W.I.S.E. 70644i4, The Newsletter of W.I.S.E. Family History Society

Volume 6, No. 4 Denver, Colorado October, November December 2005 Robert the Bruce and His Traveling Heart By: John M. Mossman

You may wonder why anyone would care about the heart of King Robert Bruce which is buried at Melrose Abbey located near the River Tweed in Scotland. It so happens that I have a Bruce in my family by the name of Isabella Bruce. She was the daughter of Patrick Bruce and Janet Jackson. Isabella was born in Sterling, Scotland about 1632 and married John Woods in Scotland. Now, I understand there is a difference of a few generations but one can hope that there is a connection. There has been much written about King Robert I, the Bruce (1274-1329). But here I would like to give a short overview of his life and accomplishments and why his heart traveled to Spain and back. Fourth Quarter 2005 — W.I.S.E. Program Schedule

22 October - London Research Sources, Wills & Administration, Hospital & Asylum Records. Presented by Lady Teviot. Lady Teviot has been involved with Family History Research for over 35 years. Born in Sussex, England. Lady Teviot has undertaken lecture tours in Canada, Australia, South Africa, USA and New Zealand. She is President of the Federation of Family History Societies. She is also Vice Chairman of the Friends of East Sussex Record Office, Member of the Council of the British Records Association and on the Committee for the South East Museums Libraries and Archives Council.

5 November — Researching the British Isles. Presented by Derek A. Palgrave. Mr. Palgrave is currently Vice-President of the Federation of Family History Societies, President of the Guild of One-Name Studies, President of the Doncaster and District Family History Society, Vice-President of the Suffolk Family History Society, a member of the East of England Regional Archives Council and Editor of The Escutcheon, The Journal of Cambridge University Heraldic & Genealogical Society, in which he also holds the office of Secretary.

3 December — British on the Appalachian Frontier. Presented by James K. Jeffrey. Finding your British Isles ancestors on the great Appalachian Frontier is no easy task. With the closing of the frontier at the end of the French and Indian Wars with Royal Proclamation of (Continued on page 54) The normal starting time for the above programs is 1 p.m. at the Denver Public Library, 5th floor, Gates Conference Room. Volume 6, No. 4 W.I.S.E. WORDS Page 46

FROM THE PRESIDENT . . up and breaking down, the booth that is. We look forward to next year. President's Message The coming lecture season is upon us. By the time you are reading this Jim This has been a summer to forget! As Walsh will have blessed us with another some of you know I had a mild heart riveting lecture in his attack in early June. I am doing just fine Irish in Colorado saga. and feel great. I won't say cookies will October brings Lady never pass these lips again but my wife Tiviot, president of the will assure you that double Devon cream Federation of Family and clotted cream are off the menu, that History Societies in the along with homemade scones apparently UK to our shores and were my downfall, along with my genetic early in November James PC Jeffrey makeup. Yes, always blame your parents Derek Palgrave, vice- even if they have been dead for nearly president of the FFS will regale us with forty years! tales as well. The dark days of December will feature the British on the Appalachian Still, all things considered it has been a Frontier as presented by yours truly. great summer. If you consider Memorial January has many of us jetting off to Salt Day weekend to be the start of summer Lake City for a research junket and then then we certainly began on a high note. home again for elections of new officers. The visit of Fintan Mullan and Brian Please remember as the nominating Trainor on Tuesday, 31 May saw an committee comes knocking at your door overflow audience in attendance at our that yes is the correct answer when asked very successful Ulster Historical to give freely of your time and gifts to Foundation seminar. Those two fellows, W.I.S.E. once you started rolling with their syntax provided great information and enjoyment. We look forward to a great fall season We purchased many items from them and to be capped off by membership renewal. you supported their efforts in kind. See you at the meetings. A R:' Our participation in the St. Andrew Society of Colorado Highland Games in IN THIS ISSUE: August was a great success. It could not have come off without the efforts of our Robert the Bruce and His Front W.I.S.E. member volunteers. Thank you's Traveling Heart are in order for Dan and Fran Parker, W.I.S.E. Program Schedule Front Elizabeth Betty Brown, Nancy Craig, From the President 46 Eileen Langdon, and John Mossman. You Upcoming Events 47 all were wonderful. We all had hoped for Officers & Board Members 47 Scottish weather and we got that in Evolution of a Name 51 Book Review 53 bucket-fulls. The rain did not stop on The Emigrating Tenant's 55 Saturday until right before noon and the Address to His Landlord wind was fierce all weekend. Perfect Highland Games Pictures 55 weather for those clad in wool and Coffee and Conversation 56 pretending to be in the Highlands for the Come Join Us 56 event! John gets extra points for setting Volume 6, No. 4 W..I.S.E. WORDS Page 47

A reservation form is included in this and Upcoming Events subsequent editions of WISE Words and will be available at program meetings Please address general questions to Zoe Lappin at W.I.S.E. TRIP TO SALT LAKE CITY [email protected] or 303 322-2544. The travel agent, Sally Garcia of Atlas Travel, may be reached at 303 234-1010, W.I.S.E. is organizing a research trip to the [email protected] Family History Library in Salt Lake City the week (Continued on page 48) of January 15-22, 2006, a Sunday to Sunday.

The hotel is offering a limited-time special, and our room rate for the seven nights will be $297.25 per person, double occupancy. The single rate will be $584.50 per person. Rates include airport transfers, tax and travel W.I.S.E. Family History Society agent's fee, but no meals. A non-refundable $50 Dedicated to research in Wales, Ireland, deposit is required by Dec. 1, 2005, with the de- Scotland, England, Cornwall, the Channel posit going toward the total room cost. Final Islands and the Isle of Man. Attention also payment will be due by Dec. 15, 2005. Zoe directed to the emigration and immigration Lappin, WISE secretary, is organizing the trip, but of these peoples as well as heraldry and reservations and payments will go directly to one name studies. Atlas Travel. Officers & Board Members As we did in January 2004 we will stay at the Best President James K. Jeffrey Western Plaza Hotel immediately adjacent to the [email protected] library. Atlas Travel of Golden will arrange a Vice President. . . Duane Woodard block of rooms for us, but members will handle Secretary Zoe von Ende Lappin their own transportation. Treasurer Tommie Brett Kadotani Past President Paul Kilburn We are arranging for a group orientation from Membership George Fosdick the library staff — British Isles specialists re- Publicity John Mossman quested. If 10 or more of us make the trip, we will Directors qualify for a free, one-hour seminar presented by Zoe von Ende Lappin the hotel. These are designed to compliment, not Elizabeth Brown replace, the library's orientation. We must decide Country Editors: on a single topic and let the hotel know 30 days in Wales Elizabeth Brown advance. The topics are: Getting the Most Out of Ireland Zoe von Ende Lappin Your Research at the Family History Library, Scotland John Mossman Resource Collections at the FHL, Researching England Donna J. Porter U.S. Court Records, U.S. Immigration Records, Newsletter Staff Using the Internet for Your Research, Using Editor John Mossman "Mindmapping" in Your Research, Creating Fam- [email protected] ily History Treasures and Timelines: Enjoy the Proofreader Elizabeth Brown Journey. Volume 6, No. 4 W.I.S.E. Page 48 Upcoming Events Class sizes are usually small. Instructors (Cont'd. from page 47) have individual consultations with the students and are available for on-site help. WELSH GENEALOGY/FAMILY This is the fifth year for the HISTORY Institute. Darris and I were in Sherry By: Betty Brown Irvine's Problem-Solving class last year and I was very impressed with his Those interested in Welsh amazing grasp of the Welsh resources genealogy or Family History have an available in the Family History Library. unusual opportunity to get expert help This is a unique opportunity for those from a course being offered at the who can take the course. Tuition is $335 British Institute October 9-14 at the for members of the sponsoring Family History Library in Salt Lake International Society for British City. Danis Williams will be teaching a Genealogy and Family History and $360 course on Welsh Research covering the for non-members. Tuition fees include a time period from 1858 back to the early banquet and refreshments during class 1600s. breaks. Additional information and a registration form may be obtained from Darns Williams is the British The British Institute, PO Box 350459, reference consultant in the Family Westminster, CO 80035-0459. History Library, currently a reference Cancellations before 1 August 2005 will consultant for World Wide Support. He result in a $50.00 service fee and no has studied at the University of Wales in refunds will be made after 1 August Aberystwyth and lectured at the British 2005. Isles Family History Society 0 0 0 0 0 Conference, UGA Institute, Federation of Genealogical Societies Conference and Federation of Family History Societies Conference. He is a contributor of materials on the Glamorganshire and Carmarthenshire portions of www.Genuki.org.uk and transcriber of monumental inscriptions for chapels and churches in Wales published by the Glamorgan Family History Society. He is only the second person to pass the Wales accreditation test administered by ICAPGEN.

At the Institute, classes are held in the morning. Afternoons (and evenings if one wishes) are spent doing Library. research in the Family History Scottish Highland Cattle Volume 6, No. 4 W.I.S.E. WORDS Page 49

North from the so called "civilization" Robert the Bruce and below.

His Traveling Heart Edward II, son of Edward I, was (Cont'd from Front page.) frustrated by the Scots reliance on guerilla tactics but Robert, considered the greatest of all thought they the great Scottish heroes, was the eldest could be truly son of Robert de Bruce, 5th Lord defeated in a Annandale, and Marjorie, Countess of pitched battle. Carrick. In his early years Robert seems The battle Edward to have been very confused between sought turned into England and Scotland as to where his a bitter defeat for loyalties lay. Some say he changed sides the English at at least 5 times, and in 1297 sided with Bannockburn on William Wallace. He was back with the the 24th of June 1314. Although it was English several months later and served to be 14 years before the war was in the court of the English King Edward officially over, there was no doubt who I who had earned the title "the Hammer won its most decisive battle. He was of the Scots." unquestionably in control of his Kingdom. He had shown that he could As tensions mounted between the defeat the English by guerilla tactics or English and the Scots, Robert decided in pitched battle. (Note: The bronze once and for all to join the cause of statue in the accompanying photograph freedom for the Scottish people and is of King Robert at Bannockburn and converted to the patriotic cause. There was unveiled by HM Queen Elizabeth were a number of skirmishes between the on 24 June 1964, the 650th anniversary two peoples with the Scots generally on of the Scottish victory.) the losing end. In 1328 Bruce, who was now much Robert went into hiding to older and in poor health, witnessed reconsider the events that happened, England signing the Treaty of finally coming to grips with the fact Edinburgh/Northampton at Holyrood that the strategy had to change and the Abbey acknowledging Scotland's troops had to be trained. independence.

From the beginning of their Bruce had long wished to go on a history, no one had ever called the crusade against the Infidels. But before Scots a submissive people. They might that could happen, he succumbed to bend, but they would never break. what many believe was leprosy at Even the Romans had to build what is Cardross Castle on the Firth of Clyde in called Hadrian's Wall to separate the 1329. His body was buried at lawless incorrigible Celtic tribes to the Dunfermline Abbey. Shortly before he (Continued on page 50) Volume 6, No. 4 W.I.S.E. Page 50

Robert the Bruce and team found and examined a lead container that was thought to contain Bruce's heart. His Traveling Heart A small hole was drilled into the casket and (Cont'd from page 49) a fiber-optic cable was inserted to ascertain its contents. The larger casket was then opened showing a small conical lead casket died, Bruce requested his dear friend and with an engraved plaque which stated: compatriot, Sir James "Black" Douglas, to "The enclosed leaden casket containing a carry his heart on the crusade to Moorish heart was found beneath Chapter House Spain. The heart was removed and placed floor, March 1921, by His Majesty's Office in a silver casket where it was carried by of Works". The small casket was in very Sir James on the crusade. On 25 August good condition despite being pitted with 1330, he and his Scottish supporters were age. Richard Welander from Historic trapped by the Moorish cavalry where he Scotland indicated that it was not possible died in battle. The heart was recovered and to prove absolutely that it was Bruce's taken back to Scotland where Bruce's son, heart. "We can say that it is reasonable to the new King David II, asked for it to be assume that it is." The casket containing the buried under the high altar of Melrose heart was not opened and was reburied at Abbey. Melrose Abbey on the 22nd of June 1998. (Note: The photos in this article were taken The original site of Melrose Abbey by John Mossman in Scotland in June 1995). was 4 miles down the River Tweed. It was founded by St. Aidan about 660. Then about 1131/1136, the Scottish King David I requested that the Cistercian monks establish a much superior abbey on the present site about two miles west of the original site. It was completed about 1146. It suffered much at the hands of invading English armies. In fact, King Edward II ravaged the abbey about 1322. At the direction of King Robert the Bruce, the abbey was restored in 1326 only to be destroyed again in 1385 by the English King Richard II. See the accompanying picture to see how it stands today.

Now advance forward some nearly 700 years to the summer of 1996 where an archeological excavation of the Charter House floor of Melrose Abbey was undertaken by Historical Scotland. The Melrose Abbey Volume 6. No. 4 W.I.S.E. Pane 51

EVOLUTION OF A NAME: From Birmingham and back again by Zoe von Ende Lappin

My husband, John T. "Jack" Lappin, is a grandson of Ada BIRMINGHAM, daughter along the Hudson River in upstate New York, of Orlo, son of Robert, son of William, son of it's likely Dutch clergymen and other literate Thomas, son of William BRUMAGHIM. It people gave it a Dutch spelling when they took years of research, looking in vain for wrote it. Webster's New World Dictionary Binningfiams in colonial America, to finally defines brummagem as a dialectical realize that the very English-looking and pronunciation of Birmingham, with reference sounding name had undergone several to counterfeit coins and cheap jewelry once spellings and pronunciations over the made in Birmingham, England. Also, a centuries. American eyes and ears had missed lengthy Brumagim genealogy from what is obvious to Britons, especially those Montgomery County, NY, archives, says: familiar with the old city of Birmingham. "We assume that the family was British but They pronounce it something like that the names were recorded as Dutch." brummagem or brummagin. We needed to look for variations of that word as a surname It's possible that this was an English in early American records. When we did, the family who lived in Holland before puzzle pieces fell into place. immigrating to America. For instance, an e- mail November 1999 from Mildred Jeffers in The breakthrough came in a War of Weslaco, TX, provided strong evidence of 1812 pension record for a Robert the name change. She first asked if I'd ever Birmingham in New York. come upon a Birmingham family who changed the name to Bromaghim. (I had seen The name in our family had many it the other way around.) She was looking for spellings: Brumegom, Brumaghim, descendants of Peter, son of Francis B. and Brumaghin, Brumagin, Brumagim, Mary Snyder/Schneider. A subsequent e-mail Bromegon, Birmingfiam, etc., before it was said: "It is said that Peter's ancestors came Birmingham, standardized around 1820. And it was only from England. The oldest son the descendants of Thomas Brumaghim (or had inherited and four other brothers whatever) in our family who call themselves migrated to Germany for about one Birmingham. The descendants of his siblings generation. Then to the States, landing in use those other variations. It took a while to NY. At this time they changed the spelling of realize that all those spellings were, indeed, their name. A lot of this is family legend. Not variations of Birmingham in its British sure when they came to the States." phonetic spelling. Then there's that War of 1812 The name Brumaghm. and variations pension file. One Robert Birmingham, could be Dutch, but it's more likely a Dutch presumed to be a son of our Thomas and version of the English name Birmingham. husband of a woman named Clementine Since the family lived in Dutch settlements Lawrence, served in E. Lynde's Co., 29th Continued on page 52) Volume 6. No.4 W.I.S.E. Page 52

EVOLUTION OF A His ancestors, he further conjectured, NAME: From Birmingham and back "obviously went up into the Dutch again country where people had trouble spelling (Cont'd from page 51) their name. That would suggest to me the name was English, making it more likely U.S. Infantry, War of 1812. His people were unfamiliar with it, and that it pension/bounty land record provides the was strange to officials writing it down." proof that the name also was given a Dutch spelling and pronunciation —Bromagem, etc. An item in a book, Pilgrim, A A deposition in his pension file, dated 1855, Biography of William Brewster by Mary and bearing a signature that looks like 7? B. Sherwood, 1982, tells how the English Broome, bears testimony that Robert Pilgrims went to the Low Countries Birmingham is who he says he is. "... The where "for the most part they buried deponent says that he has known the said themselves and their names." The name Robert Birmingham to have been frequently Birmingham could have been corrupted called Robert Bromagham, as many of his in Holland before the family ever got to Dutch relations are called near Albany, in the America. state of New York." Mr. Broome could have assumed that because the family lived among History of Chester County, the Dutch that their origins also were Dutch. Pennsylvania, Futhey and Cope, 1881, It's possible that the maternal line -- Surname Philadelphia, ,,exparick , the unknown -- was Dutch. Brummagem-Birmingham connection. Birmingham township there originally Records of the Holland Land Co. in was pronounced Brummagem. It's not western New York, 1804-1824, show Joseph known whether it was named after a and William Bromagham buying land; person, however. there's also a record of William Birmingham doing the same. That reveals how scribes cast Many Birminghams in America are about for the spelling of the name before it of Irish descent, and it's likely their was standardized. name, too, evolved this way. They probably started as Anglo-Irish, not Speculation by an Ohio descendant of a Celtic Irish. Brumagin also supported English name- change theory and raised this possibility. "In Finally, a response in to an online the 18th century there might have been query seems to be the final word on the confusion among people of English origin subject. It came from Barbara Molen in between the names Birmingham and the 2004: nickname Brumagim (don't know how the "The original name did come English spell it)." When this Ohioan visited from Beora a tribe and ham meaning Birmingham, England, in 1995, his English home [presumably in prehistoric Britain]. friends immediately made the association It was pronounced Brummagem or between the word brummagem and the city. Brummajim, and today the Birmingham (Continued on page 53) Volume 6, No. 4 W.I.S.E. Page 53 EVOLUTION OF A NAME: From Birmingham and English ancestors who lived among the like a new back again (Cont'd. from page 52) Dutch in New York would history of the area, The Island at the Center British are very proud of using the old of the World; by Russell Shorto, Doubleday, pronunciation because the name 2004. Its subtitle is The Epic Story of Dutch Birmingham was forced on the British Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That when the Normans of France invaded Shaped America, and Shorto posits that England in about 1215. The name has a America's encouragement of and even multitude of spellings due to scribes reverence for diversity grew out of the New writing records by phonetic sound of the Amsterdam colony, which lasted only from name as pronounced by the person. The 1624 to 1664. About 20 percent of the British have stubbornly persisted in the old inhabitants were English. Those early Dutch ancient way of the pronunciation of were well-used to respecting other cultures Birmingham Other variations are endless and religions. That tolerance plus the in the spelling all having the same origin. geography of New York harbor drew Today the most common spellings are immigrants from everywhere. Without those Brumagin, Brumegin, Brumogin, first New Yorkers, Shorto speculates, we Bromagem, Bromagen, Bromagem, could have ended up as Puritan-style Birmingham and Berminghain. No conformists, a theocratic-style state afraid of, spelling is wrong as they are phonetic- new ideas. sounding replacements for Brummagem."

Now to learn why it was only Book Review Thomas' line in my husband's family who By: Zoe von Ende Lappin reverted to the Birmingham spelling. The reason may lie in a family feud with dark How the Irish shook up Lowell, roots. Only Thomas among the nine Massachusetts children of William Brumaghim refused to go along with the rest and have their father Mitchell, Brian C., The Paddy Camps of declared insane in 1795. William had Lowell, 1821-1862, Urbana and Chicago: killed his wife with a stick of wood, but University of Illinois Press, 1988. for some reason Thomas wanted no part of the legal proceedings. The story is told in Lowell, Massachusetts, started out fragmentary records of the Chancery Court as a Utopian textile manufacturing center of New York (Family History Library film with a capitalist agenda: By using water 0017420). Not only does it not reveal power instead of the filthy coal of Thomas' motivation, but it also fails to England, employing thousands of Yankee provide his mother's name — another story farm women and girls and providing of the female ancestor lost in time. wholesome living conditions in company- owned boarding houses, mill owners — NOTE: Those who are researching (Continued on page 54) Volume 6, No. 4 W.I.S.E. Page 54

Book Review countless studies focusing on various (Cont'd. from page 53) aspects of social organization over the years. Mitchell's book combines a healthy known as the Boston Associates — could academic objectivity with a fine sense of maximize profits as well as stabilize, the what it meant to be Irish in Lowell. WISE workforce. It was the showpiece of the members whose research — Irish and Industrial Revolution in America, a English/Yankee -- has led them back into refreshing contrast to Lancashire, England. the mill towns of New England will find delightful insights in "The Paddy Camps." That was at the outset, 1821. But then Lowell was, after all, the model for all New guess what happened — the Irish arrived. England textile towns. Starting in the 1830i, well before the Great Famine, immigrants began to settle in For those interested in a broader Lowell. The immigrant stream increased as view of the evolution of Lowell, a 1976 the Famine forced the Irish to emigrate, and commemorative book, lovingly written and by 1850 Lowell was transformed from a edited, will fill the bill. It's Cotton Was Yankee manufacturing town to an King, A History of Lowell, Massachusetts, immigrant city. That occurred just as the edited by Arthur L. Eno Jr. and published by young women who dominated the workforce the New Hampshire Publishing Co. in had begun to press for change, notably the collaboration with the Lowell Historical 10-hour day. The willing Irish, many of Society upon the 150th anniversary of the them experienced textile workers, gave the town's founding. mill owners a handy way to avoid labor agitation. The Irish, skilled and unskilled, Fourth Quarter Program would work for less and their numbers seemed endless. Schedule ( Cont'd. from Front page) The center of the, Irish community originally was known as the Paddy Camps, 1763, the British crown set into motion and eventually was called The Acre. It steps which ultimately led to the American fostered a strong culture centered on the War for Independence. Discover the Catholic churches of St. Patrick's, St. resources and records created by your Peter's and St. Mary's. Their leaders frontier adventures that will flesh out their included a pair of brothers who were lives and your understanding of these Catholic priests, John and Timothy O'Brien, family members in the larger picture of as well as the Civil War general and American history. eventual governor, Benjamin F. Butler. Out of this Irish stew grew a strongly matriarchal James Jeffrey is the Collection Specialist labor force and family structure: In 1855, a in Genealogy at the Denver Public total of 8,820 women and 4,367 men were Library, president of Wales, Ireland, employed in the mills; those figured barely Scotland, England Family History Society, changed by 1868. In 1860, 31 percent of trustee of the P. William Filby Award for households in The Acre were headed by Excellence in Genealogical Librarianship. women. James is past-president of the Colorado Council of Genealogical Societies and The Lowell has been the subject of Society of Rocky Mountain Archivist. Volume 6, No. 4 W.I.S.E. Page 55

The Emigrating Tenant's May Your Honour get a taste. But if they build a UNION Address to His Landlord For the landlords there to fly And you get in, why then, I think Air: "Susanna Don't You Cry" Your Honour needn't cry. From the Oct. 20, 1849, edition of the Dundalk Democrat, County Louth, Photographs from the Scottish Highland reprinted from the Dublin Mail Games at Highland Ranch on 13-14 August. I'm going to a country where From poor rates I'll be free For Ireland's going to the dogs As fast as fast can be. I know you'd like to stop me, So I'll do it on the sly; And with me take your half-year's rent — Your Honour, don't you cry.

Chorus, after each verse: Oh, Your Honour, don't you cry for me -- I'm going to a country where From poor rates be free.

Now that the corn laws (all) are gone, The grain's so mighty cheap, I'll hardly find it worth my while My plot of oats to reap. But when it's cut and sold off, To Yankee land I'll fly; But sure I'll leave you all your land — Your Honour! Don't you cry.

I don't believe I ped (sic) the rent Within the last three years And so I owe Your Honour FAMILY HISTCJ? Some trifle of arrears. , I'll mintion (sic) this because, perhaps, iille You'd like to say goodbye •tilets To these arrears — I have them snug — Your Honour don't you cry.

I hope Your Honour may have luck When all the country's waste And when they give outdoor relief, Volume 6, No.4 W..I.S.E. WORDS Page 56

Coffee and Conversation COME JOIN US W.I.S.E. Family History Society is When: Saturday, 22 October dedicated to research in Wales, Ireland, Saturday, 26 November Scotland and England. Where: Central Denver Public Library Monthly meetings are generally held the Western History and Genealogy fourth Saturday of most months at the 5th Level-Gates Reading Room Central Denver Public Library, Gates Conference Room, fifth floor and begin at Enjoy a good steaming cup of coffee as we 1:00 in the afternoon. discuss the latest fmds and treasures in Genealogy. We will meet under the derrick in Membership is open to anyone with interest the Gates Western History Reading Room. We in family history and genealogy. will discuss the latest books, electronic resources Membership dues are $12 for an individual and of course old standards and favorites. or $15 for a family at the same address for the calendar year which runs from January Make a day of it and come for Coffee and to December. Conversation before the W.I.S.E. meetings. ALL ARE WELCOME

W.I.S.E. Wales, Ireland, Scotland, & England Family History Society P. O. Box 48226 Denver, Colorado 80204-8226