Márcia Paula Teixeira Barros a Adaptação Cinematográfica De

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Márcia Paula Teixeira Barros a Adaptação Cinematográfica De Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Línguas e Culturas 2004 Márcia Paula A adaptação cinematográfica de Richard III de Teixeira Barros William Shakespeare Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Línguas e Culturas 2004 Márcia Paula A adaptação cinematográfica de Richard III de Teixeira Barros William Shakespeare The cinematographic adaptation of William Shakespeare’s Richard III Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Ingleses, realizada sob a orientação científica do Professor Doutor Anthony David Barker, Professor Associado do Departamento de Línguas e Culturas da Universidade de Aveiro o júri presidente Doutor Kenneth David Callahan, Professor Associado da Universidade de Aveiro vogais Doutor Abílio Hernandez Cardoso, Professor Associado da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra Doutor Anthony David Barker, Professor Associado da Universidade de Aveiro agradecimentos Agradeço ao Professor Anthony Barker pela orientação científica deste trabalho, pela generosa partilha dos seus conhecimentos e ideias e aproveito para expressar a minha frustração por não ter tido oportunidade de usufruir da sua simpática disponibilidade mais frequentemente. Agradeço, ainda, ao João, aos meus pais e a todos os amigos que se interessaram pelo “Ricardo”. resumo Esta dissertação pretende discutir a adaptação cinematográfica da peça histórica Richard III de William Shakespeare. Dois filmes constituem o objecto de análise exaustiva neste trabalho de modo a afiançar sobre a influência da popular culture na adaptação cinematográfica de Shakespeare. Laurence Olivier realizou e protagonizou Richard III em 1955 com o principal intuito de celebrizar a sua interpretação de 1944 no Old Vic. A produção teatral de Richard Eyre do National Theatre (1990) foi traduzida para filme por Richard Loncraine em 1995. O realizador trabalhou a contextualização histórica na década de 30 e adoptando as convenções cinemáticas de Hollywood transpôs Richard III para o cinema. Como post-scriptum, o “docu-drama type thing” Looking for Richard (1996) de Al Pacino ilustra o deslocamento e fragmentação que Shakespeare sofre na popular culture. abstract This thesis is an attempt to discuss film adaptation of William Shakespeare’s Richard III. Two films will support my thesis that the popular cinema audience has influenced the translation of the play into the cinematic medium. Sir Laurence Olivier egoistically starred in and directed Richard III in 1955 as a result of his intention to celebrate his theatrical achievements at the Old Vic in 1944. Richard Eyre’s stage adaptation of the play for the Royal National Theatre (1990) was transferred to film by Richard Loncraine in 1995. Maintaining Eyre’s production set in the fascist 30s the director has managed to translate Richard III by embracing visually Hollywood cinematic conventions. As a post-script, Al Pacino’s “docu-drama type thing” Looking for Richard (1996) illustrates how Shakespeare has been displaced within the popular culture fragmentation of Shakespeare. A adaptação cinematográfica de Richard III de William Shakespeare Índice Introdução 1 Capítulo I Shakespeare em filme 5 1.1 Um século de Shakespeare no cinema 5 1.2 A adaptação cinematográfica: do texto dramático ao argumento do filme 9 1.3 Shakespeare na televisão 14 1.4 Shakespeare em formato híbrido: a videocassete 18 1.5 O advento do DVD e as novas tecnologias multimédia na adaptação cinematográfica de Shakespeare 21 Capítulo II Richard III, a peça de William Shakespeare 25 2.1 A problemática da edição do texto 25 2.2 A questão das fontes históricas e o carácter ficcional da history play 27 2.3 A indefinição de género e a construção da personagem dramática 30 2.4 As personagens femininas, a unidade da acção e o star role de Richard 32 Capítulo III Richard III realizado por Laurence Olivier (1955) 41 3.1 Enquadramento histórico de Richard III (1955) no cinema britânico 41 3.2 Laurence Olivier actor e realizador de Shakespeare 45 3.3 Richard III (1955): análise descritiva do filme 53 3.4 A iluminação do filme: o uso da sombra enquanto recurso fílmico simbólico 99 3.5 Caracterização e guarda-roupa do protagonista 101 3.6 Resquícios teatrais em Richard III 103 3.7 Adaptação da peça e simplificação da acção em nome do público 106 3.8 Richard III (1955) e outros media 111 Capítulo IV Richard III realizado por Richard Loncraine (1995) 119 4.1 Da produção teatral de Richard Eyre (1990) ao filme realizado por R. Loncraine (1995) 119 4.2. A construção da personagem e a estilização da narrativa 144 4.3 Richard III: Loncraine celebra Hollywood 157 4.4 “A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!” 168 Conclusão 171 Post-Scriptum – Looking for Richard de Al Pacino (1996) 173 Filmografia 189 Bibliografia 195 Lista de Ilustrações Imagem 1 – Shakespeare in L.A. (The street King, 2002) 23 Imagem 2 – A cena de sedução: Lady Anne (Claire Bloom) e Richard (Olivier) 64 Imagem 3 – Richard (Olivier) e Lord Hastings (Alec Clunes) 79 Imagem 4 – King Richard III (Olivier) e a relação intimista com a câmara 88 Imagem 5 – A morte de King Richard III 97 Imagem 6 – Quadro de Salvador Dali “Laurence Olivier as Richard III” (óleo em tela 73,7 x 63 cm) 103 Imagem 7 – A horse! A horse! 118 Imagem 8 – A cena de sedução revisitada por Loncraine 145 Imagem 9 – A relação narcisista de Richard III (Ian McKellen) 148 Imagem 10 – A relação frustrada de Anne e Richard 150 Imagem 11 – A “monochrome palette” da morte 155 Imagem 12 – Loncraine apresenta a família York 158 Imagem 13 – A relação de Richard com a mãe 163 Imagem 14 – William Shakespeare e a popular culture (McKellen 1996) 170 Imagem 15 – Ian McKellen como Richard III (1995) 172 Imagem 16 – Laurence Olivier como Richard III (1955) 172 Introdução A personagem do maquiavélico Gloucester, protagonista de Richard III de William Shakespeare, é interpretada em cada época pelos actores de renome do teatro inglês. A popularidade de que a peça goza está intimamente associada a Richard e à relação que a personagem estabelece com a assistência. Este trabalho referencia duas dessas interpretações históricas, a de Laurence Olivier em 1944 no Old Vic e a de Ian McKellen do National Theatre em 1990, embora o objecto de estudo sejam as adaptações cinematográficas que foram motivadas por essas produções teatrais. O drama Shakespeariano cumpre o papel privilegiado de veículo da descontinuidade ideológica. As sucessivas interpretações de Richard III permitem valorizar e recriar o significado da peça. Quanto à adaptação cinematográfica propriamente dita, as potencialidades de renovação dos versos de Shakespeare concretizam-se visualmente. Assim, os textos históricos devem ser encarados sob uma perspectiva cultural e intertextual e analisados na sua relação com outros tipos de registos contemporâneos (adaptações fílmicas, no caso específico deste trabalho). Desta maneira, o primeiro capítulo deste estudo elabora uma breve resenha em torno da adaptação cinematográfica de Shakespeare, que se confunde com a história do próprio cinema, no sentido de contribuir para a discussão dos problemas subjacentes à conversão do drama de Shakespeare para o meio visual e de especificar o contexto em que surgem as adaptações cinematográficas de Laurence Olivier (1955) e Richard Loncraine/ Ian McKellen (1995) de Richard III. A este nível, será possível descrever sucintamente a atitude dos/as produtores/as e realizadores/as de cinema, assim como a recepção, por parte do público, que Shakespeare em filme tem recebido ao longo de mais de um século. Verificar-se-ão os motivos que fizeram da década de 30 um período pobre, no que a adaptações cinematográficas das peças de Shakespeare diz respeito, assim como as causas que determinam que a década de 90, em especial a segunda metade, assista a uma proliferação de filmes cujo argumento tem origem em Shakespeare impossível sem a revolução que Kenneth Branagh impulsiona junto da popular culture. Parece-me importante referir que Richard III vivencia em 1995-6 uma overexposure devido ao filme 1 de Loncraine (1995), ao de Al Pacino Looking for Richard (1996) e ao aparecimento de The Life and Death of Richard III de James Keane (1912). O que se me apresenta, também, como um dos traços salientes da problemática de Shakespeare em filme desenvolve-se à volta dos outros meios visuais pelos quais Shakespeare é difundido na popular culture e as consequências que a hibridez de alguns formatos acarreta. O segundo capítulo versa sobre alguns aspectos relativos ao texto. Verificar-se-á que as incertezas quanto a um “full text” de Shakespeare legitimam adaptações textuais a que a peça se sujeita na modernidade e em que se praticam amplas omissões. Procurar-se-á, também, desenvolver sobre a indeterminação entre tragedy e history de Richard III para da controvérsia em torno da publicação das peças no primeiro folio (1623) sobressair o tratamento dramático diferenciado que o dramaturgo dedicou a Richard III enquanto history play e peça que encerra a primeira tetralogia. A fluidez entre os géneros dramáticos repercute-se nas possibilidades genéricas que a peça oferece na transposição moderna para o grande ecrã por Loncraine e McKellen (1995) como se analisa no quarto capítulo. O segundo capítulo versa, ainda, sobre a unidade da acção e a construção e caracterização do multifacetado Gloucester assim como da unidade da tetralogia e as dificuldades de contextualização histórica que a adaptação isolada de Richard III desencadeia. Richard III realizado por Sir Laurence Olivier, figura incontornável da cultura britânica, será objecto de análise exaustiva no terceiro capítulo. Assim, este capítulo desenvolve-se a partir de um estudo detalhado e comparativo entre a peça e os aspectos fílmicos que estilizam e perpassam a narrativa. Nesta perspectiva, tratar-se-ão os cortes textuais e a sequência das cenas e versos de modo a descortinar as implicações que tais práticas acarretam bem como as simplificações do enredo em nome do público.
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