DOCSLIB.ORG

Camera Models and Algorithms for 3D Video Content Creation Sergi Pujades Rocamora

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Camera Models and Algorithms for 3D Video Content Creation Sergi Pujades Rocamora Camera Models and algorithms for 3D video content creation Sergi Pujades Rocamora To cite this version: Sergi Pujades Rocamora. Camera Models and algorithms for 3D video content creation. Image Pro- cessing [eess.IV]. Université Grenoble Alpes, 2015. English. NNT : 2015GREAM039. tel-01281363 HAL Id: tel-01281363 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01281363 Submitted on 2 Mar 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE` Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE´ DE GRENOBLE Specialit´ e:´ Mathematiques´ et Informatique Bourse: Action 3DS Present´ ee´ par Sergi PUJADES ROCAMORA These` dirigee´ par Remi´ RONFARD et codirigee´ par Fred´ eric´ DEVERNAY prepar´ ee´ au sein du Laboratoire d’Informatique de Grenoble a´ l’INRIA Rhone-Alpesˆ et de l’Ecole Doctorale de Mathematiques,´ Sciences et Technologies de l’Information Modeles` de cameras´ et algorithmes pour la creation´ de contenu video 3D These` soutenue publiquement le 14 octobre 2015, devant le jury compose´ de : M. James CROWLEY Professor at Grenoble INP, France, President´ Ms. Luce MORIN Professor at INSA Rennes, France, Rapporteur M. Jean-Yves GUILLEMAUT Assistant Professor at University of Surrey, United Kingdom, Rapporteur M. George DRETTAKIS Research Director at INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, France, Examinateur M. Aljoscha SMOLIC Senior Research Scientist at Disney Research Zurich, Switzerland, Examinateur M. Remi´ RONFARD Researcher at INRIA Grenoble, France, Examinateur M. Fred´ eric´ DEVERNAY Researcher at INRIA Grenoble, France, Examinateur For you, dear reader. Abstract Optics with long focal length have been extensively used for shooting 2D cinema and television, either to virtually get closer to the scene or to produce an aesthetical effect through the deformation of the perspective. However, in 3D cinema or television, the use of long focal length either creates a “cardboard effect” or causes visual divergence. To overcome this problem, state-of-the-art methods use disparity mapping techniques, which is a generalization of view interpolation, and generate new stereoscopic pairs from the two image sequences. We propose to use more than two cameras to solve for the remaining issues in disparity mapping methods. In the first part of the thesis, we review the causes of visual fatigue and visual discomfort when viewing a stereoscopic film. We then model the depth perception from stereopsis of a 3D scene shot with two cameras, and projected in a movie theater or on a 3DTV. We mathematically characterize this 3D distortion, and derive the mathematical constraints associated with the causes of visual fatigue and discomfort. We illustrate these 3D distortions with a new interactive software, “The Virtual Projection Room”. In order to generate the desired stereoscopic images, we propose to use image- based rendering. These techniques usually proceed in two stages. First, the input images are warped into the target view, and then the warped images are blended together. The warps are usually computed with the help of a geometric proxy (either implicit or explicit). Image blending has been extensively addressed in the literature and a few heuristics have proven to achieve very good performance. Yet the combination of the heuristics is not straightforward, and requires manual adjustment of many parameters. In this thesis, we propose a new Bayesian approach to the problem of novel view synthesis, based on a generative model taking into account the uncertainty of the image warps in the image formation model. The Bayesian formalism allows us to deduce the energy of the generative model and to compute the desired images as the Maximum a Posteriori estimate. The method outperforms state-of-the-art image-based rendering techniques on challenging datasets. Moreover, the energy equations provide a formalization of the heuristics widely used in image-based rendering techniques. Besides, the proposed generative model also addresses the problem of super-resolution, allowing to render images at a higher resolution than the initial ones. In the last part of this thesis, we apply the new rendering technique to the case of the stereoscopic zoom and show its performance. Keywords image-based-rendering, geometric uncertainty, Bayesian approach, stereoscopic cinematography, 3DTV. R´esum´e Des optiques `alongue focale ont ´et´esouvent utilis´ees dans le cin´ema 2D et la t´el´evision, soit dans le but de se rapprocher de la sc`ene, soit dans le but de produire un effet esth´etique grˆace `ala d´eformation de la perspective. Toutefois, dans le cin´ema ou la t´el´evision 3D, l’utilisation de longues focales cr´ee le plus souvent un “effet carton” ou de la divergence oculaire. Pour r´esoudre ce probl`eme, les m´ethodes de l’´etat de l’art utilisent des techniques de transformation de la disparit´e, qui sont une g´en´eralisation de l’interpolation de points de vue. Elles g´en`erent de nouvelles paires st´er´eoscopiques `apartir des deux s´equences d’images originales. Nous proposons d’utiliser plus de deux cam´eras pour r´esoudre les probl`emes non r´esolus par les m´ethodes de transformation de la disparit´e. Dans la premi`ere partie de la th`ese, nous passons en revue les causes de la fatigue visuelle et de l’inconfort visuel lors de la visualisation d’un film st´er´eoscopique. Nous mod´elisons alors la perception de la profondeur de la vision st´er´eoscopique d’une sc`ene film´ee en 3D avec deux cam´eras, et projet´ee dans une salle de cin´ema ou sur un t´el´eviseur 3D. Nous caract´erisons math´ematiquement cette distorsion 3D, et formulons les contraintes math´ematiques associ´ees aux causes de la fatigue visuelle et de l’inconfort. Nous illustrons ces distorsions 3D avec un nouveau logiciel interactif, la “salle de projection virtuelle”. Afin de g´en´erer les images st´er´eoscopiques souhait´ees, nous proposons d’utiliser le rendu bas´eimage. Ces techniques comportent g´en´eralement deux ´etapes. Tout d’abord, les images d’entr´ee sont transform´ees vers la vue cible, puis les images transform´ees sont m´elang´ees. Les transformations sont g´en´eralement calcul´ees `a l’aide d’une g´eom´etrie interm´ediaire (implicite ou explicite). Le m´elange d’images a ´et´elargement ´etudi´edans la litt´erature et quelques heuristiques permettent d’obtenir de tr`es bonnes performances. Cependant, la combinaison des heuristiques propos´ees n’est pas simple et n´ecessite du r´eglage manuel de nombreux param`etres. Dans cette th`ese, nous proposons une nouvelle approche bay´esienne au probl`eme de synth`ese de nouveaux points de vue. Le mod`ele g´en´eratif propos´etient compte de l’incertitude sur la transformation d’image. Le formalisme bay´esien nous permet de d´eduire l’´energie du mod`ele g´en´eratif et de calculer les images d´esir´ees correspondant au maximum a posteriori. La m´ethode d´epasse en termes de qualit´eles techniques de l’´etat de l’art du rendu bas´eimage sur des jeux de donn´ees complexes. D’autre part, les ´equations de l’´energie fournissent une formalisation des heuristiques largement utilis´es dans les techniques de rendu bas´eimage. Le mod`ele g´en´eratif propos´eaborde ´egalement le probl`eme de la super-r´esolution, permettant de rendre des images `aune r´esolution plus ´elev´ee que les images de d´epart. Dans la derni`ere partie de cette th`ese, nous appliquons la nouvelle technique de rendu au cas du zoom st´er´eoscopique et nous montrons ses performances. Mots-Cl´es rendu bas´eimage, incertitude geometrique, formalisme bayesien, cinmatographie stereoscopique, TV3D. Publications related with this thesis 1. S. Pujades, F. Devernay and B. Goldluecke, “Bayesian View Synthesis and Images-Based Rendering Principles”, in Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Columbus (USA), Jun. 2014. 2. S. Pujades, F. Devernay, “Viewpoint Interpolation: Direct and Variational Methods”, in International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Paris (France), Oct. 2014. 3. S. Pujades, L. Boiron, R. Ronfard, F. Devernay “Dynamic Stereoscopic Previz”, in International Conference on 3D Imaging (IC3D), Li`ege (Belgium), Dec. 2014. 4. S. Pujades, F. Devernay “System for generating an optical illusion in binocular vision and associated method”, WO2015028626A1 Filing date: 2nd Sep. 2013. Acknowledgments This work would not have been possible without the help of a lot of people. I would like to thank them all. Un grand merci `ala Caisse des D´epˆots et Consignations qui a financ´ele projet Action 3DS. Sans cette aide, ces travaux n’auraient pas ´et´epossibles. Merci beaucoup `avous, R´emi et Fred, de m’avoir donn´ela possibilit´ede faire cette th`ese. L’experience a ´et´eintense et m’a beaucoup enrichi. Merci de m’avoir encadr´e! Thank you, Luce Morin and Jean-Yves Guillemaut for reviewing the manuscript and helping me improve it. And thank you, Aljoscha Smolic and Georges Drettakis for examining my work. I enjoyed your questions and feedback, which have already sparked more ideas! Bastian, Dir m¨ochte ich auch danken. Deine Arbeit und Vertrauen mit cocolib hat mir viel geholfen. Vielen Dank! Thank you Jim for your advice, which guided me during the journey. Et merci aussi `atoi Catherine, pour ton efficacit´eet ta bonne humeur.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stereoscopic Vision, Stereoscope, Selection of Stereo Pair and Its Orientation
    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 Stereoscopic Vision, Stereoscope, Selection of Stereo Pair and Its Orientation Sunita Devi Research Associate, Haryana Space Application Centre (HARSAC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Haryana, CCS HAU Campus, Hisar – 125 004, India , Abstract: Stereoscope is to deflect normally converging lines of sight, so that each eye views a different image. For deriving maximum benefit from photographs they are normally studied stereoscopically. Instruments in use today for three dimensional studies of aerial photographs. If instead of looking at the original scene, we observe photos of that scene taken from two different viewpoints, we can under suitable conditions, obtain a three dimensional impression from the two dimensional photos. This impression may be very similar to the impression given by the original scene, but in practice this is rarely so. A pair of photograph taken from two cameras station but covering some common area constitutes and stereoscopic pair which when viewed in a certain manner gives an impression as if a three dimensional model of the common area is being seen. Keywords: Remote Sensing (RS), Aerial Photograph, Pocket or Lens Stereoscope, Mirror Stereoscope. Stereopair, Stere. pair’s orientation 1. Introduction characteristics. Two eyes must see two images, which are only slightly different in angle of view, orientation, colour, A stereoscope is a device for viewing a stereoscopic pair of brightness, shape and size. (Figure: 1) Human eyes, fixed on separate images, depicting left-eye and right-eye views of same object provide two points of observation which are the same scene, as a single three-dimensional image.
    [Show full text]
  • Scalable Multi-View Stereo Camera Array for Real World Real-Time Image Capture and Three-Dimensional Displays
    Scalable Multi-view Stereo Camera Array for Real World Real-Time Image Capture and Three-Dimensional Displays Samuel L. Hill B.S. Imaging and Photographic Technology Rochester Institute of Technology, 2000 M.S. Optical Sciences University of Arizona, 2002 Submitted to the Program in Media Arts and Sciences, School of Architecture and Planning in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Media Arts and Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 2004 © 2004 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All Rights Reserved. Signature of Author:<_- Samuel L. Hill Program irlg edia Arts and Sciences May 2004 Certified by: / Dr. V. Michael Bove Jr. Principal Research Scientist Program in Media Arts and Sciences ZA Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Andrew Lippman Chairperson Department Committee on Graduate Students MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Program in Media Arts and Sciences JUN 172 ROTCH LIBRARIES Scalable Multi-view Stereo Camera Array for Real World Real-Time Image Capture and Three-Dimensional Displays Samuel L. Hill Submitted to the Program in Media Arts and Sciences School of Architecture and Planning on May 7, 2004 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Media Arts and Sciences Abstract The number of three-dimensional displays available is escalating and yet the capturing devices for multiple view content are focused on either single camera precision rigs that are limited to stationary objects or the use of synthetically created animations. In this work we will use the existence of inexpensive digital CMOS cameras to explore a multi- image capture paradigm and the gathering of real world real-time data of active and static scenes.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects on Visibility and Lens Accommodation of Stereoscopic Vision Induced by HMD Parallax Images
    Original Paper Forma, 29, S65–S70, 2014 Effects on Visibility and Lens Accommodation of Stereoscopic Vision Induced by HMD Parallax Images Akira Hasegawa1,2∗, Satoshi Hasegawa3, Masako Omori4, Hiroki Takada5,Tomoyuki Watanabe6 and Masaru Miyao1 1Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan 2Library Information Center, Nagoya Bunri University, 365 Maeda, Inazawa-cho, Inazawa 492-8520, Japan 3Department of Information and Media Studies, Nagoya Bunri University, 365 Maeda, Inazawa-cho, Inazawa 492-8520, Japan 4Faculty of Home Economics, Kobe Women’s University, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-8585, Japan 5Department of Human and Artificial Intelligent Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan 6Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin 470-0195, Japan ∗E-mail address: [email protected] (Received October 31, 2010; Accepted April 22, 2011) The visual function of lens accommodation was measured while subjects used stereoscopic vision with a head mounted display (HMD). Eyesight while viewing stereoscopic Landolt ring images displayed on HMD was also studied. Accommodation to virtual objects was seen when subjects viewed stereoscopic images of 3D computer graphics, but not when the images were displayed without appropriate binocular parallax. This suggests that stereoscopic moving images on HMD induced visual accommodation. Accommodation should be adjusted to the position of virtual stereoscopic images induced by parallax. A difference in the distances of the focused display and stereoscopic image may cause visual load. However, an experiment showed that Landolt rings of almost the same size were distinguished regardless of virtual distance of 3D images if the parallax was not larger than the fusional upper limit.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nature and Timing of Tele-Pseudoscopic Experiences
    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers Faculty of Social Sciences 2016 The an ture and timing of tele-pseudoscopic experiences Stephen Palmisano University of Wollongong, [email protected] Harold C. Hill University of Wollongong, [email protected] Robert S. Allison York University, [email protected] Publication Details Palmisano, S., Hill, H. & Allison, R. S. (2016). The an ture and timing of tele-pseudoscopic experiences. i-Perception, 7 (1), 1-24. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] The an ture and timing of tele-pseudoscopic experiences Abstract Interchanging the left nda right eye views of a scene (pseudoscopic viewing) has been reported to produce vivid stereoscopic effects under certain conditions. In two separate field studies, we examined the experiences of 124 observers (76 in Study 1 and 48 in Study 2) while pseudoscopically viewing a distant natural outdoor scene. We found large individual differences in both the nature and the timing of their pseudoscopic experiences. While some observers failed to notice anything unusual about the pseudoscopic scene, most experienced multiple pseudoscopic phenomena, including apparent scene depth reversals, apparent object shape reversals, apparent size and flatness changes, apparent reversals of border ownership, and even complex illusory foreground surfaces. When multiple effects were experienced, patterns of cooccurrence suggested possible causal relationships between apparent scene depth reversals and several other pseudoscopic phenomena. The al tency for experiencing pseudoscopic phenomena was found to correlate significantly with observer visual acuity, but not stereoacuity, in both studies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nature and Timing of Tele-Pseudoscopic
    Article i-Perception The Nature and Timing January-February 2016: 1–24 ! The Author(s) 2016 DOI: 10.1177/2041669515625793 of Tele-Pseudoscopic ipe.sagepub.com Experiences Stephen Palmisano Centre for Psychophysics, Psychophysiology and Psychopharmacology, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia Harold Hill School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia Robert S Allison Centre for Vision Research, York University, Ontario, Canada Abstract Interchanging the left and right eye views of a scene (pseudoscopic viewing) has been reported to produce vivid stereoscopic effects under certain conditions. In two separate field studies, we examined the experiences of 124 observers (76 in Study 1 and 48 in Study 2) while pseudoscopically viewing a distant natural outdoor scene. We found large individual differences in both the nature and the timing of their pseudoscopic experiences. While some observers failed to notice anything unusual about the pseudoscopic scene, most experienced multiple pseudoscopic phenomena, including apparent scene depth reversals, apparent object shape reversals, apparent size and flatness changes, apparent reversals of border ownership, and even complex illusory foreground surfaces. When multiple effects were experienced, patterns of co- occurrence suggested possible causal relationships between apparent scene depth reversals and several other pseudoscopic phenomena. The latency for experiencing pseudoscopic phenomena was found to correlate significantly with observer visual acuity, but not stereoacuity, in both studies. Keywords Stereopsis, pseudoscopic viewing, depth perception, space perception Introduction Our laterally separated eyes receive different perspective views of the same scene. One direct consequence of this horizontal eye arrangement is that the angular subtense between Corresponding author: Stephen Palmisano, Centre for Psychophysics, Psychophysiology and Psychopharmacology, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Visualization and Visual System Affect Spatial Performance in Augmented
    Journal of Vision (2021) 21(8):17, 1–18 1 When virtual and real worlds coexist: Visualization and visual system affect spatial performance in augmented reality Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, Tatjana Pladere University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Laboratory of Statistical Research and Data Analysis, Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, Artis Luguzis University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Roberts Zabels LightSpace Technologies, Marupe, Latvia Rendijs Smukulis LightSpace Technologies, Marupe, Latvia Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, Viktorija Barkovska University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, Linda Krauze University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, Vita Konosonoka University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, Aiga Svede University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, Gunta Krumina University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia New visualization approaches are being actively environment of augmented reality using a developed aiming to mitigate the effect of head-mounted display that was driven in multifocal and vergence-accommodation conflict in stereoscopic single focal plane modes. Participants matched the augmented reality; however, high interindividual distance of a real object with images projected at three variability in spatial performance makes it difficult to viewing distances, concordant with the display focal predict user gain.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimal Allocation of Quantized Human Eye Depth Perception for Light Field Display Design
    Optimal Allocation of Quantized Human Eye Depth Perception for Light Field Display Design Alireza Aghasi,∗ Barmak Heshmat,† Leihao Wei,‡ Moqian Tian,§ Steven A. Cholewiak¶ October 14, 2020 Abstract Creating immersive 3D stereoscopic, autostereoscopic, and lightfield experiences are becoming the center point of optical design of future head mounted displays and lightfield displays. However, despite the advancement in 3D and light field displays; there is no consensus on what are the necessary quantized depth levels for such emerging displays at stereoscopic or monocular modalities. Here we start from psychophysical theories and work toward defining and prioritizing quantized levels of depth that would saturate the human depth perception. We propose a general optimization framework, which locates the depth levels in a globally optimal way for band limited displays. While the original problem is computationally intractable, we manage to find a tractable reformulation as maximally covering a region of interest with a selection of hypographs corresponding to the monocular depth of field profiles. The results show that on average 1731 stereoscopic and 8 monocular depth levels (distributed from 25 cm to infinity) would saturate the visual depth perception. Also the first 3 depth levels should be allocated at (148), then (83, 170), then (53, 90, 170) distances respectively from the face plane to minimize the monocular error in the entire population. The study further discusses the 3D spatial profile of the quantized stereoscopic and monocular depth levels. The study provides fundamental guidelines for designing optimal near eye displays, light-field monitors, and 3D screens. 1 Introduction There has been a lot of traction toward more immersive lightfield and autostereoscopic experiences due arXiv:2010.06382v1 [eess.IV] 11 Oct 2020 to advancement in electronics and micro fabrications.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Bradford Ethesis
    The Effects of Binocular Vision Impairment on Adaptive Gait. The effects of binocular vision impairment due to monocular refractive blur on adaptive gait involving negotiation of a raised surface. Item Type Thesis Authors Vale, Anna Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 27/09/2021 07:47:19 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4931 University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. Abstract The Effects of Binocular Vision Impairment on Adaptive Gait Keywords: Falls, adaptive gait, stair negotiation, binocular vision, anisometropia, monovision, stereopsis, monocular cues. Impairment of stereoacuity is common in the elderly population and is found to be a risk factor for falls. The purpose of these experiments was to extend knowledge regarding impairment of binocular vision and adaptive gait. Firstly using a 3D motion analysis system to measure how impairment of stereopsis affected adaptive gait during a negotiation of a step, secondly by determining which clinical stereotest was the most reliable for measuring stereoacuity in elderly subjects and finally investigating how manipulating the perceived height of a step in both binocular and monocular conditions affected negotiation of a step.
    [Show full text]
  • Seeing in Three Dimensions: the Neurophysiology of Stereopsis Gregory C
    Review DeAngelis – Neurophysiology of stereopsis Seeing in three dimensions: the neurophysiology of stereopsis Gregory C. DeAngelis From the pair of 2-D images formed on the retinas, the brain is capable of synthesizing a rich 3-D representation of our visual surroundings. The horizontal separation of the two eyes gives rise to small positional differences, called binocular disparities, between corresponding features in the two retinal images. These disparities provide a powerful source of information about 3-D scene structure, and alone are sufficient for depth perception. How do visual cortical areas of the brain extract and process these small retinal disparities, and how is this information transformed into non-retinal coordinates useful for guiding action? Although neurons selective for binocular disparity have been found in several visual areas, the brain circuits that give rise to stereoscopic vision are not very well understood. I review recent electrophysiological studies that address four issues: the encoding of disparity at the first stages of binocular processing, the organization of disparity-selective neurons into topographic maps, the contributions of specific visual areas to different stereoscopic tasks, and the integration of binocular disparity and viewing-distance information to yield egocentric distance. Some of these studies combine traditional electrophysiology with psychophysical and computational approaches, and this convergence promises substantial future gains in our understanding of stereoscopic vision. We perceive our surroundings vividly in three dimen- lished the first reports of disparity-selective neurons in the sions, even though the image formed on the retina of each primary visual cortex (V1, or area 17) of anesthetized cats5,6.
    [Show full text]
  • Binocular Vision
    BINOCULAR VISION Rahul Bhola, MD Pediatric Ophthalmology Fellow The University of Iowa Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences posted Jan. 18, 2006, updated Jan. 23, 2006 Binocular vision is one of the hallmarks of the human race that has bestowed on it the supremacy in the hierarchy of the animal kingdom. It is an asset with normal alignment of the two eyes, but becomes a liability when the alignment is lost. Binocular Single Vision may be defined as the state of simultaneous vision, which is achieved by the coordinated use of both eyes, so that separate and slightly dissimilar images arising in each eye are appreciated as a single image by the process of fusion. Thus binocular vision implies fusion, the blending of sight from the two eyes to form a single percept. Binocular Single Vision can be: 1. Normal – Binocular Single vision can be classified as normal when it is bifoveal and there is no manifest deviation. 2. Anomalous - Binocular Single vision is anomalous when the images of the fixated object are projected from the fovea of one eye and an extrafoveal area of the other eye i.e. when the visual direction of the retinal elements has changed. A small manifest strabismus is therefore always present in anomalous Binocular Single vision. Normal Binocular Single vision requires: 1. Clear Visual Axis leading to a reasonably clear vision in both eyes 2. The ability of the retino-cortical elements to function in association with each other to promote the fusion of two slightly dissimilar images i.e. Sensory fusion. 3. The precise co-ordination of the two eyes for all direction of gazes, so that corresponding retino-cortical element are placed in a position to deal with two images i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Stereopsis and Aging
    Vision Research 48 (2008) 2456–2465 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Vision Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Stereopsis and aging J. Farley Norman *, Hideko F. Norman, Amy E. Craft, Crystal L. Walton, Ashley N. Bartholomew, Cory L. Burton, Elizabeth Y. Wiesemann, Charles E. Crabtree Department of Psychology, 1906 College Heights Boulevard #21030, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1030, USA article info abstract Article history: Three experiments investigated whether and to what extent increases in age affect the functionality of Received 15 May 2008 stereopsis. The observers’ ages ranged from 18 to 83 years. The overall goal was to challenge the older Received in revised form 11 August 2008 stereoscopic visual system by utilizing high magnitudes of binocular disparity, ambiguous binocular dis- parity [cf., Julesz, B., & Chang, J. (1976). Interaction between pools of binocular disparity detectors tuned to different disparities. Biological Cybernetics, 22, 107–119], and by making binocular matching more dif- Keywords: ficult. In particular, Experiment 1 evaluated observers’ abilities to discriminate ordinal depth differences Stereopsis away from the horopter using standing disparities of 6.5–46 min arc. Experiment 2 assessed observers’ Aging abilities to discriminate stereoscopic shape using line-element stereograms. The direction (crossed vs. uncrossed) and magnitude of the binocular disparity (13.7 and 51.5 min arc) were manipulated. Binocu- lar matching was made more difficult by varying the orientations of corresponding line elements across the two eyes’ views. The purpose of Experiment 3 was to determine whether the aging stereoscopic sys- tem can resolve ambiguous binocular disparities in a manner similar to that of younger observers.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Dundee the Disparate Histories of Binocular Vision And
    University of Dundee The disparate histories of binocular vision and binaural hearing Wade, Nicholas J. Published in: Journal of the History of the Neurosciences DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2017.1347389 Publication date: 2018 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication in Discovery Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Wade, N. J. (2018). The disparate histories of binocular vision and binaural hearing. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 27(1), 10-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2017.1347389 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in Discovery Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from Discovery Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 1 The disparate histories of binocular vision and binaural hearing Running head: Binocular vision and binaural hearing Nicholas J. Wade, Psychology, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK Tel: +44 1382384616 E-mail: [email protected] This is the accepted manuscript version.
    [Show full text]