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Qqq Qq , Qq Qq Q Qqqqq, Qqqq Q Qq Qq (Q 1)

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Qqq Qq , Qq Qq Q Qqqqq, Qqqq Q Qq Qq (Q 1) ΅ῡῐῩ῟Ὸ ῌ ῿῞῿῎Ί῞ ῲῦ; ῷc5de3 ,2 kDa ῒῡῌ Ῥ c5de ´ῌ ῒ῾ `"ῤ$῟Ώ ῲ(Ὶ῟΅Ῠῦ`ῥῌ 3 /2 kDa, ῨῺc5de3 0*῎0/ kDa fΊg\῎῍ Q ῿-ῳῲ(Ὶ῟/0 `"ῤ$῟΅ῢῬῦῧ῞456 5hijῨῺ7Ῥ 3 AP 3ῠ῏῟4mnΊopqῢ ΅ῡῐῩ῟ῦ`ῤ78῞ῘῑῙ῟Ὸ ΐ ῠ?@Ῑ῔ j3ῌ ῍ῢ῎)) 7> ῶ 3ῖΰ3ῠ῏῟ , m ῖ῍ ῒῴEῚ ῌ ΅ῡῐῩΐ/0 `"ῤ$῟FG ῗIῚ ῝῕ῌ -ῳῌ ῶMῶ ῌ ῼOP `"ῤ$῟QRS nΊopqῢj3ΐ῍ῢΐῌ sΰῡῌ tu3 ῳ` Tῌ Uῌ V῱ῌ ῼOXῌ Y῭Ὺ`῰]῝῜_`῝ bΌ Ὺ῟ῑyῢῤzῒ῞{|῟ῠῢj3῜~ῐῡΰῢ῍ ῞ ῕456fῐῧ78ῠῷhi6jΊΐῌ k῏῞Gmn )) AP 3ῧῴ ` (phytepsin) ῌ /- kDa oῙῑ6῍ jjῚ ῌ ῡῧ"Ύΰ`r΅ῡῐῩῠ ῞ῌ 3 ΅Ῠ ῜Ὶ Pΰῌ -, kDa ῜ +0 kDa 3 s῟FtuvΊ w78῞ῘῑῙGxi6῍ ῭; Ὸ῵ῒῡ῞ῢU῔῞ , mn (.2 kDa) ῜ῌ ,3 kDa ῜ ++ kDa 3῭; Ὸ῵ῒῡ῞ῢP῞ , mn y῵t ῡῧ"Ύΰ`r΅ῡῐῩ῟Ὼ| ῟ (.* kDa) 3 , Ῑ3ῦῨEῌ ῥjῙ(,)῍ ῝Ῐῡ3 uv ῴ , mnjῥqῢ῍ fῗῌ > ῶ 3> ῶ` ῦ῱´ ῴῦῌ (AP ; EC-...,-) ῟ A (cardosin A) ῌ 0. kDa 3 ΅Ῠ ΐ Ῑ῎Ὶῌ ῕ῒῡ ´ Ί !ΐ#῞ῤΰ ῳ` ῪῥyῚ -/ kDa ῜ -* kDa ῒῡ῞ῢnΐ Ὶ῔ῗ῍ )) ῌ ῵Ῡ Ῥ`ῌ ῨῺῌ Ῥ ῞῝3 Ί῔ῌ AP | (plant specific inser- 4567ῌ ` ῨΌῷῲῷῌ ῦ; ῷῌ <῿ῌ > tion : PSI) ΐzΰῚ -+ kDa ῜ +/ kDa ῒῡ῞ῢ ῶ ῌ >>)ῌ Ῠ@῰ῌ Ῠ Ύ ῿ ῌ ) ῰ῌ ῾ ῜῞ῢ(-)῍ s3ῠ῏῟ῌ AP 33 Ί Ῡ EῩῌ ῼῬῌ ῵῿῵ῌ <῿G ῞῝3I56 Q5῭Ῠῲ3|῞ῢῦῨEῌ ΐK¡qῢ῍ ῖ3¢ ῒῡJK῍ῢ῎NOPΰῚ῎ῢ ῏~ +ῐ(+)῍ Q5῭Ῠ ῟jῌ > ῶ 3῭Ῠ ` (.)ῌ <῿G 3 AP(/) Ί£ ¤3 ῳ` Ὺΐa¥PΰῚ῎ῢ῍ Plant Aspartic Proteases ῌ Diversity and Functions ¦§ AP ¨©῟ῌ +-A ῟ªqῠ῏῟ῌ « ,* Tomiko ASAKURA, Tomoko TAMURA, Kaede TERAUCHI, ῦ Ώ ῒῡ῞ῢ`Ὺῷ ῟®῔ῌ « .* ῦ Ώ Keiko ABE, ῍+STUVUVWXVYZ[V ![ῌ ῍,\]^_ UV`aVb 3 ῌ ¯ῥ°± N ²³´µ¶ῌ ῟| + ῍ Ῐῐῒ῕ῑῖ῔ῐῌΐ῏ῗ῎ῙΊ῟ Ὺ῵ ῍῎*L l῟ῤΰ.ῤ῭ ῐῧz ῲN´ῼῼ Pasp A+ (At+g++3+*) ῐXyῌ ῌ ´ῌ ῌ CῸNE῿ΌῩῌ ῪJΎ῵E῟CqῲEῬ +1 ῰ ῌ Pasp A, (At+g0,,3*) ῐXyῌ ῰ ῪJΎ῵E῟CqῲE +1, ,0 Ῥῌ Xy῟ῌ# Pasp A- (At.g*..0*) ῐῌ ῰ +1 CDR+ (At/g---.*) }-~ B¤¥C* ,. N oryzasin+ Xy Ί῕[E\Ύ]῟Ύ¦ +. Ὺ phytepsin Xyῐῌ ῌ ´ῌ CῸNE῿ΌῩῌ ῪJΎ῵E῟CqῲEῬ +, ῠ§ῐῠ, §}-῟Ύ¦ ,1 ΅ Ὺ WAP+,WAP, Xy Ί῕[E\Ύ]῟Ύ¦ ,2 ῴN soyAP+ ῧ©Xy o-ῠ§ῐῠ, §}-῟Ύ¦ +0 soyAP, ῌ ῌ ´ῌ o- o-[E\Ύ]῟Ύ¦ +0 FF TcAP+, TcAP, Xy FFH῟ῧ$p.῞ῐ῕ΰ ,3 Xy[E\Ύ]῟Ύ¦ FGΏE cyprosin ῐ -* cardosinA ῐ CῸNE῿ΌῩῌ Ῥ῟ΰª῜Ῥ§῟ῌ῝ +2 cardosinB ῐ}-΅῎}-~ +3 «ῷ῿F­ nepenthesin Ὶῦῲ®ΰOΎῩoῙ῟`)* +/ ¯ Xy CῸNE῿ΌῩῌ Ί῕[E\Ύ]῟C῾C῵Ώ῟ -+ Ύ¦ qN±«ῼ[ Xy ´῟ ` -, ῰῰῭ VuAP+ ´ ³ΐUῺJU῞ΰ´µ* -- NE῭E ´ ³ΐUῺJU῞ΰ´µ* -- ¶U῭ DSA. ῰ ` -. Ὼ Ὼ LeAspP ´ ·¸¹S -/ ῳ »N StAP+-StAP- }-~½¥ῼ -0 ῞ΰῷ +** Ῠ ῑῡ῝ΰ PSIῌ Ὶ C ῲE D ῟cdῌ FῸCῲE D ῒSaaῌ R E ῖῑῡῘῤῚ῎ΰ῍ ῝Ὺ AP ῌU-0-SE ῞ f῞Ὸ῔ῤΰ῟῞'(Ί῍ ῒ ῞Ὶῐῢῌ ῜ῢῥ῕ῌ#$ῒ῟ ῠ ΰ῍ ῔῱ῤῚ῎ΰ῍ ῡ῞ῌ , Ῑ῟)*Ῑ+῟ῥ῾ PSI ῜῰ ῲE῟ ῟*ῌ PSI ῒ AP ῟ ῑDDTG ῐῠ, DDSGῒῌ C ῖ῟*-῎῍ Ὸ῔῞gῺῚ῎ΰhῤ*ῦijΰ8῟Ί῍ΰ῍ ῡ ῞ ῑῡ8ῌ @ῩῸCῲE῟ PSI ῐῠ,ῌ#[E \Ύ]῟*῞+kd῜l῟ῤΰ*Lῒ Ῐ AP ῝῜Ὶ῞ ῖ῍ 9῟ῌ `Gῳῦnῖo-R῟Ὸ῔῟p. PSI ῟.ῤῌ /ῑῑῡ0ῴ῟1῜῝ῘῚΐῖ ῑ5 Ίῌ `Gῳ῟+kdJqC[ῌ[E\Ύ]῜῟῏rῦ +ῒ῍ Ὺ AP ῟ ῌ 6῎῞-῎*ῦ8Ῑ9 8ῖῡῌ @ῩῸCῲE῟o-Ὸ῔῞gῺΰ9῜ῒs ῜ῦ:῞;<ῖῒῌ ῟ῙΊ PSI Ῠ>*῟῞῎ ῏ῡῤΰ῍ 9῟uῐ῟8῜῞ῌ @ῩῸCῲEῑῡ PSI ῦ Ί῍ΰ῍ @ῩῸCῲE῜FGΏῲE A ῟ vwxῖΎyῦῧzxῖ{|Ίῌ PSI vw`W ῑῡῌ PSI )*ΎJ@ῺῑῡῤῖLῗ῞ῌ ῢ ῒ}-~῞ΎῩῤΰ9῜ῒῶῡῑ῞῝Ῐῖ῍ ῖῌ $ ῖΏ NEῦῌΰ9῜ῒῥῑῘῖ(0, 1)῍ )*Ῑ ῒ)*῟6ῑῡ PSI ῦ῜<ῖῳ8῍ΰ῍ 9ῡῌ +ῦΌΰ , Ῑ῟Ώ NEῒ b ῲῌῺ῞"ῧῗ ῦ ῡῒ῎ῗῖN AP ῟ῙΊ῍ΰS῱ῲE + ῟ ῜ΰ῟῞ῌ PSI / Ῑ῟ a RSῶΎUῑῡ῝ῢῌ PSI ῦvwxῖ`WῦῚ$ῒ)*ῦ῜<ῌ PSI ῦV῔$ῒ#῜ῌ ῞8WX῝8῟Ί῍Ῐ PSI vwS῱ῲE + 8 *Ί`῞ῠῘῚ ῖ ῑ5 +-Bῒ῍ PSI ῟ ῌ ῰ ῲEΏ (saposin- )*῜῝ῢῌ $ῒ)*ῦ῱ΰ9῜ῦiῖ(2, 3)῍ like) [E\Ύ]῟ῙΊ῍ΰ NK-SῲE῞Ὶ῎ ῖῌ , X῟ῴN AP, soyAP+ ῜ soyAP,, ῐῠ, ΰ (C)῍ ῰ ῲEU@ῩE`_])*`[E\Ύ]Ί 9ῤῡῒ PSI ῦvwῖ soyAP+DPSI ῜ soyAP,DPSI ῍ῢῌ Saaῌ ῞Ὶ῎ΰ῍ ῰ ῲE C ῜FῸC ῟῏῟ C ῖ῞ GFP ῦ῿kῌ ῲN´ῼῼῦ< ῝ + ῍ Ῐ῏῜ΐ῕῔ῖΊΐῌ (AP) ῐῚ῟ (A) ΎΎ ΅ AP ^_Ὼ῿aM῝¢ΏῬῺ῿aM D ;<6῍ (B) ^_Ὼ῿aMῬ;<῍ ¤¥Fῢ AP Ῐ*2¦Ὶ῝῰ (PSI) .ῌ , Ὶ1῔§῜῍ῧi¨Nk΅M©ª«¬¥῜.%῍ (C) ^_Ὼ῿aM PSI ῝ῲ aM5῵MN`P NK-raMῬ; <῍ ῎ῖῨΰ / Ὶ a rῸ`¨ΰῚ῍ ¤¥°±¨m^_ῼ³6'%῍ i ´©῝῰῜ a rῸ`¨ῡଥῡῗ¶¥ ῤ·῜6'%῍ ῝῰¸ῡῗ¹º· N 8ῑῒῥºῐῗ»῟῍ H+῎H/ a rῸ`¨6'ῌ ¼῔ΰ῝ῌ½%ῧ῍ ῩῗῚΊῩῙ ῖῗ῝ Ῡ(+*)ῌ soyAP ssica napus AP a]cd´f´ ,S im῾ Mop +-GFP ῝ soyAP,-GFP ῎ῖῨΰῩῨῗ qῒ(+-)ῌ ΎrῳaM + ῱ ῰mῺrMΰB ΐῌ soyAP,DPSI-GFP Ῡ΅ΐῠ῜ῌ %ῧ(+.)῍ ῡῩ῜ soyAP,DPSI ΐῩ (ER) ΐῨ Fῢ AP K῵MN`P῿]gaM῰vwΰ ῗ῍ Ῠῌ soyAP+DPSI ῜ῠ῝!῞Ῡ῜Ῡ ῡxῡ῟y῜ %ῧ ῝ΐ.ῨΊ῔ῗ῍ G῕῞z ΅ΐ#$Ῠῗ῍ %῟'Ῐῌ soyAP+ ῝ soyAP, {|ῒῥ}"Ῠῧy῜῜῍ῦῌ ῕FῢῪΌ Ῥfk PSI ῌ Ῡ)Ί*῟ῧ,ῪΰῚ ῝ΐ./ H Nepenthes distillatoria AP (Nepenthesin I, II) Ῠῗ῍ soyAP+ ῝ soyAP, PSI `01ῌ 2῭ ῕ῦῥῐῧ῎S ῞zῌ ΰ&῔S 3ῑ5ῧ`01῝6%ῧ῝῕ῌ Ῡ΅῞ 1)(Ί῎ῧ῝}"Ῠῗ(+/)῍ ῤ῏῟῝῰ῡῗῬ;<ΐ=῜῍ῧῒῌ @AB )ῥῌ *AHIῳῒῥ῱qῥ, ῨῧC῔E῏῜῍ῧ῍ ῌ RHI.῟῞zΐΊῢῥῨῗ soyAP+ ῞z in situ c῾rῶcῴῌa MῤῙΊBῗ ῏῝ ,ῐ῍ soyAP+ ῞zῌ ῲῡῘ*2῞z%ῧΰ Ῑ῎ῒῑ῞ῗ I ῌῬῌ῜῍ῧiam CoA Ύ῭aῶῌῴa῰´m Fῢ AP G῕FῢHIῒῥῐΎῨΊ῔ῗ ῝ῒ ῡ῝῟Ῑῗ῍ ῌ Ῑ3Ῐ*2῞z%ῧΰI ῥῌ AP ῤῧHIK῵MN`PΰBῌ QRS) ῌῬῌ῝Ί SCARECROW Ὺ῎ῗῌ soyAP+ %ῧῧTΐG῎῍ ῗ῝ῐVῌ ΎΎ ΅Z`ῷM῿] Ῑ3Ῑ῍ῧῩ῜῍ῧῲῩ῜. ^_Ὼ῿aMῤῙΊΰῌ a]cd´f´ PaspA+ ῞zΊ῎ῧ ῝ΐ'ῒῙῗ῍ Ῠῌ soyAP+ ΐ ῤῙΊΰ῿]gaM῰Ῠῧ(++, +,)῍ i῾k´l Bra- ῨῥῩ ¡ΰBῌ ῍Q)(Ί῎ῧ ῝ Ῐ , ῍ ῕ῐΐ῏ῒ ῑ ῗ ῏ῌ῔ (soyAP+) ῎Ῑῖ(+0) §¨ .2 ©ª«΅ῨῪ­a® ῒῢ ®῏°±ῌῧ²³,ῌ ´` aῡῤ in situ µῨῴ´΅ῨῬῌ ῼ0ῧ¸῟ῙῘ῍ soyAP+ ¹ &ῐº»,Ῐ῍ Terauchi et al. : Planta, ,+2, 3.1 (,**.) ῧ ½ ῧῖῤῠ῜῍ῤ(+0)῍ 0 A RGD j ῶyῶ´>ῌῬ D (PLD)a C, Ῐῌ ῖῤ AP ῠ῎ῥΊ῎ῤ῍ ῳΌῨ0ῧuvῖῤ3῝ΐῑῢῒῥῌ Ῡ.ῳ0 A ῨῪ PaspA- Ώ῝#$%῍&ῐ ΐ&ῐlm|SῡῙΊ uvwῒ,Ί῎ῤ῜ ῖῤ(+1)῍ '(῕ *+ῖῤ AP ῝,ΊῩ.ῳ0 ῟῎ῒ῝῎ῦῥΊ῎ῤ῍ Ῡ.ῳ0 A, B ῧ12ῤ3῝ΐ῜῔ῤ(+2, +3)῍ ῷ.ῲ# ῿῏ῌ Ῡ.ῳ0 B mRNA ῎ ῜ῖ .89῟`ῌῪ῜῍ῤΎ.> (Serpa) ῌ ΐ? ῤΐῌ ,Ῐ ,῜,῟῎῍ & Ῡ.ῳ0 @ΰBῧ ῐEFῗΊῚ῕ῢῥῤ῍ 3 ῐ῝&ῐῸῲ´῰$y*+ῖῤῩ.ῳ *+ῖῤE?JKΐῩ.ῳ0 A, B ῜῍ῤ῍ ῔ 0 B ῌ ,opῡῙΊῥΊ L῿NOP 1-῏῝Q῎῕RSῧῖΐῌ ῎῕Ὶῒ ῎ῤ῍ 3ῥ AP Ῐ῟ῧ,ῘΊ U῜SVΐ῟ῤ῍ Ῡ.ῳ0 A WX?X῭0> ῜῍ῙῘ῍ 3ῡ῏ AP ῟Sῌ $VZ[\ ῐQ^_῜*+,ῌ `ab RGD Ὼ Ῐ῟ AP ΐ῾8a¡῵.῜ ¤ῥῤ3῝ῡῙΊN῎ `ῌdῧῠῚ῍ RGD Ὼ`ῌd?῕῜Ῠ0῱f´ ῑῢῒῥΊ῔Ί῎ῤ῍ ¥ + AP ¦+῝ 0hij ῝,Ίkῢῥῌ &ῐlmῌ ` ῌ opῌ f Ὶ῎Ί,Ῐ῍ .8q῟῞ῑtῤ&ῐuvwῒ,Ί῎ῤ῍ Ῡ.ῳ Ὺῌῷ῝ΊRΊ῎ ῝ῐῨ ῍ Nucellin ῙῗῖῚ῎ῐΐ῕῏ ῔ῒ῎ῌῑ῍Ῐ ῑ``wῲ῜῾2Ῐΐῌ Ῥ῜ῥῗF<Pΐ ῢ῜Ῡ῝῟ῙῘῧ῕ AP ῍ῦ ῼΊ῎ ῍ ῒῨῌ AP Ὸ ῟ῢΏ ΰΐΊ῎ ῝(,*)ῌ ! pH ΐ"῝#῍ -.PCS+ Ῡ ῴΌῺ+῜ῡ, ῝῝῎ῙῘ-῰῝. T 0* ῍O<ῬQ῵Q AP 9ῌS{ Ί῎Ῐ῍ ῒ/´ῌ Ῠ AP ῝῟ ΌῬ T-DNA ΌP=Ῥ+῍U῍ῌ 5ῧ ῴῳ AP ΐ1῎῝῾2ῌ 3 4Ῑ῎5 lῌ[+P῟ῙῘ῝ῌ promotion of cell sur- 6Ί῎ ῝ΐ Ῠῒ῝῟ῙΊ῔Ῐ῍ vival + (PCS+) WῘ῜ῌ Xῠ῝ ῠῖRΐΊῐῌ >῾[ῑ῎Ί\῟:%} +.CND.+ ῔Ί>῝Ὺ}῝῟ῙῘ(,-)῍ \῾5῜῟_῟ CND.+ ῴῑῌ Ό῾9#$:%ῳ<< =ῴ´? PCD ΐ <ΏῳΊXῠP῜`῝ a:%ΐ &ῨῒῨ()ῌ ῗ .+ kDa AB῝Ό+῿ῳ. ῔¡ Ῐῤῌ P£Ό¤ ΐcῐ῜῔῟῕῟Ῡῌ CND.+ (chloroplast nucleoid DNA-bindig protein) ῝ d῝῟ ῍ PCS+ Qe῿:%῝¥ῐ¦:% *+Ῐ(,+)῍ CND.+ AP , ῚE῝Ύῗ῝Ὶῲ ῒ%Ῠ῾5{ ῍ PCS+ anti-PCD ~῜ῌ :% FῺῌ ῐFDTGS ῑῧK DSGῑ ῌ +,* Ὺ ῔¡Ῠῖ Ῐῤ¨9ῥῚ ῺS <ῶO+P MN"ῒῨ῟ ΅῎OPQR ῺSῥ῎Ί DNA T ῍ ῎E῝z{ ῝6{ ῝ῐῨΊ῎ ῍ U#῜῍ Lys ΰ helix-turn-helix (HTH) SW ©hB.ΐῶῲªῌ >῾¦ῑr Ῥ+ῥῚ῍ CND.+ ῾53῜Ῐ´=+ῴY῭ PCD W῰[῵w¬ 6῎jkῚ῜῍῏῍ [ΏῳΌ῾9#$:%῜ῳ<< =ῴ´] ΐ^῾5ΊῑῩῌ CND.+ ΐῳ<< =ῴ´ ..CDR+ ῾5 ῜_Ί῎ ῝ΐ`ῒ ῍ 6ῬaῧῩ O<ῬQ῵Q CDR+ ῌ T-DNA ῪῳῼΎ ῌ bῘῠcῐ CND.+ ῌ B.῝Ί FP< + O¯+Όῲ+PῧῙΊ Pseudomonas syringae l῝ 9῎Ῐ:Uῌ ! pH ,῏.ῌ ῴΌῺ+῜ῡ῝h῞ ῝Ί Xia ῨῧῙΊῷῨῘ(,.)῍ Ὺ° =ῴ´ E῝ΐῡ,jῌ ῶl+ <ῼῪῌῷῬ+ Όῌῌ ῦ{ Ῐ῎ΌῬ AP ῜ῌ \῾5{ OῴῼῬ+ <ῼῪῌῷῬ+ Όῌῌ EDTA pq constitutive disease resistance-Dominant (cdr+-D) ῢῙῘ῕῎r῟῎῍ "῝#! pH ῥῚ CND.+ ῌ ±lῺR"²oΐe῔Ί῎ ῝ῒῨῌ ΐῌ ῳ<< =ῴ´῜sB.῝ῌ ῞ῧ῏῟E῝ AP ῧῙΊ῞ῘΌ ῺS΅lOΌῌΐ± ῾uΊ῎ ῒῚ῎Ί ῜῍ ῍ lῺR"rNe῔ῖ ῝῎`Ί῎ ῍ CDR+ E῝Ύῗ῝῟ Ὺῴ῿=ῲ+"Ὺῴ῿=ῲ ,. Nucellin +scῘsῨ\῾5ῖῘ῜ῌ cdr+-D ``wῲῌῗ:%>ῌΐ῎Ῐy?z{ ῍ 5³.῕´Ίu῝ῶ& 5µ{῝ῒ ?z|῍:%} (programmed cell death : PCD) ῜ Ῠῌ CDR+ <ῼῪῌῷE῝ΐ cdr+-D 5³. ῍Ῡῌ ῵ ῜ <ῼῪῌῷΐ PCD ῏B῟῜_~ ῐ5`w6¶ΐ῍ ῝ΐµΊ῎ ῍ ῜῍ ῍ Nucellin ``wῲ?zῌῗ῾5{ 6ῬaῠcῐῨ9῎ΊῷῘ CDR+ ©h3 Ὺ ΎῒῨῴῳlῌ[+PῘ(,,)῍ .+* ῪMN" <ῌῺῒῨῌ ῗE῝ ῴΌῺ+῜ ῡ 9ῌSῌ 2 Ὶ΅῱Ὸ+ΐ 1 ῚῬ+´<+ ,ῌ b-ῶῳ·Όῌῷ (BACE) ῡ,¸῜῍ .-(,- ῜ DΊ῎ ῍ , ῚE῝Ύῗῌ AP ῜Eῦ aminoethyl)ῌbenzensulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF), ῑῧ Ί῎ ῌ DDTG ῑῧK DDSGS ῜῍ ῍ G K EDTA ῧῙΊῥE῝ΐ῱ { ῝ῒῨῌ AP ῜῍ AP ῐHῑ ῝ ,*ῒ ῝ῒjῌ < ῝ῶ¦¹ῤῬ`+E῝῾5Bºῌ ῢῘ»¼¸ ῥ PSI ῥῦ῟῎῍ Nucellin ῎ y -῏. Ὼ ῧῙΊῥῡ,῎r ῝ῒῨῌ OῴῼῬ+¡BῥE K῜ῥῧ῕῾5{ ΐῌ ῎ y +* Ὼ{ ῝ ῝῾56Ί῎ ῝ΐµῘ῍ ! pH 0.* `jῒ῾5ΐῐ῜῔ ῳNΐῌ Pῌ Qῌ ῜ ῏0./ ῝½"῝#῍Ῡῌ ·[+ῦ bῌῶῳ·Όῌῷ ῐ῟῎῍ ῗ῾5῎ yῌῗ:% PCD B.Ῡ{ E῝ΐ῭ῠῨῘΐῌ Ῠ¨9ῖj ῝ΊῑῩῌ ῌῗ:% PCD ῔{ <ῼ FTC-῰ῷῬ+`jῒ ¬Ῐ῍ e in vitro ῑ ,/ ῟ - ῍ ῒῗῐ ΐ ῒῑ ῖ῕ῌ῔ (AtSPP) ῏῜Ῑ῝῎Ί ῞( ) AtSPP ῏ῥ· SPP-like (AtSPPL+, AtSPPL,) ' GFP -:*ῌ `1>ῷῶ῱ῶῠῩΐῨ%῝ (Deep cell) '¸῏*Ῐ῍ AtSPP X῝Y'ῌ AtSPPL+, AtSPPL, Ὺ῾῵ῳῌ¦'.*ῌ AtSPP ῔¹º῟"%῝'῔ῑ»¼ῩῘ῍ Tamura et al.
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    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Effects of Glycosylation on the Enzymatic Activity and Mechanisms of Proteases Peter Goettig Structural Biology Group, Faculty of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; [email protected]; Tel.: +43-662-8044-7283; Fax: +43-662-8044-7209 Academic Editor: Cheorl-Ho Kim Received: 30 July 2016; Accepted: 10 November 2016; Published: 25 November 2016 Abstract: Posttranslational modifications are an important feature of most proteases in higher organisms, such as the conversion of inactive zymogens into active proteases. To date, little information is available on the role of glycosylation and functional implications for secreted proteases. Besides a stabilizing effect and protection against proteolysis, several proteases show a significant influence of glycosylation on the catalytic activity. Glycans can alter the substrate recognition, the specificity and binding affinity, as well as the turnover rates. However, there is currently no known general pattern, since glycosylation can have both stimulating and inhibiting effects on activity. Thus, a comparative analysis of individual cases with sufficient enzyme kinetic and structural data is a first approach to describe mechanistic principles that govern the effects of glycosylation on the function of proteases. The understanding of glycan functions becomes highly significant in proteomic and glycomic studies, which demonstrated that cancer-associated proteases, such as kallikrein-related peptidase 3, exhibit strongly altered glycosylation patterns in pathological cases. Such findings can contribute to a variety of future biomedical applications. Keywords: secreted protease; sequon; N-glycosylation; O-glycosylation; core glycan; enzyme kinetics; substrate recognition; flexible loops; Michaelis constant; turnover number 1.
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  • Serine Proteases with Altered Sensitivity to Activity-Modulating
    (19) & (11) EP 2 045 321 A2 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 08.04.2009 Bulletin 2009/15 C12N 9/00 (2006.01) C12N 15/00 (2006.01) C12Q 1/37 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 09150549.5 (22) Date of filing: 26.05.2006 (84) Designated Contracting States: • Haupts, Ulrich AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR 51519 Odenthal (DE) HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI • Coco, Wayne SK TR 50737 Köln (DE) •Tebbe, Jan (30) Priority: 27.05.2005 EP 05104543 50733 Köln (DE) • Votsmeier, Christian (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in 50259 Pulheim (DE) accordance with Art. 76 EPC: • Scheidig, Andreas 06763303.2 / 1 883 696 50823 Köln (DE) (71) Applicant: Direvo Biotech AG (74) Representative: von Kreisler Selting Werner 50829 Köln (DE) Patentanwälte P.O. Box 10 22 41 (72) Inventors: 50462 Köln (DE) • Koltermann, André 82057 Icking (DE) Remarks: • Kettling, Ulrich This application was filed on 14-01-2009 as a 81477 München (DE) divisional application to the application mentioned under INID code 62. (54) Serine proteases with altered sensitivity to activity-modulating substances (57) The present invention provides variants of ser- screening of the library in the presence of one or several ine proteases of the S1 class with altered sensitivity to activity-modulating substances, selection of variants with one or more activity-modulating substances. A method altered sensitivity to one or several activity-modulating for the generation of such proteases is disclosed, com- substances and isolation of those polynucleotide se- prising the provision of a protease library encoding poly- quences that encode for the selected variants.
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  • And SPP-Like Proteases☆
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1828 (2013) 2828–2839 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biochimica et Biophysica Acta journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bbamem Review Mechanism, specificity, and physiology of signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and SPP-like proteases☆ Matthias Voss a, Bernd Schröder c, Regina Fluhrer a,b,⁎ a Adolf Butenandt Institute for Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 Munich, Germany b DZNE — German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 Munich, Germany c Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24118 Kiel, Germany article info abstract Article history: Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and the homologous SPP-like (SPPL) proteases SPPL2a, SPPL2b, SPPL2c and Received 27 December 2012 SPPL3 belong to the family of GxGD intramembrane proteases. SPP/SPPLs selectively cleave transmembrane Received in revised form 25 March 2013 domains in type II orientation and do not require additional co-factors for proteolytic activity. Orthologues of Accepted 29 March 2013 SPP and SPPLs have been identified in other vertebrates, plants, and eukaryotes. In line with their diverse subcellular localisations ranging from the ER (SPP, SPPL2c), the Golgi (SPPL3), the plasma membrane Keywords: (SPPL2b) to lysosomes/late endosomes (SPPL2a), the different members of the SPP/SPPL family seem to Regulated intramembrane proteolysis fi Intramembrane-cleaving proteases exhibit distinct functions. Here, we review the substrates of these proteases identi ed to date as well as GxGD proteases the current state of knowledge about the physiological implications of these proteolytic events as deduced Signal peptide peptidase from in vivo studies.
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  • Supplementary Data
    Supplementary Fig. 1 A B Responder_Xenograft_ Responder_Xenograft_ NON- NON- Lu7336, Vehicle vs Lu7466, Vehicle vs Responder_Xenograft_ Responder_Xenograft_ Sagopilone, Welch- Sagopilone, Welch- Lu7187, Vehicle vs Lu7406, Vehicle vs Test: 638 Test: 600 Sagopilone, Welch- Sagopilone, Welch- Test: 468 Test: 482 Responder_Xenograft_ NON- Lu7860, Vehicle vs Responder_Xenograft_ Sagopilone, Welch - Lu7558, Vehicle vs Test: 605 Sagopilone, Welch- Test: 333 Supplementary Fig. 2 Supplementary Fig. 3 Supplementary Figure S1. Venn diagrams comparing probe sets regulated by Sagopilone treatment (10mg/kg for 24h) between individual models (Welsh Test ellipse p-value<0.001 or 5-fold change). A Sagopilone responder models, B Sagopilone non-responder models. Supplementary Figure S2. Pathway analysis of genes regulated by Sagopilone treatment in responder xenograft models 24h after Sagopilone treatment by GeneGo Metacore; the most significant pathway map representing cell cycle/spindle assembly and chromosome separation is shown, genes upregulated by Sagopilone treatment are marked with red thermometers. Supplementary Figure S3. GeneGo Metacore pathway analysis of genes differentially expressed between Sagopilone Responder and Non-Responder models displaying –log(p-Values) of most significant pathway maps. Supplementary Tables Supplementary Table 1. Response and activity in 22 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) xenograft models after treatment with Sagopilone and other cytotoxic agents commonly used in the management of NSCLC Tumor Model Response type
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  • Plant Signaling Peptides, Novel Insights Into Their Processing and Role in Root Development
    Plant signaling peptides, novel insights into their processing and role in root development Sarieh Ghorbani 2014 Cover: GLV10 expression pattern during lateral root primordia development To my wonderful parents, Samarrokh and Bohloul ی ن هم ه ثم بهل تقد م هب مهربای اه و را ی اهی پدر و مارد زعزیم، ررخ و ول يک چند هب کودکی هب استاد شدیم يک چند هب استادی خود شاد شدیم سخ اپيان ن شنو هک ما را هچ رسيد از خاک رب آدمیم و رب باد شدیم حکیم عمر خیام Myself, when young did eagerly frequent Doctor and Saint, and heard great Argument About it and about: but evermore Came out by the same Door where in I went. Omar Khayyam (Persian poet, mathematician, astronomer, 1048 –1131) (translated by Edward FitzGerald) Ghent University Faculty of Sciences Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Plant signaling peptides, novel insights into their processing and role in root development Sarieh Ghorbani Promoters: Prof. Dr. Tom Beeckman and Dr. Pierre Hilson April 2014 VIB – Plant Systems Biology Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science: Biochemistry and Biotechnology Promoters: Prof. Dr. Tom Beeckman Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University [email protected] Dr. Pierre Hilson Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, Versailles Cedex, France [email protected] Examination commission: Prof. Dr. Ann Depicker (Chair) Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University [email protected] Prof. Dr.
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  • Proteolytic Cleavage—Mechanisms, Function
    Review Cite This: Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 1137−1168 pubs.acs.org/CR Proteolytic CleavageMechanisms, Function, and “Omic” Approaches for a Near-Ubiquitous Posttranslational Modification Theo Klein,†,⊥ Ulrich Eckhard,†,§ Antoine Dufour,†,¶ Nestor Solis,† and Christopher M. Overall*,†,‡ † ‡ Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada ABSTRACT: Proteases enzymatically hydrolyze peptide bonds in substrate proteins, resulting in a widespread, irreversible posttranslational modification of the protein’s structure and biological function. Often regarded as a mere degradative mechanism in destruction of proteins or turnover in maintaining physiological homeostasis, recent research in the field of degradomics has led to the recognition of two main yet unexpected concepts. First, that targeted, limited proteolytic cleavage events by a wide repertoire of proteases are pivotal regulators of most, if not all, physiological and pathological processes. Second, an unexpected in vivo abundance of stable cleaved proteins revealed pervasive, functionally relevant protein processing in normal and diseased tissuefrom 40 to 70% of proteins also occur in vivo as distinct stable proteoforms with undocumented N- or C- termini, meaning these proteoforms are stable functional cleavage products, most with unknown functional implications. In this Review, we discuss the structural biology aspects and mechanisms
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  • Universidade Federal Do Ceará Centro De Ciências Departamento De Bioquímica E Biologia Molecular Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEARÁ CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOQUÍMICA E BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOQUÍMICA MOHIBULLAH SHAH PROTEOME ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPING SEEDS OF Jatropha curcas L. FORTALEZA 2014 MOHIBULLAH SHAH PROTEOME ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPING SEEDS OF Jatropha curcas L. Tese apresentada ao Curso de Doutorado em Bioquímica do Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Ceará, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Bioquímica. Área de concentração: Bioquímica vegetal. Orientador: Prof. Francisco A. P. Campos. Co-orientador: Prof. Fabio C. S. Nogueira. FORTALEZA 2014 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação Universidade Federal do Ceará Biblioteca de Ciências e Tecnologia S537p Shah, Mohibullah. Proteome analysis of developing seeds of Jatropha curcas L. / Mohibullah Shah. – 2014. 168 f. : il., color., enc. ; 30 cm. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciência, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Fortaleza, 2014. Área de Concentração: Bioquímica vegetal. Orientação: Prof. Dr. Francisco de Assis de Paiva Campos. Coorientação: Prof. Dr. Fabio César Sousa Nogueira. 1. Plantas oleaginosas. 2. Biodiesel. 3. Pinhão-manso. 4. Espectrometria de massa. I. Título. CDD 574-192 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to thank to ALLAH (SWT) , for blessing me good health, courage, strength during the difficult moments and making me enable to reach here. I would also like to thank and appreciate some people who directly or indirectly support me in successful completion of this work. First and foremost, I express my wholehearted gratitude to my respected supervisor, Prof. Francisco A.
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  • Intramembrane Proteolysis of Β-Amyloid Precursor Protein by Γ-Secretase Is an Unusually Slow Process
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Biophysical Journal Volume 108 March 2015 1229–1237 1229 Article Intramembrane Proteolysis of b-Amyloid Precursor Protein by g-Secretase Is an Unusually Slow Process Frits Kamp,1 Edith Winkler,1 Johannes Trambauer,1 Amelie Ebke,1 Regina Fluhrer,1,2 and Harald Steiner1,2,* 1Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Mu¨nchen, Germany; and 2DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany ABSTRACT Intramembrane proteolysis has emerged as a key mechanism required for membrane proteostasis and cellular signaling. One of the intramembrane-cleaving proteases (I-CLiPs), g-secretase, is also intimately implicated in Alzheimer’s disease, a major neurodegenerative disease and leading cause of dementia. High-resolution crystal structural analyses have revealed that I-CLiPs harbor their active sites buried deeply in the membrane bilayer. Surprisingly, however, the key kinetic constants of these proteases, turnover number kcat and catalytic efficiency kcat/KM, are largely unknown. By investigating the kinetics of intramembrane cleavage of the Alzheimer’s disease-associated b-amyloid precursor protein in vitro and in human embryonic kidney cells, we show that g-secretase is a very slow protease with a kcat value similar to those determined recently for rhomboid-type I-CLiPs. Our results indicate that low turnover numbers may be a general feature of I-CLiPs. INTRODUCTION Intramembrane-cleaving proteases (I-CliPs) are unusual bilayer but are nevertheless water accessible, allowing intra- proteases that cleave their substrates within the membrane. membrane proteolysis to occur (1). However, the detailed Several of these enzymes have been identified in the past mechanism of substrate recruitment and cleavage, as well two decades and studied intensively.
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  • Trypanosoma Cruzi Presenilin-Like Transmembrane Aspartyl Protease: Characterization and Cellular Localization
    biomolecules Article Trypanosoma cruzi Presenilin-Like Transmembrane Aspartyl Protease: Characterization and Cellular Localization Guilherme C. Lechuga 1,2, Paloma Napoleão-Pêgo 1, Carolina C. G. Bottino 1, Rosa T. Pinho 4, David W. Provance-Jr 1,3 and Salvatore G. De-Simone 1,5,* 1 Center for Technological Development in Health/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Population (INCT-IDPN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; [email protected] (G.C.L.); paloma.pego@cdts.fiocruz.br (P.N.-P.); [email protected] (C.C.G.B.); bill.provance@cdts.fiocruz.br (D.W.P.-J.) 2 Cellular Ultrastructure Laboratory, FIOCRUZ, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil 3 Interdisciplinary Medical Research Laboratory, FIOCRUZ, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil 4 Clinical Immunology Laboratory, FIOCRUZ, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; rospinho@ioc.fiocruz.br 5 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24220-008, Brazil * Correspondence: salvatore.dsimone@cdts.fiocruz.br; Tel.: +55-21-3865-8183 Received: 30 September 2020; Accepted: 9 November 2020; Published: 17 November 2020 Abstract: The increasing detection of infections of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, in non-endemic regions beyond Latin America has risen to be a major public health issue. With an impact in the millions of people, current treatments rely on antiquated drugs that produce severe side effects and are considered nearly ineffective for the chronic phase. The minimal progress in the development of new drugs highlights the need for advances in basic research on crucial biochemical pathways in T.
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  • (SPPL3) in the Shedding Of
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/317214; this version posted May 8, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Elucidating the roles of Alzheimer disease-associated proteases and the signal-peptide peptidase-like 3 (SPPL3) in the shedding of glycosyltransferases --------------------------------------------- Assou EL-BATTARI1, Sylvie MATHIEU, Romain SIGAUD, Maëlle PROROK-HAMON, L’Houcine OUAFIK & Charlotte JEANNEAU § Aix-Marseille University and the Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP, CNRS UMR7051), and §Faculté d’Odontologie, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France. 1Correspondence: Assou EL-BATTARI, INSERM U-911 (CRO2), Equipe-4 Faculté de Médecine Timone, 27 Bd Jean Moulin. F-13385 Marseille Cedex 05 – France. Email : [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/317214; this version posted May 8, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 2 ABSTRACT The Golgi resident glycosyltransferases (GTs) are membrane-bound glycoproteins but are frequently found as soluble proteins in biological fluids where their function remains largely unknown. Previous studies have established that the release of these proteins involved Alzheimer disease-associated proteases such as -secretases (BACE1 and BACE2) and the intramembrane-cleaving aspartyl proteases Presenilins 1 and 2.
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  • Studies on Oligopeptidase B of Leishmania Major
    Studies on Oligopeptidase B of Leishmania major Jane Claire Munday BSc (Hons) MSc A thesis submitted in the fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre University of Glasgow United Kingdom May 2008 Jane Claire Munday 2008 ii Abstract Peptidases of Leishmania are acknowledged virulence factors. It is hypothesised that peptidases are crucial for the survival of Leishmania in its hosts and that many could be potential targets for new antileishmanial drugs. As such, the investigation of peptidase activity in live Leishmania promastigotes was proposed as a valuable approach by which to increase knowledge on particular peptidases. In order to complete this investigation, it was decided to use short peptidyl fluorogenic substrates, which only fluoresce once the bond linking the peptide to the fluorescent moiety is cleaved. These allow detection of peptidase activity by quantifying the release of the fluorescent moiety. Detection of peptidase activity in live Leishmania using the fluorogenic substrate Bz-R-AMC proved fruitful, enabling study of the activity of the serine peptidase oligopeptidase B (OPB) in live L. major promastigotes. OPB is a member of the Family S9 peptidases, the prolyl-oligopeptidases, which are taxonomically restricted to plants, bacteria and trypanosomatid flagellates. In African and American trypanosomes, OPB has been shown to have important roles: OPB is a virulence factor in Trypanosoma cruzi , mediating entry into host cells, and OPB is released into the serum by African trypanosomes, where it cleaves host blood factors. In this study, the inhibition profile of L.
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  • Redalyc.HYDROLYSATE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY RELEASED from BOVINE WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE by the ASPARTYL PROTEASE Eap1 of Sporis
    Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química ISSN: 1665-2738 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa México Tovar-Jiménez, X.; Muro-Urista, C.R; Tellez-Jurado, A.; Mercado-Flores, Y.; Abreu- Corona, A.; Arana-Cuenca, A. HYDROLYSATE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY RELEASED FROM BOVINE WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE BY THE ASPARTYL PROTEASE Eap1 OF Sporisorium reilianum Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, vol. 16, núm. 1, 2017, pp. 11-18 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=62049878002 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Vol. 16, No. 1 (2017) 11-18 Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química HYDROLYSATE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITYCONTENIDO RELEASED FROM BOVINE WHEY PROTEINVolumen CONCENTRATE 8, número 3, 2009 BY / THE Volume ASPARTYL 8, number 3, PROTEASE2009 Eap1 OF Sporisorium reilianum HIDROLIZADOS CON ACTIVIDAD ANTIMICROBIANA LIBERADOS POR LA ACCION´ DE213 LA Derivation ASPARTIL and application PROTEASA of the Stefan-Maxwell Eap1 equations DE Sporisorium reilianum A PARTIR DE UN CONCENTRADO PROTEICO DEL SUERO LACTEO´ BOVINO (Desarrollo y aplicación de las ecuaciones de Stefan-Maxwell) 1 2 1 1 1 X. Tovar-Jim enezStephen´ * ,Whitaker C.R Muro-Urista , A. Tellez-Jurado , Y. Mercado-Flores , A. Abreu-Corona , A. 1 Arana-Cuenca 1 Universidad Polit´ecnicade Pachuca, Carr. Pachuca-Cd. Sahag´unKm. 20, Zempoala, Hidalgo. M´exico. 2 DepartamentoBiotecnología de Ingenier´ıaQu´ımicae / Biotechnology Investigaci´on.Instituto Tecnol´ogicode Toluca.
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