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Achene Fatty Acid Composition in the Tribe Anthemideae (Asteraceae)

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Achene Fatty Acid Composition in the Tribe Anthemideae (Asteraceae) Romanian Biotechnological Letters Vol. 21, No. 3, 2016 Copyright © 2016 University of Bucharest Printed in Romania. All rights reserved ORIGINAL PAPER Achene Fatty Acid Composition in the Tribe Anthemideae (Asteraceae) Received for publication, July 17, 2014 Accepted, August 7, 2015 FAIK AHMET AYAZ*, HUSEYIN INCEER, SEMA HAYIRLIOGLU-AYAZ, NURSEN AKSU-KALMUK Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Trabzon, Turkey *Address correspondence to: Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey. Tel.: +90462 337 3712; Fax.: +90462 337 3712; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Fatty acid composition of the achene of 44 taxa belonging to seven genera (Achillea, Anthemis, Artemisia, Glebionis, Matricaria, Tanacetum and Tripleurospermum) of the tribe Anthemideae (Asteraceae) from Turkey were analysed using gas chromatography. The presence of 16 fatty acids in the studied taxa was determined and quantified. The content of palmitic acid (C16:0) was 11.34%-30.20%, of oleic acid (C18:1) 4.17%-23.55, of linoleic acid (C18:2) 27.39%-65.52% and of linolenic acid (C18:3) 0.39%-21.53%. Total unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in the achene varied greatly among the studied taxa. As averaged, the highest total MUFA was 12.99%, while UFA 69.39% and PUFA 56.41%. The ratio of UFA/SFA was between 1.03 and 5.70. Results are discussed in terms of nutritional importance of these species as potential candidates for inclusion in botanically designated pastures to contribute to improving milk quality. Keywords: achene, Anthemideae, fatty acid, Turkey 1. Introduction The health promoting effects of biologically active compounds in chronic diseases have received wide attention in the past two decades. Plants represent the unique source of biologically active compounds. Numerous plant species, mostly spices and aromatic herbs, have been examined for their nutrient and non-nutrient characteristics in many human age-related degenerative diseases. Many edible plants are capable of producing natural chemopreventive compounds which have no synthetic counterparts and which play a protective role in human health maintenance. Fatty acids (FAs) and their chemo-preventive effects are pharmacologically active in chronic or degenerative diseases. Research has proved that diets rich in saturated fatty acid (SFA) are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) due to their raising serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations. In contrast, it has been suggested that diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and in some polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LN), reduce or inhibit such CVDs (VASSILIOU & al. [1]; KRIS-ETHERTON & al. [2]; URSIN [3]). These acids are therefore essential to human health (ROS and MATAIX [4]). The human body is unable to synthesize these FAs. Known as essential FAs, neither linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) nor - 11576 Romanian Biotechnological Letters, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2016 Achene Fatty Acid Composition in the Tribe Anthemideae (Asteraceae) linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) can be endogenously synthesized by humans. They therefore need to be supplied by diet, such as from seed oil from safflower, sunflower, pine nuts, sesame, flaxeed, walnuts, soybean, canola etc., or from fish, whale, seal, walrus, cod-liver, herring, salmon, etc., (KRIS-ETHERTON & al. [2]; URSIN [3]; ROS and MATAIX [4]; CONNOR [5]; INNIS [6]). Mammals are not able to introduce double bonds between the terminal methyl group and the ninth carbon atom in the FA chain (MCDONALD & al. [7]), while plants have the ability to synthesise C18:3n-3 acid de novo (DEWHURST & al. [8]). Efforts have therefore been made to introduce new oil seeds, with high nutritional and pharmaceutical values (GOLI & al. [9]). The tribe Anthemideae (Asteraceae) has a worldwide distribution, although the taxa are concentrated in Central Asia, the Mediterranean region and South Africa. Some members of the subtribes Ursinniinae, Artemisiinae, Chrysantheminae, Leucantheminae, Anthemidinae and Matricarinae are pernicious weeds, such as some of the Ursinia species introduced in Australia and New Zealand. Species of Achillea, Anthemis, Artemisia, Glebionis, Leucanthemum, Matricaria and Tripleurospermum are widespread weeds in both the northern and southern hemispheres (BREMER and HUMPRIES [10], OBERPRIELER & al. [11]). However, most taxa have discrete ranges and very obvious areas of endemism (BREMER and HUMPRIES [10]). Members of the tribe have for long been used as medicinal herbs in folk and alternative medicines. Much research has been conducted into essential oil compositions of the taxa in the tribe (BREMER and HUMPRIES [10]). However, little information about the FA composition in achenes of several species of the tribe has been reported (GOLI & al. [9]; PALIĆ & al. [12]; TSEVEGSUREN & al. [13]; WARNER & al. [14]). This scarcity led us to profile the FA composition in the achenes of 44 taxa belonging to seven genera (Achillea, Anthemis, Artemisia, Glebionis, Matricaria, Tanacetum and Tripleurospermum) of the tribe which are native to Turkey. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Experimental details and treatments 2.1.1. Experimental material Mature achenes of 44 taxa of the tribe Anthemidea were used for chemical analysis. Achenes, including mature achenes, belonging to 5-7 capitula of each taxon were collected from natural bulk populations in Turkey (Table 1). Plant vouchers are deposited in the herbarium at the Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Biology (KTUB). The mature achenes were removed from the fruit debris and used for extraction. Table 1. Locality and voucher number of the investigated species Taxon Locality Voucher Achillea biebersteinii Hub.-Mor. A7 Gümüşhane: Köse Mountain, 1800 m a.s.l., 23.vii.2001. Inceer 142 A. bisserata M. Bieb. A7 Gümüşhane: Zigana Mountain, between Zigana Pass and Torul, Inceer 668 1200-1300 m a.s.l., 06.vii.2006. A. multifida (DC.) Griseb. A2 Bursa: Uludağ, 1820 m a.s.l., 27.vi.2007. Inceer 357 A. wilhelmsii K. Koch A3 Bolu: Near Abant Lake, 1331 m a.s.l., Inceer 575 12.vi. 2008. Anthemis cotula L. A2 Bursa: Uludağ-Bursa road, 1050 m a.s.l., 28.vi.2007. Inceer 368 Romanian Biotechnological Letters, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2016 11577 FAIK AHMET AYAZ, HUSEYIN INCEER, SEMA HAYIRLIOGLU-AYAZ, NURSEN AKSU-KALMUK A. macrotis (Rech. f.) Oberpr. & Vogt C1 Muğla: Between Muğla and Köyceğiz, 11 m a.s.l., 10.iv.2008. Inceer 496 Artemisia annua L. A7 Trabzon: Near KTU, Kanuni Campus, 100 m a.s.l., 02.x.2008. Inceer 708 A. austriaca Jacq. A7 Gümüşhane: Köse Mountain, 1800 m a.s.l., 23.vii.2001. Inceer 140 A. santonicum L. A9 Erzurum: Near Olur, 983 m a.s.l., 19.vii.2007. Inceer 445 Glebionis coronaria (L.) Spach C1 Aydın: Kuşadası, 10 m a.s.l., 08.iv.2008. Inceer 483 G. segetum L. Fourr. A1 Çanakkale: From Bayramiç to Çanakkale, 250 m a.s.l., 12.v.2007. Inceer 337 Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Sch. Bip. C1 Gaziantep/Şanlıurfa: Between Nizip-Birecik, near Dutlu, 440 m Inceer 322 a.s.l., 08.v.2007. M. chamomilla L. var. chamomilla C1 Muğla: between Milas and Bodrum, 10 m a.s.l., 08.iv.2008. Inceer 486 M. chamomilla L. var. recutita (L.) Fiori B1 İzmir: From Torbalı to Aydın, 64 m a.s.l., 07.iv.2008. Inceer 481 M. matricarioides (Less.) Porter A9 Kars: Kars-Ardahan, Göle Road, 1800 m a.s.l., 18.vii.2007. Inceer 420 Tanecetum vulgare L. A7 Giresun: Between Şehitler Pass and Şebinkarahisar, 1583 m a.s.l., Inceer 662 21.vii.2008. Tripleurospermum baytopianum E. Hossain A1 (E) Tekirdağ: From Malkara to Şarköy, 141 m a.s.l., 16.iv.2008. Inceer 506 T. callosum (Boiss & Hedlr) E. Hossain A7 Gümüşhane: Keçikaya Village, 1618 m a.s.l., 04.vii.2007. Inceer 382a T. caucasicum (Willd.) Hayek A8 Rize: Ayder, Yukarı Kavrun, 2278 m a.s.l., 23.vii.2008. Inceer 672 T. caucasicum (Willd.) Hayek A8 Rize: Ayder, Yukarı Kavrun, 2000 m a.s.l., 11.vii.2009. Inceer 765 T. conoclinium (Boiss. & Bal.) Hayek B2 İzmir: Bozdağ, 1178 m a.s.l., 14.iv.2007. Inceer 264 T. corymbosum E. Hossain B9 Ağrı: Suluçem (Musun), Balık Gölü, 2098 m a.s.l., 11.vii.2008. Inceer 612 T. decipiens (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Bornm. B3 Eskişehir: Midas road, 1290 m a.s.l., 28.vi.2007. Inceer 375 T. elongatum (DC.) Bornm. A7 Giresun: From Şehitler Pass to Şebinkarahisar, 1317 m a.s.l., Inceer 664 21.vii.2008. T. fissurale (Sosn.) E. Hossain A8 Artvin: Between Ispir and Yusufeli, 10 km to Yusufeli, 653 m a.s.l., Inceer 533 31.v.2008. T. heterolepis (Freyn & Sint.) Bornm. A7 Gümüşhane: Keçikaya Village, 1618 m a.s.l., 04.vii.2007. Inceer 382b T. hygrophilum (Bornm.) Bornm. B1 İzmir: Yamanlar Mountain, 887 m a.s.l., 15.iv.2007. Inceer 273 T. inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip. A9 Erzurum: Between Pasinler and Horasan, near Horasan, Köprü Inceer 600 Village, 1600 m a.s.l., 11.vii.2008. T. kotschyi (Boiss.) E. Hossain C5 Niğde: Ulukışla, Bolkar Mountains, near Karagöl, 2600 m a.s.l., Inceer 702 29.vii.2008. T. melanolepis (Boiss. & Buhse) Pobed. A9 Artvin: Şavşat, near Çamlıbel pass, 2550 – 2600 m a.s.l., Inceer 741 20.vi.2009. T. microcephalum (Boiss.) Bornm. B8 Muş: Near fallow fields, 1323 m a.s.l., 09. vii.2008. Inceer 594 T. monticolum Bornm. B8 Erzurum: Palandöken Mountain, 2907 m a.s.l., 13.vii.2008. Inceer 639 T. oreades var. oreades (Boiss.) Rech. f. A7 Giresun: Kümbet Plateau, 1719 m a.s.l., 21.vii.2008. Inceer 658 var. oreades T. oreades (Boiss.) Rech. f. var. A9 Artvin: Şavşat, 2185 m a.s.l., 17.vii.2007. Inceer 414 tchihatchewii (Boiss.) E. Hossain T. parviflorum (Willd.) Pobed C2 Denizli: Between Pamukkale and Denizli, cultivated fields, 931 m Inceer 499 a.s.l., 10.iv.2008.
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