, 1969 drop the Europea.n affection fOll' the city. To in some way. Not until recent years, however, on a current basts. It is far more dlfilcult avoid cit1es, our forefathers pushed west have the leaders of business and. industry to enlist leadership for long-range efforts on until they ran out of frontier-then we been willing to accept significant responsibil mundane goals growing out of social trends. sta.rted pushing out into the suburbs. The ity for the social changes resulting from the Still, one of our failures has resulted from oonfilct between the core city and the sub technological advances caused by their use our unwillingness to accept the challenges urbs 1s but a more recent manifestation of of the corporate device. and hard work of dealing with the future the rural-ur,ban conflict that has become a Therefore, people looked increasingly to a.nd to plan on the basis of what today's part of our national tradition. government. It has operated on the theory trends and other indicators forecast for the Part of the early urba.n allergy resulted that if we subsidized a problem, we would. next generation. from wide open space in pioneer America not have to solve it. It has been trying to Thus, what we really want, a.nd need most, ruld part was due to our frontier tradition. redistribute wealth rather than opportunity. are pressure-free leaders--those who can rally It has been difficult for us to get away from For a generation, government has been seek groups, motivate individuals, and generate the frontier concept of America as a.n ing with growing insistency the answer to active a.nd enthusiastic participation by agrarian paradise. We have been slow to ac urban dilemmas. It sought, however, with others without being pushed by the pres cept the belief that cities are really the heart !altering success to do the whole job, but now sures of emergency conditions. There is no of democracy. Politicians listen to the "grass it is accepting the fact that the total re question about the importance of day-to-day roots", and our image of the typical Ameri sources of the country must be brought to operations, but it is even more important to can is a farmer with sweat in his face in the bear upon urban life. American business only be taking steps to meet the needs of the next finest tradition. City people still rush off to in the last few years has been concerned that generation. the country at every opportunity. They think a crisis of inaction has become a threat to Time perspective is important in any con they need th1s return to rural realities t.o our cities. Businessmen are realizing now that sideration of community leaders and in the pamper their shattered nerves before plung it is time to quit complaining about our de response of people to leaders. Herein lies the ing back into another week of the turmoil pendence on federal funding. It 1s time to importance of maturity of leadership. The and chaos of city life. quit trying to push responsib111ty to others. immature leader looks only to immediate Acceptance of our urban role has been It is time for all resources to combine in success of projects, immediate solutions to agonizingly slow in coming. In 1890, the broader action programs in the problem problems, or immediate gratification of de Bureau of the Census announced to an un areas. sires. But the mature leader can project his suspecting, totally unready and highly un Although public affairs today commands thinking to the mission of long-range plan concerned nation that the geographical top management attention, the subject is ning and can broaden his perspective to con frontier had disappeared. Save by a hand still a relatively new entry in the corporate sider major factors that may influence a ful of intellectuals, this announcement went manual. The National Industrial Conference project. He is more able to accommodate de totally unheeded. Then in 1904, Teddy Roose Board has found that business interest in lays in goal achievement, to understand the velt was elected, and for the first time in our public affairs as a corporate activity has in reasons for the delays, a.nd to live with the history it was the urban vote that had put creased significantly in recent years. This new realities that are involved. The mature, in a man into the White House. Again the sig interest encompasses government relations, telligent leader knows that the needs for the nifican<:e of this development went without employee political activity, political and eco future cannot be wholly gratified by imme notice. nomic education, community service and en diate actions. However, he recognizes the It was not until the current decade that vironmental problems. This socio-economic need to keep moving in the direction of right we began to restructure our legislatures in interest includes air and water pollution, vo goals and to adapt to identifiable long-range line with the urban age. It was not until cational training of displaced and unskilled trends. this decade that urban America was recog workers, education and law enforcement. There are two types of community leaders nized at the cabinet level in our national Increasingly, we have to look to business which we may categorize as the "localite" government. It was not until this decade that men for the leadership to provide the vision, and the "cosmopolite". The localite tends to general interest in urban America began to have a narrow focus, to be comfortably set the initiative and the experience to cope with tled in the narrow sphere of his own re develop. More urban books have been pub our urban problems. Such leadership is now lished in this decade than in all our prior stricted interests. He does not like to be dis ~enerally available when there is confidence history. turbed in the comfort of his simplistic ideas. in the importance of the work and when Therefore, he is not receptive to change, For the first time, colleges and universities there is conviction that time is not being are establishing centers of urban studies, but and he usually does only the minimum ex wasted. pected of him in community participation. they are being used primarily to supplement Businessmen have unusual understanding professional salaries and to strengthen grad The cosmopolite, on the other hand, can for long-range planning. They need only to project outside his own sphere. He has a uate programs. The colleges and universi ·apply to the community the same principles ties of the land still offer a half dozen courses broader view, wider interests, and more vi they have used increasingly in their corpo sion. He relates more to the world at large, with a rural orientation to every one with rate operations for many years. They know an urban orientation. to broader view, wider interests, and more that in the main the people who are going to vision. He relates more to the world at large The research and development program of influence our communities through the bal this country aggregates in excess of $25 bil to broader issues and tends, and character ance of this century are alive today. They istically is more inclined to accept innova lion annually, but only pennies are being know that most of what we will experience devoted to urban research and to the ex tion. He understands that communication, 'in this period is already under way either mobility, business expansion and other cir ploration of human relations. We have spent in practice, or inherent in laboratory models scores of times as much on an early warn cumstances combine to internationalize to and legislative plans, or in the social trends day's cities. Hardly anybody lives where he ing system to alert us of approaching enemy and experiments within our society. planes or missiles as we have on an early was born. The modern leader changes loca Another concept of our concern about un tions many times, and community allegi warning system to alert us of the approach derstanding in the past rests with the quality of urban crises. Our work has been handi ance is not what it used to be. Motivation capped by the failure to develop a 20th cen of the leadership with which we have worked. for participation must come from other tury enlightenment about urban living to The matter of leadership recruitment and sources. replace the 19th century concept that was development 1s a growing responsibility with But lest you think I am passing the entire Ohambers of Commerce. We need to sharpen burden for past failures along to people, to shaped to a rural pattern. our definition of leadership in these complex People need to accept cities as a more vital business and industry, and to community times. Conditions demand more and better leaders, let me turn the spotlight on us as part of the American idea of what life is all leaders, but they are being drawn from an about. The geographical frontier has ceased Chamber of Commerce managers. We are in age group that represents a declining ratio no position to elevate geological specimens to be our challenge. The persistence of the in our popt1lation. Depression babies are com city as a form of corporate life is evidence of criticism against others as long as we live ing increasingly into the leadership market, in the glass house of vulnerability that we that urban living offers what people need, and we generated a limited numerical inven want, and continue to seek. The city is now do. tory of potential leaders during the depres We must take our share of the blame for our frontier. It is our national challenge. The sion years. promise of the city is great, and the delivery the failures of the past. We have not quali on this promise is the challenge for people We have found that the task of marshaling fied ourselves with an adequate program of working through Chambers of Commerce community leadership to address common continuing education. We have been negli goals or purposes for the community is not gent in our concern about trends that could along the cutting edge of the new urban fron always an easy one. Community leaders have tier. They need a better understanding of affect our communities and derellct in our the freedom to participate, or to refrain from efforts to understand these trends and to city problems in order to view them more participating, for any purpose that may mo sensibly and in perspective. bring about action in response to them. The tivate them. There are no simple checks and trends lose meaning if they are not examined Business and industi::y only in recent years balances for m arshaling community leader in relation to an environment that has been are beginning to recognize their role in urban ship. Much of the current social turmoil in projected into the future. We have not affairs. They have exploited a corporate de the country today undoubtedly is a direct re thought sufficiently in terms of total com vice created by government to generate ex sult of failure to marshal and to challenge munity development and total involvement plosive technological change. Radical tech the right kinds of leadership at the com of the people o! the community. We have nological advance is always followed by social munity level. not engaged sumciently in long-range plan change. In a democracy, people demand that It is relatively easy to enlist leadership for ning to avoid the development of crises in the impact of this social change be alleviated dramatic solutions to pressing emergencies our communities. We have not recognized January 8, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 343 the implications of the growing area as action. The Supreme Planner of the Universe the hippies, and student protestors with the pect of local problems. seems to have given human beings the ability Anarchistic movement which swept the world We have not demonstrated the quality of to use afilictions for the testing and strength during the period of the international l·abor judgment that the importance Of our posi ening of their virtues. There seems, then, to uprising. · tion in the community requires. Although be a fortunate as well as an unfortunate re The insignificant numerical ratio of active our responsibilities are heavy, we a.re neither lationship between crisis situations and dissidents in our population is no justifica a dictator nor a messiah in our communities. progress. tion for complacency. We cannot afford to There have been times when we have as The greatest upsurges of change generally ignore the same type of irrational fervor that sumed so much personal responsibility that occur under the pressures of emergency con has enabled small minorities in the past to we have tried to make all the decisions, clear ditions, but we should recognize that there is ignite successful revolutions in other coun away the underbrush, smooth the road, and always a high risk in this process. When we tries. We cannot afford to ignore the possi take our leaders by the hand and lead them move under the pressure of crisis, we run the bility that a Marx or a Lenin or a Hitler like zombies-protecting them from mis serious risk of effecting permanent changes may be moving in and out of today's activist takes but depriving them of either experi which cannot be undone if they prove to be groups. Our civilization has no more lease ence or contribution. We have discouraged wrong--or if they can be undone, it may be on life than any of those of the past that the full use of their inMtligence, initiative only with critical penalties in costs and have fallen because they could not see or cope and innovation. Neither the whole of truth human effort. The course of social change with their problems in time. nor the whole of good is revealed to any is seldom swift or simple. I have gone into this detail on the race manager. It is not necessary for us to be Our main problem has been our failure to issue merely to illustrate the importance of omniscient and set our members to dancing understand negative trends that may create an understanding of developing trends. There in the streets to measure up to our responsi problems in our communities and positive are other trends taking shape at this moment bilities. trends which if not recognized and acted that may even now be creating problems We have been too inclined, also, at times, to upon may be lost beyond recall. Let us take, that will plague us in the future. For exam sway with each change of the social, economic for example, the race issue. Factors that com ple, we are already seeing the reversal of the or political wind. Today, the priority con bined to explode in racial strife have been trend of the past generation toward central cern ls socio-economic; but it is not the only developing for generations. At the close of ization. A monolithic government just has concern. Down through the years, too many the Civil War, steps were not taken to inte not worked well in a democracy. In dealing of us have been inclined to go all out with grate the black man into our society. With with the rate and scope of today's change, the current trend of public interest and ne the comi_ng of the agricultural revolution, and its resulting social problems, we have to glect other implications of a total commu more products were produced on fewer acres have the flexibility and variety of both re nity development program. Years ago, the by fewer people, and rural Negroes were sponse and initiative that can be found only big thrust was to build "roads that go some largely displaced from the land. They started in more decentralization. The importance of where", then the battle for smokestacks moving to town, and more especially to the the individual's role in the social structure began. In the early 1940's, we went all out for larger cities of the North. is being strengthened by this new trend. the war effort, as well we should; but more The trend became clearer as more Negroes We are also beginning to realize that we far-sighted managers at the same time were achieved a better standard of living, a higher have been pursuing a false urban god in our busy with postwar plans. level of education, and a greater exercise of efforts to create models of utopian cities. We And thus we have swung from one trend to their right to vote. During the period of are tackling many of the problems of our another, ignoring the lessons of experience World War II, hundreds of thousands of cities as never before, but we are not yet and the examples of history. Our hot item young Negroes experienced a way of life that clear as to what kind of a city we want or now for pressure merchandising ls the socio traditionally had been denied them. Increas the means by which our aspirations can be economic problem. My only counsel in this ing mobility added to this understanding realized. We must have some idea of what connection ls that we do our part of this job, after the war. Slowly, the black man realized we want the urban environment to be so we and do it well, but that we not overlook the that his rate of improvement was not keep can better evaluate events and circumstances fact that it ls but one manifestation of more ing pace with the progress of his rising ex today and make right decisions. We have to sweeping trends that should be of grave con pectations. He became increasingly concerned be especially careful because the ms of a city cern to us. Man does not live by environ over the day-to-day petty humiliations white are often interwoven with its strengths. ment alone any more than he lives by bread men traditionally had inflicted upon black Dream cities have been designed by past gen alone. We cannot ignore socio-economic con people by insinuations and condescensions. erations, but they were never built. They cerns, but neither can we close our eyes to As a growing factor in our society, the black probably would not have worked if they had the other responsibilities inherent in our type man became more insistent on a role in de been built. No established model or master of community service. cision-making processes. plan can be designed to meet the changing Some have failed, too, because of their al Thus we have watched the development conditions and shifting technologies of the legiance to the status quo-to their reluc among black people of a black consciousness future. Urban renewal, we are beginning to tance to crawl out of the comfort of their and a black pride, a new sense of unity, a realize, is a process and not a goal-an inter favorite rut and innovate. While innovation new feeling of political power, and a growing disciplinary process. Or, as Dr. Constantinos can be carried to an extreme, we know full demand for a part of the action. The burden Doxiadis says. "We can never finalize our well that community progress can never be weighed increasingly heavy upon white men views about the complicated and evolving constructively generated by efforts to smother and black men alike to find meaningful re phenomena of human settlements. The best originality, to crush initiative or to wipe out lationships among the races. The granting of we can do is to study them continuously." individuality. Of course, we have some who formal rights accomplished little without a We are only beginning to appreciate the go to the other extreme, those who make spirit of acceptance to make those rights "systems" character of the city and the need changes only for the sake of making changes. meaningful. for an interdisciplinary approach to urban To believe that the solution to every problem The goal of equality will not be reached planning. Planning first of all ls for people lies in something different is to believe in a by thinking that riots are unavoidable or not for structures, land use, or other plan myth. that they will cease when every Negro wrong ners. Planning must reflect the way people Regardless of the dimensions and rates of has been righted and when every white heart actually want to live and not the way some change, there will always be situations in has been cleansed of prejudice and selfish ivory-towered expert thinks they should live. which there will be a vital need to deter ness. Likewise, it is as much a mistake to The plethora of self-appointed urban experts change and to preserve certain values and think that all blacks are militants as it is for who are writing books and making speeches conditions which we need, or enjoy, or which all whites to suffer a mass guilt complex for and putting together TV specials, for the influence our lives and welfare. centuries of conditions for which they had most part, have never experienced the prac Will and Ariel Durant have said: "The con no part. This is important when we realize tical implementation of urban programs. In servative who resists change is as valuable as that blacks will be in the majority of 14 of their Olympian self-assurance, they remind the radical who proposes it--perhaps as much our major cities in ten years. me of the man who read 20 books on swim more valuable as roots are more vital than More recently we have failed to acknowl ming and promptly drowned the first time grafts. It is good that new ideas should be edge the growing ambivalence among Negroes he got into deep water. We are victims of heard, for the sake of the few that can be that is creating a great deal of confusion statistical extrapolators who magnify gloomy used; but it is also good that new ideas both within the black community itself and trends into vistas of disaster. They foster should be compelled to go through the mill with those segments of the white community paralysis of the human will by the sheer of objection, opposition, and contumely; this that are attempting to relate to the blacks. massiveness of their predicted despair. Most is the trial heat which innovations must sur This revolves around the difference between of them seem to get up on the wrong side vive before being allowed to enter the human the ethnic concept and the socio-economic of the world every morning. race." concepts. The two currents are symbolized The computer for the first time has given There are times, though, when conditions but oversimplified by the labels of "separa us the means to examine urban systems in reach the point that we have to be ready t'lsts" and "lntegrationists". their full technological and humanistic so for operating on a crash basis. Human nature We have failed also to realize that the phistication and interrelationships. To find seems so constituted that it takes crises race problem is linked closely with the wave solutions to our complex and interrelated periodically to generate progress. It seems of anti-colonialism that has swept the world problems, we are going to have to draw upon that events have to deteriorate at times into in this generation. We have failed further data processing and the systems approach of emergencies before we can focus public at to recognize the affinities of the style and the type that management technical groups tention on them, and arouse essential public thought of the black milltants, the New Left, have developed in our missile and space pro- 344 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 8, 1969 grams to handle the volumes of information an economic and political system that came and supervisory positions. She also pioneered that are involved. into flower two centuries ago? Such an atti the five-day store week. In this connection, I would like to raise tude is born of conceit and nourished on Among the many honors accorded her was one storm warning, though; a fact about sys arrogance. the B'nai B'rith Women's Annual Award in tems analysis that we should understand. Our society, our nation and our economy 1950 as the most outstanding woman in the There is no way today that systems analysis are fundamentally sound. Instinctively we community. In 1964 she was named a .board can develop optimum solutions for urban feel our basic strength. The American peo member of the Hebrew Union College. The problems purely by the procesaes of deduc ple have an inherent commitment to steady same year, she received the Human Relations tive reasoning and cost-benefit evaluations. progress, and that commitment will continue Award in the Connecticut-Western Massa Efficiency and economy are worthwhile goals, to propel this country forward. Fundamental chusetts Region of the National Conference but they have to be conditioned by other val forces are at work in our society. We are in of Christians and Jews. ues-human values and political realities. the midst of a long but fast-moving his She was a member of Congregation Beth For example, it will continue to be a prob torical evolution. It has had setbacks, but the Israel, which her grandfather helped found. lem as how best to spend the scarce resources inevitable movement is forward. In 1941, Mrs. Auerbach established the of a community-whether to build a road or Between now and the year 2,000, we will Beatrice Fox Auerbach Foundation which a school, an airport or a hospital, a jail or see history's most exciting, most fearful, and over the years h¥ helped finance educations a garden. Such choices cannot be computer yet most hopeful period. The future offers for many college students. ized, although I believe there will be a grow challenge and promise. The frontier of the In 1945, she founded the Service Bureau ing role for data processing in meeting urban future is urban. I believe it will be the verdict for Women's Organizations, one of her many needs. of history that here in this closing third of contributions to the field of education. It is relatively easy to plan physical beauty the 20th century, we in Chamber of Com Two facilities at the University of Hart or the amenities of variety for our cities, but merce management met our greatest chal ford-its school of business administration they will never come into reality if the public lenge and responded successfully with and its major lecture hall-bear the name is unwilling to pay for them. Yet it is ri strength, foresight and courage--generating of Beatrice Fox Auerbach. She also made a diculous to try to create an ideal image of a greatness through understanding. bequest to Connecticut College for Women city by the statistics of sampling. It is not to set up an Auerbach major in retailing and possible to create a model of a great city allied fields. Wesleyan University, Hillyer by patching together the bits and pieces of College and St. Joseph College presented her fragmentary images already existing in the BEATRICE FOX AUERBACH DIES with honorary degrees. minds of people who have never experienced A highly treasured award Mrs. Auerbach a good environment. But we still have to received was the Tobe Award, the "Oscar" know what our people will support. Basically, of retailing, which she got in 1947. whether an urban area expands and im HON. EMILIO Q. DADDARIO In 1955, she was one of several Connecticut proves, or withers and declines, depends on OF CONNECTICUT delegates to the White House Conference on its ability to create wealth. But, in long IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Education. range planning, we have to remember, as Among the many beneficiaries of her efforts Heilbroner has suggested, that there is a Wednesday, January 8, 1969 and funds were the Hartford Symphony and calculus of humanity as well as a calculus Mr. DADDARIO. Mr. Speaker, while the Wadsworth Atheneum. of economics. A key move in the history of downtown Our urban concern today does not mean the Congress was in adjournment, one of Hartford was Mrs. Auerbach's decision a dec that problems of the city are new or that we the leading citizens of Connecticut, Mrs. ade ago to launch an $8 mlllion east wing cannot meet their challenge; but rather that Beatrice Fox Auerbach, died in Hartford. expansion of the store. we have a greater social consciousness and She was 81 years old. On Oct. 27, 1965, Fox's-which for years are seeking higher standards of urban living. Mrs. Auerbach was a leading figure in was the largest privately owned department Mankind has always had problems. There has civic, social, and business life. I off er for store in the country-was sold to the May always been urban blight. Problems of pollu the REcoRp, comments which appeared on Co. for an estimated $40 million. Mrs. Auer tion, health conditions, traffic congestion, television, in the Connecticut Jewish bach stayed on as head of the store. Las·t and violence are not new. Cities have long year, she announced the appointment of been accustomed to the coexistence of pov Ledger and in the Hartford Courant and Richard Koopman as president and Bernard erty and disorder along with extremes of the Hartford Times paying tribute to this Schiro as chairman of the board o! G. Fox wealth and luxurious living. But, today, we remarkable woman: & Co. Both men are sons-in-law of Mrs. are more aware of these contrasts and more [From the Connecticut Jewish Ledger) Auerbach. concerned about human wastage and defeat. MRS. BEATRICE Fox AUERBACH DIES AT 81- Since the change in ownership, the May Today, because of a developing social con HEADED G. Fox & Co. Co. has announced plans to establish G. Fox sciousness, we find evidence of civic decay branch stores in Waterbury and Meriden and more intolerable than ever before. This new HARTFORD.-Mrs. Beatrice Fox Auerbach, has purchased land in Enfield for another consciousness ls increasingly impatient with for 29 years president of G. Fox & Co. and a store. public failure to cope with existing social civic, business and communal leader of in Mrs. Auerbach lived at 1040 Prospect Ave conditions and to provide what is reasonable ternational repute, died at Hartford Hospital nue and also owned the 230-acre Auerfarm in for human conservation. last Friday night. She was 81 years old. Bloomfield, founded by her hus·band in 1926. Urban historians can demonstrate many Tributes poured in from local and state She leaves two daughters, Mrs. Richard ways 1n which our cities are better than ever leaders who cited Mrs. Auerbach's indomita Koopman and Mrs. Bernard Schiro, both of before. But we expect more of our cities. ble spirit and the many pioneering steps she West Hartford; 12 grandchildren, and one sis The plain truth is that our understanding of had taken over the years in the fields of re ter, Mrs. Leslie R. Samuels of New York. causal relationships in the social system and tailing and human relations. Some 800 persons filled Temple Beth Israel's At the above-mentioned service in Temple in the urban system is still rudimentary. The Beth Israel, Rabbi Harold s. Silver and state of our theoretical knowledge about sanctuary for the funeral service Sunday. Among the mourners were Governor and Rabbi Emeritus Abraham J. Feldman offi social causality is probably comparable to the ciated. (Excerpts from Dr. Feldman's eulogy state of the medical arts during colonial Mrs. Dempsey. appear elsewhere in this issue.) times • • • and, so, unfortunately, may be Born in Hartford on July 7, 1887, the daughter of Moses and Theresa Stern Fox, Burial was in Beth Israel Cemetery. Wein some of our diagnoses and projections. In stein Mortuary was in charge of arrange formed and interested and dedicated citizens Mrs. Auerbach worked briefly as a salesgirl ments. can press for policies and programs to deal in the store for her grandfather, Gershon with our socio-economic problems on a sound Fox, had founded and which she was even basis. This is the payoff of trend identifi tually to head. RABBI FELDMAN DELIVERS EULOGY TO MRS. cation. In 1911 she married George s. Auerbach, AUERBACH There are times, though, when we feel that a Salt Lake City, Utah, department store HARTFORD.-Rabbi Abraham J. Feldman, human nature thrives only on crisis and feeds official. rabbi emeritus of Temple Beth Israel, was only on violence. Every age has had its When a 1917 fire threatened to write finis Mrs. Beatrice Fox Auerbach's spiritual leader prophets of doom. The end of the world has to G. Fox & Co., the Auerbachs came east to for many years. Following are excerpts from been forecast in every generation. And, we help Moses Fox rebuild the store. George the eulogy he delivered at the funeral serv have our share of the exponents of despair Auerbach went on to become treasurer and ice for her Sunday at the temple in West today. We tend to consider it normal for a general manager of the store, positions as Hartford: spirit of pessimism to prevail. But, by what sumed by Mrs. Auerbach upon her husband's "In one of the loveliest passages in the inflation of the vanity do we think we are death in 1927. She also became vice presi Bible an ancient sage paid tribute to a type the generation chosen to see the end of dent of the stOre prior to ascending to the of womanhood which, in different days and the world that was born 4,500 million years presidency following her father's death in in a different social and economic context, ago; that we are to watch the dying throes of 1938. brings us together here and now. Surely you human beings created ten million years ago; BROKE BIAS BARRIER recall those ageless words with which that that we a.re to observe the final convulsions Under Mrs. Auerbach's leadership, G. Fox & sage began his tribute: of civilization dating back 40,000 years; and Co. in 1942 became the first large department "'A woman of valor who can find?' and that we are to preside over the dissolution ot store in the country to hire Negroes in sales proceeds then to a description of one who was January 8, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 345 greatly esteemed in her family and in her in the· life of the Jewish Community in Con "The death of Mrs. Beatrice Fox Auerbach community, a woman who was diligent, skill necticut as well as in the larger community. is a great loss to the Hartford area and es ful, a superb administrator and at the same Born and reared in Connecticut, she was pecially its Jewish community. Mrs. Auer time taking ca.re of her family, guiding, extraordinarily proud of and devoted to her bach gave understanding and inspired lead teaching and encouraging them whilst also City and State and from the time of the ership in many philanthropic endeavors. She doing her duty of love, of concern, of help untimely death of her husband, George Auer especially remembered her Jewish well fulness to those beyond her family who are bach, when she was yet a young woman, springs and participated fully in our religi in need of help and love. she entered into the family business. G. ous and social welfare undertakings. "Given such a woman, said that ancient Fox & Co., founded by her grandfather, and "Mrs. Auerbach gave of her sustenance, author, one need speak no eulogies for under the tutelage of her late father, Moses counsel and efforts on behalf of the Hart her. His final words of tribute were 'Her works Fox, she became one of the most skillful and ford Jewish Federation and its many benefi praise her in the gates,' that is, her deeds progressive department storepeople in the ciaries since their beginnings. Her home was proclaim her valor, her character, her worth. country. She was a voman of vision, she opened to us during the campaign period "That, my friends, is the type of woman possessed enormous energy and drive, and, and her support was always in evidence. we are gathered to pay tribute to, a tribute whilst cherishing the past anc_ having a very "Mrs. Auerbach was recognized for her that is non-essential because what Beatrice wholesome attitude towards that which was leadership by being elected an honorary vice Fox Auerbach was, what she did, what she of the past, she had complete faith and con president of the Federation, and served in contributed to life-these proclaim more fidence in the validity of the claims of the 1966 as the honorary chairman of this com effectively than any words which we may present and the promise of the future. And munity's first Ambassador's Ball. She was speak, any praise of her, any appreciation of so she became a most skillful business truly an 'Ayshes Chayil.'" her, any gratitude to her. 'Her works praise woman. her in the gates.' But to think of Beatrice Auerbach in terms [From the Hartford Courant, Dec. 1, 1968] "But really, I am not thinking of Beatrice only of business is to misread the facts. She MRS. BEATRICE Fox AUERBACH Auerbach's business acumen and genius. I believed that the present has a debt both The death of Mrs. Beatrice Fox Auerbach am not thinking only of her managerial to the past and to the f11ture; to the past- takes from the community one of its distin skills. I am not even thinking of her philan in that it was not to be permitted to become guished benefactors and notable personal thropies, great and blessed as they are. the cause of smugness; to the future-in that ities. It is not alone that Mrs. Auerbach, as "I am thinking of Beatrice whom I loved life must be constantly advancing and pro head of G . Fox & Company, was a leader in as a sister and cherished as a friend. I am gressing. This sense of duty found expression the American merchandising world. But in thinking of the human being that she was in her concern for and with people qua peo addition, she had a remarkable breadth of and of her love of people-all people, the ple, and because of this deep conviction and interests and sympathies which drew her gen great and the not-so-great, the renowned sense of moral values, she set herself to the erous support both here and far and wide, and famous and the humble and unheralded. task of doing what she could to make life and which made her a vital personality. She loved people as human beings and more happier, more wholesome for those in the The big department store that had origi than the public acclaim, the tributes, the present and who are to follow us. And so nally been founded in two small dry-goods honors which came to her in abundance, she she used the means with which she was rooms by her grandfather Gershon Fox more craved and rejoiced when she received the blessed to do just that. than 120 years ago, and subsequently de love of people, their confidence in her, their Her philanthropies were great. As a Jew veloped by her father Moses Fox, came under sharing with her their joys and sorrows, she was one of the major contributors to Mrs. Auerbach's jurisdiction in 1938. She hopes and their dreams, their anxieties and the Hartford Jewish Federation. She was was amply prepared for the task, of course, their fears. And what she craved, she gave. identified affirmatively with the Synagogue. having been treasurer since the death of her "I do not know how she was motivated She supported Jewish causes. She was espe husband, George S. Auerbach, in 1927. But in making her business decisions. But I do cially interested in the field of higher edu the genius that developed G. Fox & Company know that when matters affecting the com cation and so, when the University -of Hart into the largest family-owned store in the munity were discussed, her immediate con ford came into being, she gave generously country, and the biggest in volume in New cern was how these would affect people. Was to the creation of buildings on that new cam England outside of Boston, was chiefly her it good for people? Will it make their lives pus. She endowed a Professorship at Trinity own. Department stores around the nation easier and happier? Is it fair? Is it right? College. She provided scholarships for young gave attention to merchandising methods And we have all seen, to use but one ex women at the Connecticut College for Worn and policies inaugurated at G. Fox under her ample, the evidences of this motivation in -en. She subsidized the Symphony Orchestra direction, and nunrerous ideas tried out there her dealing with the people in 'The Store' of Hartford and the Opera Department of the subsequently became widely employed. When and in her employment practices there. Hartt School of Music, and many, many other in 1965 G. Fox & Company joined with the "I think that her generosity in the gifts educational institutions. She believed in the May Department Stores of St. Louis, Mis which she made to educational institutions, role which women must play on the basis of souri, in a stock transaction valued at more the buildings which she caused to be erected, equality in the total -social life, and so she than $41 million, Mrs. Auerbach and her the professorships which she endowed, the created an agency that would help women to family continued to conduct the business of subsidies which she provided, the scholar find a dignified and constructive role in the store within the May management. Un ships which she made available and many, society. til fairly recently, when illness hampered her many others, were prompted by her eagerness And with all this she did not permit these activity, the diminutive, lively Mrs. Auer to enrich, to uplift the cultural values of various absorbing activities to diminish in bach could be seen daily about the big store. people and especially the younger ones any way her role as mother and grandmother, amongst us. One might think that running so large a as kinswoman and friend. She was a gracious business would have required all Mrs. Auer "But with all her wide interests and the homemaker and a gracious and considerate many demands made upon her time and bach's time and attention. But this would be friend. to underrate her boundless energies and ca attention, Beatrice Fox Auerbach was also But above everything else she was inter a mother and gra,ndmother, and none was pacities for seeing life whole. Many causes ested in and loved people. Her attitude in the community, many aspects of life in more proud, more loving and more concerned toward the employees in "The Store" was in these roles. She was also a devoted sister general, knew her support and the impact that of an elder sister. She was interested of her personality. Other columns of The even as she had been an adoring and de in the personal life, the anxieties and the voted daughter. She was a loving and proud Courant report them in detail. But one must happiness which the people, who worked in remark here again especially the aid to edu wife and a superb and gracious homemaker. the store, had. She -sought to enter into "She was a considerate and loyal friend cation that distinguished her. In its near their lives and strove to be helpful where three decades, the Beatrice Fox Auerbach and a happy and loyal member of the con she could and to share where she might. gregation Beth Israel which, by coincidence, Foundation has given liberally to Trinity In a very real sense it might be said of her and other colleges in Connecticut. It helped is celebrating tonight its 125th Anniversary, in the words of Holy Writ, she was "a Woman in the founding of which her grandfather finance educations for many college stu of Valor" and as she closed her eyes in death, dents. The fact that Mrs. Auerbach had re was a participant. it is literally true that "her works praise her "And next to her love of pecple and family ceived honors from many inttitutions, in in the gates". She made the community cluding the Universities of Connecticut and and friends was her love of the City of richer for her being part of it, better because Hartford and the State of Connecticut. She Hartford, Hartford College for Women, He she was in it, and her name and memory brew Union College in Cincinnati and Wes was extraordinarily proud of the City and are blessed and cherished and, through that State of her birth, jealous for their good leyan University, and from other institutions which she has created, will continue to be like St. Francis Hospital, testifies not only to repute, and her wrath was quick if anyone blessed in the years and decades ahead. in her presence dared to speak ill of them or her continuing regard for community weal, in denigration of her City and State.'' but the regard which in turn this commu HARTFORD FEDERATION PRESIDENT EXTOLS MRS. nity and others felt toward her. AUERBACH [From the Connecticut Jewish Ledger, Dec. Yet this Wa.13 not yet the whole scope of 5, 1968] HARTFORD.-Charles Rubenstein, president Mrs. A·uerbach's interests. ·She had an acute of the Hartford Jewish Federation, com interest in the arts, and particularly music BEATRICE Fox AUERBACH menting to the Ledger this week on the which she had come to know early in child The death of Mrs. Beatrice Fox Auerbach passing of Mrs. Beatrice Fox Auerbach, hood. Hence her close activity with the Sym may be said to mark the end of an era both declared: phony Society of Greater Hartford. Her in- 346 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 8, 1969 terest in youngsters was well berved by her Mrs. Beatrice Fox Auerbach-born in Hart that "China can once again join the inter many years on the advisory committee of the ford in 1887-helped build a great commer national community when its belligerence Girl Scouts of Hartford. And beyond this she cial enterprise. One which was long ago a ends.'' Self-righteous pleas for Peking to end looked at the wider world with keenest in leader in equal-opportunity employment and nuclear tests accompany pious pledges to terest. She traveled widely, belonged to orga promotion. "build bridges" and "work toward a dia nizations of world scope, and in the realm Mrs. Auerbach's vitality, of course, touched logue." Meanwhile we manufacture nuclear of careers for women it Wal:! only natural she many areas of human concern. Her goals will nightmares by justifying an antiballistic should be a leader. go on through the Foundation which bears Inissile defense system in terms of "the Thus, Mrs. Beatrice Fox Auerbach leaves her name . . . and which has helped so Chinese ICBM threat" and educate Asian the community richer for her having been many gain an education. The Service Bureau leaders from Japan to Thailand in the haz here, poorer because she ls now gone. And for Womens Organization is another of the ards of future "nuclear blackmail" by Peking. her personal friends will be especially efforts she created-and which make a con It is time for a change. In fact, it has grieved. She was a wise, amusing and gra stant impact on the progress of the state. been time for many years. The late Julius C. cious companion and friend. The world was Most fitting were the words of Rabbi Abra Holmes, then Consul General in Hong Kong, never too big nor too busy for a greeting or ham Feldman at yesterday's service: "If she sent specific suggestions for a change to the a chat. Many persons in many stations and could say some parting words ... this day, Department of State in December, 1960, on walks of life must now be saddened. she would say 'these ears cannot hear your the eve of a new Adininistration. Holmes's eulogies; so, honor them with your deeds for letter could, with only minor alterations, be my fellow men'". submitted by the present Consul General [From the Hartford Times, Dec. 1, 1968] There, in perfect expression, were the without embarrassment, so little have things BEATRICE Fox AUERBACH ideals of Mrs. Beatrice Fox Auerbach. We join changed. A stranger in Hartford who visited G. Fox so many in honoring the memory of a With another new Administration begin & Co.'s store in the years when Mrs. Beatrice humanitarian. ning in Washington and an old one crum Fox Auerbach was its active head Inight bling in Peking, the temptation will be have mistaken her for an assistant depart strong for the Department of State to cau ment manager. tion that change must await "the right mo She often worked side by side with a buyer, ment." This argument can be bolstered by checking stock and examining the merchan A REALISTIC ASSESSMENT OF pointing to the uncertainties of a Vietnam dise, a pencil thrust into her hair and her CHINA settlement, which might coincide with the hands dusty. death of Mao Tse-tung, and the aftermath But that was only one of the ways in of Mao's disast.rous Cultural Revolution. which she kept communications open with HON. DONALD M. FRASER Attractive and protective for the bureauc her staff and with the public. She was one OF :MINNESOTA racy as this waiting game ls, it perpetuates of the most capable merchants in the United negative practices adopted in reaction to the States. She maintained a great department IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES North Korean aggression of 1950, the defeat store business on a foundation of service and Wednesday, January 8, 1969 suffered by Gen. Douglas MacArthur's forces integrity. after they provoked massive Chinese inter Her appreciation of the responsibllltles of Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, a recent vention in Korea, and the fateful fantasies wealth reflected those characteristics, too. issue of the New York Times Magazine of Senator Joseph McCarthy, who concocted Service and integrity were the marks of her contained an excellent article about the a Communist conspiracy in the Department many benefactions. She sought ways in need for the United States to reassess its of State that "lost" China to Mao Tse-tung. which she could make the world better. policy toward China. Author of the arti Times have obviously changed, but the basic One woman, even one like Mrs. Auerbach, cle is Allen S. Whiting, an authority on policy has not. could not much improve the world unless she The policy is based on the assumption that had the ablllty to look beyond the horizons Chinese foreign policy, until recently a "the right moment" wlll be perceived in time. of time and space. State Department official in Hong Kong, Unfortunately, that moment ls all too often The Service Bureau for Women's Organiza and now an international relations pro seen only in retrospect. One "right moment" tions, which she sponsored, ls one example fessor at the University of Michigan. came in the mid-fifties, when President Ei of the way she looked at her opportunities. Mr. Whiting's realistic approach de senhower, responding to a press query, listed It ls impossible to measure how much the serves the careful examination of every several steps Peking would have to take to Service Bureau has already changed society. win a reconsideration of Washington's posi Many a woman has been enabled to realize Member of Congress. His article follows: tion both in bilateral relations and in the her potential as a leader because of the TIME FOR A CHANGE IN OUR CHINA POLICY United Nations. Quietly but consistently, the Bureau's conferences and training programs, Like Liza Doolittle, students of our China People's Republic of China reacted, releasing and many an active organization owes its policy wlll be tempted to greet President Americans from jail, withdrawing its·forces vitality to those leaders. The influence will Richard Nixon with the frustrated cry, from North Korea and receiving the United long outlive its originator. "Words, words, words. Speak me no words, Nations Secretary General in Peking. The In her benefactions, Mrs. Auerbach pre show me!" For if anything characterizes OlllY response from Washington was a harsh ferred to support activities that would have Washington's attitude toward Peking in the restatement of our cold-war view of the a continuing life. Scholarships, for instance, last eight years it is the change in words matnland regime by Secretary of State John once endowed, produce results long after without a change in policy. This was vividly Foster Dulles in San Francisco in June, 1957. those who establish them are gone. shown by the alacrity with which Vice Presi Another flaw in the "right moment" ap She tended to favor Connecticut, too. dent Humphrey elevated to national atten proach is that it places primary emphasis on Much of what she gave went to people and tion Prof. A. Doak Barnett's phrase from the the actions and reactions of Peking, which organizations in her native state, which she 1966 Fulbright hearings, "containment with should be only one factor in the formation loved fervently and loyally. out isolation," as foreshadowing a new ap of our policy. In addition, we must con When she traveled, as she did often and proach. Small matter that each audience de sider the reactions of other governments widely, Mrs. Auerbach was received like an fined differently what was to be "contained." and test our own reactions by juxtaposing incognito princess. The doors of officials Scholars at the hearing argued whether the values and principles against the literal opened readily to her. But she preferred to "containment" was to be political and cul definition and implementation of policy. To talk with the women, learning how they tural or mllltary and whether it was to in the extent that we deceive ourselves, we will lived, how they sought liberty and a chance clude covert subversion as well as overt ag suffer a loss of respect and confidence both to express themselves, how they fulfilled gression. Secretary of State Dean Rusk, on at home and abroad. their womanhood. the other hand, foresaw 800 million Chinese, The events of 196·2 provide a dramatic study We shall not soon understand how much "armed with nuclear weapons," who would in the "perception gap" between Washing Mrs. Auerbach meant to our state and our have to be contained by 1980. Nor was it clear ton and Peking, which brought a moment of society, for the things she established wlll be precisely whose isolation was to be ended. tension in the Taiwan Strait and a short war operating for a long time to come. Eventually, Would it be that of the United States, which in the high Himalayas. posterity will measure her accomplishments had taken a lonely road, away from the in In early June of that year, reliable sources more accurately tha.n we can, and the scale ternational business world, by its total em on Taiwan reported a sudden and massive will be grand. bargo on trade with China? movement of Chinese troops into the nearby These questions became particularly provinces of Fuklen and Chekiang, bringing [An editorial from WNHC-TV 8, New Haven, urgent for the incoming Administration on Communist troop concentrations opposite Conn., Dec. 3, 1968] Nov. 26, when the Chinese Foreign Ministry Quemoy and Matsu to their highest levels CITIZENS HONOR MEMORY OF A GREAT HU formally called for a Sino-American agree since 1950. Tense White House meetings in MANITARIAN, MRS. BEATRICE Fox AUERBACH ment on "peaceful coexistence." Until now, which the mysterious movement was deba.ted A Mayor. A Congressman. A Governor. Washington phrasemakers have been preoc produced an even split between those who Community leaders. . . . ordinary citizens. cupied with form, not content. They have feared that it foreshadowed an attack and Yesterday, they were on hand by the hun insisted that while we change our "posture" those who thought that it was an inexpli dreds to pay final tribute to a woman who it is Peking which must change its behavior. cable defensive measure. left a lasting mark on the city of Hartford, Hence our peace-keeping sermons tell China Suddenly the Chinese Embassy in Warsaw the State, and the nation. to "leave its neighbors alone," and we hope requested an urgent meeting, the first such January 8, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF ·REMARKS 347 substantive contact since the Quemoy crisis move behind Chinese outposts in the spring How serious is,the threat of- guerrilla war of 1958. Ambassador Wang Ping-nan of 1962. New Delhi oould not have picked a in Southe~t Asia, aided and abetted. by astonished his normally imperturbable coun worse moment. Peking concluded that only Peking? A close look at the insurgencies of terpart, Ambassador John Moors Cabot, by incitement by Moscow or Washington, or Thailand, Burma and India, all within easy warning the United States not to permit both, could explain this sudden initiative, reach of Chinese power, discloses an amaz Chiang Kai-shek to invade the mainland. obviously timed to take advantage of internal ingly small effort by Peking; either the Chi From Washington's perspective, .nothing weaknesses, Tibetan restiveness and external nese have not really cared much or they could have been more far-fetched than to pressures on China's eastern and western have not been too effective. In any event, the fear American intentions toward the main borders. The summer saw Chinese suspi results are most unimpressive. land at that time. President Kennedy had cions grow; - minor incidents triggered an Not until Thailand began serving openly given specific hints about the probable avail open warning against further Indian ad as a base for U.S. air attacks against targets ability of wheat should China request aid in vances in Ladakh lest China activate its in Laos and North Vietnam did Chinese overcoming the shortages that followed nat claims to "the eastern end of the frontier." backed insurgents pose any active threat to ural calamities and the collapse of the Great This thinly veiled threat against India's isolated areas in the north and northeast. Leap Forward. More generally, the Bay of Northeast Frontier Agency gave Nehru pause, Numbering between 1,000 and 2,000, with a Pigs had shown Kennedy's refusal to risk but political pressures forced a continuation motley collection of weapons purchased overt involvement in a relatively small and of military activity. A final ultimatum from largely in the black markets of Laos and nearby operation. Chiang Kai-shek's forces Peking in September was shrugged off by Thailand, they have had little staying power. had little capability for moving men and New Delhi with virulent oaths "to recover Nor have they grown through reinforcements equipment to the mainland and no bombers every inch of sacred Indian soil." The re from Chinese training camps in the last three or offensive missiles. Chiang was wholly de sults were nearly disastrous for Indian pres years. However, some Thai officials, alert to pendent on U.S. firepower and transport. tige, not to mention the Indian Army, in the the military and economic benefits of a Com· Ridden with fears of foreign exploitation short Sino-Indian war six weeks later. munist threat, have adapted to the times. of their internal weaknesses, however, Peking A study of the events of 1962, in addition Special organizations in Bangkok study the officials were described by an acute diplo to illustrating the folly of counting on reci insurrection problem. In the affiicted prov matic observer as "panicky." Incredible as procity at "the right moment" for policy inces an array of techniques for combating this seemed of Long March veterans with change, helps place in perspective the record insurgency and tying remote wilderness to decades of triumph over adversity, it proved of Chinese aggression. Peking's use of mili central control blossoms under American an accurate description. They anxiously tary force was prompted by more than the guidance. Vested interests, both Thai and watched an increase in the frequency of of simple desire to have its own way in a border American, have found the exaggeration of ficial American visits and the stature of the dispute. Just as the anticipation of an in the Chinese threat useful. Visitors to Taiwan in early 1962. They found vasion from Taiwan brought troop deploy Thoughtful Thais, on the other hand, significance in Chiang Kai-shek's strength ments and a warning to Washington and the worry increasingly over the visible erosion of ened pledges to liberate the mainland, his fear of separatist revolts in Sinkiang evoked values and independence which accompanies newly enacted "war tax" and accelerated a similar move against Moscow, so Peking the large American presence, an explosive "planning" by special military groups. Peking acted to halt Indian probes before they awak mixture of nationalistic sensitivity and apparently concluded that the Kennedy Ad ened sympathetic responses in Tibet. This xenophobic suspicion has fueled occasional ministration would try to recoup its Bay of does not justify China's sudden attacks anti-American outbursts by Government offi Pigs setback in the Taiwan Strait. Its re against Indian troops. It does, however, place cials and the semiofficial press. The crosscur sponse was a Chinese form of deterrence: the them in a more specific framework; it shows rents of Thai attitudes both real and as moving of divisions and execution of a diplo them to be more than the crude stereotype sumed, make the reductton of our presence matic clemarche. President Kennedy re of massive Chinese power lashing out at will there a "damned if you do, damned if you sponded by publicly opposing the use of force against vulnerable neighbors. don't" proposition. On balance, however, a by either side in the Taiwan Strait. From In fact, China's two great ventures outside candid assessment of the situation should ·Peking's point of view, it had succeeded in its its borders have suggestive similarities. Its reassure Thai leaders that any present or deterrent effort. intervention in the Korean War came at a prospective Chinese threat is easily within Unknown to Washington at the time were time of extreme domestic instabllity and vul their capacity to handle. Ultimately, of other factors that shaped the Chinese out nerability. President Truman's dispatch of course, the Southeast Asian Treaty remains look. The internal situation was much worse the Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait de as a guarantee of U.S. support in case of than the West suspected. Martial law held nied Peking access to the defeated Chinese overt attack. entire provinces secure against peasant raids Nationalists and implied a willingness to pre Burma, sharing a border with China and on graneries. Malnutrition lowered birth serve them as a Western counterforce against plagued with insurgency since its rebirth in rates and raised death rates to produce a the Chinese Communists. General MacAr 1948, would seem to have been doomed to a sharp decline in population growth. Peking's thur's to the Yalu despite explicit advance national liberation struggle. Yet Rangoon's concern that its true state might be detected warnings against such a drive only confirmed leaders have refused to panic or kowtow to was heightened in May, 1962, when several Peking's fears that passivity under these cir Peking. On the contrary, U Nu gave Chinese hundred thousand Chinese poured across the cumstances would invite more trouble later. leaders a unique lecture on how big nations Hong Kong border seeking economic relief Similarly, Indian actions and reactions in should treat small ones during a state visit e.nd resettlement. Similarly, at the opposite 1962, when China was in internal disarray and in the mid-fifties. Last summer Ne Win's end of China, tens of thousands of Uigurs sensed external threats, contributed to the police permitted the Rangoon populace to and Kirghiz sought refuge among ethnically decision that immediate offensive action was wage a bloody pogrom against Chinese diplo similar groups in the Soviet Union, fieeing safer than defensive action later. mats and merchants, using Cultural Revolu religious, political and economic pressures Today, China is again in the throes of in tion propaganda excesses as an excuse. Re in Sinkiang. ternal difficulties, and in the near future cent press reports say joint Burmese-Indian Just as Peking misunderstood develop Mao will pass from the scene. The present consultations have concerned common in ments on Taiwan, so, too, it misinterpreted and prospective instability makes it likely surgency problems along the frontier with unrest in Sinkiang as a Russian effort to sub that any move on China's periphery suscepti China. If this is true, it further indicates the vert an area long coveted and in past times ble to hostile interpretation wm be so inter quiet but determined manner with which separated from Chinese control. Again Peking preted. Conversely, "signals" of good intent Gen Ne Win shows his independence of pres moved troops to seal off a ·threatened border. will evoke no positive response; they wm be ·sure from Peking. Moreover, it closed the Soviet consulate in treated as efforts to deceive or entrap Chinese True, China does not leave its neighbors Urumchi and expelled the handful of so leaders. alone. Peking's patronage keeps alive the called White Russians who had been there Obviously, the alleviation of Chinese fears minuscule, militant Communist party of since the Russian Revolution. During their is hardly a sufficient guide for policy. How Burma, the so-called "White Flags," whose subsequent ·exodus through Hong Kong, they ever, where such fears may be unnecessarily more moderate rivals have long been out of provided graphic accounts of the extreme heightened, it would seem wise to weigh favor with Peking. Recent "White Flag" in measures taken by Chinese military authori words and actions most carefully. And a rec ternecine struggles, paralleling those in ties to snuff out any possible uprising. ognition of the relationship between Chinese China, have reduced still further their negli Little objective evidence supported Peking's anxieties in foreign affairs and internal diffi gible power. Similarly, Peking periodically suspicion that Premier Nikita Khrushchev culties may reduce expectations of recipro fishes in the troubled waters of Shan, Kachin was playing Stalin's subversive game In cal warmth and friendship. In today's idiom, and Karen insurgency with only slightly China's borderlands. However, it ls not reality if Peking is uptight, we should keep our cool. greater success. And the Ne Win Govern but the way men perceive it that conditions We have already oversold Asians on the ment is intermittently attacked by the Pe policy. The most egregious example of this prospective perils of a people's war backed king radio as a "facist" regime certain to be phenomenon, coinciding with the Sinkiang by 800 million Chinese possessing nuclear overthrown by "armed struggle." and Taiwan crises, concerned Sino-Indian weapons. Anxious Thais look to us for guar But the question is not whether we have relations. After years of diplomatic repre antees against "nuclear blackmail" after the evidence of Chinese subversion in Burma. sentations and military passivity in the face Vietnam war, while officials in Kuala Lum Rather we should ask: How serious is the of Chinese road construction through the pur, Singapore and Canberra confer on how threat? The record to date shows that disputed Ladakh plateau, on the western end to fill the void to be created by British with- Rangoon, with little aid or advice from Wash of the Himalayas, Indian patrols began to drawal in 1970. · ington, finds it worrisome but tolerable. 348 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS . January 8, 1969
Perhaps the clearest case of limited .Chi credibility of his theories has suffered so least, o~er their Korean war behavior. Simi nese interest and capab111ty is India. After much as to raise doubts about the doctrine larly, except for statements by Secretary the 1962 Sino-Indian war this divided and that will emerge after his death. We can ex Rusk and occasional remarks by others, the weak country seemed certain to be the target pect less commitment to "national liberation speeches of Assistant Secretaries for the Far of Chinese probes through the anti-Indian struggles" from military commanders re East Roger Hilsman and William P. Bundy, people of the sub-Himalayan plateau and the soonsible for maintainine; order at home. as well as those of Under Secretary of State dissident tribes of the eastern hills border Their time and energy wm be devoted pri Nicholas deB. Katzenbach, did much to ,. ing Burma and China. Chinese broadcasts, marily to internal affairs, although external soften the harsh image of Peking formed dur training and arms do feed unrest in these threats will reoelve vigilant attention. Local ing the Dulles years. areas. But the most notable result, the Naga insurgents will be seen as little more than We can do more than mute the polemics, insurrection, hardly merits the grandilo another counter to threats posed by foreign however. We can move to positive acts which quent tributes paid it by Peking Review. A bases and hostile operations on China's serve our own interests and permit the Chi straggly, divided congeries of poorly equipped periphery. nese to change their perceptions of us as guerrillas, numbering about 1,000, continue As for conventional or nuclear threats, the time and experience permit. No more imme to roam the hills and raid Indian Army out probabilities are no more worrisome. China's diate step in this direction can be taken than posts, but have little impact beyond their military elite has a keen appreciation of costs to lift our embargo on trade with Communist traditional home base. More important, an and vulnerabilities. Its experience in the China, excepting strategic goods presently inventory of Chinese material support sug bloody Korean stalemate was suftlciently so embargoed for all Communist countries. This gests little investment of resources by Peking bering to prompt extreme caution in the will not reverse our gold fiow or enrich Amer in the Naga effort. subsequent 15 years. Except for a few weeks ican exporters overnight. It may lead to little It might be argued that such restraint as of carefully limited. attacks in the 1958 Que actual trade, at least until China recovers Peking may exercise is not voluntary but moy crisis and in the 1962 Sino-Indian con from its present economic depression. It will, rather the result of fear that too overt or flict, China's forces have by and large, re however, place us on a competitive basis with large an effort will trigger American counter mained behind their frontiers. They offered the many Asian and European countries who action. The differing degrees of U.S. com minor diversionary pressure on the Himalay sell China everything from wheat to giant mitment in Thailand, Burma and India, how an frontier during the 1965 Pak-Indian war. chemical complexes, regardless of their dip ever, do not seem to be inversely propor They also rendered valuable covert assistance lomatic ties with the mainland or Taiwan. tionate to the Chinese involvement in local to North Vietnam in the form of construc Ending the trade embargo would also allow insurgency. On the contrary, the most con tion, railroad engineering and antiaircraft us to end our meddlesome interference in crete and consistent evidence of Peking's sup divisions, numbering perhaps 50,000 troops. third countries, demanding proof that our p<>rt for local insurrection is in Thailand, But a military ascendancy in Peking should imports are free of Chinese Communist ma where Communist China would seem to have prove no more dangerous as a major source terials and our exports are not ultimately the greatest cause for concern over our re of aggression than has that of a civilian bound for Chinese Communist use. No less action. leadership under Mao. important for the morale of American travel In sum, whether as American allies, weak Nor will the acquisition of nuclear weap ers and oftlcials overseas would be the end neutrals or disputants of Chinese claims, ons transform this elite, now in its late fif of the penny-ante policing of our tourists to countries vulnerable to Peking's power have ties, into reckless risk-takers. Indeed, it is prevent them from buying Chinese products. survived 19 years of Mao's rule with relatively diftlcult to write a credible scenario for Chi The rage and ridicule such practices arouse little damage. Indeed, one might ask whether nese nuclear blackmail or nuclear confronta are part of the cost of pursuing policies these pockets of insurgency in remote moun tion at Chinese initiative. Ethnocentrism adopted during our retreat from the Yalu. tain and jungle areas are not to be expected combines with a superiority complex to make Even a $2 steamer ride from Hong Kong to in such countries. So long as resistance to Chinese tutelage diftlcult for would-be revo nearby Macao is taboo because the U.S. authority remains below the level at which lutionaries, whether Asian or African, as evi Treasury suspects that the line's owners have it might affect other parts of the country or denced by disappointed defectors from contributed to Chinese Communist coffers. society, it may even be better to handle it Peking's caimp. In addition, China's confi Finally, permitting normal trade would_ marginally rather than risk the material and dence in the long trend of history makes it give proof of our sincere desire to see China political costs of elevating it in imPQrtance, believe that an eventual U.S. withdrawal develop peacefully so long as it does not war giving it international significance. from Asia is inevitable. These elements limit with us or our allies. Another step toward But what of the future? Does not the tri Peking's willingness to sacrifice or take risks this end would be the absolute exclusion of umph of Mao over Liu Shao-chi and the on behalf of objectives outside its immediate U.S. military aircraft and naval vessels from eventual succession of Lin Piao increase the security interests. The horrendous conse an area of reasonable size off the Chinese support Peking is likely to give these in quences of nuclear war should heighten still coast. Whether our missions in such areas surgencies? Worse, will not the acquisition further this pattern of caution and limited are accidental or designed to acquire m111tary of nuclear weapons make Peking willing to involvement. information, they would seem best avoided ta~~e greater risks in backing so-called "peo American oftlcials and scholars, granting because they reinforce Peking's belief in our ple's wars"? this general situation, have anxiously won hostility and arrogance. Not for 20 years has the political scene dered. why China wants nuclear weapons. More far-reaching, of course, will be what seemed so confused as in the aftermath of The question might be better put: Why not? we do as well as what we say in ending the Mao's Cultural Revolution. However, certain Chinese leaders clearly have opted for the Vietnam war. If negotiations are expanded outlines are emerging: In contrast to all of symbols of power, regardless of their utility. to include parties other than those pres Peking's pronouncements, Mao failed in his If the ghetto black finds in the gun an an ently agreed to at Paris, we should strive for twin objectives of smashing the Establish swer to a lifetime of admonitions to "move participation by Peking. Exclusion will in ment and substituting for it hand-picked along," so Chinese Communist oftlcials gain crease Chinese suspicion. Moreover, while followers w1lling to carry out the utopian psychic, if not actual, satisfaction in the China is not directly involved in South Viet experiments that failed so disastrously in bomb after two decades of stern warnings to nam, its presence in the northern Laotian the Great Leap Forward. Power lies not in "stay put." province of Phongsaly has remained fairly Peking but in the provinces, where local mil Some observers raise the "madman" theory constant since the 1962 Geneva accords. itary commanders exercise authority through to justify the focusing of Asian and Ameri Thus it would be practical as well as politic so-called "Revolutionary Committees" em can fears on China's nuclear future. The to win Chinese participation in any com bodying precisely those elements most op theory is conventionally put this way: "We prehensive settlement embracing Laos as well posed to the absurdities of the Cultural Rev must prepare against the enemy's capabili as South Vietnam. olution. Throughout South China, in par ties, not his intentions." But the material Were we to succeed in these steps, the far ticular, the defeat of Mao's favorite Red and emotional costs of planning against the more complex matters of recognition and Guards was so brutal and bloody as to make possibility of a truly irrational use of nuclear United Nations membership could be ex student demonstrations elsewhere in the weapons can only lead to political and eco amined at greater length. Those who oppose world look like Sunday school picnics. nomic bankruptcy for ourselves and those any change of policy unless there is a guar The inevitable struggle that will follow we convince of this need. We must instead anteed response from Peking sometimes argue Mao's death ls unlikely to find his chosen refine our calculations to make them con that "it takes two to tango." While the fore successor, Lin Piao, retaining more than sym sonant with a reasonable range of likely ac going steps can have positive effects whether bolic power, and that may be short-lived. Of tions by those we consider in conflict with or not Peking responds, this admonition does slight physical stamina, with limited politi our interests. apply to the exchange of diplomatic recogni cal appeal and no national base in the army, There is no question that the interests tion. A dramatic unilateral announcement party or Government, Lin can be little more of Washington and Peking conflict. The final recognizing the People's Republic of China as than a front man for an independent-minded disposition of Taiwan and the Chiang Kai de jure sovereign over the mainland might coalition. Chou En-lai, far stronger on all shek Government ls the linchpin of the con cause confusion in Peking, but that would counts, is a more likely winner, but he is flict. The United States and China have been be nothing compared to the uproar it would nearing 70 and shows the effects of the in in such disharmony for so long that it is produce in Taipei, Tokyo and elsewhere. Yet credible strain of managing the Cultural Rev fatuous in the extreme to expect any easy it almost certainly would not increase con olution so as to please Mao on the one hand or sudden change in relations in the fore tact beyond the present Warsaw talks. and preserve the regime on the other. seeable future. But improvement ls possible. However, the secret and systematic ex The more fundamental question, however, The conduct of both sides in the Vietnam ploration of Chinese views might be solicited, is not who but what will survive Mao. The war showed considerable progress, to say the perhaps during or after a Vietnam confer- January 8, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 349 ence. There may be some halfway point be tions, more in accord with our global com unconstitutional. Judicial restraint has tween our present relationship and the ex mitments and capabilities as well as with the been abandoned and judicial activism change of ambassadors to which we can move situation on China's periphery. Regardless of has taken its place. The Court has arro until agreement is reached on the status of which approach we take, the responsibility Taiwan. Britain and China have had mutual and opportunity are clearly ours for defining gated un,to itself authority which it was diplomatic missions headed by charges d' our relationship with China now and in the not given by the Constitution and has affaires since 1950. British citizens and prop post-Mao year. set itself up as a judicial oligarchy. erty were handled brutally during the Cul We are all familiar with the contro tural Revolution, but British interests in versial positions taken by the majority of China, particularly Hong Kong, were served Supreme Court members in recent years, by the opportunity to meet formally, RECONFIRMATION EVERY 10 YEARS such as outlawing prayers in public promptly and in absolute secrecy as frequent AND MANDATORY RETIREMENT schools, banning segregation, the "one ly as both sides desired. Obviously Warsaw is man, one-vote" policy and other far a poor substitute for Peking. AT AGE 70 URGED FOR SUPREME To the extent that we are consistent and COURT JUSTICES reaching pronouncements. Such deci convincing in our acceptance of the People's sions have imposed upon the Nation new Republic of China as China, a legitimate rules of conduct and more importantly member of the international community, we HON. WATKINS M. ABBITT many of these so-called rules and un can expect Peking to participate more posi OF VIRGINIA written laws have been imposed without tively in that community. It is not surpris IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES congressional support. ing that isolated invitations to confer on Through its extension and interpreta one matter or another, often with the in Wednesday, January 8, 1969 tion of the Constitution the Supreme clusion of Chinese Nationalists already ar ranged, are rejected out of hand so long as Mr. ABBITT. Mr. Speaker, I have in Court has revamped many areas of our the inner circle, the Security Council, troduced a proposed amendment to the national life and has created by virtue of awards permanent membership to Taiwan's Constitution requiring that Justices of its decisions a society which is much dif representative, thereby substituting 13 mil the Supreme Court be reconfirmed by ferent than many of us have known be lion people for a nation of 750 million. Our the Senate every 10 years and establish fore. The function of the Supreme Court legal legerdemain may win votes in New York, ing a mandatory retirement of Justices is to interpret the law and to adjudicate but it does not lessen hostility in Peking. at the age of 70. · lawsuits: It is not to write legislation or Though the Chinese have said relatively to mold and remake our society. The little about the advent of the Nixon Admin I first introduced this resolution on istration, they have, through their call for a September 10, 1968, and since that time Founding Fathers did not intend that new agreement, left open the door to prog have received many communications, not the Court should be a promoter of the ress. The "five principles of coexistence," on only from my district and the State of public welfare nor an arbiter of the lives which the new pact would be based, were first Virginia but from all parts of the Nation of American citizens. set out in a Sino-Indian agreement in April, in support of this proposal. Many people Although the decisions of the Court in 1954. They are: mutual respect for territorial are profoundly concerned about this recent years have touched all Americans integrity and sovereignty, nonaggression, problem and feel that unless some cor in many ways, no activity of the Court noninterference in internal affairs, equality has been more shattering of the Ameri and mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence. rective measures are taken, our whole Of course, Peking's proposal was tied to its governmental system may well be en can status quo than its effect on crime standard demand that the United States dangered. in America. No greater challenge or dan withdraw all its military forces from Tai I am convinced that no problem in ger faces this Nation than the Govern wan and the Taiwan Strait. But there was a America is more evident to the general ment's attitude toward crime. We have hint of hope in the initial dispatch from public today than the need for some re always had a criminal element but here Hsinhua, the official press agency, on Nixon's strictions on the present power of the tofore the function of the Government electoral victory. Of all the Republican can Supreme Court. The Court has gone far has been to curb the activities of crimi didates' campaign statements, Hsinhua sin afield in the past two decades-usurping nals and to protect the law-a.biding citi gled out for attention a pledge to "reduce our commitments around the world in areas legislative powers and attempting to re zen. No longer is this true. The Federal where we are overextended" and "put more mold our society according to the philos Bureau of Investigation reports that emphasis on the priority area." Though Pe ophy of a majority of its members. there were increases in all categories of king may have been mistaken in its assump The Constitution never intended that major crimes during the past year. While tion that Nixon's "priority area" does not in this would be the function of the Su many of these categories relate to crime clude the Asian mainland, its statements preme Court, and unless something is against individuals, by far the greatest since his election have been notable for their done soon to curb these activities, our increase was in crimes against society as lack of vitriol, and that leaves the new Presi dent with some relatively happy options. whole society is going to be irreparably a whole. Riotous conditions have ex Naturally, we cannot expect China to vote altered. isted in many of our large cities and our way once it does participate in interna The wave of decisions by the Court in much of this problem can be directly tional affairs on a more regular basis. We the past decade has greatly weakened traced to decisions of the Supreme Court. can, however, be confident of the intermit the power of law-enforcement authori The public is understandably appre tent reconciliation of conflicting interests ties and increased the problem of crime hensive and fearful as to what the fu through traditional Asian bargaining and throughout the United States. The Court ture will bring when it looks to Washing Western diplomacy. Nor must we assume that has exalted the standing of minority ton and sees supposedly responsible all our interests conflict. In such practical fields as population control, agricultural re pressure groups to such an extent that public officials acting in an irresponsible search and preventive medicine, our interests the rights of the vast majority of Ameri manner. Certainly it is irresponsible in Asian progress mesh with those of China. cans have been jeopardized. To a large when those who are elected or appointed On the diplomatic front, our hope for more extent, the Court's decisions have been to protect the public interest refuse to do flexible Asian relationships can coincide with legislative functions which the Constitu that which protects the public as a Chinese desires to avoid so exclusive a de tion clearly designated to the Congress. whole, but rather succumb to the idea pendence on another state as existed before There has been a persistent and consist that criminals need to be pampered and the Sino-Soviet dispute. But for future Chi ent effort by a majority of the Court to protected. nese leaders to reject a possible rapproche ment with Moscow they must have alterna force upon the public its own political, Certainly no one would want to deny tive sources of the trade and aid necessary economic, and sociological views. In rights to any American citizen, but there for modernization. The reexamination of many respects, these decisions of the comes a time when an individual's rights these matters in Peking must await the death Court have transcended the acts of Con cannot be allowed to thwart society as a of Mao, but we need not wait for that mo gress and changed the fundamental whole and this is a lesson which the ma ment to consider the alternatives we may philosophy of the separation of powers jority of the Supreme Court apparently wish to pose for Peking. which is a basic foundation of our sys is unwilling to recognize. Vietnam understandably is the first order tem of government. Never in the history of America--even of business in. Asia for President Nixon and his new Secretary of State. In handling Viet It is pertinent that in 22 years, be in the frontier days-has there been such nam, they will inevitably consider the ·larger tween 1937 and 1959, only six Federal widespread public concern and fear as frame of Southeast Asia, and in turn, main laws were held unconstitutional by the there is today with reference to lawless land China. Reversing this order and re Supreme Court. ness throughout our land. Our law-en ex~mini:i;ig our assumptions !ind policies But in the past 5 years more than forcement officials to a large extent have toward China might provide q.ifferent .solu- twice that number ha.v:.e heen declared. been forced to govern their law-enforcing 350 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 8, 1969 activities by giving first consideration to the U.S. Senate. Therefore, the pres the Statute ot the Council of Europe, by to how the Federal courts are likely to ent constitutional provisions relating to virtue of which every member must accept view their every action. Criminal the Supreme Court are not sacrosanct the principles of the Rule of Law and ot the elements, dissenters, beatniks, and oth enjoyment by all persons within its Juris and should be weighed in terms of the diction of human rights and fundamental ers have trampeled on our public institu public need. freedoms; tions and fiouted the laws governing the We cannot stand idly by and see our 2. Recalling that in Resolution 361 the As American society. great institutions changed beyond the sembly decided (inter alla) in paragraph 8: This deplorable situation has gone far point where positive recall can be effec (i) to give close consideration to the con enough. We cannot continue to tolerate tuated. stitution submitted to referendum and to conditions under which the lawless The Court majority is clearly under the conditions under which the referendum mining the fabric of our society and we itself would be held in order to ascertain element and those who would undermine their democratic character, and as our society are given the upperhand in Members of Congress have a duty to (ii) to make a recommendation by the the control of that society. The Court perform in order to protect the people spring of 1969 at the latest and earlier if continues to blindly contend that it is we serve and the Nation of which we are necessary in relation to the suspension or protecting the rights of the individual a part. expulsion of Greece from the Council of Eu who commits a crime but overlooks the rope if the promises of the regime to move rights of the law-abiding citizens against towards an acceptable parliamentary democ racy had not been respected; whom the crimes may have been per DICTATORSHIP IN GREECE 3. Considering: petrated. (a) that the derogation from the European We cannot hide the fact that many Convention on Human Rights and Funda of the major crimes in the United States HON. DON EDWARDS mental Freedoms in Greece still persists; are today made more enticing to the OF CALIFORNU (b) that many army offi.cers, civil servants, criminal element simply because they IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES professors and even judges have been dis feel they have a better chance of beat missed on poll tical grounds; Wednesday, January 8, 1969 (c) that according to the opinion of juridi ing the law than heretofore has been cal experts, which is shared by the Legal the case. We must throw off the shackles Mr. EDW.ARDS of California. Mr. Affairs Committee of the Assembly, the draft which today impede law enforcement Speaker, nearly 21 months have passed constitution drawn up by the Greek Govern throughout the land and return the con since the April 21, 1967, military coup by ment does not conform to democratic prin fidence of the general public that laws which a junta of army colonels seized ciples; will be enforced. power in Greece. ( d) that the conditions in the months pre The only way that I know to curb I trust that many of those who pre ceding the referendum on the draft con such usurpation of power is to place ferred to give the colonels the benefit of stitution have made a free and democratic the doubt all these months will now come campaign impossible, that according to the some restriction on the office of Supreme declarations of the Greek Government the Court Justice itself. Supreme Court Jus to a more severe judgment. referendum will be held under martial law tices-unlike Members of Congress who I especially hope that those who make decreed on 21 April 1967, and that it cannot are elected by the people and responsive the crucial decisions of American foreign therefore be .considered as a free expression to the people-are in effect, the final policy have been making the painful and of the popular will; voice in what is the law of the land. Some painfully necessary, reevaluation. (e) that the Greek Government has made way must be found to make the Court With each passing day, the Greek dic it clear, inter alia in the declaration made tatorship is tightening its grip on every by the Prime Minister on 16 September 1968, realize that it is there for the purpose that it has no intention, in the near future, of serving the people of the United aspect of Greek life. The average Greek, of applying the articles of the constitution States and not being their dictatorial whose spontaneity and love of political concerning parliamentary elections and hu master. conversation is legendary, is now silent, man rights and fundamental freedoms, in I realize that this is not an easy task afraid to talk freely to any but the most cluding the freedom of the press, the freedom and one which will be violently opposed trusted friends. Purges take place ruth of association, the freedom of assembly, and by the liberal element who always seem lessly in the rr..ilitary, the church, and the the freedom to form political parties; to find some excuse to coddle and pro civil service, with obedience to the dicta 4. Condemns the continued refusal of the torship the only test. Greek Government to reestablish human tect the off ender while closing their eyes rights and fundamental freedoms and to en to the injustice done to the general pub Those who pretend that the colonels sure the rapid return to a democratic parlia lic. came to power as constitutional reform mentary regime; Under my bill, members of the Su ers, a position regrettably advanced by 5. Expresses its solidarity with the Greek preme Court would have to be recon our State Department, only delay the people in its present plight and especially firmed by the U.S. Senate every 10 years. facing up to the hard, bitter realities. with those who are the victims of repressive In addition, a mandatory retirement at Those American businessmen who pre measures; age 70 would be provided. fer to do business with a "stable" dicta 6. Considers that respect for the Statute torship should have on their conscience constitutes the very foundation of the Coun It seems to me that these are reason cil of Europe's existence and must therefore able provisions inasmuch as under the the bitter thought of 8 million human admit of no exception; present law there is no way that retire beings who have been deprived of rights 7. Recalls Article 8 of the Statute of the ment can be forced, nor can members be even the most insensitive American busi Council of Europe by virtue of which "any brought to any formal accounting for nessman would consider fundamental. member of the Council of Europe which has their decisions. Members of Congress The tragedy which American con seriously violated Article 3 of its Statute may servatives as well as American liberals be suspended from its right of representa must periodically stand for reelection; tion"; the President is limited to two 4-year must consider is that ir:. Greece, "the vital center" of responsible liberals and con 8. Calls for: terms; but, under present laws, Supreme (a) The immediate return to a democratic Court Justices are not limited except by servatives is in desperate danger of be and parliamentary system including the right death or voluntary retirement. ing wiped out. The natural result would of the Greek people to vote upon a demo As stated previously, I have been very be a sharpened polarization into extreme cratic constitution; pleased with the response which my reso right and extreme left. Neither American (b) the immediate abolition of martial law, lution brought forth in the closing days interests nor NATO interests can long the full restoration of human rights and fun a void the dreadful consequences of such damental freedoms and an end to restrictions of the 90th Congress. I urge the chair on poUtical liberties; man of the House Judiciary Committee a development. (c) the organisation of parliamentary elec to call hearings on this proposal and to Under leave to extend my remarks, I tions within six months under conditions go into the matter fully. I believe that it include in the RECORD several timely arti which allow everyone to conduct a free and is deserving of mature consideration and cles reviewing the situation in Greece: democratic campaign, including the an the American people have clearly indi [From News of Greece, November 1968] nouncement of the date
SENATE-Thursday, January 9, 1969 The Senate met at 12 o'clock noon, and in the narrow confinement of our own Make us good enough, great enough, and was called to order by the President pro selfish ways. But lift our eyes that we strong enough for the age in which we tempore. may behold the vision of that kingdom live. Grant that goodness and mercy The Chaplain, the Reverend Dr. Ed which is yet to be, the ruler of which is may follow us all our days that we may ward L. R. Elson, D.D., offered the fol God, and the law of which is love. abide with Thee forever. In the Redeem lowing prayer: As this day we render high honor to er's name. Amen. the intrepid voyagers in the vast ranges Before the mountains were brought of Thy universe, make us explorers of the forth, or ever, Thou hadst formed the spirit and pioneers in a new order of THE JOURNAL earth and the world, even from everlast brotherhood and peace. Equip the people Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask ing to everlasting, Thou art God.-Psalm of this land and their representatives unanimous consent that the reading of 90: 2. here assembled with justice and right the Journal of the proceedings of Mon o Lord, make us mindful of Thee this eousness, with wisdom and courage, with day, January 6, 1969, be dispensed with. day. Invest us with a sense of the eternal. compassion and mercy, so as to be the The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With Spare us from being little souls wrapped servants of Thy purposes upon this earth. out objection, it is so ordered.