Mayljune 1988 Volume 15, Number 2 7 Hi3 STEREO NATIONAL STEREOSCOPIC ASSOCIATION '?%$!& M BA ?Ihesocietv

MaylJune 1988 Volume 15, Number 2 7 hi3 STEREO NATIONAL STEREOSCOPIC ASSOCIATION '?%$!& m BA ?IheSocietv

everal noteworthy trends suggest change of comments and suggestions The Society Sit might be timely to explain on each picture we circulate. Treas- The Stereoscopic Society has been anew just what The Stereoscopic ured bonuses are the lifelong friend- in operation since its formation in Society is and does. NSA memberships and comradery established England in 1893. It was created so ship has increased appreciably in with some of the most interesting that interested stereographers could the past several years and there people one could hope to know. improve and advance in their hobby seems to be growing indication that The making of stereographs is not through mutual aid and interchange a higher percentage interested in new, of course. It began shortly after of ideas. Its main format is and has contemporary stereo and its applica- the invention of photography prior been the circulation of members' tions are included than was once the to 1840. The basic principles neces- views via postal folios. The Ameri- case. Still, inquiries regarding Socie- sary to the making of a quality can Branch was formed in 1919 and, ty membership have remained fairly stereograph have not changed since through good and lean times, has constant, reflecting perhaps that that time, though discovering those survived until the present where we some review of basic information principles did not always come easi- find it enjoying robust health. About about the Society is in order. ly. The main differences between ten years ago, the American Branch Stereo Photographers then and now are in the techniques affiliated with the National Stereo- and technology available to help aP- scopic Association and since that The Stereoscopic Society is open P~Ythose principles in making con- time NSA membership has been a to NSA members who are contem- temporary stereo views. In the prerequisite in joining the Society. porary stereo photographers work- Stereoscopic Society we aid each Some objection to this has been ex- ing in transparency or print formats. other in understanding and apply- pressed by a very few potential Our main activity lies in enjoying ing the basic principles in an effort members but the many benefits to each others efforts by circulating to nuke stereo views as good as they the Society of the affiliation far out- our stereographs in folio boxes via can be. Many oldtime commercially weigh any disadvantages. We feel lJPS or the Postal Service. The produced stereo views seem to have that there is mutual benefit in our membership at any time spans the been made without benefit or regard ties to NSA. We do maintain frater- range from novice to expert stereo- for many of the niceties required in nal ties to the home branch in En- graphers . . . some of our best view- top grade stereography, indicating gland and to the Australian and makers today entered the Society that a fuzzy knowledge of basic ste- New Zealand branches of the Socie- asking the most basic questions. We reo principles was the rule among ty, although they have been separate do enjoy sharing each others' work practitioners more often than it was entities for quite a few years. and are continually seeking to im- the exception. prove our results through the ex (Continued on page 34) @Copyright 1988 by the STEREO, NATIONAL STEREOSCOPIC ASSOCIATION \ %/ - J.. "-. 4 Volume 15, Number 2 MayIJune 1988 IN THIS ISSUE NSA Board of Directors NSA Adds New Directors...... 2 CHAIRMAN by T. K. Treadwell Louis H. Smaus MEMBERS "Third Eye" Catalog Available ...... 3 Paul Wing "Some Remarkable Phenomena": Professor Wheatstone and his T.K. Treadwell Inventions ...... 4 NSA Officers by William Brey PRESIDENT T.K. Treadwell North America's Historic Buildings: North Carolina State Capitol. . .I5 by Neal Bullington SECRETARY John Weiler Anschluss! ...... TREASURER by Richard C. Ryder William Eloe VlCE PRESIDENT, REGIONAL AFFAIRS NSA Convention Celebrates Cincinnati's Bicentennial. .... Tom Rogers by John Waldsmith VlCE PRESIDENT, MEMBERSHIP PatWhitehouse ...... Donato Bracco by Paul Wing GENERAL BUSINESS MANAGER Linda S. Carter The Vaterlandlleviathan ...... -32 Eric Beheim Stereo World Staff EDITOR John Dennis REGULAR FEATURES ART DIRECTOR Mark Willke Editor's View ...... 2 CONTEMPORARY STEREOSCOPY David Starkrnan Letters ...... 3 William Shepard Paul Wing Newviews ...... 16 LibraryReport ...... 31 Theunknowns ...... 35 Stereo World 1s published olmontnly by the Natlonal Stereoscopic Assoc~atton,Inc Annual dues $22 tnlrd class US. 530 first class US. Canada, and forelqn surface. Classified ...... 38 $40 international air mail. All memberships a6based on the publ~sh~ngyear of Stereo World, which begins in Calendar ...... 4 0 March and ends with the JanuarvlFebruarv issue of the next year. All new memberships kce~vedwill commence with the MarchlApril issueof thecurrent calendar year. When applyingfor membership, pleaseadvise usif you do not desire the back issues of the current volume. Material In this publication may not be reproduced without written permtsslon of the NSA, Inc.

National Stereoscopic Association (Memberships, renewals, address changes, classified ads, display ads) PO. Box 14801, Columbus, OH 43214 Stereo World Editorial Office (Letters to the editor, articles) 5610 SE 71st Ave., Portland, OR 97206 "Newviews" Editor David Starkman PO. Box 2368, Culver City, CA 90231 ront Cover: "The Unknowns" Editor he device that started itall-Charles Dave Klein 14416 Harrisville Rd., Mt. Airy, MD 21771 rheatstone's original stereoscope, introduced to the world 150 years ago, "3.D Movies" Editor June 21st, 1838. The story of Wheat- Bill Shepard 17350 E. Temple Ave., #399 stone and the invention of the stereo- LaPuente, CA 91744 scope, as well as the controversy that was to surround it, is told in detail in Stereoscopic Society, American Br. "Some Remarkable Phenomena- Jack E. Cavender, Corresponding Secretary 1677 Dorsey Ave., Suite C Professor Wheatstone and His lnven- East Point. GA 30344 tions" by William Brey in this issue.

From a ,full ,frame slide pair by Paul MEMBER, INTERNATIONAL STEREOSCOPIC UNION I Wing. wo very different anniversaries was to quickly result in the "reunifi- time consuming effort than would T are covered in this issue, as cation" of Germany and Austria any ordinary color publication. Ste- both reach significant year numbers (Anschluss) within the German reo World's Portland production early in 1988. Reich. staff of two was needless to say 150 Years Ago Under the control of Nazi Party overwhelmed, but since we didn't Chief Photo Reporter Heinrich Hoff- know the extent of what we were June 21st is the 150th birthday of man, the Raumbild-Verlag stereo getting into, we didn't stop to think the stereoscope and its introduction firm commemorated the event with of how most publications would to the world. On that day in 1838, a book and set of views. Com~lete have a staff of at least a dozen or so Charles Wheatstone presented his with a foreward by Coring, it pro- people involved. paper, "Contributions to the Phys- vides a glowing account in word and It was similar learning experience iology of Vision-On Some Re- picture of the occupation, the Nazi for several of the departments at markable, and Hitherto Unob- troops and officers, and the scenic Wy'east Color Inc., where color served, Phenomena of Binocular attractions of Germany's "new prov- separation and preparation work Vision" to England's Royal Society. ince". Since the take-over was blood- was donated. A sizeable rush of The term "remarkable" was no less, it was relatively easy to regular commercial jobs at the same hollow boast. The concept of the manipulate the stereo coverage to time allowed only short bursts of stereoscope was truly remarkable in create what now stands as an in- concentration on this unique pro- a number of ways. First of course structive example of soft-sell ject, but the results were impressive was its obvious potential for propaganda. Especially with the sce- at every step of the way. reproducing and extending human nic views, one needs to keep in mind The list is long, but everyone who binocular vision. The nearly perfect the purpose for the existence of contributed in any way to the color synchronization of its timing with these images-for use in a book in- issue should consider themselves the emergence of photography was a tended to provide a convincing thanked again here, including Art coincidence, but one which at the historical record and justification of Director Mark Willke for his origi- least could be called remarkable. conquest. Richard Ryder's feature nal design and layout and for stick- The "hitherto unobserved" part is provides a detailed historical back- ing to his high standards through easily as remarkable as anything ground to the Anschluss and the ef- various last minute glitches and else about the idea. For years, great fort to glorify it in stereo. changes. Enough material had to be minds had devised instruments to left out to fill several future color magnify, reflect, and distort Colorful Thoughts" I I sections, not to mention all the images-but all for one eye at a From the feedback so far, most readers seem to feel the March/April worthwhile things waiting out there time, or two acting as one. While we haven't even seen yet. We can't some had realized the function of color issue was well worth waiting for. Most also express a wish for quite promise color as an annual binocular vision, Wheatstone was event, but it's probably safe to say the first to make the logical jump to more like it. Reproduction of some of the old color processes, especially there will be "more" in future a means of using both eyes for issues. m ' something beyond direct observa- in stereo, involved more complex, tion of the room in front of them. Without his efforts, the stereo- graphic record of the 19th century could have started much later and been far more limited-and that's NSA Adds New Directors assuming that someone else would by T.K. Treadwell have sooner or later invented the stereoscope! Wheatstone and his de- r. Lou Smaus, chairman of California, we welcome Ms. Susan vice clearly deserve recognition 150 M the NSA Board of Directors, Pinsky, co-owner of Reel 3-D Enter- years later in the form of Bill Brey's has announced the appointment of prises and an expert on photograph- feature, which first appeared in Ste- two new board members.-Dr. Dieter ic equipment and images of the last reo World's May/ June issue of 1977. Lorenz, of Hohenpeissenberg, FRG, 50 years. She will bring particular is a recognized authority on both attention to the needs and interests 1 50 Years Ago current and vintage photography, of the growing group of NSA mem- The other anniversary involves and has recently published a book, bers who are primarily interested in one use of Wheatstone's invention THE STEREO IMAGE IN SCIENCE current and recent stereo and its that he could never have anticipated- AND TECHNOLOGY. In addition hardware. NSA is fortunate to have in this case as a Nazi propaganda to his technical credentials he will these additional talents on its device. In March of 1938, Hitler's address the effectiveness of NSA in policy-making board, and we look troops marched unopposed into its expansion to a truly international forward to their input. m Austria to begin an occupation that organization. From Culver City,

2 STEREO WORLD Mayllune 1988 Letters

Great Liners Chunk & the Lehigh Valley, Pa." I Brown's Inventions aurels to Richard Ryder for his called a couple of Chambers of I am currently researching the life L masterful article, "The Great Commerce in that part of Pennsyl- and work of stereoscopic experimenter Liners of the North Atlantic" in the vania but no one had heard of Theodore Brown (1871-1938) of Nov/Dec '87 issue. It is without Onoko Glen. I'd like to visit it if I Salisbury (later London) England, doubt one of the best that has ever could find out where it is. Perhaps who patented several mirror attach- appeared in Stereo World. one of our members has heard of it. ments designed to enable single-lens For one like myself, who came Neal Bullington I cameras to be used for taking stereo- over on the Berengaria (nee Impera- 137 Carman St. scopic pictures. These were market- tor) in the early 1930fs,the article Patchogue, NY 11772 ed (by the Stereoscopic Supply struck a particularly nostalgic note. Stores) as the 'Stereoscopic Analyser' I was only nine at the time and Deep Suit Tape and 'Stereoscopic Transmitter'. He many years shy of the age when I In the January-February 1988 Ste- was also publisher of a number of would discover the wonders of stereo World, I announced that an ana- series of red/green anaglyph picture reo photography. Pity. I could have glyph videotape, "3-D Hawaiian postcards. snapped some marvelous views on Swimsuit Spectacular" was available I would be very interested to hear that crossing. for purchase through the OVC Cor- from anyone who has details of Mark Peters poration. It seems that OVC has Brown's stereoscopic work, or Berkeley, CA gone out of business. Thanks to knows the whereabouts of surviving . some sleuthing by David Starkman, examples of his stereo devices. Know Onoko? I have learned that the tape is now Stephen Herbert I have a view of a geological fea- available from SI Video, and may be 70 Richborne Terrace ture called "Glen Onoko". It looks ordered from their toll-free number, Clapham Road like the sort of thing that occurs in 1-800-228-5002, for $59.95. Ask for London, SW8 1AX the Finger Lakes region of New York, stock #VP000. ENGLAND m such as Watkins Glen. However, the Bill Shepard card is also labelled "Views of Mauch 3-D Movies Editor

"THIRD EYE" CATALOG AVAILABLE

fter a long delay in printing ar- 30 francs.) Send Eurocheque or cash tion des Amis de J.H. Lartigue, 18 I A angements, the catalog based I francs in registered letter to Associa- I rue Vivienne 75002 Paris, France.= ) on the exhibit "The Third ye of Jacques-Henri Lartigue" is now available from the Association of Friends of J.H. Lartigue. The catalog contains a selection of stereo pairs from the 1986-87 exhibit in Paris of a wide range of the stereo work of the late French photographer. One color reproduction of a stereo Au- tochrome by Lartigue is also included. (See Stereo World, Sept. /Oct. '86, page 38.) With the catalog (printed in a limited series of 500) comes a special viewer and a booklet on the stereography of J.H. Lartigue. The price is Casino de Paris-Gaby Deslys et Zissou. A scene from theshooting of the movie "Bouclette." listed as 390 francs, with no indica- From a glass stereo 6 X 13cm negative, Feb., 1918. O Photographie J.H. Lartigue tion of postage inclusion. (To avoid delay, it may be best to add another

STEREO WORLD MayIJune 1988 3 Remarkable Phenomena 33 Professor Wheatstone and his Inventions

4 STEREO WORLD MayIJunc 19B8 e was a shy man. All his life he Later on he continued his studies H suffered acute embarrassment at a school in which he engaged in when required to speak in front of youthful disputes with his teacher an audience. A close friend and fel- over what he was taught, which he low member of the Royal Society considered inaccurate and deficient. related the following story: "Wheat- He became so disgusted with this stone and the writer of this memoir school that he ran away. Those who were for several years members of a in later life knew the extremely small private debating society, com- hesitating and cautious nature of prising several familiar names in Charles Wheatstone, could well im- science, art, or literature, that met agine how enormous must have periodically at one another's houses been his effort to carry out this ac- to discuss some extemporized sub- tion. His escave was auite brief. He ject, and every member present was got as far as Windsor, and was expected to speak. Wheatstone brought back again. could never be induced to open his At another school in 1813, he

lips, even on subjects on which he earned a ugold medal for studies in was brimful of information. Several the French language, against older of his more important investigations competitors who had studied for a were for the same reasons from time longer time. However, a rule of the to time brought before the public by school was that the victor should re- Faraday in the theatre of the Royal cite a speech on the occasion when Institution." the prizes were distributed. Young On one occasion Faraday had ca- Wheatstone could not be persuaded joled Wheatstone into agreeing to to attempt this, and as a result, did read a paper at a meeting of the not receive the medal. Royal Society. As they approached When he was 14 his formal educa- the doors to the theatre Wheatstone tion ended and he was apprenticed panicked, dashed down the stairs to his Uncle Charles, who operated a by William Brey and disappeared up the street, leav- business as a music dealer at num- ing Faraday to extemporize before a ber 436 Strand. Within a short time full house. At future meetings the his uncle complained that he neglected Wheatstone engraving published in Na- Director of the Society stationed his work and spent too much time ture, April 27, 1876 (shortly after his poring over his books. Indeed, it death). From a photo by John Mayall. himself at the head of the stairs to thwart the escape of any other reluc- was not unusual for him to shut tant speakers. himself up in the attic to concentrate on his studies. His father subse- the 150th i The Early Years quently encouraged these interests day ot tllc stereoscope. A papc Charles Wheatstone was born by taking him away from his uncle presctltcd to Englands Royal S February 6, 1802, near Gloucester, on lunc 21st, 1838 introduced and obtaining a loan of additional Charles Wheatstone's reflectin: England-the second child in a fa- books from the University for his stereoscope to the u~orldand ri ?.clealed mily of two sons and two daughters. studies. For the next few years, that the htonarl capability of d epth His father manufactured and sold young Wheatstone concentrated perception could tlr manlpulated musical instruments. solely on the study of acoustics, de- with an clegant/,y simple optic111 de- At an early age Wheatstone was veloping numerous practical experi- vicc. Very ~CZOinventions have been sent to school near his home and ments to prove his theories. s~tcha drrect part of a basic bn.ak- reportedly could read verses out of At nineteen, his experiments in through in our u?rdrntanding of how the Bible before he was four years the transmission of sound resulted in ~C~CCIDE EVCII zoc our cnuirontncnt. old. After his family moved the "the enchanted lyre". A hollow box, feurrr can hc so easilv credited to a ninety miles to London, young single individual who made the con- shaped like an antique lyre, ap- Wheatstone's education continued in nectiorrs (and the deuice) which peared to be suspended from the a school at Kensington run by Mrs. turned long ignored theory intn Am- ceiling by a metal rod. Actually, the matic reality in fron~t of the Castlemaine, who was astonished at rod pierced the floor of the room astonishtd Pyes oft/re u~orld. the progress made by him while un- above and was suspended from the Wheatstone's achl evenlent i:; clear- der her care. At this school he ac- sounding board of a piano. When .-..-":-I -.. .*..-.-- ly deserving of some )pt,Llut urlrll"t,,. quired the character of being unsoci- the piano was played (unheard in sary recogrlitiorl in the form of 'this able, because he refused to join the the room below), the vibrations rare Stereo World re-r~c?~.Will1 jarn sports of his schoolmates. Actually, were transmitted down the rod. The Brey's "Professor Wheatstone i2nd His timidity and nervousness were the effect was magical-a lyre played by 1~ivctltrotls"firstappcarcd In tl 1 c real reasons for his quiet behavior. May/]unc 1977 issue and is pr esen ted invisible hands. herr ulitll the results of sonre addi- Most children at times hide their At twenty-one, his first paper, tional research and sonle impnoved il- faces in their books, but young "New Experiments on Sound," was lustration! Wheatstone hid his there always. published in Thomson's "Annals of Philosophy." The work was rich in

STEREO WORLD Mayllune 1988 5 Charles Wlleatstone and family in a view by Antoine Claudet from about 1855. The then Professor Wheatstone repeated device on the table is designed to illustrate an aspect of wave theory. National Portrait the experiment with four miles of Gallery, London. wire strung around the basement vaults at King's College. His concept experimental facts concerning the Appointed a Professor of using a revolving mirror as an as- vibrations of chords and rods. This Two papers, his last on acoustics sist in the measurement was later paper was picked up and reprinted and first on electricity, were respon- adapted by Foucault and Fizeau in bv both a French and a German sible for his appointment, at the age their measurements of the speed of journal which greatly encouraged of 32, to the post of Professor of Ex- light. Two years after his appoint- young Wheatstone. Additional perimental Philosophy of King's ment to King's College, he was made papers appeared in 1827 and 1828 College, London. The paper on a Fellow of the Royal Society. describing his theories; always acoustics concerned his explanation As a Professor he devoted his time backed up with actual experimental of Chladni's Figures-the varied to experimental work because he data to prove them. Wheatstone's patterns produced in thin layers of was a failure as a lecturer. He had mind seemed to reject anything he sand by the vibration of a violin been caught more than once turning could not prove by actual experi- bow when drawn against the edge of his back to his students and mum- ment. In 1829, shortly after the ac- the supporting surface. Without the bling to his diagrams; nevertheless, cordian was invented on the contin- aid of mathematics, he succeeded in he read beautifully, and had a good, nent, Wheatstone developed and ~redictingthe curves the various although not a powerful voice. Feel- ~atentedthe concertina. vibrations should produce. ing that his place was the laboratory, In 1831, he summoned up enough Wheatstone's first paper in the and not the lecture-room, he gave courage to read his first paper before electrical field was a stunning suc- up his attempts to lecture. It was be- the Royal Society''Transmission of cess. He developed an elegant ex- cause of this that Faraday and others Sound through Solids." Later in that periment to measure the speed of brought his inventions and discover- year, he provided interesting ex- electricity by arranging three spark ies before public audiences. perimental proof on theories of the gaps in a wire a quarter of a mile He seriously turned his attention vibration of air in musical instru- long. The three gaps, placed at the to the subject of light and in 1835, in ments. From this date Wheatstone's beginning, end, and in the middle of a paper he produced on the subject, life became that of an earnest, unas- this loop of wire, were arranged ad- he first made known the existence of suming and hardworking man of jacent to each other to allow simul- bright lines in the spectrum emitted science. No doubt his distaste for taneous observation of the sparks in when metals are vaporized. public speaking accounted for his in- a revolving mirror. The mirror, re- "We have here," he wrote, "a mode terest in actual experimental involved by hand at a known speed, of discriminating metallic bodies quiry. If he had been eloquent, he was used to observe the displace- more readily than that of chemical might have gone the road of other ment of the middle spark relative to examination, and which may here- clever men, and become a lecturer. the sparks occurring at each end of after be employed for useful pur- As it was, he clung to the last to ac- the wire. The resultant measure- poses." These last words furnish the tual experiment upon any subject in ment (later proved to be on the high keynote to all Wheatstone's work; which he was interested. side) was the first real indication of however valuable were the services the speed of electricity. Later, the he rendered to pure science, his ulti-

6 STEREO WORLD MavJJune1988 1 mate aim was the useful and practi- Wheatstone was the first to sug- arrow piercing the center of the cal. The science of Spectrum gest and design a submarine tele- record. Analysis emerged as a result of these graph. Early in 1837 he worked on In his paper, Professor Wheat- early experiments. the idea of an underwater telegraph stone states: "It is curious that an ef- In the year. 1836, Professor cable and his first practical experi- fect like this, which must have been Wheatstone was approached by a ments were conducted on Swansea seen thousands of times, should man four years his senior, named Bay in 1844 when he succeeded in never have attracted sufficient atten- William Fothergill Cooke, for tech- telegraphing between a boat and a tion to have been made the subject nical advice on his version of an lighthouse. His expertise in this area of philosophic observation. It was electrical telegraph. Thus began a was called upon when he testified one of the earliest facts which drew fourteen year association resulting before a Select Committee of the my attention to the subject I am now in the world's first practical electric House of Commons on the practi- treating." telegraph system-and an embar- cality of an under the channel Tele- He went on to demonstrate that rassing and widely publicized dis- graph Cable to France. the mind perceives an object in three agreement over which one of them The Stereoscope dimensions because each eye receives deserved the greater share of the a slightly different view of it. He credit for the achievement. As usu- In 1838, at the age of 36, his earli- then asked himself the key question, al, well-meaning but misguided er investigations into the properties (a question previous investigators friends and relatives managed to of light resulted in the publication of into binocular vision had never help fan the flames of controversy "Contributions to the Physiology of .asked), "What would be the visual over the years. The Reverend T. F. Vision.-On Some Remarkable, and effect of simultaneously presenting Cooke, William's brother, published Hitherto Unobserved, Phenomena to each eye, instead of the object it- two pamphlets years later whose ti- of Binocular Vision." This paper was self, its projection on a plane surface presented to the Royal Society on tles alone must have deeply dis- as it appears to the eye?" To answer turbed Wheatstone-the quiet man Tune 21st and then to the British As- that question, he had an instrument sociation at Newcastle in August the of science. One was titled "Author- constructed that would do exactly ship of the Practical Electric Tele- same year. The Professor was led that. The first use of the name he graph of Great Britain" in 1868, and into this line of investigation upon created for his instrument appears in the second and final blast in 1869, observing- a curious effect when the following sentence. "The fre- "Invention of the Electric Telegraph- bringing a candle near a metal plate quent reference I shall have occasion The Charge Against Sir Charles that had been smoothed in a lathe. to make to this instrument. will ren- Wheatstone of Tampering with the What he saw was a line of light ap- der it convenient to give it a specific Press". parently standing out from this name; I therefore propose that it be The controversy was best summed plate, one half above and half below called a Stereoscope, to indicate its up by Wheatstone's biographer for the surface. Closing either eye caused property of representing solid the Royal Society who wrote: "To the relief to disappear. figures." (According to the Gern- Mr. (now Sir W. F.) Cooke much Todav we can recreate this illusion sheims' "History of Photography", credit is undoubtedly due for the (somewhat crudely) that prompted the word "Stereoscopique" appeared tact and ability he evinced in direct- wheatstone's investigations into in print in 1613 and the word ing public attention to the impor- binocular vision by using a phono- "Stereoscope" in 1815, neither of tance of the electric telegraph, and graph record in place of the metal which referred to a binocular de- in conducting the joint enterprise to plate. The grooves of the record are vice.) Wheatstone's use of the word a most successful commercial issue; similar to the concentric circles was developed independently of but to Wheatstone alone must be produced on a metal plate in the these, combining the Greek words ascribed the inventive genius and operation of smoothing in a lathe. for stereo=solid and graph=I look fertility of scientific resource which While seated at a table, place a at. phonograph record flat on the table led to the many successive develop- To help answer his key question, top in front of you. Next, place a ments of the electric telegraph." The he had prepared drawings of single candle in a holder, with the flame revealing story of his relationship is objects as seen by each eye. The approximately twelve inches above well told by Geoffrey Hubbard in eleven sets of drawings are the world's his 1965 book "Cooke and Wheat- the table, next to the record. Slide first stereo views. stone and the Invention of the Elec- the candle holder slowly around the He stated, "The drawings, it has tric Telegraph." edge of the record-first to the right already explained, are two different Many other successful telegraphic and then to the left. The line of light projections of the same object seen you will see reflected across the sur- developments were generated by from two points of sight, the dis- Wheatstone's fertile mind.. .the face of the record always passes tance between which is equal to the alphabet-showing dial telegraph of through the center of the record. interval between the eyes of the ob- 1840, the type-printing telegraph in That portion of the line of light server; this interval is generally 1841 and the automatic telegraph by nearest the candle appears to come about 2% inches." up from the de~thof the table and which messages could be transmit- His precise instructions on using ted at 150 words per minute. This Gss through the center of the rec- this new apparatus were: "The ob- ord. Closing one eye eliminates this last one enabled the transmission of ser .c: must place his eyes as near as long columns of news for publica- illusion of depth. Viewed with both possible to the mirrors, the right eye tion in the daily newspaper. eyes open, the line appears like an before the right-hand mirror, and

STEREO WORLD Mayllune 1988 7 the d mir- r then carefully la] ~ns,one on each retina. ror ling pointec )r the purposes of il- BL required to obtain the panels E E to or from him until the lustration I have employed only out- most faithful resemblances of real twc A images at the had either shading objects, shadowing and colouring int~ of the op and luring bet ~cedit may properly be em1 form an lmage of the same apparent might be supposed that the effect heighten the effects. tten- magnitude as each of the component was wholly or in part due to these tion would enable an artist to draw pictures. There is only one position circumsrances, whereas by leaving and paint tl mponent pic- in which the binocular image will be them out of consideration no room tures, so as [o present to the mind of immediately seen single, of its prop- is left to doubt that the entire effect the observer, in the resultant percep- er magnitude, and without fatigue tion, perfect identity with the object to the eyes." represented. Flowers busts, vases, instri kinds, Thc etc. might thus be represented so as nu1 not to be distinguished by sight from

8 STFREO WORLD MaytJune 1OR8 - In Germany the subject excited still more interest and it was at once eagerly taken up. The new light thrown upon the subject of double vision engaged the most able phys- iologists and metaphysicians- Bruecke, Volkman, Morer, Tourtual; and in Geneva, M. Prevost wrote upon the subject. It is important to recognize that all of Wheatstone's papers were the culmination of much work per- formed over many years. Even though the birth dite of the Stereo- With a simple assembly of wood and glass, human binocular vision was reproduced for scope can be considered June 21, the fint time. This first stereoscope, constructed and named by Charles Wheatstone, is now 1838, because that's when the world exhibited at the London Science Museum. Stereo by Paul Wing. first observed it, we will see later that its conception took place as ear- the real objects themselves." ly as 1832. The first of two Royal Keep in mind that these words ap- Medals he received was awarded to peared before the brilliant photo- him for this work on Binocular graphic discoveries of Niepce, Vision. Daguerre and Talbot had been an- Meanwhile, events outside of En- nounced to the world. gland foreshadowed a new use for How was this scientific instru- the Professor's novel instrument. "It ment so uniquely suited to its pur- was at the beginning of 1839, about pose received? With surprise and six months after the appearance of delight! No one was more competent my memoir in the Philosophical than Sir David Brewster to appreci- Wheatstone's drawing of his first stereo- Transactions, that the photographic ate it fully, and no one seemed more scope, as introduced to the world on art became known, and soon after, surprised and gratified, according to June 21, 1838-150 years before this is- at my request, Mr. Talbot, the in- the following statement in the sue of Stereo World. ventor, and Mr. Collen (one of the ~roceed- ings of the British Association: "Sir David Brewster feared that the members could scarcely judge from the very brief and modest account given by Prof. W. of the principle, and of the instrument advised for il- lustrating it, of its extreme beauty and generality. He considered it one of the most valuable optical papers which had been presented to the Section. He observed that, when taken in conjunction with the law of visible direction in monocular vision, it explains all those phenomena of vision by which philosophers had been so long perplexed; and that vision in three dimensions received the most complete explanation from Prof. W.'s researches. Sir J. Herschel characterized Prof. W.'s discovery as one of the most curious and beautiful for its simplicity in the entire range of experimental optics." Note well Brewster's remarks at this time because as you will see he later attempted to reduce the claim of Professor Wheatstone to the simple invention of a stereoscope-not The original Wheatstone stereoscope from the rear. A turn of the opposite-threaded the first and not a very convenient wooden rod moved the images toward or away from the mirroffi. The grooved holdeffi one at that! at the ends allowed the images to be moved independently for easiest stereo fusion. Photographed at the London Science Museum by David Burder.

STEREO WORLD MayIJunc 1988 9 first cultivators of the art) obligingly prepared for me stereoscopic Talbo- types of full-sized statues, buildings, and even portraits of living persons. M. Quetelet, to whom I communi- cated this application and sent specimens, made mention of it in the Bulletins of the Brussels Academy of October 1841. To M. Fizeau an M. Claudet I was indebted for the first Daguerreotypes executed (or the A more elegant model followed the first reflecting stereoscope. Its exact date unknown, this stereoscope. The beautiful stereo- is the Wheatstone viewer in the London Science Museum often illustrated in historical arti- scopic representations of statuary, cles. Stereographed from the rear by David Burder. architecture, machinery, natural history specimens, portraits of living There is evidence that Professor stone's intelligence and character. In persons, single and in groups, etc., Wheatstone maintained a continu- "The Stereoscope," Brewster states which have recently been produced ing interest in the new science of that the theory of binocular vision, by M. Soleil and M. Claudet, are Photography despite his obviously first advanced by Wheatstone now too well known to the public to busy schedule. He was a member of twenty-two years earlier, was well need more than a slight reference to the Photographic Society of London known centuries before and that them ." and served on their Council as late even the concept of the Stereoscope These words were written by as 1873. Occasional letters from him had been anticipated by another, Professor Wheatstone in 1852 in the appeared in their Journal. One sug- one James Elliot, a Professor of second part of his "Contributions to gested the use of certain chemicals Mathematics in Brewster's home the Physiology of Vision." This new for photographic work in 1853. In town of Edinburgh. The ordinary work introduced new stereo instru- another letter the same year, he lay reader of this attack may well ments to the world as well as an im- described a different type of reflect- have been taken in by Brewster's proved version of his original one. ing stereoscope. He wrote: "I have scientific credentials and title, but His earlier model had been redesigned- constructed an instrument, very his scientific contemporaries were to fold up into a box not larger than convenient for carrying about, not. The following excerpts are from six inches square. Another new in- which is adapted to exhibit pictures a review of "The Stereoscope" that strument he develoved he named the of the largest- dimensions usuallv appeared in the contemporary litera- "Pseudoscope" which converted to taken, as well as smaller ones, and ture section of the "Westminster Re- the mind false perceptions of objects which may be made use of either for view" for October 1856. viewed with it. The prisms were ar- mounted or unmounted pictures.. . "Sir David Brewster's treatise on ranged so that each eye sees what The base and sides consist of iointed the Stereoscope appears to have the other eye did without the in- bars on the principle of the lazy- been written with three principal strument. tongs; the two mirrors fold together objects:-First, to show that in the Another new instrument he called back to back, and, by means of a idea of the stereoscope there is no the Refracting Stereoscope. Of this hinge on their support, fall into a novelty whatever, and that Profes- instrument, Wheatstone had this to groove on the base fitted to receive sor Wheatstone's merit in the inven- say-ilThe refracting stereoscope has them." The reflected images in this tion consists merely in his having the advantage of portability, but it is instrument were viewed through a been one of the first to carry that limited to pictures of small dimen- pair of ordinary spectacle lenses. idea into practice, and this in a very sions. It is well suited for Daguer- "The lenses are moveable in a verti- clumsy manner; second, to prove reotypes, which are usually of small cal direction, in order that they may that as Sir D. Brewster devised a size. and. on account of the nature be fixed at the proper point of sight; method of applying the same princi- of their reflecting- surface, must be the effect of a stereoscopic picture ple, which, by rendering the instru- viewed in a particular direction with greatly depends on its being thus ment cheaper and more convenient, respect to the light which falls upon viewed, though it is a circumstance has at the same time rendered it them:. . .It consists of a base 6 inches which is very generally dis- popular, his share of the merit is far long and 4 inches broad, upon regarded."- greater than that of Professor which stands an upright partition, 5 The Dispute With Brewster heatstone; and, third, to demon- inches high, dividing it equally; this strate that he is the only philosopher partition is capable of extension by Professor Wheatstone became who knows anything about the means of a slide to double the length." ensnared in a number of controver- principles on which the effects of the In addition to 'Stereoscope,' sies with Sir David Brewster in later stereoscope are produced. So that, Wheatstone is responsible for two years, the exact reasons for which in fact, both for that particular form other words commonly used today. have not been fully explained to this of the instrument which is now in He was the first to use the word day. Sir David Brewster, "a disputa- everybody's hands, and for all our 'microphone' and the first to use tious antagonist," to use Wheat- scientific knowledge of its action, 'rheostat.' He developed and named stone's words, wrote a book in 1856 we are indebted to nobody else than this last device to aid him in his elec- that can only be considered a per- the author of this book. Although trical experiments. sonal attack on Professor Wheat- this is by no means the first time

10 STEREO WORLD Mayltne 1988 that Sir D. Brewster has shown a tions, and I wish to show by suffi scope now in universal use, and of strong development of the organ of cient facts that the claim thus sup- other forms of the instrument, I, of acquisitiveness respecting discover- ported is untenable." course, feel an interest in the sub- ies for which he claims credit, and He then pointed out that Profes- ject, and involving as it does nice although the same assertionshave sor Herbert Mayo's book "Outlines questions in the theory of vision, already been put forth in his behalf of Human Physiology" which men- that interest has been greatly in- in anonymous articles distinguished tions Wheatstone's work, appeared creased." by a style seemingly identical with a year before Elliot's claim. He also The reference to the "silly article" his own, yet we are astonished that quoted Brewster's flattering words in the "Westminster Review" pro- he should venture to put forth in his of 1838 and concluded with:L1and moted the Editor of 'The Times' to own name such a series of sophisms Sir David is the last person who include the following footnote to and misstatements. for the same of ought to have advanced them, since Brewster's letter: "The author of the raising his own reputation at the ex- I can shew, from our correspon- "silly article" to which Sir David pense of another. dence, that he was aware, so early as here alludes is a gentleman of the "The constrast between the Sir D. 1832, that at that time I was prepar- highest attainments and standing in Brewster of 1839 and the Sir D. ing for publication my memoir on the scientific world. His opinions, as Brewster of 1856, affords an instruc- the subject." there stated, we know to be a true tive lesson as to the degree in which After this appeared in 'The Times' reflex of the feelings of those who the mind even of a professed philos- the original letterwriter removed his are best competent to give a judge- opher may be warped by the greed cloak of anonymity to reveal himself ment on this subject." of fame ..." as Sir David Brewster. He wrote two Once again the Professor wrote to In this same month, an anony- additional letters using his own 'The Times' providing additional mous letter to 'The Times' appeared name, both of which Professor evidence of priority: "Sir-It is diffi that repeated statements first ap- Wheatstone responded to. As we can cult to deal with Sir David Brewster's pearing in Brewster's book concern imagine, this series of letters gener- reasoning. I have proved by incon- ing Elliot's concept of the Stereoscope ated considerable interest in scientif- trovertible dates my priority both in preceding Wheatstone's. ic and photographic circles and the the discovery of the principle of the Professor Wheatstone responded entire series of six letters was reprinted stereoscope and in the invention of to this anonymous letter with some in the "Liverpool and Manchester this instrument. Sir David, in his re- facts that had not previously been Photographic Journals" of January, ply, fully admits these dates, and known. 1859. says, 'it is evident that Mr. Wheat- "To the Editor of 'The Times.' In his second letter, Brewster stone was acquainted with the prin- Sir.--Allow me to make a few re- pointed out that the reference to ciples of the stereoscope in 1833, marks on a letter which appeared in Wheatstone's work in Mayo's Out- and therefore earlier than Mr. your columns yesterday, relating to lines makes no mention whatever of Elliot;' yet he announces that unless the invention of the Stereoscope. any instrument or method of com- additional evidence be brought for- Your correspondent "A," by exclu- bining the pictures. He also stated: ward he will continue to place that sively adopting the dates and state- "In the preceding observations I gentleman's claims above mine ments put forward in various have avoided the offensive personal- whenever he has occasion to write or publications by Sir D. Brewster, ities with which this subject has speak on the subject; and he further kith the intention of proving that been noticed in a silly article in the requires a proof of my having con- Mr. Elliot had conceived the idea of "Westminster Review." I have no structed a stereoscope at the time my a stereoscope before I had, has given personal feelings to gratify in giving discovery was first announced. I the extensive circulation of 'The an opinion on this question. As the cannot conceive why such a proof Times' to these imperfect allega- inventor of the lenticular stereo- should be thought necessary, but I trust that the following evidence of Mr. Murray, of the firm Murray and Heath, opticians in Piccadilly, will be deemed conclusive as to this point: Piccadilly, Oct. 27th. 'Sir- From an explanation of the accounts furnished to you by Mr. Newman, of Regent-street, during the time I was in his establishment, and which were prepared by myself, I am able to assign the date of my first knowledge of your stereoscopes, both with reflecting mirrors and refracting prisms, to the latter part of 1832. I The most portable viewer of all was designed by Wheatstone in 1853 for use with pictures am, Sir, yours faithfully, R. Murray' of any size, mounted or unmounted. What at fint may look like a modem slide mount in All of the above took place in front of the mirrors is actually a pair of lenses which could be moved up or down for slight 1856. But the damage had been done. magnification of the images. Stereo by David Burder. Brewster's book has become a reference work for other writers who

STEREO WORLD MayIJunc 1988 11 have perpetuated the name of Elliot. doubtedly acted rather hastily in the Brewster also wrote a long article on first instance, but he immediately the Stereoscope for the Encyclopedia made all the amends in his power, Britannica of 1860. Elliot was again and as the correspondence was all featured prominently. contained in successive numbers of the "Philosophical Magazine", we Elliot's Mistake should have imagined that the mat- Incredibly enough, the true story ter might have been allowed to end of Elliot's stereoscope had appeared there. Other persons, however, be- in print in 1852. "The Photographic sides Mr. ~ll~~~,form an opinion News" of September 7, 1860, retold .pan only reading a part of the evi- the true story of Elliot's claim once dence. M~~~ who ought to know again for their readers: "So much more of the real merits of the case nonsense has been written on the place Mr. Elliot in the position of subject of the and the first discoverer, although they some- physiology of stereoscopic vision, times say that Professor Wheatstone that it is quite a relief to turn to discovered it independently; but in some observations on these subjects no single instance that we have yet by so excellent a physiologist as Dr. seen is full justice done to the inven- Awith rare kinwood Wheatstone and refracting ebony stereoscope Wharton Jones, professor of oph- tor of that wonderful instrument the thalmic medicine in University Col- stereoscope, the discovery of which frame and brass fittings. The entire low- lege. The introductory remarks is absolutely and solely due to the er half of the lensboard is offset to allow respecting the history of the stereo- genius of Professor Wheatstone, nose room. Photo courtesy Sotheby's, scope, are of necessity brief, and who, moreover, has given in his London. give Professor Wheatstone full cred- original paper, the best, if not the it for the discovery as far as Sir only, account of the theoretical and Wheatstone's 1838 paper in April David Brewster is concerned. But as p~ysio~og~ca~laws upon which it is if that it was impossible for even the 1852 if he had harbored any ill will based:! towards him at that time. Whatever best informed person to touch upon An examination of the periodical was the cause, it has never been this subject into er- referenced, "The London, Edinburgh satisfactorilyexplained to this day. ror, Mr. Elliot's name is introduced and ~~bli~philosophical ~~~~~i~~ as being a rival claimant with and Journal of Science", to give it its The Chimenti Pictures Professor Wheatstone for the full title, reveals that one of the four In 1860 Sir David received anoth- honour of the discovery. The history editors of this monthly was sir er opportunity to erode the Profes- of this claim is a rather remarkable B~~~~~~~.H~ was certainly sor's reputation by raising doubts as one, and ought to be a warning to aware of Elliot's original letter that to the originality of his work when any One is quite certain a appeared in the May, 1852 issue, SO he reported to the Photographic So- statement, to Pause before he corn- as Editor he was surely aware that ciety of Scotland the discovery of mits it to print. In the "Philosophical wheatstone himself pointed out ~1- "the Binocular drawings of Jacapo Magazine" for April, 1852, ap- liot's mistake in a letter that was Chimenti". The following, by Sir peared a paper by Professor Wheat- printed in their June issue. Appear- David Brewster, appeared in "The stone, in which the theory and ing directly beneath Wheatstone's Photographic Journal" of May 15, construction of the stereoscope was letter is the following: "we have, 1860: fully described. A foot-note to this since the publication of our last "Last summer when Mr. Alex- Paper however stated that it was a Number, received a note from Mr. ander Crum Brown and his brother reprint from the "Philosophical Elliot, stating, that had he been Dr. Jphn Brown were visiting the Transactions" for 1838. A Mr. Elliot, a,re that prof. wheatstone had Musee Wicar at Lille, Mr. Brown not having noticed this footnote, produced his Stereoscope so early in observed two drawings placed side thereupon published a letter, stating 1838, he would not have sent the by side, and so perfectly similar that that Professor Wheatstone's discov- statement inserted therein. -~di~~~~he could account for the fact only by ery was not new, he having found Despite this disclaimer by Elliot, supposing that they were binocular Out the same thing some years be- Brewster trumpeted Elliot's name in pictures intended to be combined fore, (i.e. before 1852). The footnote his 1856 book and in subsequent into relief either by the eye or by an to the Paper was then pointed out to correspondence and articles. A most instrument. Mr. Elliot, showing that the original amazing individual was B~~~~~~~to "The following is the account of publication of the Paper by Profes- SO arrogantly ignore the facts. these pictures which he communi sor Wheatstone dated as far back as Brewster's personal animosity to- cated to Principal Forbes, who brought 1838a Mr. at Once wards Wheatstone apparently began it under my nqtice:- wrote to renounce all claim to the around the latter part of 1852 based 'In the Musee Wicar at Lille there discovery, stating that he had not on Wheatstone's remarks'in 'The are two drawings, with a pen and in noticed the prior date, and giving Times' about the attacks of the past water co~oursof a young man sitting Professor Wheatstone full credit for four years. an editor of the upon a bank and drawing with a the as as for the pri- Philosophical Magazine, it is doubt- pair of compasses. These two draw- ority publication. Mr. '' ''- ful if Brewster would have reprinted ings are by Jacopo Chimenti, a

12 STEREO WORLD MayIJune 1988 painter of the Florentine school, placed before the Photographic So drawn in the same brownish pen who was born at Empoli, near Flor- ciety of Scotland. "The full stereo- and wash style. They are a1n;ost the ence, in 1554, and died in 1640. scopic relief of Chimenti's pictures same size. My impression of them is 'They are drawings of the same was seen and acknowledged by all that they were more sketchily done object, from points of view slightly the Members of the Society." than The Photographic lournal fac- different. Otherr opinions in this controversy simile suggested. They are kept in a 'They are so exactly on the same were covered in detail in the "Photo- folder with other Chimenti draw- scale, that, by converging the optic graphic Journal" of March 15, April ings of similar studio sketches. axes, I succeeded in uniting the two 15 (where an engraving of the draw- There are no other "pairs" in the so as to produce an image in relief. ings was published for the first folder. They united so easily and complete- time-see illustration) and June 16, Viewed stereoscopically they give ly that I could not help thinking that 1862. The controversial subject was a certain amount of solid effect, but they had been drawn for the pur- never completely settled to every- this is chiefly about the head and pose of being looked at in that way. one's satisfaction. Each side had its shoulders. The arms particularly do The figure has one arm extended to- unswerving believers. not appear solid. On one of the pic- wards the spectator, and with the Where are the Chimenti pictures tures there are traces of earlier pencil other has drawn a line upon the today? What would a modern ob- sketching of the extended arm in a floor. As far as I could judge, the server think of the stereoscopic na- rather lower position. The lower difference between the two pictures ture of these drawings? These part of the body and the stool will was greater than would be produced questions were asked, and an- not merge at all satisfactorily. It by a change of the position of a swered, by Arther T. Gill of the does not seem to matter which is spectator equal to the distance be- Royal Photographic Society. Mr. taken as right or left, the same par- tween the two eyes, so that the Gill visited Lille where he was able tial merging of the drawings is possi- stereoscopic effect was somewhat to examine the drawings that were ble with the feeling that they might exaggerated. the center of controversy over a hun- be solid. It is easv to see how the 'I think, if we had a photograph of dred years ago. In the December, controversy arose and how the pro- the pictures, it would be much easier 1969, issue of the Journal of the tagonists and antagonists could be to prove the stereoscopic character Royal Photographic Society, he so strong in their convictions. In all, than merely by referring to them; reported: "The drawings are still the more logical conclusion must be and if the photographs were of such preserved in Lille. I saw them by against Brewster and in favour of a size that they could be transposed special application a few years ago two sketches, one redrawn from the and put into the stereoscope, any at the Palais des Beaux Arts, in the other with slight differences be- one could see it.' Wicar collection. They are separate- tween them." Brewster concluded with: "This ly mounted; in fact there is no evi- Besides Stereo account of the two drawings is so dence that they were ever mounted distinct and evinces such a knowl- as a pair, though they may have At the age of forty-five Professor edge of the subject, that we cannot been displayed side by side. The ac- Wheatstone married Emma West, for a moment doubt that they are tual drawings are about twelve the daughter of a Taunton trades- binocular drawings intended by the inches high by about eight and a man, "a young lady of considerable artist to be united into relief either half inches wide, and they are both personal attraction". Charles and by the eye or by an instrument." In June, 1860, Professor Wheat- stone obtained photographs of the Chimenti Drawings, placed them in a Stereoscope and he and his friends found them not to be stereoscopic. Copies were sent to the French Pho- tographic Society and laid before the members at their July meeting. They reported: "When placed in the stereoscope, the two pictures united perfectly, but did not present the smallest effect of relief. We think it is fair, therefore, to presume that, whatever may have been the object proposed by the artist in executing the two similar pictures, it was certainly not from any knowledge of the stereoscopic phenomenon, and that Sir David Brewster was in this instance wrong in his conjecture." It was not until March 11, 1862, that Brewster himself obtained pictures of the drawings which he The Chimenti Drawings, as published in The Photographic Journal, April 15, 1862.

STEREO WORLD May/June1988 13 Emma were married on February its seven pages bore the signature of upon him by various governments, 12, 1849 and their first child, King Charles the First; however, the universities. and learned societies. of Charles Pablo Wheatstone, was pages were filled with columns of which eight were German, six born less than three months later. numbers. This long cipher, which French, five English, three Swiss, Understandably it was a quiet wed- had baffled all other experts, was two Scotch. two Italian. two Ameri- ding as no notice was made of it in translated by Professor Wheatstone can, and one each of Irish, Belgian, the "Times". Their second son came in 1860. What had at first appeared Russian, Swedish, Dutch, and Bra- along a year later and three daugh- to be a cipher in English turned out zilian origin. ters followed over the next five to be one in French! He also created Sir Charles Wheatstone remained years. a cipher machine that favorably im- busy and active right up to the end The remainder of Wheatstone's pressed experts in this esoteric field, of his life. He was visiting Paris to life was a continuous round of ex- so far removed from his work in observe the inauguration of his au- perimentation concentrated mostly electricity. In addition, the Professor tomatic telegraph between that city in the electrical area. His use of developed a cipher that was used for and Marseilles when he caught cold. Christie's Bridge to measure electri- many years by the British Army. It He died there of congestion of the cal resistance was so well known was ideal for field use because it de- lungs on the 19th of October at age that the device is called "Wheat- pended on a keyword that could be 73. His bodv was returned to En- stone's Bridge" to this day. His elec- easily remembered and changed. gland where he was buried on a raw tric clocks were well known, various This cipher was spoken of so glow- October morning in Kensal Green electrical registers were invented by ingly (and often) by Lord Playfair, a Cemetery in the same plot with his him-to record a variety of meteoro- close friend of the Professor and fel wife, brother, and sister. A large logical data and to register the veloc- low cipher enthusiast, that his name, gathering of his scientific compatri- ity of a bullet. Wheatstone con- instead of Wheatstone's, gradually ots attended his funeral. tributed to the development of the became associated with it. To this In his will, dated October 16, dynamo by grouping the armature day, it is known as the Playfair 1875, he bequeathed his collection coils to give a really continuous cur cipher. of scientific books and instruments rent. He also produced a type-printing One month before his sixty-sixth as well as his medals and diplomas telegraph (forerunner of the teletype birthday, Professor Wheatstone be- to King's College, London, where machine). came Sir Charles Wheatstone when they are preserved to this day in the The Catalog of the Royal Society he was Knighted by the Queen. Many Wheatstone collection. A legacy of contains 31 headings on his papers. scientific honors had been bestowed 500 pounds for the purchase of Heat, light, electricity, sound, all on the great physicist over the years; scientific instruments was also ear- received his attention at different he had been elected a Fellow of the marked for King's College. His col- periods. Royal Society in 1836, a Chevalier lection of portratis of men of science Still another area of Wheatstone's of the Legion of Honour in 1855, he bequeathed to the Royal Society. widespread interest was in the field and a foreign Associate of the His son Arthur, who had been of cryptography. The British Muse- Academy of Sciences of France in slighted in his father's Will, did not um had purchased what appeared to 1873; he possessed thirty-four dis- attend the funeral. Sir William Cooke, be an important document. Each of tinctions or diplomas conferred who did, was one of the genuine mourners. Apparently any ill will which might have existed between the two men had been outlived. Wheatstone's early work on submarine cables helped to speed the news of his passing around the world. Within two days of his death, the 'New York Times' printed his obituary, having received the word via that remarkable wonder of the age-the Atlantic Cable. Bibliography The Illustrated London News- Jan. 24,1852 P. 77, 78. The Stereoscope-Sir David Brewster-1856. Brewster's book was I re~ublishedin 1972. but unfortunately, no mention of the controversy with Wheatstone appears in the introduction. So once again Brewster's legacy of misinformation is praising the name of Elliot, who was no more than a minor footnote About 1852, Wheatstone introduced this compact viewer which folded into a box not in the history of the stereoscope, larger than six inches square. and degrading that of Wheatstone.)

14 STEREO WORLD Mayllunc 1988 - Proceedings Royal Society - Vol. Proceedings of American Academy of Since this is a Government publica- XXIV -1875 - Obituary Notices of Arts O Science - 1952, P 92-96. tion, it does not appear in the stan- 1 Fellows Deceased, P XVI-XXVII. Cooke and Wheatstone and the Inven- dard listing of books in print. I was New York Times - Obituary - Oct. 21, tion of the Electric Telegraph - able to scan through a copy briefly 1875, P 5. Geoffrey Hubbard - 1965. at the New York Public Librarv.,. and The Telegraphic Journal - Nov. 1, 1875, The Codebreakers - The Story of Secret Dr. Bowers presents some new facts P 241. NOV.15,1875, P 253-255. Writing - David Kahn - 1967, P on Wheatstone's personal life that 196-202. are not available from the sources Minutes of the Proceedings of the Insti- listed above.) tute of Civil Engineers (Memoirs of Dictionary of Scientific Biogra- Deceased Members) Vol. ILVII - phy - Vol. XIV. Science 84 - June, 1984, Inventing 1876, P 283-290. Dictionary of National Biogra- Charles Wheatstone - Noel Viet- meyer, P 71-75. Nature - Apr. 27, 1876 - Scientific Wor- phy - Vol. XX. - May/ June 1985, thies, P 501-503. Michael Faraday - a Biography by L. Stereo World Sup- Pearce Williams - 1971 Paperback, pressed Wheatstone Drawings Rev- Wheatstone's Scientific ealed - James Middleton, P 10-13. Papers - Published by Physical So- P 331. Sir Charles Wheatstone - Brian Bow- (A very different sort of look at ciety of London - 1879, P 225-283. Wheatstone's work, involving a ers - 1975. (This new work is diffi- Lives of the Electricians - W. T. Jeans - 1923 conspiracy between Henry 1887, P 210-221. cult to locate in the U.S. Dr. Bowers is with the Science Museum in Lon- Luce, The War Department, and an Pioneers of Electrical Communica- don and his book was published by antique dresser drawer.) m tion - Rollo Appleyard Her Majestys Stationery Office. London - 1930.

NORTH AMERICA'S HISTORIC BUILDINGS North Carolina State Capitol

by Neal Bullington

ocated in Capitol Square in Revival style, being cross-shaped in lobby. The House and Senate cham- L Raleigh, the North Carolina plan with pedimented porticos on bers rise two stories in height. State Capitol was built between the east and west sides containing This c.1874 view is from the series 1833 and 1840, the work of ar- Doric columns. A hemispherical "In and Around Raleigh, N.C." pub- chitects A. J. Davis, David Paton, dome rises in the shape of an oc- lished by Rufus Morgan of Char- and Ithiel Town. The building is tagonal drum. On the main floor is lotte, N.C. and is titled "State House considered by many critics to be an a circular rotunda, below which on from Hillsboro Street" in the list on outstanding example of the Greek the ground floor is a central circular the back. m

STEREO WORLD MaytJune1988 U.S. Hectron Dealer he new Hectron model H3 is , ,. . 1 T now available in the U.S. from Western Systems 3-D of Santa Rosa, CA. Advertised as the world's only modern 35mm stereo camera in regular production, the Hectron is handcrafted in France from two elec- tronic SLR's into a unified camera with synchronized shutters, focusing and exposure controls. (See Stereo World, Nov. /Dec. '87 page 35.) A 36-exposure roll provides 18 pairs of 24mm X 36mm frame size. (These will have a stereo base of 75.8mm.) The TTL light metering system has an ASA range of 25 to 1600 and shutter speeds are from 1 to 1/1000th. In automatic mode, Hectron H3 body is 8% inches wide. With standard 50mm lenses, the camera weights you select an aperture setting and about 20 oz. the camera automatically selects the appropriate shutter speed, display- ing the setting in the viewfinder.

An uncut section of film from a Hectron showing two pairs. Advance mechanism au- Less flexibility is available in the tomatically alternates between one and three frame advance strokes. manual mode, as shutter speed is then preset at 1/125th, with aperture being manually selected for the desired exposure. The viewfinder display then shows both the selected exposure and the exposure indicated by the meter. Standard lenses are coupled 50mm, but coupled 35-70mm zooms are available as an option. All lenses with K-mounting are compatible with the Hectron. The question of the camera's long-term reliability will probably have to wait for more owners to use it in more varied situations. (Hectron hasn't vet sent Stereo World a sample ior a Popular Open back view reveals the only obvious sign that this is a spliced camera, where the Photography style torture-test!) junction between the two bodies is filled with a smooth black epoxy. Electronically For more information and current controlled metal focal plane shutters are shown open. Stereo effect is easily previewed prices, send a SSAE to Western 3-D through the two viewfinders, particularly with close scenes. Systems, Box 14217, Santa Rosa, CA 95402.

16 STEREO WORLD MaylJune 1988 I I was pleased to attend a demon- I stration of the latest semi-3-D system to come to Hollywood-a British system simply called "ASPEX." The ASPEX people are pretty careful not to call their system a 3-D one, as they realize that it is not capable of the true 3-D and off-the- screen effects of traditional polarized 3-D systems. Instead they have come up with the term "STEREO- CHROMATIC" to describe the im- I age enhancement that they are I I \ producing. What they have come up with is an interesting twist on the principles of anaglyphic 3-D (the Red/Blue system) combined with 3-D motion parallax techniques. This has initial- ly been achieved by a special shutter system installed on a ~anavision Platinum 35mm motion picture camera-a top-of-the-line model used on major motion picture production. The basic idea is that a motion picture camera has a "butterfly" shutter installed in front of the film aperture in the camera, which ro- tates as the film passes through the film gate. The film usually runs at a rate of 24 frames per second. With- out getting technical, the rotating A simplified illustration of the Aspex "Butterf1y"shutter. A: position of film frame. shutter, which I guess matches a B: Cyan filters. C: red filters. D: Bi-directional Dissolve Mechanism covering part of similar type of shutter used in the red/cyan filter (mechanism not shown in full). projectors, doubles the flicker rate so that it is not visible to the of the film. This is called a variable blue fringe areas, which translate human eye. shutter angle. into a small amount of 3-D effect on On a normal shutter there is open In the ASPEX concept red and those scenes, when viewed through space between the opposing shutter cyan (blue) filters are incorporated the proper 3-D glasses. For static or blades (see diagram). More sophisti- into the space between the shutter slow-moving scenes there is no cated shutters also can vary this space, blades. The effective result is that fringing, and therefore no depth. which effectively can change the ex- when subjects move in any direction Since this is all very subtle, one can posure time without varying the speed they leave barely noticeable red and watch an entire program with the scenes varying from 2-D to 3-D (well, more like 2%-D) with com- fort, and with the brain sort of fill- New European 3-D Catalog ing in the transitions to make everything seem to have a little more The Swiss 3-D mail order compa- Some of these have no U.S. import- depth than a flat film. ny 3-D Foto World has released a er, and are available only in Europe. They have cleverly gotten around new catalog, available from 3-D The text is entirely in German, with the potential problem of pseudo- Foto World, Fach CH-4020, Basel, prices listed in Swiss francs. Order- stereo when the movement changes Switzerland. Along with the wide ing instructions in English appear in direction. The butterfly shutter variety of stereo books and images the back. Even if you order nothing filters are in opposite configuration in different formats, the new catalog (or find an item more readily avail- on opposite sides of the butterfly. features a larger selection of hard- able from a closer source) the cata- So, for one fraction of a second red ware including many items men- log makes a fascinating pictorial follows cyan, in the next fraction tioned recently in Stereo World. record of what is currently cyan follows red, and so-on. This all available. happens so fast that the brain sim-

STEREO WORLD May/Junc 1988 17 ply accepts the "correct" information while rejecting the incorrect ones. This is similar to the phenom- 3-D Slide Conversions! enon one finds in Nimslo lenticular A wide variety of 3-D slide orders are steep. A single duplicate prints. If you consciously study one duplicating and conversion services View-Master reel, for instance, is you will find that there are many is now being offered by the $22.00. Duplicates of other formats, pseudoscopic viewing areas, howev- Metroplex Media Corporation in however, are available unmounted er one naturally rejects them and Denver. These include duplication for far less. While the sample dupli- unconsciously moves to a normal of all stereo formats, either as stan- cate View-Master reel sent to Stereo stereo viewing zone. A similar effect dard whole image pairs or as custom World showed careful control of is involved with ASPEX system. orders involving enlargements, contrast, sharpness and color, any What does it actually look like? reductions or creative cropping. lab is best tested with a small order Well, the demo film that we saw Duplication of View-Master reels is first. (We invite readers to let New- naturally involved a lot of action, a also included, and scenes may be views know about their experiences car chase, and a music "video" of selected from several reels for dupli- with any of the services mentioned.) the "Love Overboard" song by Gla- cation on a final edited reel. Metroplex Media is also one of a dys Knight and the Pips. So I would The services also include conver- growing number of studios offering have to admit that there was a cer- sions from one format to another. commercial 3-D slide production tain amount of depth effect-all be- Any format may be converted to services to companies and institu- hind the stereo window. In general I View-Master reels as a standard tions for promotion and training would say that a true 3-D fan would service, and conversions from any purposes. For a price list and be a bit disappointed. format to virtually any other format brochure, contact Metroplex Media, So why bother? Well, the plus are offered as custom services. As 3525 S. Tamarac Drive (Suite 110) side of their system is that it in- could be expected of any such Denver, CO 80237. volves absolutely no special tech- specialized service, prices for small niques or equipment on the production side. Once the ASPEX shutter is installed in the camera, nothing is different about the use of the camera than from a normal Coke 3-D Lives Oscillating production. Also, nothing is different about the film, processing or According to a press release from In Depth projection techniques. The color the Coca-Cola Media Relations fringing is encoded on the film when Department, the concept of a major For those interested in more eso- it is exposed in the camera. Silver 3-D broadcast sponsored by Coke is teric realms of 3-D than slides, video screens are not required. The film far from dead, despite the postpone- or computers, there remains one can even be converted to video in the ment of the 3-D episode of "Moon- screen you may not yet have tried- normal way, and retain the effect. lighting" due to the writers' strike. the little green one on an oscillo Finally, the fringing is so subtle that The company apparently has no in- scope. According to Homer B. Tilton, the film can be viewed "normally" tention of letting those 40 million the potential 3-D applications of os- without the use of special glasses at glasses, or the interest generated by cilloscope images include engineer- all. This makes the 3-D aspect op- the project, go to waste. Without ing, optics, biology, medicine, tional, with little additional produc- again mentioning "Moonlighting," psychological sciences, and pictorial tion cost. their statement concludes that Coca- art. His new book, "The 3-D To prove their point, the Gladys Cola hopes to be the first to sponsor Oscilloscope-A Practical Manual Knight and the Pips "Love Over- a major network 3-D program seg- and Guide" contains complete in- board" music video was made with ment with the first national 3-D structions and parts lists which a modified Panavision camera, and commercial. Whenever the idea should enable anyone with a home has been showing on MTV and else- makes it to the screen, it will proba- workshop to assemble and use a 3-D where without any announcement bly be hard to miss the advance pub- oscilloscope (which is then called a at all about the ASPEX aspect of it. licity. parallactiscope). If you get MTV and want to try it In addition, Mr. Tilton offers new out on this video, all you need is a hardware to adapt an existing oscil- pair of anaglyphic specs. Normal loscope to show "real-time holoform anaglyphic specs will work, but the Thanks (hologram-like) images. . .you can ASPEX ones use very pale colors, so There are a number of people peer around and see in stereo with- that the normal full color is not af- who need to be thanked for sending out using special glasses." For more fected as much. Since the fringing is information in to Newviews on cur- details on the book (published by so subtle, cancellation and ghost im- rent or recent subjects. Those whose Prentice-Hall) or the holoform hard- ages are not a real problem. names we remembered to note are: ware write to Homer Tilton, 8401 Does the emperor have new clothes? Eddie Ash, Howard Butts, Denis Desert Steppes Drive, Tucson, AZ You'll have to judge for yourself. I'd Diekhoff, David Hutchison, Joseph 85710. say he's just managed to slip on a Jurkiewicz, David Kemmer, Freder- brief bikini. ick Lightfoot, and Bob Martin.

18 STEREO WORLD MaylJunc 1988 Popular 3-D TV

The cover story on 3-D TV in the June issue of Popular Science is a good indication of the growing interest in the whole idea among the media, the electronics companies and a sizeable portion of the public. The article is reasonably complete, with graphics explaining the basic systems and a text which makes clear the limitations and the expense involved for anyone wishing to dive -D Player into this field presently. It goes into some detail concerning the flicker present in most consumer oriented systems using liquid crystal shutter- ing glasses-and points out that the effect is far less obvious when the brightness and contrast are adjusted lower and viewing is done in a fairly video projector uses a 120 frames- dim room. The trick seems to work per-second scan rate so that each eye well with images from the new gets the usual 60 pictures per second '53 Disney 3-D Toshiba 3-D Camcorder, which will and no flicker. The projector also Revived need all the positive feedback it can polarizes the frames, so that regular get if many are to sell at $2,850.00 polarized glasses can be used instead "Working for Peanuts," the 1953 for camera, adapter and one pair of of a limited number of shuttered Disney 3-D cartoon with Chip & glasses. Additional pairs of wrap- ones. The effect (and quite possibly Dale and Donald Duck is being around, headband style wired glass- the price) of this disc/projector com- shown in newly restored prints at es are $50.00 each. bination with its 100 inch screen Disney World. According to an item One system not mentioned in the could be similar to the flicker-free in Starlog magazine, the long un- Popular Science article is the newly industrial systems offered by com- available 3-D version of the cartoon promoted Sanyo/Fisher 3-D Laser panies like StereoGraphics and Tek- is being shown with "Magic Jour- Video Disc projection system. This tronics. For details and price/ neys,'' the Disney 70mm 3-D hit pri- new system even incorporates availability information, contact or to "Captain Eo."~ "Flicker-Free" into its name, to em- Fisher Co., 21314 Lassen St., Chat- phasize the fact that its 6 tube/6 lens sworth, CA 91311.

I DO NOT MOUNT DO NOT CUT I

Nervous about sending your stereo slide film to a lab for "processing only?" Bartley Busse of Neidpath, Saskatchewatl created this notice on his computer to include with each roll. Photocopy a bunch and pass them on-OR, design your own and send us a sample! I PLEASE I OR CUT THIS SLIDE STRIP. THESE RRE NONSTflNDARD FRAtlE SIZES, TAKEN WITH A STEREO CAMERA, THAI RERUIRE SPECIRL MOUNTING. KINDLY ROLL, THE DEVELOPED STRIP* IN I PRPER RID RETURN. THANK YOU! I

L*"" ' V", "-w*'"rfi *.w*w u. r*n""n"n"*'*. r ,**w , 3""- "+.*".-.PI *. This column depends on readers for information. (We don't know everything!) Send information or questions to David St arkman, P.O. Box 2368, Culver City, CA 9C ,231.

STEREO WORLD Mayllune 1988 19 Austria itself was one of those fragments of the old Austro-Hun- garian Empire thrown up in the wake of the First World War and given legitimacy in the Treaties of Versailles and Saint-Germain. But Austria was still a nation in search of its soul. Austrians had long suffered from conflicting loyalties and the departure of the Habsburgs had done little to change that. Political opinion in Austria in the mid-thir- ties was hopelessly divided among Marxists and Socialists, monarchists who hoped for a restoration of the old dynasty, nationalists favoring a strong independent line, Pan-Ger- mans who looked for a closer partnership with their northern neighbor, and Nazis, many of whom sought outright amalgama- tion in the German state. An attempt had been made to incorporate some of these diverse elements into a single, unified "Fatherland Front," while the Austrian Nazi Party had been outlawed due to its penchant for violence. The gradual development of closer ties with Germany was strongly advocated by Hitler's Min- ister to Vienna, von Papen, and had been exemplified in an Austro- German Pact concluded in 1936. But Hitler was not a patient man. This the Austrian Chancellor, Kurt von Schuschnigg, was to learn to his sor- row when early in 1938 he accepted the Fuhrer's invitation for a personal meeting at Berchtesgaden to discuss Austro-German problems. Although sch;schnigg had plenty xactly half a century has passed In fact, Hitler's chief external con- of misgivings, his first real intima- since Adolph Hitler embarked cern was Italy. What attitude would E tion of impending disaster came on that course of aggression that Mussolini adopt toward German ag- when he arrived at Hitler's moun- within a year and a half would gression on his northern border? tain retreat on February 12th to dis- plunge Europe into war. Hitler's Once before, when an abortive Nazi cover that his host had added a previous acts in defiance of the Trea- coup had threatened to topple the number of high-ranking generals to ty of Versailles, however much they Vienna government, the Italians had the guest list. Worse was to come. may have irritated France and the shown real teeth, openly moving After lecturing Schuschnigg at other powers, at least had been con- tanks to the Brenner Pass and align- length on a whole series of alleged fined within the boundaries of Ger- ing with Britain and France in a Austrian iniquities, Hitler presented many itself. But with the occupation seemingly solid front against the his demands: removal of the ban on of Austria in March of 1938, the threat of German adventurism. political activity by the Austrian Fuhrer had turned his attention to Since then, however, the Italians Nazis and the appointment of sever- another of his long-espoused goals had become mired in Abyssinia and al key party sympathizers to impor- -the incorporation within the the shaky partnership with the tant posts in the Austrian govern- Reich of the Germanic peoples liv- Western democracies had broken up ment. Foremost among these was ing outside its borders. That this over that issue. In the event, Mus- the naming of Artur Seyss-Inquart policy involved the risk of war Hit- solini not only declined to intervene as Minister of Interior and head of ler openly admitted but discounted but actively endorsed Hitler's policy. internal security (roughly the because he rightly perceived that In gratitude, Hitler vowed to stick France and Britain were more ap- by Mussolini come what may-one equivalent of making A1 Capone palled by the prospect of conflict of the few promises the Fuhrer faith- head of the Chicago Police Depart- ment!) Faced with the imminent than he was. fully kept.

20 STEREO WORLD MsyIJune 1988

L w by Richard C. Ryder

STEREO WORLD MaylJune 1988 21 threat of invasion, Schuschnigg capitulated. Although the results of Berchtes- gaden were publicly described as "mutual concessions," this deception fooled no one. Hitler was secretly relieved. The generals had been mere window dressing. Had Schuschnigg stood firm and appealed for British and French support, Hitler might well have been thwarted for the moment. But the opportunity had been lost. The next time the Fuhrer would not be bluffing. "Zollhaus Kiefenfelden-Kufstein am 12. Marz 1938 um Uhrfruh." At a customs check- In the ensuing weeks, Hitler did point on the Austro-German border, Wehrmacht troops await the order to cross into try to muzzle the more rabid of the Austria. At several points, Austrian border guards helped the Germans dismantle ob- Austrian Nazis - since he rightly stacles. feared he could not control their activities. Nevertheless, political violence continued to escalate throughout Austria. Finally, on March 9th, Schuschnigg called for a plebiscite to be held on the following Sunday. Es- sentially a public affirmation of Austrian independence, the poll would have strengthened Schusch- nigg's hand and undermined some of the recent Nazi gains. This Hitler could not and would not tolerate. He called in the Army, only to discover that the mighty Wehrmacht had no detailed plan for invading Austria - nothing but a "Begrussung der Truppen." German military bands letlt a festivc, tlotl-lcthal up- sketchy outline prepared earlier to pearance to the occupation. Nevertheless, note the presence of sidearms. forestall a possible restoration of the Habsburgs. present to Schuschnigg. The hapless tance, and in places the Austrian While the Army hastily impro- Austrian Chancellor was forced first border guards even helped to revised, Reichsmarschall Hermann to cancel the plebiscite, then to re- move obstacles that had been hastily Goring personally took charge of sign. Seyss-Inquart was to be named erected only days before. Although pressuring the Austrians. To pre- to succeed him. Once installed in of- there were a number of embarrass- serve a semblance of legality, he dic- fice, the latter tried to call off the in- ing mechanical breakdowns, the tated his message from Seyss-Inquart vasion. But it was too late for that. German invasion quickly assumed requesting the presence of German At dawn on Saturday, March the character of a triumphal proces- troops to "restore order." He then 12th, advance elements of the Ger- sion. Supply columns were left far drafted a series of ultimata which man 8th Army crossed the frontier behind as the grey-clad invaders, Seyss-Inquart was instructed to at several points. They met no resis- preceded by their military bands, marched down roads lined with cheerinp:- crowds. Of course, not everyone was glad to see them. Many who opposed the Nazis simply stayed at home. Others, the more outsvoken and those deemed a threat'to thennew order," were already being rounded up by the Austrian police and Himmler's Gestapo. There were still others, among- them the musical von ~ra~~'famil~,who would soon flee their homeland for a life of exile. Nevertheless, the prevailing mood among the Austrian populace seems "lugend am 12. Marz 1938 in Salzburg."Such spontaneous street demonstrations as well as the more formal activities of units of the Hitler Youth (HI)testify to thepopular- to have been one of genuine relief. In ity of Hitler among many younger Austrians. part this was a natural reaction to the fact that the occupation, which

! STEREO WORLD Mayflune 1988 stunned Hitler. He had anticipated a warm welcome but nothing like this. hat night, after conferrini with Seyss-Inquart and Goring, Hitler decided on a bolder course of action. And so, on Sunday, March 13th, 1938, the date scheduled for Schu- schnigg's ill-fated plebiscite, the Austrian government, bowing to the "will of the people," authored its own extinction, announcing that "Austria is now a province of the German Reich." This "reunification" of Germany and Austria - or "Tiroler Trachtengruppe." Many Austrian folk groups, like these Tiroleans, turned Anschluss, as it was called - would out in native costume to welcome their new Fuhrer. be ratified, ironically enough, by ioint ~lebiscitein the two countries. ~eldbn April 12th, the poll (which by Nazi standards was relatively free from overt intimidation) won overwhelming approval. The fact that both plebiscites would probably have ~ieldedsub- stantial majorities for their backers suggests that what most Austrians really wanted was any government that showed promise of strong, resolute leadership. Dealt a bad hand, Schuschnigg had played it poorly. By the beginning of March, the situ- ation, both within Austria and on "Der Fuhrer." Hitler apparently was genuinely fond of children (at least those of pure the international scene, had deterio- Aryan descent) and they reciprocated his affections, a trait the Nazi publicists were quick to exploit. rated markedly. Haunted by the spectre of fighting "fellow Ger- mans," Schuschnigg's government many had come to regard as inevita- and on this day was coming home to throughout the crisis had hesitated ble, was at least a bloodless one. visit the graves of his parents. and wavered until it was too late. Others hoped that the chaos and un- Until now, Hitler had apparently Among those called on by the certainty of Austrian politics had at envisioned Austria as a dependent Nazi hierarchy to commemorate the last given way to an era of stability. client state of the German Reich, occasion was the well-known stereo The more exuberant among the perhaps with himself as head of firm of Raumbild-Verlag. Founded throngs, the Nazis and Pan-Germans, state but preserving a certain amount in the early 1930's by Otto Schon- delighted in the unification of two of local autonomy. But now, as his v stein, a former textile merchant and great branches of the Germanic peo- motorcade passed through Linz and amateur stereographer, Raumbild- ples. Disillusionment would come other towns of his youth, the almost Verlag had recently become politi- later, amid the snows of the Russian berserk enthusiasm of the crowds cized bv the a~~ointmentof Hein- front. As the columns fanned out across the Austrian heartland, in scores of cities and towns far in advance of the marching troops the swastika replaced the familiar red and white banner of Austria on public buildings as the local Nazis seized power. Late Saturday afternoon, the Fuhrer had himself crossed into Austria - ostensibly as a tourist. For Hitler it was a moment of great personal vin- dication. This bete noire who so troubled the diplomats and chan- celleries of ~uro~ewas not German "Der Fuhrer in Eisenbahnabteil."Hoffmann caught Hitler in apensive mood in his pri- at all - but Austrian. Hitler had vate railway car. Although it was Schuschnigg who precipitated theMarch crisis, Hit- been born in the little town of ler was a skillful politician who knew how to exploit an opportunity with ruthless Braunau-am-Inn near the border determination.

STEREO WORLD MayIJune 1988 rich Hoffmann as bureau chief and editor of Das Raumbild, the firm's stereo journal.* Hoffmann, the Reichsbildberichterstatter or Chief Photo Reporter of the Nazi Party, was a crony of Hitler's from the old Munich Beer Hall days and had the unique distinction of having introduced Hitler to his long-time mis- tress, Eva Braun, at that time a shop assistant in Hoffmann's employ. Under Hoffmann's direction, Raumbild-Verlag quickly produced Grossdeutschlands Wiedergeburt [The Rebirth of Greater Germany], a 'Abreise von Schwarzach."Such crowd scenes often suggest a u~idcrange of lllrnlail emotions, ranging from resigned acquiescence to an almost evangelical fervor. It was book and stereograph set in a for- apparently the enthusiasm of the crowds that convinced the Fuhrer to annex Austria mat that had already proven suc- outright. cessful with the firm's treatment of the Munich Olympics two years before. Written by Dr. Karl Bartz, and folding metal viewer (designed by ing the same - with one important with a short foreword supplied by Adolf Potzl) and either 100 or 120 exception discussed later. Goring himself, the eighty page stereographs by Hoffmann. The first In the earliest edition of the work, book appeared in at least three dif- sixty-six views are political, showing the 100 stereographs are tucked into ferent editions over the next few the various Nazi bigwigs and details slits in black cardboard pages within years, accompanied by the firm's of the occupation, while the remain- the book itself - a less than satis- der are scenes of.the new province factory arrangement, as indicated by *For more information on Otto - "Das schone Osterreich ["Beau- a rapid changeover to the practice of Schonstein and the history of Raumbild- tiful Austria"]. The 120-card set placing cards and viewer in five Verlag, see the November-December merely contains additional scenic deep pockets or recesses within the 1985 issue of Stereo World. views, the political content remain- front and back covers. The subsequent 120-card set has an additional pocket to accommodate the extra views. Both of the "pocket" editions also contain a number of plates, full- page non-stereo photos which are not present in the initial format. The text itself is not keyed to the stereographs, being instead a rather transparent attempt to justify the Nazi takeover. After affirming the historic bonds between Germany and Austria and thoroughly de- nouncing the constraints that kept them apart, the book turns to the "DE~Stepllansdom am 12. Marz 1938." Nazi banners flank St. Stephen's Cathedral, unsuccessful 1934 coup - in which one of Vienna's most prestigious monuments. Schuschnigg'g predecessor as Chan- cellor was brutally murdered - eu- logizing those Nazis subsequently convicted and executed for the crime. There follows a stirring account (from the German perspective at least) of the events of 1938 and the illusory promise of a better life under a Nazi regime. Curiously, Schuschnigg is portrayed not as a villain but rather as as a bumbling small-time politician overwhelmed by events. Hitler of course appears in almost Wagnerian guise - a resolute yet compassionate leader who agonized "Rudolf Hess in Wien." The deletion of two views of Hess, once one of Hitlers most over the sufferings of fellow Ger- powerful henchmen, from the 120-card set suggests that is was produced after Hess's mans under the cruelty of Austrian bizarre flight to Britain in May of 1941. repression. The tone of the work is

24 STEREO WORLD MayIJune1988 ents and those of the "martyrs" of the 1934 coup. Their principal vic- tim, the murdered Chancellor Doll- fuss, also appears, but one looks in vain for his successor - Schusch- nigg has already been consigned to the scrap-heap of history. Equally significant are the things one does not see in these stereographs - items which are conspic- uous by their absence. For the set was assembled with the clear intent of presenting Hitler and the Nazi occupation in the best possible light. "Vereidigung der osterreichisclren Polizei in Wien." While the Austrian police are sworn into Naziservice, Gestapo chief Heinrich Himmlereyes the camera at right. Perhaps Accordingly, there are no views of the most sadistic and brutal of all the top Nazis, Himmler later supervised the infa- the heavily armed troop movements mous death camps; ironically, it was he who obtained the elegant former home of the or of the roundup of political foes von Trapp family (of Sound of Music fame.) by the Gestapo or of sullen and tear- streaked faces among- the crowds. Particularly striking - given the Among the political views one evident from the opening passage: Nazi government's paranoid obses- The Fuhrer often stood on the ter- also finds scenes of jubilation, of sion with the "Jewish problem" - is race of the house at Obersalzburg, cheering throngs lining the streets, the lack of anti-Semitism in either and his eyes would seek out the land of Hitler Youth parading in Graz text or views. The one possible ex of his forefathers which had been and Salzburg, of apparent camara- stolen from him, his Austrian home- ception to this appears to be a stereo- derie between Austrian and German graph of a church diorama, in which land. On solitary walks his thoughts troops. Hitler's birthplace is pic- crossed the border and he saw again hand-carved figures portray a group the city of his childhood, and Vien- tured, as are the graves of his par- of Jewish merchants engaged in a na, where as an unknown vouth he I had formed his first impressions. This country, which he so loved as only those can love who have been born there . . . But if the book itself is little more than thinly disguised propaganda, a real fascination lies in the views, particularly those of a political nature, which so vividlv recall that in- stant in time when ~;ro~estood poised on the brink. There are numerous views of Hitler, often shown with heavyhanded Teutonic subtlety in the company of small children, as well as views of Goring, Seyss- "Wahlpropaganda am Stephansdom."A giant billboard exhorts Austrians to vote for Inquart, and Heinrich Himmler, the unification in the April plebiscite. Prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, chief of the Gestapo, perhaps the Hitler usually tried to cloak his actions in at least a semblance of legality. most auintessentiallv evil figure of all, whose eyes even-today seem to stare out of the stereographs with a peculiar cobra-like intensity. One sees also the enigmatic and unstable Rudolf Hess, whose solitary flight to England in 1941 has long puzzled both psychologists and historians and who died, the last of the top Nazis, an apparent suicide at Span- dau prison only last year. It is here that one encounters the only varia- tion in the political views in those sets examined by the author. Two views of Hess which are present in the 100-card version have been "Innsbruck am Wahltag." Election day in lnnsbruck - both Austrians and Gertnarls approved the Anschluss by overwhelming majorities. One wonders how the individu- deleted from the 120-card set, sug- al in the foreground subsequently fared undera regime that mercilessly rooted out non- gesting that the latter was published conformity. after Hess's 1941 fall from grace.

STEREO WORLD MaylJunc 1988 25 ritual murder. Furthermore, even this work appears to be of a historic rather than a contemporary nature and may have been included more for its artistic than its political merit. It is not even mentioned in the text. In the foreword, Goring wrote of "the overpowering greatness and undying fame of the Fuhrer's liberat- ing act" and of the "global significance of the foundation of the Greater Ger- man Empire." On this last observation "Hallstadt." at least history cannot fault him. For the Anschluss only whetted Hitler's appetite for further adventures in Czechoslovakia and Poland - moves that led directly to war. Looking back on that fateful March llth, one scholar noted that Hitler and Goring had "proceeded . . . to take over a whole country by telephone." But if Austria succumbed to Nazi intimidation and Nazi force, Hitler's rise to power in Germany itself had been largely through the ballot box. Humiliated by the Treaty of Versailles, impoverished by ram- pant inflation and depression, the "Gauleiter Burckel verkundet das Wahlergebnis, neben ihm Reichsstattl~alterDr. German people in desperation had Seyss-lnquart." District leaderlosef Burck :el announces the results of the April pleb- sought out a desperate man to lead iscite while Artur Seyss-lnquart looks on. The latter tried without success to balance them. And lead them he did-into his loyalty to Hitler with Austrian interes ts. what was perhaps the greatest tragedy of the Twentieth Century. m

The author zuishes to express his thanks to Dr. Dieter Lorcnz, David Starkman, Ada Steinmetz-Duffin, and Mary Ann Brindis~,ruithotrt whose timelv assistance this article wozild not have ible.

"Secbachtel - Hohe Tauern." Such views of alpine and pastoral splendor cotltrast starkly with the political realities of Austl ria in 1938.

"Judenstein bei Rinn, Darstellung eines Ritualmordes in der Wallfahrtskirche."Per- haps the most puzzling view in the set is this elaborate church diorama; is it merely intended as a work of art or is it a crude attempt at anti-Jewishpropaganda, which is surprisingly absent from the rest of the set?

26 STEREO WORLD MaylJune 1988 NSA Convention Celebrates Cincinnatz' 7 s Bicentennial

by John Waldsmith

his year the NSA will hold the already~. in place to provide views of have been purchased and extra room T annual convention in Cincin- the local area. has been provided to make this the nati, Ohio on August 19-21. Cincin- At the 1988 Convention, John largest display of stereoscopic nati was chosen not just because it Waldsmith is the exhibitor for the images ever assembled. Members has the best facilities in the midwest, "Invited Display" which will feature are urged to participate by entering but also this is the Bicentennial year examvles from his extensive collection the competition. Ribbons and a Best for the city. Situated on the Ohio of Cincinnati stereoscopic views of Show plaque will be awarded by River in the center of the Tri-State dating from the late 1850s to the a select panel of expert judges. For Region (Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana), present. the first time this year we are Cincinnati has a colorful history This vear the entire convention is featuring a "Meet the Exhibitors" which was documented in detail by being expanded in response to a session on Saturday afternoon. several stereo photographers. growing need to accommodate the Exhibitors in attendance will be The City was well established in enlarged membership at tendance. asked to stand in the exhibit area to 1839 when the new daguerreotype The entire Competitive Display has answer questions and discuss process was first announced. been revised and upgraded to include a further their collections or their Daguerreotypists were at work in greater number of participants and personal stereoscopic work. Cincinnati from the Spring of 1840 interests. Special display frames A tradition which began in 1975 and with the arrival of the popular stereoscopic views in the late 1850s, "Bellevue House Inclined Plane': by C.H.Muhrman, c. 1878, the Cincinnati inclines are a photographic establishment was unfortunately all gone, but were essential to the hilly city in the nineteenth century.

Ir-

STEREO WORLD May/Junc 1988 27 at the first convention is the pre- "Dedication Day, The Tyler Davidson Fountain, Oct. 6, 1871';attributed to Charles Wal- duck. The fountain is the focal point of Cincinnati. It was presented to the city by Henry Trade show Hopping''' Many Probasco, a local merchant, who belieued Cincinnatishould have afountain square like the who antique the great cities of Europe. Situated a block and a halffrom the Omni-Netherland (official re0 views have resales in their hotel NSA Convention Hotel) the fountain is beautifully illuminated at night. All views, John rooms prior to the actual event. In Waldsmith collection. the past this has been generally haphazard and unstructured. 1n response to many requests from starts in the afternoon of Thursday noon sessions. (More details to dealers and participants we will (August 18) and has been known to follow in the next issue of Stereo World.) Please be advised that the feature a dealer register in the lobby go into the late hours of the evening. Friday programs will not be of the Omni-Netherland Hotel Friday, August 19, will feature an outstanding series of 3-D projected repeated on Saturday or Sunday. which will give the room numbers of those dealers wishing to be programs. This should be a very full This year we are moving the included. The "Room Hop" usually day and we encourage you to plan to popular NSA Spotlight Auction to attend both the morning- and after- Friday evening Again this vear Robeit ~uncaiand Dave wheeler E. O H.T Anthony #7544 "The Tyler Davidson Fountain, group on south side': c. 1873, are conducting the sale. This sale from a series of over 50 views published by the noted New York photographic firm. promises to be one of the best ever

28 STEREO WORLD MaylJune 1988 kt.

"Fifth Street, Fountain Square, Walnut and Vine Streets': by Charles Waldack, c. 1872. The NSA Convention has grown to You can no longer park your wagons in the middle of the street even though Cincinnati has retained some of the charm of the old downtown area. become one of the largest photo graphic events of the year. It is the largest Trade Show devoted almost with a number of extremely rare and out the day on Saturday and close in entirely to photographic images, interesting stereo views being late afternoon for a break. A banquet especially stereo views. ~t times it is offered. in the "Hall of Mirrors" at the Omni- a bit exhausting but above all it is Dealer set up for the Trade Show Netherland Hotel will cap off the fun and we hope you will join us in will be at the Cincinnati Convention evening. Cincinnati, Ohio, America's Bicen- Center early Saturday morning. It Sunday will feature the second tennial City, August 19 to 21, 1988. has a very large unloading area day of the Trade Show plus some You will find registration forms and which is just one floor below the special activities to be announced. further details in this issue or you may Show area. A huge freight elevator We may repeat the "Meet the Exhibi- write t~ NSA, p.0. Box 14801, will carry dealers and their goods tors" session if there is enough Columbus, Ohio 43214. without any problems. There is a interest. See you there! w large parking garage across the street. Dealers and attendees can not park in the unloading area. "Cincinnati O Covington Bridge as seen from Covington side" by Charles Waldack, c. 1868. Thegreat Suspension Bridge is Cincinnati's most famous landmark, seen here soon The Trade Show will run through- after it was completed.

STEREO WORLD MaylJunc 1988 29 mwMmlnll"'l.rU""Im~8-vw~~-.."CI* News of the death in February-. of internationally recognized stereo- gmpher Pat Whitehouse reached us too late for mention in thc ? March/A pril issue, but the delay all07 ued time t o assemble a fez v samples of her wor*k.

he rekindling of interest in T stereoscopic photography, sparked by the appearance of 35mm format cameras in the early 19501s, captured the attention of many talented people. On a special pinna- cle among these was Pat Whitehouse of Cambridge, England. Stereo photography is a demand- ing form of the art. The technical priblems often intrude on the aes- thetics. Special cameras are needed. Careful selection of slides and meticulous alignment in mounting are a special challenge. Using the En- glish Hawk four lense dissolve projector, Pat built up a remarkable series of vignettes set to music or voice and personally screened by Pat Pat Whitehouse with the Double Hawk Projector in Sept., 1968. Her careful, meticulous at the projector with the touch of an work with both equipment and images was consistent with an already well established orchestral conductor. career in academic research. Having graduated in physiology from Cambridge, she moved Her choice of subject matter was on to University College Hospital, London, for a PhD in endocrinology. From there, she wide ranging. Her expertise in bird completed a full medical course at St. Thomas's Hospital as one of its first two women and insect photography tended to students. overshadow her equally impressive accomplishments in a wide ranging- - series of essays. One was simply titled "Rain." Another was based on patterns in nature in twos, threes, fours, fives, and sixes. Pat had a rare talent that will be sorely missed. For closeups, Pat made up four different cameras and was working on a fifth. They were stuck together quite literally on the kitchen table using an old camera body, old lenses and other bits a,nd pieces. The ac- companying illustrations give a sug- gestion of the results she achieved. Much will be written about Pat Whitehouse and hopefully her shows can be set up for future audiences to enjoy. Her contribution to our great hobby was immense. (Margeret Patricia Horlick, pho- Blue Tit. From a 1969 slide by Pat Whitehouse. An extensive obituary in The Independent of Feb. 16 says of the "Hallelujah Chorus"sequence in hershow orchestrated to Handel's tographer, born July 4, 1922, mar- music "This masterpiece of beauty and fun deserves to become a national monument." ried 1948 Harold Whitehouse, (two Three months before her death, Pat Whitehouse had earned a ten minute standing ovation daughten), died February 11, 1988). for her presentation at the ISU Congress- in Switzerland. (See Stereo World, Nov./Dec '87, ( page 24.) 1 --Paul Wing IXI

30 STEREO WORLD MayIJune 1988 ~xciti'n~News! enjoyable experience. Tex Treadwell-Signed letter from n March 23rd the Library pur- Latest Acquisitions: J.M.Davis & pamphlet Peter Palmquist-Modoc War re- 0 chased an Epson Equity 11+ We are grateful to the following computer, which has been made search material members for their gifts: Richard C. Ryder-History of the possible by a grant from the Eleanor Dr. Harold Layer-Bulletin Naylor Dana Charitable Trust Fund. Great Fire in Boston by Col. R. H. Mensuel Du Stereo-Club Francais Conwell We are certainly more than grateful Journals for this gift. A monumental under- Mr./Mrs. Frank Payne-Research Purchase Fund Acquisitions: taking is ahead of us, but we expect paper on A.B. Payne, Keystone Chinese Art in Three- to hire students from Eastern Col- photographer Dimensional Color with model "D" lege to start feeding information into Freeman H. Hepburn-2 Lestrade focusing viewer on pedestal base, our "little monster." Our ultimate stereoscopes & cards, 2 catalogues, with 180 View-Master reels goal is to have all of the holdings in Three-Dimensional Photography by Hitler's Empire-Stereo photo the library on the computer, includ- Herbert C. Mc Kay, Camera Culture documentation 1933-1945 ing our two collections of approxi- by Halla Beloff Fantastic 3-D-Articles on state- mately 30,000 stereo views. Our John Weiler-A Certain Slant of of-the-art technology + photos and special thanks to one of our mem- Light by William F. Robinson, special art bers, Michael Heckman, who is carton of contemporary stereo slides Sky Soldier-Stereo views of helping set up the programs. Watch Stan White-Autographed copy Vietnam 1965-70 for updates as our project of Beyond the Third ~imension- Report From Bill Zulker progresses. David Boone-Cash contribution Douglas Den Uyl-2 cartons of The Delaware Valley Regional Library Visitors NSA meeting was held at the Li- New members, Pat and Bob Mei- contemporary stereo slides from the collection of his grandfather, Simon brary the evening of March 26. er, from Kendall Park, NJ recently Among the 30 people in attendance D. Den Uyl(1896-1985) spent an afternoon visiting the li- was T.K. Treadwell, President of the brary. We would like to have more Craig Daniels-Stereo views, 3-D glasses, 3-D ad cards NSA. A 3-D projection of of our members visit us. A letter or "Canyonland" stereographed by Dr. phone call is all that is needed to set Richard Pitman-3-D camera, Fairchild tele-stereoscope, Tru-Vu Paul R. Milligan, was the feature of up an appointment. Our home the evening. reels, stereo views, stereo slides, phone number is (215) 649-4214. Also present was Mrs. Pat Ritchie misc. literature & pamphlets We're sure you would find it a most .and her son Tim. Mrs. Ritchie is the daughter of Mr. Reule A. Sherman, the developer of the Telebinocular and the Eye-Training Program for Kevstone View Co. Mr. Sherman started as a door-to-door salesman for Keystone in Iowa and realized that some people could, and others could not see the 3-D pictures. The Telebinocular and Eye-Training Program was an attempt to develop this skill. Mr. Sherman moved to Meadville about 1930. Later he joined Baush and Lomb and developed the Ortho- rater, a more advanced instrument for eye testing and training. Subsequently he joined Titmus, the Optical company, and then developed the Vision Tester. Wanted for our Files: We need photos and/or 35mm Greater Spotted Woodpecker. One of the many fine bird stereos made by Pat Whitehouse slides (stereo or non-stereo) from the with her custom made cameras. She was honored by both the Royal Photographic Society 1987 convention at King of Prussia, and the Stereoscopic Society (which she served as president) for stereo close-up work PA. m like this.

STEREO WORLD Mayflune 1988 31 by Eric Beheim

he morning of April 3,1913, 403, and 60 chefs, bakers and under- again westbound for New York, T saw the city of Hamburg, Ger- chefs to man her eight kitchens. On Austria-Hungary declared war on many in a festive mood; the new May 15, 1914, the Vaterland depart- tiny Serbia. $6,000,000 ocean liner Vaterland ed for New York City on her maiden Four days later, as she was prepar- was ready to be launched. Towering voyage. On board were 1,600 ing to depart New York for Ham- eight stories above the Blohm & passengers-less than half of her burg, the Vaterland received a Voss shipyard, the 950-foot Vater- 4,050 capacity. message from Germany ordering her land was the largest liner that had When she arrived in New York six to remain in port pending further in- yet been built. The amount of raw days later, some 25 harbor tugs were structions. On August 3, declara- materials that had gone into her required to maneuver her huge bulk tions of war were exchanged making was mind-boggling: 24,500 into place against her Hoboken pier. between Germany, France, and En- tons of rolled steel, 2,000 tons of cast While departing for Germany five gland. World War I had come to steel, 2,000 tons of cast iron, and days later, backwash from her huge Europe. 6,500 tons of wood. Four mammoth props damaged two small steamers Fearful of having its prized liner propellors, each nineteen feet, seven and swamped a barge loaded with captured at sea by the British Navy, inches in diameter, would drive her 800 tons of coal. Germany kept the Vaterland tied to over the Atlantic at 23 knots. As she Despite these early mishaps, the her Hoboken pier "awaiting orders." gracefully slid down the ways and Vaterland's performance during the Months passed. By the spring of into the water, steam, generated by next three months was smooth to 1917, only a skeleton crew of 300 the friction, gave the Vaterland an the point of being uneventful. Then, still remained aboard. On the eve of almost mythological appearance. on July 28, 1914, while she was America's entry into the war, U.S. Another year was required to complete the superstructure, erect three 64-foot smoke stacks, and in- KEYSTONE V19237 U.S. Transport Leviathan, formerly the Vaterland, Largest Ship stall the 50% ton rudder. During the Afloat. Germany's prize liner was in New York harbor when war was declared be- final stages of outfitting, a crew of tween Germany and Great Britain. She remained there, safe from the British Navy un- 1,234 was shipped onboard includ- til the United States declared war on Germany, whereupon she was seized and converted into a troop transport. Re-named Leviathan by President Wilson, she ulti- ing an engineroom black gang of mately transported some 100,000American troops to Europe.

32 STEREO WORLD Mayllunc 1988 Treasury agents boarded and seized Leviathan as the flagship of the one crossing, she set a distance rec- the giant liner. Renamed the Levia- United States Lines. In July, 1923, ord of 625 miles for a single day's than by President Woodrow Wil- she returned to the trans-Atlantic run. son, her palatial interior was gutted, service as one of the largest, most The Leviathan's days of glory and berthing accommodations were palatial passenger vessels afloat. ended with the stock market crash installed for 10,000 troops. Seven Throughout the 1920fs,the Levia- of 1929. Within a year, the United months after being seized, the Levia- than's sailing lists included the rich States was in the grip of the Great than, painted Navy gray, began her and famous of the day: Gloria Depression, and ocean travel was a new career as a U.S. troop transport. Swanson, Mary Pickford, Douglas luxury which only the very rich Nicknamed "The Big Train" by Fairbanks, Jascha Heifetz, the Duc could afford. It was not uncommon American doughboys, the Leviathan and Duchesse de Richelieu, and for the Leviathan to make a crossing could make a round trip run to Eu- Queen Marie of Rumania. Despite with just 700 or 800 passengers. rope and back in 27 days. On one all this glamour, however, the Levia- During one voyage, only 301 pas- voyage, she carried 14,416 troops, than operated at a loss and required sengers in all classes were on board. the greatest number of human be- a government subsidy to meet In June, 1934, the Leviathan was ings-that had ever before sailed on a expenses. overhauled one last time. After single ship. Of the two million In 1927, she carried a record num- making five round trips to Europe, American troops transported to Eu- ber of passengers for a single all of them at a loss, she returned to rope during the war, some 100,000 crossing-2,741. That year, the first her Hoboken berth, where she re- travelled on the Leviathan. mailplane to be launched from a lin- mained idle and neglected for years. Following the war, almost er took off from a 100-foot ramp In January, 1938, she made one last , $9,000,000 was spent rebuilding the built on top of her bridge. During voyage. . .to Rosyth, Scotland, where she was turned over to the salvage men who dismembered her KEYSTONE 26511T The Leviathan, Originally the Vaterland-a Palatial Ocean Liner and cut her up into small, unrecog- with a Notable War and Peace Record. Following the war, almost $9,000,000was nizable pieces of metal. And so spent to restore the Leviathan to her pre-war opulence. Although her sailing lists included some of the major celebrities of her day, the Leviathan operated at a loss and passed a once-proud lady of the required a government subsidy to meet expenses. sea. m

8. , \ Mathan, Originally tho Vat, tlatlsl Oa&n Lines wlth a Nolt War and Pence IlscorQ.

STEREO WORLD MaylJunc 1988 33 THE SOCIETY (Continued from inside Front Cover)

Stereo photography is the one cuit with an adequate membership postcard is completed for dispatch- area of photography which has been to get it off to a good start. ing to the Folio Secretary. It informs growing while others seem to be in The basic operation of the Society the Secretary when the folio was the doldrums, judging by member- is simple to describe. A member be- mailed, to whom, the title of the ship declines in well-known photog- longing to a particular circuit will stereograph added, and the mem- raphy organizations. This in spite of receive a folio about once a month. ber's vote entries. These 'voting limited supplies and ageing cameras This folio will contain a stereo view cards' are the instrument by which and manufacturers uninterested in from each member of the circuit (in- the Secretary manages the circuit producing state-of-the-art stereo cluding the last entered view of the and all of its traveling folios. The fo- equipment. The Stereoscopic Socie- member in auestion). Each view is lio finally is sent to the next person ty seems to be as vigorous now as it in a folio envelope on which com- on the "route list," which is included ever was. But we still feel that there ments have been jotted by those in each folio box. When the folios are many potential members out who have already seen the view. reaches the Secretary it is restocked there who we would like to have in Our members adds his / her com- with supplies, the route list updated, our ranks. . .especially currently ac- ments on the envelope after study- and spacing adjusted between it and tive stereo photographers. ing the picture and then returns it to other folios if necessary. Then it be- the folio box. The member's view gins another journey around the How The Society Works which has traveled the circuit is re- circuit. The Stereoscopic Society offers moved and the comments on its Join The Society members participation in Postal envelope studied (a mixture of Folio Circuits in either transparency praise, suggestions, and criticisms Do not hesitate to join the Society or print (viewcard) format. We have which tell about how one's latest if you are active in making stereo one circuit for printmakers and two offering was received by the fellow views. 2x2 matched 35mm pair ste- circuits for transparency workers members). A new stereograph is reo workers are especially invited to who use Realist format. A 2x2 placed in a fresh envelope and added help create the new circuit. Our matched pair circuit for stereo wor- to the folios to replace the old one. Corresponding Secretary, Jack E. kers using standard 35mm trans- Extended comments may be written Cavender, 1677 Dorsey Avenue, parencies is currently being formed in a 'folio notebook' which is includ- East Point, GA, 30344, is the person and we are most interested in find- ed and serves an important role in to contact on all matters concerning ing people using this format (which general communication among the membership. He will answer your questions and fill in details I have can be done with a single 35mm members. A stamped pre-addressed camera) so that we can form a cir- glossed over here. m

34 STEREO WORLD Mayllunc 1988 me Unknowns

he first three views we'll look at 'The New York View Co.,' it has the allows us to observe only a short Tthis month were sent in by Ber- appearance of being European in distance of its course. A large castle nard Clifton and the last comes by origin. A spacious town has grown spans the entire crestline of the hill way of Robert Wilson. Image $1 is a up along both sides of a mid-size at the far left. Other, larger moun- copy view on a cabinet size mount. river. Only one bridge can be seen, tains exist in the distance. Perhaps Although the view was issued by although the curvature of the river Germany or France?

STEREO WORLD May/June 1988 35 The second view appears on a yel- tions he has two views almost that identify him as a "2nd Lieu- low mount and may well represent a identical except that the positions of tenant, Keystone Convention." seaside resort somewhere in the Brit- the children standing about changes There is also a name tag but it is not ish Isles. Again we have a sizeable and the inscription on the right side distinguishable. Above the arched human inhabitation. There are three of the mount (New York City) is doorway on the brick and block fingers of land jutting out into what only present on this card. Beneath building in the background is the is a bay, harbor, or the open sea. the image is the caption "The Five word "RYDER." This may well be The two fingers closest to the cam- Points" and on the reverse side is an the name for a university or college eraman appear to be man-made advertisement for S.W. Gott, a building. Does anyone recognize the judging from their uniformity and "Newsdealer & Stationer, dealing in man or have any knowledge regard- evenness, perhaps formed as a levee. School Books, Stereoscopes & ing "Keystone Conventions"? Per- Of these appendages, the first is Views, Confectionary, and Fruits & haps one of our members is also an uninhabited and the second sports Nuts" from Chatham, N.Y. This par- antique car buff and might enlighten only a round structure at its zenith ticular image can also be seen in us as to the dates of the models similar to a lighthouse. The third CDV form on p. 61 of William Well- parked on the background street. landmass is the most interesting. It ing's Collector's Guide to 19th Cen- That would provide us with a bit is almost necessarily a natural for- tury Photographs. That author has more specific time period. mation because of the intense de- stated the location is "probably Bos- Now on to the identifications we velopment that has taken place there ton," although what that belief is have received. Andreas Trier Morch right out to its tip. A natural rock based on is not stated. The image it- of Denmark recognized the view on outcropping just off its point also self shows several carts, including a the inside cover of the Nov./Dec., adds credence to the theory that the bakery wagon at the far left. Sus- 1986 issue as "Toldboden" (i.e. The neck is natural. Along the entire pended by a wire across the street is Custom Pier) of the Copenhagen length of the building walls that face a sign reading "C.S.C., Picnic, Free Port. The small house at the ex- our photographer is the advertise- Chatham. . . ,"possibly referring to treme tip of the pier and the hip ment "Victoria Wall Theatre, Lon- Chatham, N.Y. There is a horseshoe roofed building a short distance be- don Professional Burlesque suspended directly in front of one of hind were the buildings used by the Company." Does that inscription the buildings on the left. Across the Royal Family when they came to the pinpoint the location for anyone? street," Groceries" is paint- docks to receive their seafaring This view also contains one other ed on the brick side of the closest guests. Edvard Valdemar Harboe interesting phenomenon. All across building. Just beyond hangs a busi- took this image sometime during the a rock-wall enclosed field in the ness placard, "LA(?)CERBEIR." Can 1860's. He was one of the earliest of foreground are what appear to be anyone verify this as a N.Y.C. side- some 74 known stereographers ac- small spaded piles of dirt. They are street or tell us what "The Five tive in 19th Century Denmark. fairly uniform, probably averaging Points" delineates? More recently, dealing with the 6-12 ft. apart. Any ideas as to their Our final slot this month we fill Nov./Dec., 1987 issue, we have purpose? with a late Keystone image of a man received three responses on the rail- The last view sent in by Bernard is who apparently was attending some yard scene. Positive ID'S from a copy view on an "American Scen- official Keystone function. There are Richard Elliott, Jeff Darbee, and ery" yellow mount. Bernard men- two ribbons attached to his lapel Eleanor Bishop leave no doubt that

36 STEREO WORLD MayIJune 1988 the Springfield in question is the one manuscripts and archives there for Bill also supplied information on in Massachusetts. Jeff notes that the nearly 20 years. the "Minnequa House." It was an- main east-west line through Spring- From the same Stereo World is- other in a long line of resort hotels field is Conrail, formerly Penn Cen- sue, the well-attended celebration that tended to crop up around natu- tral, formerly New York Central, pictured at the top of page 29 was rally occurring mineral springs. formerly Boston & Albany and first photographed on the occasion of the Relatively easy access was provided and foremost (at least for our pur- 50-year anniversary of the settling of by the Erie Railroad, and the whole poses), the Western RailRoad. He Virgil, N.Y. The church in the back- area enjoyed a brief period of mod- dates the photo from the period ground was the First Baptist Church est prosperity from about 1870 to 1865-1875 with the following com- of Virgil and remained in use as 1895. The Minnequa area lost much mentary: "The track switch in the such until abandonment in 1929. In- of its identity with the transfer of its right foreground is a three-way formation regarding this view was local Post Office to nearby Canton 'stub' switch, and the hourglass- forthcoming from both the Cortland in 1903. To find it on the map today, shaped lever (switchstand) beyond County Historical Society and from look near the southwestern corner the switch, which controls the next a living legend on the history of of Bradford County (NNE Pa.). m switch down, is known as a 'harp' stereography, Bill Darrah. stand. These are early features common in the Civil War era and the 1870's but which disappeared rapid- ly, especially along heavy mainlines such as the B & A, after about the PRECISION GLASS OPTICS 1870's." Sounds like the words of a real railroad buff! Those of use who FOLDING STEREO VIEWER don't know our railroads quite so well might arrive at the same conclusion by examining the mount style and photo trimming techniques. Perhaps the first half of this 10 year period is even the most like- ly timeframe. The note from Eleanor Bishop verified not only the location of the Springfield view but also indicated the preservation of 175 volumes of Business Records of the Western For all standard Realist 3D stereo slides. Glass or cardboard mounted. Folds flat, weighs RailRoad (1833-1898) at the Business only 1 oz. Prepaid minimum order $10.00. Add $1.00 for shipping and handling. Manuscripts Division of the Baker FREE CATALOG AVAILABLE Library located on the Harvard TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 800-223-6694 MAJOR CREDIT CARDS ACCEPTED. MINIMUM ORDER $20.00 University Campus, Boston. Eleanor TAYLOR MERCHANT CORP. served as assistant curator of 212 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001

STEREO WORLD MayIJunc 1988 37 For Sale For Sale Wanted -- - THE RED WING VIEWER, a hand crafted FREE! 3-D CATALOG of 3-D books, slide NORTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE. Stereo stereoscope in walnut, leather, and brass. viewers and stereoscopes, 3-D slide mounts views and post cards depicting The Balsams Handsplit glass lenses. $78 includes stand and other 3-D accessories. Send post card Hotel; Dixville Notch; Colebrook; Pittsburg; and US shipping. Welch Village Woodwork- with name and address, or phone us: Reel Errol; Millsfield. Describe and price or send ing, Rt. 2, Box 18, Welch, MN. 55089, (612) 3-D Enterprises, Inc., W. Box 2368, Culver on approval. Stephen Barba, Dixville Notch, 388-5304. City, CA. 90231 USA, phone (213) 837-2368. N.H. 03576, (800) 255-0600. - 3D COLLECTIBLES, cameras, proj., electron- STEREOGRAPHS of Czarist Russia, pre1920 ic items. You name it! We might have it! Send Trade nudes, American historical eventslpersons, SASE to J.F. Rando, 1111 Loxahatchee Dr., Apt. REALIST DUPES of my best original stereos American Indians, Eskimos, AlaskalYukon, I, West Palm Beach, FL. 33409. or rare V-M, Tru-Vue or "vintage" 3-D's (esp. Southern States (especiallyArkansas, Texas, 50s people) for yours of the same. Or, I can Indian Territory). Send description, price to ~O-NIMS~&C~S~,flash, 12"closeup lens, make dupes of your originals, insured of Charles Curb, 307 College, Clarksville, AR manual, 75 masks. As new. Reason for sell- course! Will include choice images in up- 72830. ing: too old and lazy to mount slides. Half coming 3-D AV show SPACESHOTS. Please price $75. Ken Farson, W. Box 551, Glendale, contact Ron Labbe, 15 Anson St., Boston, IOWA, OKLAHOMA, Indiana, Panama Darien CA. 91209, (213) 245-9424. MA. 02130, (617) 524-8154. Thanks! Expedition, Panama Canal Zone, State Capitols & Legislative Bldgs. Stereo views OLD PHOTOGRAPHS RESTORED andlor wanted. Buy or trade. Bill Angrick, 8669Sum- reprinted. Daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, tin- Wanted mit Dr.. Des Moines. IA. 50322. types, glass negatives, stereo cards, etc. STEREO VIEWS, photographs of Ellis Island LSASE for brochure. Tweed's Edge, RD #I, and immigrants to the U.S. priorto 1930. Also WOODWORKING STEREO VIEWS, photos, Box 128-B, Savannah, NY. 13146. Keystone Views #I2615 "A letter from Pat in wanted. Particularly want views of the manufacture or use of wooden planes. Would 106 CARDS, Dermatology Series, 5"x7" America." Kathy Sheeran, Box 52-0251, Miami, FL. 33152. appreciate knowledge of any stereos in insti- color lithoprints, full text on reverse, average tution collections showing wooden plane condition, copyright 1910 by Dr. S.I. Rainforth, BLUE MODEL "B" $75. Brown Model "B" manufacture, Alaska too! Wood, Box 22165, N.Y., $55. W.M. Swegle, 5103 Hamilton, Oma- $40. Black "E" $30. Gold center with enve- Juneau, AK. 99802. ha, NE. 68132, phone (402) 553-8124. lope $8. No limit. Any View-Master advertis- SOMEONE MUST HAVE SOME old views of Q-VU STEREO MOUNTS simplify mounting ing. Military View-Master. Sheldon Amnowitz, Revere Beach, Mass. in the 1880s & 90s that stereo views. Sample kit $5. includes award- 487 Palmer Ave., Teaneck, N.J. 07666, (201) 1 would like to buy. Send copies to Freeman winning view. Antique or modern styles in 836-6921. ~pF. Hepburn, 557 Pleasant St. 203, Malden, black or grey $361100 ppd. Q-VU,817 East 8th, ILLINOIS AND MISSOURI stereo views. MA. 02184. Holtville, CA. 92250. Please describe and price or send on ap- KINDAR stereo attachment with matching VIEW-MASTER from United States and Eu- proval. Can use most Illinois views except EXACTA camera and accessories. Also a rope. 1988 Catalog $1.00. Disney, Showtime, Chicago. Especially want views of Quincy, II- linois. Philip Germann, Box 195, Quincy, IL. complete base for a Realist stereo projector, Religious, Special Subjects, U.S. and Foreign and the current address for the makers of the Travel. Many discontinued packets still avail- 62306. PHO-GO-STIK. Russ Ruhlen, PO. Box 472, able. Worldwide Slides, 7427-NSA Washburn STEREO VIEWS by Lloyd E. Smith (North San Mateo, CA. 94401-0472, (415) 347-3166. Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN. 55423. Yakima, Washington); O.W. Watson (Spokane); - VIRGINIA CIVIL WAR stereo views involving KEYSTONE TOUR OF THE WORLD, S.C Smith (Enterprise, Oregon); E.M. Recher railroads, trains, crews, tracks, bridges, sta- fabulous 12-box set, 1200 views, complete, (Hagerstown, Maryland). Howard K. Mitchell, 10220 Windsor View Dr., Potomac, MD. 20854, tions, derailments, etc. Also starting collec- incl. 236 p. guidebook (1942 ed.); cards Mint tion of antique and modern views of water condition, boxes Excellent (-). $10501 B.O., in- (301) 983-3231. gardens showing water lilies, lotus, Koi, and cludes shipping. Don Bracco, 348 Hayward STEREO "3-D" BOUGHT! Paying for View- goldfish. Send photocopies and price to: Mill Road, Concord, MA. 01742; (617) Master: Personal Camera wlcs $85; Cutter Judy Proffitt,4118 Roundtree Rd., Richmond, 369-8347. -- $85; 36" close-ups $85; 24" $100. Reels, pay- VA. 23229. Please respond promptly and so STEREO WORLD READERS: The new "Ex- ing 106 to $10 each! Payina for stereo will I1 cel" viewer is made specifically for quality cameras: Realist Macro outfit, over $1000; COLLECTOR WISHES TO BUY stereo views viewing of 3-D books and magazines. Hood- Realist f3.5 wlcs $65; Realist f2.8 $190; Busch ed, with quality lens and pedestal stand. f40 $295; Contura$400; Sputnik $300; Wollen- of California, Los Angeles, Michigan, Detroit, French Canada, France, Paris, talking $19.95 plus $3. UPS. G.H. Sergio, 760 Clawson sack $220. Paying for "3-D" projectors: Realist 81 $400; Realist 82 $650; TDC 716 machines, Personalities, old Russia Also in- St., Staten Island, N.Y. 10306. terested in CDVs, Cabinets of these, plus -- - $320. Paying for stereo viewers: Airequipt $75; Kodaslide II AClDC $65; Realist AClDC $65; nudes, erotica; also old 78 RPM records, cata- Multi-slideviewers, over$100. I buy lots more logues, sheet music. Edward Couture, 1233 As part of their membership, NSA members "3-D" including Tru-Vue, Novelview, Stori-vue, So. Curson Ave., Los Angeles, CA. 90019. are offered free use of classified advertising. plus books, Dealer items, much more. Harry STEREO REALIST CUSTOM and Steinheil 100 Members may use words per year, di- Poster, (201) 794-9606 days, Box 1883, So. Wide Angle desperately sought. Also glass vided into three ads with a maximum of 35 Hackensack, N.J. 07606. words per ad. Additional words and addi- views for Richard viewers, mint foreign views. tional ads may be inserted at the rate of 20' STEREOPTICON??? Wanted for research: Jim Benton, 327 Towe~iew,Green Bay, WI. per word. Please include payments with ads. photocopies and references from any source 54301, (414) 437-4955. Deadline is the 1st of the month preceding the for any use of this term to mean "stereo- CENTRAL PARK (NEW YORK CITY), all pho- next issue's cover date. Send ads to the Na- scope,'' including printed comments or dis- tional Stereoscopic Association, P.O. Box tographic images 1657-1930 (new or upgrades 14801, Columbus. OH 43214. or call 1614) cussions about this usage. Jeffry Mueller, to my collection). Herbert Mitchell, Avery 895-1774. A rate sheet for display ads is a vail- 2701 Chippewa Court, Finksburg, MD. Library, Avery Building, Columbia University, able upon requesmt. 21048-1536. New York, N.Y. 10027. Evenings: (212) 8648163.

38 STEREO WORLD Mayllune I988 I VINTAGE AMERICANA / Wanted GERMAN STEREO ENTHUSIAST always Handcrafted wood & looks for offers of companies and private per- brass replica of original, invented 1859 by sons about Stereoscopy. Please send me velvet trimmed brass hood. Includes your offers and brochures. Thanks! Alex- ander Klein, Tannenbergstrasse 36, 7000 graphic views. ONLY $49.95. Pedestal base, $12.95 (add $3.00 shpg. & hdlg.). Stuttgart 50 West Germany. Addl. View Sets Avail. including Vic- torian Risque, Old West. San 1,rancisco MUYBRIDGE VIEWS. Top prices paid. Also Earthquake and many more. Michigan and mining-the 3 Ms. Many views To order call toll free (800) 223-6694 available for trade. Leonard Walle, 49525 W. Seven Mile, Northville, MI. 48167. (313) T.M. VISUAL INDUSTRIES INC. 212 W.35th St.,N.Y.,N.Y.10001 348-9145. - FLORIDA STEREOS of historical value, especially Tallahassee, Tampa and Gainesville. ARCHIVAL SLEEVES: clear 2.5 mil Polypropylene Price and describe or send on approval; CDV (33/0"~43/0") per 100: $7 case of 1000: $60 highest prices paid for pre-1890 views. No St. CDV POLYESTER 2-mil case of 1000: $80 Augustine. Hendriksen, P.O. Box 21153, per 100: $9 POSTCARD (3%"~5~/4") case of 1000: $60 Kennedy Space Center, FL. 32815. per 100: $7 4" x 5" per 100: $7 case of 1000: $50 BRITISH VILLAGE and scenic views (stereo, STEREO (3%"x7") per 100: $8 case of 1000: $70 CDVs, etc.) by Bedford, Ogle & Edge, et al. STEREO POLYESTER per 100: 2-mil $10 or 3-mil $14 Paula Fleming, 7809 Heritage Drive, Annan- CABINET (43/0"~7") per 100: $9 case of 1000: $80 dale, VA. 22003. 5" x 7" per 50: $6 case of 1000: $90 BOUDOIR (5'/2"~8%") per 25: $5 case of 500: $70 OCEAN GROVE, NJ, Stereo views by Pach 8" x 10" per 25: $6 case of 200: $34 and others. Also, Ocean Grove photo post 11" x 14" per 10: $6 case of 100: $35 cards. James Lindemuth, 95 Mt. Camel Way, 16" x 20" (unsealed flap) per 10: $10 case of 100: $90 Ocean Grove, N.J. 07756. Russell Norton, P.O. Box 1070, New Haven, CT 06504-1070 IMAGES showing persons posed with SHIPPING: $4 per order. Institutional billing. cameras, etc., any format! Send Xerox or call (813) 577-9627. D. Jordan, Box 20194, St. Petersburg, FL. 33716. VIEWS OF GLASS MAKING industry, Glass Exhibitions, glass blowing, etc Send info and THE . . .. . offers you price to Jay Doros, 780 Chancellor Avenue, Ir- RED WING meticulous design and vington, N.J. 07111. JOHN ROGERS stereo cards wanted of VIEWER. . . craftsmanship, School DayslPhotographer.Contact AJ. Mer- lo, 3025 Spring Street, Racine, WI. 53405. $78 shipped, with stand handsplit glass lenses, - TOP PRICES PAID for Colorado stereo views, WELCH VILLAGE polished walnut, a cabinets, CDVs, large photographs and glass negatives & positives. Also real photo post WOODWORKING cards! My specialties are locomotives, trains, Rt. 2, Box 18 larger-than- eyeglasses transportation, towns, street scenes, mining, Welch, MN 55089 leather hood, and farming, Expeditions, occupational, early cul- (612)388-5304 ture and Indians. David S. Digerness, 4953 Perry St., Denver, CO. 80212. (MN residents add durability. -- $4.50 Sales Tax) 1894 CALIFORNIA MID-WINTER Fair, anything and other better California, Nevada, and Hawaii stereo views and other paper items. Mark Your Calendar For Ken Prag, Box 531SW, Burlingame, CA. 94011, phone (415) 566-6400. PhotoHistory VII DAKOTA: Will buGtrade, beg or borrow Dako- October 14-16, 1988 Rochester, N.Y. taviews. Have yet to steal one-please feed my interest and help keep me honest. Brian The seventh triennial Symposium on the History of Photography C Bade, R.R. #6, Box 432, Sioux Falls, S.D. Sponsored by The Photographic Historical Society in cooperation with 57103. The International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House. SLIDE CARRIER for TDC Stereo Vivid projec- A reception Friday evening, October 14 tor, model 116. Also interested in purchasing early flat mount street scenes of London as Full day of presentations on all aspects of photographic history, and the well as stereo nudes with strong composi- preservation/appreciation of photographica, Saturday, October 15 tion. William G. Wegner, 4373 S. Wayside, Saginaw, MI. 48603, (517) 793-4218. Banquet and featured speaker, Saturday, October 15 SYCAMORE, OHIO, anything related incl. stereo views, post cards, CDVs, Cabinets Sale of: Fine Photographs, Cameras, Apparatus, Photographic Literature, (even common portraits), maps, anything. Daguerreotypes, Stereo Views, and much more, Sunday, October 16 John Waldsmith, PO. Box 191, Sycamore, OH. 44882. The longest running event in the field (since 1970) -- Meet with scholars, collectors, and dealers, from all over the world For more information contact: The Photographic Historical Society Box 39563 Rochester, N.Y. 14604 Phone: Daytime: George Eastman House 716/271-3361, Weekends: Robert Herden 716/617-3633

STEREO WORLD MaylJune1988 39 July 9,lO (MI) July 26 (MD) September 10,ll (TX) 5th Detroit Summer Photorama Silver Spring Photofair, Armory Photographic Collectors of Houston USA, Southfield Civic Center, Place, Silver Spring, MD. Contact 24th Semi-Annual Camera Show & Southfield, MI. Contact Sam Tri-State Photofairs, 201-533-1991. Sale, Holiday Inn, Hobby Airport. Vinegar, 20219 Mack Ave., Grosse July 30,31 Contact Leonard M. Hart, PO Box Pointe Woods, MI 48236. Call (NM) Albuquerque Camera Show, 70226, Houston, TX 77270. Call 313-884-2242. 713-868-9606. Clarion Four Seasons Hotel, July 9, 10 (CA) Albuquerque, NM. Contact Donald September 11 (NJ) San Francisco Area Camera and Puckett, 1106 Graham Ave., Suite Second Sunday Camera Swap, Photo Show, Scottish Rite 206, Dallas, TX 75223. Call Wayne, NJ. (See July 10.) Auditorium, Oakland, CA. Contact 214-824-1581 or Harry Porter, September 17 (It) G. Lash, 3211 Crow Canyon PI., 817-261-8131. Champaign-Urbana Metro Photo A-84, San Ramon, CA 94583. Call July 31 Trade Fair/Swap. (See July 16.) 415-820-2461. (NY) Rockland County Photofair, September 17,18 (MI) July 10 (VA) Holiday Inn, Suffern, NY. Call 17th Detroit Photorama USA, Barone Camera Swap Meet, 201-533-1991. Dearborn Civic Center, Dearborn, Holiday Inn (Crystal City) August 14 (NJ) MI. Contact Sam Vinegar, 20219 Arlington, VA. Contact Camera Second Sunday Camera Swap, Mack Ave., Grosse Pointe Woods, Swap Meet c/o Barone & Co., PO Wayne, NJ. (See July 10.) MI 48236. Call 313-884-2242. Box 18043, Oxon Hill, MD 20745. Call 703-768-2231. August 14 (MI) September 18 (NJ) Metro Detroit Camera Show, Hanover, New Jersey Camera Show, July 10 (NJ) Millwright's Hall, 23401 Mound Hanover Marriott Hotel. Call Second Sunday Camera Swap, Rd., Warren, MI. Contact Sam 201-533-1991. Community Fire House #1, Wayne, Vinegar, 20219 Mack Ave., Grosse NJ. Contact Second Sunday Camera September 18 (VA) Pointe Woods, MI 48236. Call Richmond, Virginia Camera-rama, Swap, 19 Doremus Lane, Wayne, NJ 313-884-2242. 07470. Call 201-694-4580. Holiday Inn, 6531 W. Broad St., August 19-21 (OH) Richmond, VA. Contact Thomas C. July 16 (IL) 1988 NSA CONVENTION, Cincin- Campbell, 3411 King Dr., Dunkirk, The Champaign-Urbana Metro nati Convention Center, Cincinnati, MD 20754. Call 301-855-4320. Area Photo Trade Fair/Swap Meet, OH. (See article in this issue.) Howard Johnson's, Rt. 45 North, September 24, 25 (OH) Urbana, IL. Contact Erber's Cam- August 21 (NJ) Ohio Camera Swap, 68 Shadybrook era, 608 E. Green St., Champaign, 21st Princeton Camera & Photo Armory, Cincinnati, OH. Contact IL 61820. Call 217-352-2741. Expo, Princeton Hyatt Regency at Bill Bond, 8910 Cherry, Blue Ash, Princeton Market Fair, Princeton, OH 45242. Call 513-891-5266. July 17 (CA) NJ. Call Evan, 201-232-4109. Buena Park Camera Swap Meet, September 25 (VA) Sequoia Club, 7530 Orangethorpe August 21 (CA) Barone Camera Swap Meet. (See Ave., Buena Park, CA. Call Buena Park Camera Swap Meet. July 10.) 714-786-8183 or 786-6644. (See July 17.) October 2 (VA) July 17 (IL) August 21 (IL) DC Photographic Image Show-the Chicagoland's Camera and Photo Chicagoland's Camera and Photo #2 image show in the USA. Rosslyn Show, Holiday Inn, Rolling Show. (See July 17.) Westpark Hotel, Arlington, VA. Contact Russell Norton, PO Box Meadows, IL (Suburb of Chicago). August 27,28 (CA) Contact PO Box 72695, Roselle, IL 1070, New Haven, CT 06504. Call Summer Photo Fair, Santa Clara 203-562-7800. m 60172. Call 312-894-2406. Countv Fairgrounds Expo Hall, San July 23, 24 (AZ) Jose, CA. contact ~hocoFair, PO Phoenix Camera Show, Doupletree Box 32932, San Jose, CA 95152. Suite Hotel, Phoenix Gateway Cen- Call Dave Cox, 408-241-9197. ter, Phoenix, AZ. Contact Donald Puckett, 1106 Graham Ave., Suite 206, Dallas, TX 75223. Call 214-824-1581 or Harry Porter, 817-261-8131.

40 STEREO WORLD May/June 1988 HIGH QUALITY REPRODUCTIONS 01:AUTHENTIC 19TH Item 128. PRICE GUIDE TO PHOTOGRAPHIC CARDS by H A. CENTURY AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY STEREOGRAPHS James. The only book that attempts to evaluate stereo cards. 11'san interesting prlce guide from England, 1982. Contalns lots of timel~cs The following reproductions are of ai~tberticsteieovlews. Pv-inting reference material and IS profusely ~llustrated.132 pages, we offer qualtty IS excellent; they will "snap to 11f~"when viewed in a 30 it for only $10.74 postpaid! st(-rmscope. (See the reproductloo Holmes Stereovie~erwe offer.) !!em C29. RETURN TO EL DORADO. A Century of California ltem 11. 62 SAMPLE VIEWS. Subjects vary from comlc to Photographs. 49 fine quality reproductions in a book with comrn2n religious, tragedy to transportation. childhood to Victorian risque, tary and v~ewingglasses. $9.95 postpaid! the Olde West to famous people. etc. Great as a window into the stereo world of yesteryear. Only 56.95 for the entire set! ltem K30 PHILIP BRIGAND1 KEYSTONE PHOTOGRAPHER The story of an lntrep~dtraveller. brlnglng home to Amer~cavlv~d 3D ltem #2. 10 CARD SAMPLER SET. An eclectic group of ten vlems or the world1 15 stereographs and a vlewer are Included In this unrelated cards. Perfect to "get the feel" of stereo. $1.99 the set! book $9.95 postpaid!

Item R3.20 CARD SAMPLER SET. 20 not necessarily related cards. #30A. Magic Lanterns and Other Transforming Images by taken from the sets described here. Only $3.99 for the set! Richard Balzer. Illustrated In color and Bb\Y, it's the onlv current Item 14. BEACH SCENES and NIAGARA FALLS. 7 Victorian book on these wonderful machines. $20.29 postpaid! beach scenes and 6 views of Niagara Falls. Water, water everywhere-and you can almost touch it. $2.99 the set! #32. ON THE STUMP. Theodore Roosevelt in Stereographs From the same series as El Dorado, Ergand!, The One111 VIPWP~I ltem 15. CHRISTMAS. 15 views around the hearth, the tree, the Fine reproductions of stereographs detalllng "the Rough R~dr~r's' home. See Santa. the gifts, the glowing faces of happy kiddies . . . .. toughest campaign. $9.95 ppd. w~thvlewer. it's all so seemingly reall Only $2.95! ltem C19a. REPLICA HOLMES STEREO VIEWER. A high quallty ltem 15a. COMIC. 52 cards, hilarious in that they reveal an attitude commerc~alreproduction of the original Holmes style viewer that SEND FOR FREE CATALOG towards life that was so f~lledwith contradictions that many ordinary could be found in most parlours in the US during the later part of the s~tuationswere made comical. $5.99! 19th century. The high grade plastic lenses will brinq normal AND REBATE COUPON!! stereographs into breath-taking 3-D focus1 $49.95 (+ $3.50 UPS). ltem 6.The CIVIL WAR. 12 poignant photos of the worst war (Viewer comes with sample set of ten reproduction views and a A PHOTOGRAPHERS PLACE America ever fought. History comes to life. $2.99 the set. copy of The Story of the Stereoscope A $4 value for free! P.O. BOX 274. Prince Street New York, N.Y. 10012 ltem #I. FAMOUS PEOPLE. 10 stereo photos that bring Lindberg, ltem 119b. Optional pedestal stand for the viewer. $12.95. Coolidge. Rockefeller. Black Jack Pershing and 6 other notables to life1 Only $1.99! 120. THE WORLD OF STEREOGRAPHS by William Darrah. The ORDER FORM ltern #8. INDUSTRY AND LABOR. 40 views of life as it really definitive book on the history and practice of stereo. Details the NAME was-in the field, factory, workshop. A large collection, only $4.99! scope of collectible views. Darrah is cons~dered the major US Ship to address authority on this subject. We offer signed copies at $26.55! ltem #9. NIAGARA FALLS. 12 cards of this natural wonder, so life like you could get wet viewing them1 Only $2.99. 121. STEREO VIEWER LENSES. Two wedge shaped lenses, each city State -Zip in an integral 1 YZ square frames. The same h~ghquality molded Pavment: enclosed or by via Visa MC ltem X10. The OLD WILD WEST. 25 views. A great collection of plastic lenses used In the replica Holmes Stereov~ewer, they are - - - vintage images of Indians, cowboys, mining towns-the West, as perfectly suited for maklng your own viewer. $7.95 postpaid! If-credit Card: # Exp. date seen by the stereo camera! Only $4.99. Phone (Area Code) #21a. Plastic lorgnette stereo print viewer (originals from ltem 111. RELIGIOUS SCENES. 18 views made by photographing Realist Manual//. About 10" focal length, they're perfect for 2% to miniature dolls arranged in Biblical scenes, the life of Christ. Nativi- 3" square stereo pairs. $1.49. postpaid. cost ty, etc. Our price is a miraculous $2.99!! Quan, Item 1 each total cost ltem 122. THE WORLD OF 3D by Fewerda. The most complete I I I I ltem 112. SATANIC. 9 reproductions of those weird French diaboli- book available on stereo in all its practical aspects-seeing, taklng ques depicting Satan at work. $1.99 for the set! and producing. Covers historical and contemporary methods. From Holland, in English. $41.55 postpaid! Item 113. The SAN FRANCISCO QUAKE. 18 rare views showing the devastation of that infamous earthquake, for only $2.99. lten1123. 3D PAST AND PRESENT by van Kuelen. Beautltb~lfpro- ltern 114. SENTIMENTAL. 28 cards that are Victoriana sublime. duced with many color illustrat~ons.The real thrill comes from 3 Corny, unbel~evable, replete with contrived situations (young love vlewmaster reels that add an exciting dimens~onto thls ~llumlnating idyllic. moments musicalle. etc. $4.99! h~story.$20.29 postpaid! ltem 115. TABLE TOP PHOTOS. 12 cards. Dolls and scenes of ltem 124. STEREOKAMERAS VON 1940 BIS 1984 by Weiser. A I I ! I strange places. Weirdl Weirder still is our $1.99 bargain price. roundup of stereo cameras, it covers 42 d~fferentmod~ls with UPS or Insurance fee: $2.50 photos and detalls. In German. we've ~ncludedan English transla ltem 11%. TRANSPORTATION. 22 views. A dirigible (remember tion and a prlce quidel $23.20 postpaid! Total Cost of Order: them,) ships. carts, trams, early cars, horses. etc. in situations. not ltem 125. THE STEREO IMAGE IN SCIENCE AND LESS: ADVANCE REBATE CREDIT: all comfortable. Only $3.99 the set. TECHNOLOGY. An analglyph book, with viewing glasses. A New York Orders: Add appropriate tax! ltem 116. UNIQUE IMAGES. 19 cards that are each a one of a kind marvelous showing of the uses of 48 in a wide variety of cir- image: in a word, unlque Uniquely price: $2.99! cumstances-scientific, architectural, drafting. etc. 112 pages, TOTAL COST OF ORDER: splral bound. Imported from Germany. in English. $25.49 postpaid! ltem 117. VICTORIAN RISQUE. 27 fulsome views that are gems of CONDITIONS All shipments are via UPS wrthln thr rr~ntiguous48 statpa Box social and moral history. Tlmes have changedl $4.99 for the set! ltem 126. STEREO PHOTOGRAPHY by Fritz Waack. A very numbers. Hawaii. Puerto Rico b Alaskan addresses ;lrv sh11111t.11 ltem 118. WOMEN'S LIB. 13 cards. Demeaning to women. but part technical, but very thorough approach to modern stereo by lnsrlrrrl mall I~PP4s ad,lrrl ADVANCF RFRATE PLAN WII L AP and parcel of our common culture. Worth having. $2.49. photography. Includes plans for many items vou can make. There's nothing else like it available. $14.20 postpaid! PIYI SPECIAL OFFER: Buv five sets of stereo cards and take one dollar off the cost of any other set1 #26A. Cartes-de.Visite in 19th Century Photography by Bill Dar- THE ADVANCE REBATE.PLAN Please add .75' per set shipping b handling. It was devised to help us refund excess sh~pplngcosts to yo!,. It USE THE ADVANCE REBATE PLAN AND SAVE ON SHIPPING rah. A masterful book on a relatively untouched subject. Just $27 postpaid!, does not apply to foreign orders. How to flrlure your crnd~t.Ordrr COSTS1 of three Itoms;ind deduct $1 from your total I,III. Order of five ~tt.~rls and dedur:t $2 frnm yolrr total h~llAnd deduct 50' for mcll nddi SEND FOR FREE CATALOG DESCRIBING 100's OF PHOTOGRAPHIC t~onnlit~rnl AND STEREO BOOKS. US THE ADVANCE REBATE PLAN1 SAVE SHIPPING COSTS1 Those attending the 1988 NSA Convention in Cincinnati August 19-21 will see this famous bridge, as stereographed about 1868 by Charles Waldack. For more "THEN"viewsof the city and details of the convention, see John Waldsmith's article on page 27.