PAGE PAGE NOTES OF THE WEEK THE COMMON MAN. By Duxmia * 513 . . 528 CURRENT CANT LIL. By M. A. Mathers . - 517 * 529 FOREIGNAFFAIRS. By S. Verdad . READERSAND WRITERS. By R. H. C. - 517 . * 530 'THEFATE OF TURKEYAND ISLAM.-V. ByAli VIEWS AND REVIEWS. A. E. R. * 532 F ahmy MohamedFahmy . . 518 REVIEWS , * 533 CONCERNING DENSHAWAIBy MarmadukePick- PASTICHE.By Junius Junior, C. H. Cooke, Robert thall . - 519 Williamson, C. S. Davis,Livy . * 534 PROTESTANTLEADERS OF CATHOLICIRELAND. By TOWARDSTHE PLAYWAY.-II. By H. Caldwell L. G. Redmond-Howard . . 521 Cook . 536 THE" NEWSTATESMAN " SUPPLEMENT ON WOMEN MUSICALSNOBBERY. By E. E. - 537 IN INDUSTRY.By BeatriceHastings . . 522 DRAMA. By JohnFrancis Hope . - 538 'BAA ! OR ANOTHER FALSE PROPHET.By Charles ART. By Anthony M. Ludovici. - 539 Brookfarmer . * 524 LETTERSTO THE EDITORFROM C. C. Longman, A THE INADEQUACYOF IBSEN. By St. John G. SouthAfrican Wage Slave, F. T., Fred Ervine . - 525 Mellor,Stephen Reynolds, J. A. F. W., 'MINCEMEAT OF MORALS. By Bartholomew Cox, R. M.A. . * 540 Helvellyn . * 527 MR. GEORGELANSBURY. By Tom-Titt . * 544

everythingpoints to a deliberate conspiracy of the South AfricanGovernment against the Labour move- ment primarily, but secondarily against the freedom of action of Britishers inparticular. For it will be re- marked that, though the Trade Unions numbered many Dutchmenamong their members, the bulk areBritish and by far the largest number of the men singled out for punishment are British also.

* x- * In our opinion, this takes the matter a long way from a Labour dispute pure and simple. It raisesthe whole question of the rights of Britishsubjects who happen NOTES OF THE WEEK. to be residentin one of theDominions instead of in England.Are we or are we .not to beregarded in a WEhope that nothing will be done to confine the signi- self-governingDominion of the Crown as od the same 4cance of the deportation of nine British uitlanders to status as coolies, to be differentiated against and to !be .a question of labour. Though it is true that the osten- specially legislatedfor as if, in fact, we had nofull sible cause of theirexpulsion from the South African rightto exercise our freedomin our own territories? dominionwas their participation ina Labour plot That in theparticular case under discussion the affair against the State, we know now that there was not only has been made out to be an attack by Labour upon the -no plot on their side, but the plot to provoke, imprison State as well as upon Capital is, as we have seen, true and deport them was hatched by the Government Iong in factbut fictitious in substance. It is notupon that before a move wasmade by the men. All the news groundat all thatthe case shouldbe fought by the now coming in by post confirms the impression we had deportees and their friends here, but upon the infinitely formed, and much of it is of the most conclusive kind. wider ground we have indicated. What, in fact, is to 'We learn,for instance, from General Smuts himself prevent the Labour Party from seizing the opportunity that immediatelyafter the events of last summer he now offered them of proving their Imperial outlook by began to form his plans for revenge; and these included insisting on thematter being discussed as an "alt- the very measure of deportation which apparently only British" question?We know,unfortunately, that Mr. MacDonald threw away last week a favourable chance cameinto urgency a fewweeks ago. Again, we are of speakingon behalf of England;but the chance is informed that the decision to institute Martial Law, so here again ; and it would be criminal folly again to miss far from being sudden, was made at least some weeks it. What is tobe done? In the first place, we hope beforea man had been provoked to strike; and the that public meetings will be called all over the country evidence sf this is that the various proclamations which to which citizens of everypolitical colour are invited. wereactually issued were already in type before the It is notthe moment to thrust Labour politicsdown strikewas called. Add to thesethe fact that during thethroats of the public. Secondly, we hopethat the deporteesthemselves will solemnly laytheir case as thestrike a more than Russian censorship was main- Britishsubjects before the English people, Parliament, tained.over the Press and the Post Office, and still the Law Courts and the Crown, in the certainty that one largely prevails in South Africa ; and it will be seen that or other of these tribunals will do them justice. Thirdly, 514

we hope that the single end to which all this is made to Home Rule-for the simple reason that an issue cannot aim may be thewithdrawal by theSouth African be made of it. Look how the Unionists at South Bucks, Government of the deportation orders and the re-estab- Bethnal Green and Poplar vainly strove to keep Home lishment of the rights of common Imperial law. Nothing Rule tothe front. Didthey succeed? But if notat less than the return of the deported men in honour can mere by-elections, the party would succeed even worse satisfythe plain demands of thesituation. Wecare at aGeneral Election. And considerthe effect, too, of nothing whether the meetings they address are enthusi- a General Election on the past three or four years’ con- astic, crowded or angry. We care nothing whether lip- stitutionallegislation of theLiberal Party. Asevery- sympathy by the bucketful is poured out by politicians body knows, Home Rule is and has always been held to and the Press. The test of it all will be the actual fact bethe key that will lock thedoor on the recent “re- of procuringtheir return; and unless this is a’ccam- form” Olf theHouse of Lords.Can it be risked for plished, we may as well put up the shutters of Empire nothingat an unnecessaryGeneral Election without and reconcile ourselvesto becomingmerely the Ieast ruiningLiberalism and the Liberal Party? It cannot. regarded ‘of our own Dominions. *** *x It will be said that in this event we must prepare for While by no means disposed to wish it were not other- civil war.First, on whose authority and with what wise, we cannot agree that the recent by-elections have evidence are we to believe this?On the authority of anygreat significancefor theGovernment. Inone of Sir Edward Carson and on the evidence of the Unionist thethree electionsthe Unionist majority wasactually newspapers.Neither, we confess, is likely toimpress reduced; and in the remaining two the anti-Unionist if the people of thiscountry. Secondly, it is contraryto not pro-Liberal vote was maintained, even if it was not allthe traditions if a threat of thiskind is going to increased. There is nothing in this to give the Govern- changeEngland’s mind. What, in fact,have the ment pause in their main programme, but on the con- Unionistsbeen telling the Labour movement all this trary there is everything in it to nerve them to see that time if not that threats are useless against England and programmethrough. On the subject of HomeRule merely put up the public’s back?But if threatsare in particular, for the life of us we cannot conceive how provocative of public resistance in Labour matters they any member of the Government can mistake the feeling are equally so in other matters ; of which Ulster is one. of thecountry. It maybe true, and it is true, that a We do believe,indeed, that the threats of Ulster’s re- deal of surface and newspaper agitation exists ; but of sistancehave served more to steady than to flutter any deeper feeling, and above all, of any popular feel- opinion in England.Thirdly, the Unionists must take ing, against Home Rule there is no evidence whatever. usall to be fools if theythink they can make either But if this is the case, the course for the Government, Ulster’sresistance noble ortheir own collusion with we shouldhave thought, is clear; it is, in Mr.Red- Ulsterconsistent. Tothe best English judgment we can divine, the attitude of Ulster appears to be, at best, mond’s words, “full steam ahead. ” Against this, how ever, it is urged that this policy must end in civil war, that of dog-in-the-manger, and, at worst, that of bully sinceUlster is determined to resistHome Rule. We threatened with the loss of a victim ; and, in the same do not believe it ; and still less shall we believe it when judgment, the inconsistency of Unionism provoking and Mr. Asquith has made the statement we expect of him. supportingUlster whilesimultaneously provoking and Thatstatement, we believe, will repeat in largethe supporting Botha, is not only obvious, but scandalous. plan of Federalismagreed upon at the Conference of Are the English wrong everywhere according to Union- 1912 ; and since it will then be apparent that Home Rule ist principles? Wrong in defending their rights against forIreland is aprecedent condition of Federalismfor the Boers, wrong in imposing their rights on Orange- the Empire, the onus of resisting much more than Home men? Fourthly, we have not so poor an opinion of Mr. Rule will be thrown upon Ulster. Asquith that we can credit him with surrender to what, after all, may prove to be a turnip-headed bogey. Nor, * * * we are certain, would anybody respect him forit. The Buteven if it be assumed that the Federal solution country by every means at its disposal has urged him to may never appear or not appear publicly at this junc- stand fast ; his Party expects steadfastness of him ; and ture,the various alternatives to the full measure of we arepretty sure that contempt is all he would get HomeRule are none themore acceptable. As they so from both the Unionists and Ulster if he were to give far show themselves, they are the exclusion of Ulster, way. It is not, we repeat, in the English character to in whole or part, from the Bill, and a General Election. admire or even to forgive a statesman who, having put But the exclusion of Ulster is not only equivalent to an hisfoot down firmly, takes it upagain for nobetter abandonment of theHome Rule Act,which might as reasonthan threats. His veryenemies would not for- well be killed outright as mutilated beyond recognition ; give it ! We therefore conclude that Mr. Asquith, being but it isalso impossible for a good dozen of reasons, English whatever else he may not be, has no intention theleast of which is thatneither Irish Unionismnor of risking either the whole or any vital part of the Home IrishNationalism will acceptit. What is theuse, we Rule Bill. ask, of continuing, as the “Spectator” and other jour- *Y* nals do, advocating this course and pretending that it But if the by-electionshave revealed no change oi will bring a settlement, when they know that it is im- opinion on the subject of Home Rule, neither have they possible?Even more inconsiderate (or shall we say revealed anychange of opinion onthe subject of the naively cunning?) is the proposal to throw the question’ Insurance Act. To us whoforetold from the first that intothe arena of aGeneral Election. The Unionists the Insurance Act would always remain unpopular, and are no more than the Liberals so obsequious to electoral that neither time nor tinkering would reconcile its vic- opinion that they are anxious to consult it, or disposed timsto it, the unanimous and now openadmission of toabide by it. Onthe other hand, they have nothing itsfailure cannot but be gratifying. Where, we ask, to lose by a General Election, and perhaps something to are the wonderful political prophets of the Unionist and gain ; for who knows what might arise in the course of Liberal Parties now? It was Mr. Garvin’s no less than such a Saturnalia?Rut why should theGovernment Air. Gardiner’sor Mr. Spender’s opinion that within oblige them?The Home Rule Bill has been as much a few months of theoperation of the Act, itsdefects before the country as any other Bill ever passed ; twice would be forgotten and the hatred it aroused swamped, in close succession the Governmenthas been returned in the combination of its benefits and their battle-cries upon it : no evidence from by-elections, public meetings overthe Home Rule Bill. Thathas notproved to be or anyother popular means of expression,exists to the case; but, on the contrary, it is now more certain prove any change of popular opinion on the subject- than ever that, comewhen it may, thenext General why, therefore, consult the auguries again? The Elec- Election will befought mainlyon theInsurance Act, tion would not and could not be fought on the issue of Nobody, not even Mr. Garvin, denies that the Insurance 515

Act wasthe predominant topic of discussion at the We arethankful to saythat the popularity of the recentby-elections, for instance. Who, in fact, could author of the Act is ebbing as fast as the unpopularity deny it, since in the two London constituencies, at any of the Act is becomingmore manifest. Mr. Lloyd rate, each of the Unionist candidates was compelled by George, England will be relieved to hear, has now no his audiences to substitute the Insurance Act for Home chance of becoming Prime Minister. That ambition of Rule as his chief plank? That alone, we should think, his, we believe, is doomed to be disappointed.At the should convince both parties alike that there is no escap- very moment, too, when his own star is declining, the ing the subject within the next few months or within starsaround him and that belong to hissystem are the nextfew years. The“Times” wrote that “the falling also. To whatsoevergeneral causes the recent Insurance Act was one of the chief causes” of the de- epidemic of public and apparent corruption may be due, feat of Mr. Masterman at BethnalGreen ; and: Mr. it is not to be denied that, if only by catalytic action. Masterman himself, the step-father of the Act, admitted Mr. Lloyd George is the symbol of them all. Who was explicitly that the election was fought and won on the it, if not Mr. Lloyd George, who first set the example Act. Mr.Balfour was even wider in his sweep as well of lightmindednessand a kind of thimble-riggingin as more honest in his confession : for in London City high politics? In the slums of politics there has doubt- on Wednesday he sorrowfully confessed that the Home less always been corruption naked and unashamed ; but Rule Bill had been “eclipsed by discussions of the In- beforeMr. Lloyd George’s advent, corruption inhigh suranceAct.” Will anybody after this have the men- places at least clothed itself in decency andwas dacity or the impertinence to claim that the Insurance ashamed when it was discovered. With his coming to Act can stand as it is or with only minor amendments? power,however, corruption in the veryhighest places Any impudent lying is possible in politics ; but we can seemed suddenly to lase its shame and to walk abroad still promise an unending resistance to any party unpre- brazenly. If Mr. Lloyd George might escape censure or pared to amendthe Insurance Actradically and in turn off moral reproof with abuseafter successively principle. foolingthe railwaymen, the friendly societies, the **+ Trade Unions,the doctors, andthirteen million wage- 0.n this subject we should like to ask what it is in the slaves,and glorying in it, what trickeryon thepart mind of Mr. BonarLaw to do? Mr. BonarLaw has of hiscolleagues a.nd inferiorpartisans couldnot be and perhaps deserves the reputation of being a straight adventured?Public opinion, it appeared,was either man; and it cannot be to hisinterest to appear as a dead or could be induced to wink at outrages on public crooked andpaltering politician. Butwhat are we to decency that a fewyears ago would havesent their make of his letter addressed to the Unionist candidate authors into perpetual retirement. We certainly do not during the recent election, with its implied ifs and buts ascribe to Mr. Lloyd Georgeactive collusion with the andpossiblys andmaybes? Mr. Lloyd George,it will long list of offences read out in Parliament last week by be observed, within an hour or twoof the publication of Mr. Amery ; but quite as certainly we do ascribe to him Mr. BonarLaw’s letter, challenged the Unionists to the witches’ influence that makes them possible. avow that they would transform the Insurance Act into *** avoluntary measure. No reply was offered. Never- theless it is a fair challenge ; and we must repeat the Whatever other motives than the purity of public life question. Is Mr. Bonar Law prepared, or is he not, to mayhave inspired the Lords-presumably with Mr. amendthe Insurance Act andto make a voluntary BonarLaw’s consent-to re-open theMarconi affair, measure of it?It is not enough, in our opinion, to wecannot blame them for it. Onthe contrary, we promise to appoint a Commission to see if the trans- approve of it. For it is by no means true that thepublic formationis possible. We know,in fact, that itis. has had enough of the subject, or can conceivably have We know, moreover, that Lord Robert Cecil and others enough until better satisfaction is offered than has been who have examined the matter, are convinced that it is. offered by the three chief personages implicated. What Finally, we know (what the public has not yet heard) could be worse, for instance, than the explanation made that Mr. BonarLaw has at this moment a party by Lord Murray on Tuesday of his share in the affair? InsuranceCommittee sitting to draft the voluntary He leftuntouched the very matters onwhich public clauses.But why,since this is the case, does Mr. opinionstill desired an explanation : hisown bolt to Bonar Lawhesitate to announcehis decision and to Columbia while the Committee of Inquiry was sitting, commithis party to it?Doubtless the reason given his two separate investments in American Marconis as would be that to promise an Insurance Act on voluntary a privateperson and as Chief Whip ; aboveall, his lines now would be to appear to rank it in importance rumoured official investment in Home Rails at a time above the question of Home Rule ; in short, the declara- of strike. And with these omissions went also the same tion atthis momentwould .not be good tactics. The disastrous incomprehension of the nature of the offence reply,however, is threefold;the present ambiguity of which aggravated the apologies of both the Lord Chief the Unionistposition is worse even than frank refusal Justice and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The em- to have anything to do with the Act, for it leaves us barrassment caused to his party-what on earth do we free to suspectMr. Bonar Law of doubledealing, of careabout that? His personallosses which he com- running with the hare while hunting with the hounds. plainswere heavy-what havethey to do withthe Again,it undoubtedly (though we sayit) reflectsun- charge against him or how can they be set against the favourably on the claim of the Unionists to beopposing lossesin prestige the nation has suffered? It is all, Home Rule in the interests.of English popular opinion- as we say, so alien to English habits that we can only for howcan peoplebelieve them to be sincerein the oncemore draw attention, by way of explanation, to defence of popularrights about Ireland whenthey the fact that not one of the three persons of the Mar- shuffle andhedge in the defence of the muchmore coni trinityis English. The Lords, we may besure, popular rights imperilled by the Insurance Act. Lastly, being a mixedlot themselves, will no doubt take this itstands to reason that the moral of the recent by- favourably into account. elections will not be lost upon the Liberal Party, even if it should be lost on the Unionists. In other words, *** if the Unionists .dare not promise a radical amendment of the Insurance Act, the Liberals dare and will. Note, Onthe other hand, if the “New Witness” believes for instance, that Mr. Burns in hisnew office atthe that the Lords Committee will proceed to extremities in Board of Trade offered toamend Part II of the Act itsinvestigation into party and public Corruption, either by departmentalorder or by legislation. This anothershock awaits it. Inthe firstplace, theLords surely should be a hint to Mr. Bonar Law and his party know, as well as anybody may, that corruption of one to cease their damnable mouthings and to get to busi- kind oranother is inseparable from capitalist govern- ness on thematter. The coming General Election will ment. It is not in human nature that the wage-system be too late. canbe maintained by honestmeans. Secondly, the 516 party system depends upon party funds and. the efficacy assumption of equal responsibility in the direction and of thesedepends upon their secrecy. Thirdly, imagine production ofindustry. There is, as ourreaders are the position of anauthority, like that of the Govern- aware, a gooddeal inthis reply ; and we will not ment, with two hundred million pounds to spend annu- minimise it. For it is true that the organised workmen ally-how isit possible to escapebribery, corruption, of the Trade Unions, presumably the pick of the pro- favouritism, and all the other vices associated with an letariat, are as yet content to crawl servilely on their almostirresponsible patronage? And in these pick- handsand knees and scramble on the floor for the ings, every party, including the Unionist and. the Labour crumbsthat may fall or can be snatchedfrom their Party,shares to the utmost of its pull. Afterthat, masters’ table. At the same time, however, it ought to can anybody believe that the Lords will proceed to the ‘be admitted that the other classes seem well content to bottom? Will they even plumb a single mystery of the see them do it., But on the assumption that the spec- Party Funds? In the debate on Thursday, Lord Lans- tacle is to themas it is tous, and as it is, we are certain, downedid, it istrue, hint at an investigationin this to the best of the workmen themselves, one of disgust direction. A mysterioussum of seventythousand and humiliation,how comes it that, except on expan- pounds suddenly appearing from nowhere and material- sive or academicoccasions, men like Lord Haldane king in theLiberal coffers was mentioned.But Lord never offer their advice or mingle their appeals and re- Crewewas in no wayperturbed. An investigation? proacheswith ours?Far from offeringany positive Certainly ; but it must apply to both parties ! Nothing suggestion or even naming one of the most promising more, we are afraid, will be heard on that subject; and (in our judgment) yet made, Lord Haldane appears to the “New Witness” must be content to lick its chops us to have simply opened the matter to leave it much round the party safes. where he found it. But who if not one like himself has * .j. i the duty of giving a lead to the nation’s thought? Who better than Lord Haldane could employ a great reputa- At the Law Society on Friday Lord Haldane delivered tion beneficently by indicating atleast adirection for a speech from which the following passageis taken. practicalexperiment? We appeal to him,in short, After remarking the universality of industrial unrest, he (though we are quite aware it will be without effect) to went on : examine the Guild proposals made in these pages and to They had got to reckon with it. They were dealing recommend or damn them. with a majority,with a people, therightness of whose causethey could notdeny. What they were concerned *** with was to see thatthe change came peacefully and Forit is quite certain, in our opinion, that unless quickly and in such a fashion that it would make for the well-being of theState and not toits detriment. The the Guild or some similarly comprehensive constructive disturbances of whichthey had read inSouth Africa proposals are placedunder discussion-providing, and in Australia and New Zealand . . . were signs of thereby, at worst, a hopeful distraction from the sense unrest.These were not thingsthat could be repressed, of despair now felt by the working classes-the peace- and theymust go to the deep root cause. They had to ful solution of the problem of industrial unrest will be endeavour to bring about a sense of the absolute necessity impossible. Whilestatesmen, publicists and journalists of the solidarity of conscience between the workmen and employers of ths country. It could not be all on one are satisfied to roll their eyes and pray for a solution side. Employers would have to recognise the position. Qf of the problem to drop intotheir laps withouttheir the workmen, an(! $he workmen would have to recognlse foreknowledgeorintelligent co-operation, both the that they had some future concern than the mere getting workmen and: the employers are at their deadly-task of as much as they could in wages. These problem were ”strugglingagainst one another to thedeath. Whose homing more and more acute. . . . It was the business death it will be we make no doubt, for all the odds are of Ministers now to think about these things and to pro- in favour of the masters. But the final and utter defeat vide for them. . . . If any man could think out completely and adequately that problem of thefuture, and other Qf the proletariat will not take place without some dying problems cognate to it, and make a substantial contribution- kicks on their part, in the course of which it must be tion to progress along the path which must be followed our hope that society will itself beannihilated. What bythose who succeeded him, he would deserve well of other end than that of mutual destruction ought to be his country.” (“ Times ” Report,February 21.) wished for, since on the supposition that masters, men * a * and society have together and separately failed to solve the problem set them, neither one nor the other deserves Now is this all blather, or does Lord Haldane mean better to survive than the third. We have offered our what he says? For if he means what he says, we are opinion of theattitude of LordHaldane and of pub- disposed to regard it as the most serious interrogation licistsgenerally. We haveconsented to the charge addressed by a leading public man to hisage. What, that the Trade Unions are at present ignorant, avari- in effect, are LordHaldane’s propositions? That the cious,short-sighted and servile. But consider now the labour unrest is now become a permanent phenomenon employers and their creatures, the established Govern- of modern society, and offers a problem that cannot be ments of theday. To SouthAfrica, with itsbarbaric suppressed by force, but must sooner or later be solved suppression of a just and peaceful strike, has now been by intelligence. That it is desirable the solution should added the case of New Zealand, that home of industrial be by peacefulmeans. That itcan only be solved by freedom, thatGarden of Hesperides as Mr.Pember the joint action of employers and workmen. That it is Reeves would have us believe. Inneither country has the business of public-minded men to face the problem Capital or Society withheld its hand from the uttermost and to offer or discuss their attempted solutions of it. rigours of forceagainst Labour, though in both a **x thousand Haldane-like opinions have for long been ex- pressed. And in less public capitalist circles alsothe With allthese propositions, save the third, we are, samewar upon Labour is witnessed.Upon Murphy of course, in agreement.They =e, in fact, our case. has followed the Building Federation of Londonand But how does the matter stand with the two classes to upon this is about to follow the collective effort of the whom Lord Haldane makes appeal-the employing and Employers’Parliamentary .Council-to do what ? To the working classes? If therightness of thecause of instruct the Trade Union movement in the art of mak- theworking classes is acknowledged, what is their ing respectable and national demands ; to invite its co- errorthat they should be kicked downstairson every operation in Lord Haldane’s task of solving the indus- occasion they demand admission to an equal statuswith trial problem without injury to trade or country? Nu, their masters? But it is just that privilege, it is con- to curb, if you please, the aggression of trade unions, tended, that they do not demand, for admission to equal encouraged, as it is supposed to be, by the Trades Dis- status with the directors of industry would involve not putes Act ! Thatis the Employers’answer toLord only the appearance of dropping the substance of wage- Haldane;we do not knowthat it is not the right demands for the shadow, as it seems, of status-but the measure of his sincerity ! 517

Current Cant. Foreign Affairs. S. Verdad. “The votelessness of women is, zit the present moment, By tantamount to arapidly spreading Socialism from one READERSof this journal will no doubt remember that 1 end of Great Britain to the other.’”-BEATRICE WEBB. havefrom the first taken avery grave view of the attitudeadopted by theUnited States towards the “Gas isthe lazy woman’s friend.’’ - Councillor Mexicanrebels. Itwas, as I have repeatedlypointed FOWLER. out, exceedingly unwise for President Wilson to refuse to recognise the de factoGovernment of General Huerta. “How stupid are the degenerate Tories who call Lloyd If thematter must be summed up in bluntterms, George a demagogue.”-HAROLD BEGBIE. Mexico has forgenerations beengoverned by scoun- drels,and one set of themis as bad as another. The “Mr. Lloyd George is, if you like, a demagogue.”- few points in Huerta’s favour were that he was actually HAROLDBEGBIE. in possession, that the army was onhis side, that he was maintaining a sort of order which, although rough and “There is no sign of hysteria in the Government . . . ready, was adequate for the protection of the lives and years of office have notdiminished their energy. . . . property of natives and foreigners, that under his regime They have at their head the greatest Parliamentarian of the country was becoming fairly orderly-not so orderly the age. . . .”-“The Star.” as it was under Porfirio Diaz, but more orderly than it hadbeen under Madero-and that, above all, the new “Theestablishment of poetry societies hassomething PresidentHuerta had the approval of theBritish to do with thispopular impulse towards verse.”-“The Foreign Office. Book Monthly.” *** It was preciselybecause of this latter fact, and not “Strongman that he is, General Botha has been because of anyhumanitarian motives, that President severely put to the test. . . .”‘World’s Work.” Wilson,or, rather, the financial interests which domi- nate the Democratic Party in the United States, refused “The idea is universal in England that women exist for to recognise General Huerta’s Provisional Government. men.’’-Canon GREEN. The immediate result was a state of anarchy in those provinces of Mexico which were out of touch with the “Thecorrupt journalists are happily few, thecorrupt capital and under the influence of anti-Huerta local in- organs of the Presshappily fewer, andthose who are terests. This disaffection was carefully fostered by the concerned withjournalism know them dl.’’--‘‘Pall Mall Americanfinancial corporations, whichfeared that the Gazette. ” new President would not lavish concessions upon them as hispredecessor, General Madero, had done;and, “Man’s vast concern for man, the love of his neighbour, the commandment of brotherhood, the care for children, indeed, their fears were thoroughly justified. Then came thebeauty of the home, thefraternity of nations . . . the definite formation of one rebel army after another, this social idea is unquestionably a great force today.” culminating in theorganisation of numerousforces -WARREN S. ARCHIBALDin the “Harvard Review.” under General Carranza and General Villa. The United States, it will be remembered, violated all international “Mr.Granville Barker finds theheart of Shakespeare law by publicly assisting the rebels in their fight against in the highest poetry, and he finds the heart of the play theestablished Government-for theHuerta Govern- there, too.”--C. B. PURDONin “Everyman.” ment, although only provisional, was at any rate con- stitutional. *** “One generation alone suffices to mark a notable change in the Bishops of St. James’s Square. The wave of The UnitedStates, however, did muchmore than mysticism now sweeping the country was a thing unheard merely interferefor the benefit of the rebels. Dr. Wil- of by the Victorian ecclesiastics.”-“The Sketch. )’ son and Mr. Bryan both stated in public speeches that no European Power would be permitted to take any part “The more British films for British people the better.” in the pacification of Mexico, thatthe United States -GEORGE R. SIMS. would hold herself responsible for the lives and property of foreigners, and that any attempt at interference from “The Church is becoming more human.”-The BISHOP ourside of theAtlantic, or from Japan, would be re- OF LONDON. sented. A protestwas even made when a few British bluejackets were landed six or seven weeks ago for the “Why should not men in this country wear stays, use purpose of preservingorder on the border of British scent, or bedeck themselves with bangles and jewellery ?” Honduras. All theauthorities on Mexico declared at -“Daily Mirror.” thetime that the American attitudewas thoroughly unsatisfactory,that the United States had no army “Whenthe King went to school. He did, you know, powerful enough to quell the forces of either side, and once upon a time,just like an ordinary boy.”-“Home that in all probability any dispatch of American troops Notes. ’’ across the border would result in a combination of the Mexican troops under General Huerta and General Villa “TheLabour Party will be againfighting on its o~n for the purposeof repelling the invader. distinctiveground to-morrow.”--“Daily Citizen.” *** Thesewarnings were unheeded-I havein previous ‘‘Poetry . . . ; ‘Bill the Dreamer.’ ”-“The Spectator.” numbers of THE NEW AGE mentioned the small know-. ledge of foreigncountries and of foreignaffairs pos- sessed even by the permanent officials in Washington. “The theme of this story is a strange one handled with the consummate skill one expects from so clever a writer Whatwas feared has nowhappened. After many in- as Gouverneur Morris. . . . The story will stimulate your definite caseshad beenreported, a telegram, received interests. It is quite different from anything Mr. Morris just a fewhours before I began to writethis article, has previously written.”-‘Wash’s Magazine.” announces the murder of a British subject by the forces of the rebel General Villa. The British subject in ques- “We hope rebels of every kind will now get to work, tion is a Scotch rancher of considerable wealth named and make the crowd inHyde Park a record one. Keir W. S. Benton ; and at the same time a German Ameri- Hardie has wired that it is impossible for him to attend.” can was “arrested,” to be subjected, no doubt, to the -“Daily Herald,” Thursday,February 12. tender charity of General Villa’s martial law officers. 518

I amsure that no competent critic will hesitateto pronounce the Washington Government more guilty in The Fate of Turkey and Islam. this matter than General Villa ; and the haste withwhich By Ali Fahmy Mohamed. Mr.Bryan ordered an inquiry to be made-as if that V. would be effective in any way-shows that the gravity of the new situation is appreciated even by the United Germany and Egypt. States.The Americanpoint of view has been quite THE rumoursthat were rife in Cairoconcerning clearfrom the first : we shall be responsible ; nothing Germany’s desperate activity in the near East gave me will happen ; you must not land a single soldier or we encouragement to attemptsomething. Realising that shall look upon that as a casus belli. It is true that this commerce and financewere the backbone of modern attitudehas never been officially recognisedon ‘.Le politics, I aimed at inducing Germany to invest German Continent of Europe; but, naturally enough, no Power capital in Egypt. This was the more necessary because waswilling toenter into a conflict withthe United the financial crisis of 1907 that followed the retirement States overMexico, andit was assumed that reason- of LordCromer from Egypt was understood to be a ableassurances had beenconveyed tothe authorities formof punishment tothe Egyptians for spreading responsible for the conduct of foreign affairs at Wash- Anglophobia ; andthereupon the English banking ington. houses declined toadvance money to theEgyptian *** markets. According to those ideas I sent the following I find that in influentialGerman quarters in London proposals to the German Consul-General. a great deal of resentment has been caused by the failure (I) It has been noticed that whilesome members .of of the United States Government to take adequate pre- the Reichstag write letters (and articles) in support of cautionsagainst attacks on. foreigners by the rebel Egyptianinterests, the English papers purposely cut forces ; and there is some fear that further outrages may short the clauses which run with their lines of policy. be attempted in view of the powerlessness of the United Thusthe Egyptian nationis unaware of thekeen in- States to interfere. In this connection it is of interest to terest and cordial sympathy whkh Germany is recently know that plans were tentatively discussed some weeks manifesting towards Egypt. I think it in the interest of ago, when the Mexican situation was again critical, for Germany that you considerthe necessary measures to jointAnglo-German participation in Mexican affairs. establish a German organ (weekly) in Egypt, for effect- .No definite scheme was drawn up, but there were, in the ing a real understanding between the two countries. The circumstances, naturally few alternative schemes to con- native Press would certainly reproduce its views to the sider. It is probable that a naval demonstration would Egyptian public. be made off the coast, to be followed by the landing of (2) Sincethe Entente Cordiale was established the strong forces of marines, if necessary. Such a demon- only two news agencies in Egypt (Reuter and Havas) stration on the part of European Powers would not be logicallypursued its line of policy. Germaninterests so greatlyresented in Mexico as interference by the andaffairs are naturallyneglected, if notmisrepre- United States, and it would have the effect of inducing sented.Hence it is deemednecessary to create a tele- the American Government either to recognise President graphicnews agency in Egypt, to acquaintus with Huerta or to put forth some definite proposals for re- Germany’s real aspirations, and express the good rela- lievingthe tension. tions existing between the two countries. It is probable **-E that all thevarious national organs will subscribefor this agency’s news, especially when we observe that it I amnot concerned, of course,with the peace cen- will convey to them all important information concern- tenaryand similar futile celebrations. It is not well ingthe cause of Egyptand the commoninterests of enough known in this country that only half the present Turkey and Germany. population of the United States are of English descent, (3) Needless tosay, language and education are andthat 25 percent. of the wholepopulation is des- among the best means for creating a true understand- cendedfrom German-speaking parents. preferI to ingbetween the different nations. Germany’s supreme judgethe attitude of theUnited States towards this influence in Turkey is due to the German education of country by theactions of theSenate Foreign Affairs Turkish officers;while thosefugitives who resided in Committee,considered, that is,over a long period of Franceand England were naturally affected by those years. If a history of this Committee for the last fifty localities.thereforeI consider itnecessary to both years could be writtenthere might, perhaps, be some countries to establish a German school in Egypt, where change in our view of those alleged “cousins” of ours. theGerman language may betaught. Necessary pre- For myself, I disavow the relationship. **.I( cautions may be taken so that the public will prefer it to theEgyptian Government schools orthe Victoria The problem of thePanama Tolls, it will beseen, college(the English school in Alexandria). If, how- remains unsolved. Dr. Wilson is endeavouring to secure ever, it is not possible to establish such a school, you the repeal of the objectionable clause ; but the financial may makearrangements with some native schools (as interestsare opposing him. It would notsurprise me theItalian Consulate-General has done) for teaching to find that, inconsequence of the peacecelebrations, the German language to all students who may wish to some compromise was arrived at ; and the tolls question learn it. The successful candidates may be sent to the may be conveniently shelved for the time being. There German universities or rewarded by some other means. is no doubt in the minds of American shipowners, how- (4) It was stated thatyou (observed that the Egyptian ever, that the ultimate solution of the question will be University sent a mission in the last year to England, all in their interests ; and the possible cancelling of the Italyand France only. Naturally,private students go clause in the present session of Congress will not pre- to one of these countries, (according to the foreign lan- ventits reintroduction at a later date-even, perhaps, guage which they are taught. Nevertheless, the French a year or two after the canal has been opened. Government has undertaken to educate some Egyptian *** studentsat the expense of theFrench Treasury. It Our possibleco-operation with Germany in the would be to theinterest of Germany if you were to Caribbeandoes not detract from the importance of select some Egyptian students to be taught in German Admiral von Tirpitz’s speech in the Reichstag on Friday Universities atthe expense of theGerman State last. His statementswith respect to German naval Treasury. vesselsin foreign waters,and his reminder that “the And in a letter dated September 27, 1909, I wrote as number of foreignservice ships provided for by the follows :- Navy Lawhas notyet been attained,”deserve close “ One more proposal I beg to submit. The Egyptian attention. The words, “We must have stronger repre- financial crisis is nearly at an end. If you seize this in- sentation abroad,” do not foreshadow any great reduc- valuable opportunity, you can make arrangements with tion in our Naval Estimates in the next few years. the Deutsche Bank to supply Egypt with some millions 519

sterling. They can suddenly lay hold upon a good por- Concerning Denshawai tion bf the Egyptian material interestswhile the English financiers arehesitating according to their Govern- MR. ALI FAHMIMOHAMED, in whosenarrative and ment’sdiplomatic inclinations.” opinions, as expressing the Egyptian mind, I am much It is now an open secret that on November I I, 1909, interested,writes, in yourissue of the19th inst. : a Germanpaper called the “ Egyptian Lloyd ” was “The Egyptians were punished for their ingratitude in started,and was later replacedby the“Egyptian theDenshawi (i.e., Denshawai) incident by hanging Nachrichten” ; also that a German newsagency has four unfortunate peasants and sentencing many others virtuallyestablishedbeen called “Nouvelle tovarious terms of penalservitude and flogging, for Egyptienne.” As regardsthe last proposal, i.e., the thenominal cause that an English officer, a certain materialassistance for the financial crisis,it will be Captain Bull, died of sunstroke after having been beaten remembered that the Deutsche Bank was the first firm by the unfortunate villagers whose pigeons he tried to that brought ~3,000,000,and that the other banking shootwithout permission.” This statement contains a houses were obliged to follow suit. number of inaccuracies. Forone thing, the judgment To all intents and purposes, nothing was in the way onthe Denshawai’ prisonerswas designed as a deter- of securing German co-operation except Kiamel Pasha. rent, not a punishment. And the cause was not exactly For my own part, I had practically no useful knowledge as allegedby Ali FehmiEfendi, who has got hold of of international affairs beyond what I learned from Mr. the Nationalist legend. Here are some of the facts : W. Blunt’sbook, “Secret History of the English Oc- cupation of Egypt,” which convinced me that England It was the custom for the Mounted Infantry stationed wasthe source of every evil not onlyin Egypt,but in Cairo, whenthey moved tosummer quarters at throughout the East and the Islamic world. Rightly of Alexandria, to march down through the country, camp- wrongly,I gathered that England purposelyaimed at ing by the way. In pursuance of this custom, on June the destruction of the national independence of Muslim 13, 1906, they were encamped on the right bank of the countries ; and that she did so by intrigues which my Bagurieh Canal,six milesfrom thepigeon village of nature could notstand at that time. For h4r. Blunt Denshawai’. Ithad been usual in pastyears for himself hassaid in his book that heapproached Ibn the officers to spend an afternoon shooting pigeons in Rasheed, thePrince of Nijd,with the idea of estab- theneighbourhood of that village. Onthis occasion lishingan Arab Caliphate, for which Ameer Syed they did so at the express invitation of a certain notable Abdul-Kader(who keptfighting against France in (a great friend of the Khedive, at that time the secret Algeria forsome decades) accepted the candidature. head of theunrest in Egypt),who sent his carriages All this was with the ‘knowledge, if not the approval, of to fetch themfrom the camp. This notablethey sup- DowningStreet. I am not a Turk; I am an Egyptian posed to be the landlord of Denshawai’. As a matter of by nationality and an Arabby blood ; but other accounts fact, he had no connection with the place. The drivers, I readI of Orientalpolitics convincedme thatthe when the officers regained the carriages, flying from the idea of establishingan Arab Caliphate was a mere murderousattack of the fellahin, would notdrive off sham ; and that the attempt to wrest theCaliphate from at once, as theycould easily have done, butlet the theTurks, which attempt would inall probability be officers bedragged out again and beaten. Thesignal supported, if notinspired, by foreign influence, would for theattack upon thefour British officers wasthe inevitablyresult in theweakening, perhaps the final firing of the threshing-floors. This the villagersafter- ruin, of the only survivingindependent Mohamedan wardsdeclared to have resulted from the gunfire of State. With that principle in mind, I wrote my famous the officers, thoughthese were posted at distances of pamphlet, in Arabic, called “The Islamic Caliphate and from IOO to 150 yardsfrom the saidthreshing-floors. theOttoman Empire,” and eventually got it repro- Everyonewho examined the actual scene must know ducedin various papers, even in “AI-Manar,”whose thatthis contention of the fellAhin wasfar from editor, as previously stated, was understood to be work- plausible. ing in favour of an Arab Caliphate. Before the Mounted Infantry left Cairo the authori- But I should point out, in the first place, that I do not ties had reason to suspect that some assault or insult believe in Pan-Islamism in the sense conveyed by that wasintended to the British officers ontheir march to term in Europe, i.e., to conduct orannounce a Holy Alexandria. The Director of PublicSecurity had been Waragainst Christendom. Thiserroneous idea, be- sentfor and charged to instruct the mudirs that the sidesbeing an absolute sham, is detrimental to both officers werenever to be allowed out of sight of a Islam and progress, and is only meant to manifest the police official. Thisorder was scrupulously obeyed sympathywith and good wishes reciprocated among until the day of Denshawai’, when the mulAhiz of police weakMohamedan countries. In the second place, as remainedbehind in camp. Whencharged with gross anEgyptian aspiring to theemancipation of my neglect of duty afterwards, his reply was : “They were countryon progressive lines, I realise, to thefullest goingto shoot. What need wasthere of me? Isaw extent,that it is to the interest of my own country thecarriages of thenotables.” Hemeant that, as thatTurkey shouldrevive and bestrong. In holding guests of anotable of thedistrict, he had supposed this view, I am not to be understood to meanthat I themperfectly safe. That muliihiz wasdegraded for wish to restore Turkish supremacy in Egypt ; for this hisbreach of duty(to call it nothing worse), but has is absolutely a question of thepast. Only those who since,I learn, been the recipient of high patronage. havethe slightest knowledge of modernpolitics fully realise that the fate of a nation depends more or less The details of the actual assault are generally known. on the fate of other nations, and that the destiny of the All four officers were injured, one was killed to all in- greatestnation may be considerably affected by the tentsand purposes, the immediate causes of death destiny of the smallest nation. And to give the reader being shown to be heat apoplexy and concussion.But a proof of the case of my ,country, I state that I believe there was an aspect of the case which could not, from that if Turkey had been stronger than she was in the the nature of the evidence and the personalities involved, last generation, England would have done her best and be emphasised or published officially. It has thus been her utmost to prepare Egypt for self-government, and allowed to pass for granted that the Denshawai affair to defend itself against any foreign comer. I remember wasunpremeditated. I am certain it was nothing of that whenI advocatedthe return of thelate Kiamel the kind. The villagers, in fact, admitted having said, Pasha to power in the spring of 1912, I made sugges- afterthe pigeon-shooting of the previousyear, that tions in my article, “England and Egypt,” to solve the they would stand no more of it. But that is not what Grand Egyptian Question by an Anglo-Turkish entente Imean. They alleged that they had toldtheir omdeh or alliance, the“Egyptian Gazette,” realising the (headman)to complain tothe authorities. No such weakness of Turkey. refused to publish my article; as complaintwas made, and it does not seemlikely that also did the“Egyptian Mail,” despite the fact that an omdeh, who is responsible for the good conduct of Kiamel Pashawas then in power. his village, confronted with the prospect of so great a 520 scandal, would have neglected to warn the authorities dous than a murderous attack on any other individual, immediately. The omdeh of Denshawal went off to do the villagers of Denshawai’were perfectly well aware, so (as he said) upon the very day the officers arrived to when they attacked those pigeon-shooting officers, that shoot the pigeons ! theywere committing an unheard-of crime for which If Iremember rightly, Mr. BernardShaw, in the unheard-of punishment might be exacted. introduction to “John Bull’s OtherIsland,” seems to It has been claimed that the attack upon the officers think that people who keep pigeons must of necessity was a purely local matter, possessing no more political be mild and amiable ; thepigeons are brought in to significancethan has a quarrel between private in- crown a picture of idyllicinnocence. Thefact is that dividuals. Those who would risk such an assertion can the people of a pigeon-village do not plant much corn, have little knowledge of the state of Egypt at that time.. andwhat little they do plant they guard with loving The instant it was known that a LiberalGovernment care,with the result that they are cursed by their prevailed in England, Egypt began tofurnish symptoms. immediateneighbours, to whomthey sell theguano of unrest to those who held the reins of government. fromthe towers in season, as itmight be, torepair It is a simplequestion of demandand supply. If you the damage done to neighbouring crops. They are the are a person in authority the Oriental public man only mostturbulent among Egyptian villagers, having to seeks to know what you require in order to provide it protecttheir pigeons and themselves from angry eagerly. It was knownin Egyptthat English Liberal farmers.Denshawai was, therefore, just the place Governmentsdemand Nationalist movements; so a where any outrage, if intended, could most easily have Nationalistmovement was at onceinaugurated-or, been. arranged. When the news of the assault reached rather, in thiscase revived-with theKhedive behind Cairo steps were taken instantly to secure the punish- it. This movementwas reactionary, as resilient from ment of theassailants. That punishment, awarded Englishrule in proportion as that rulehad beenpro- by a Special Court(the legal remedyprovided for gressive. While the Young Turks looked to Egypt as attacks on the Army of Occupation) was extraordinarily a model country,and found a refugethere from foul severe, but not excessive, when one considers that the oppression,the Young Egyptians idolised theSultan, British officers assaulted were in uniform. Abdul Hamid, sighed for reactionary Turkey as for an ideal State,and were actuallyeager to deliver up Now, for a section of the British public, an officer in political refugees from Turkey to the tender mercies of uniformis an objectof disgust and ridicule; he is thetyrant. Opportunity is a great incentive in the prima facie nothing better than an arrogant, offensive East.It rouses menfrom lethargy to lively efforts. blockhead ; andall misfortunes which mayovertake The advent of a Liberal Government to power in Eng- him are nomore than his deserts. The very sight of land seemed to offer an immediateopportunity for him isas irritating to some people as ared rag to a Egyptto shake loose theEnglish yoke. TheAkaba bull. ’Their country’s flag has just the same effect on incident, when Egypt (through the English) very nearly certain people. It is natural that it should be so at the came to war with Turkey, vexed the public conscience. peaceful, rottingcentre of an empire,where the flag That such a juncture could arise seemed rankly im- and uniform seem flaunted vanities without significance, pious.Incendiary sermons were being preached ; re- meretrappings of the cant of patriotism.Yet cant is actionarydoctrines everywhere found favour ; it was butthe empty form of words whichonce held faith, murmured that to kill a Christian was no crime at all, and still may hold it somewhere, for somepeopIe ; and or, if a crime at all,a very small one.I was once thereare regions outside England where the Union privileged to hear an argument-though that was after Jack and the King’s uniform are not the empty show Denshawal,and so conducted in a tone of grievance, they seem at home. not of menace-as to the exact value of a Christian’s When Izzet Pasha, one of the late Sultan’s favour- life as comparedwith a Mohammedan’s.One man ites, was flying from the anger of the populace, he went declaredit wasabout a quarter,that therefore a on board a British merchant steamer at Constantinople, Mohammedan would have to kill four Christians before which did not start for severalhours. A howling mob he could with justice be proclaimed a murderer. Another wasafter him.Soldiers in boatswere all around the said that it depended on the sort of Christians, whether ship,waiting fur the order for his extradition which theywere friendly toMohammedans or the reverse. was half-expected.Fehim, his friend andcolleague, Inthe former case their worth might be one-half a had just been literallytorn to piecesin the streets of Moslem, or even, here and there, three-quarters. Such Broussa.There was absolutely nothing between him views are deplorablein the opinion of enlightened and a most ghastly death except the IittIe Union Jack Muslimseverywhere. When theyprevaiI in time of thesteamer flew. Hegot away. A scoundrel’s life peace, a ruler,whether Muslim orChristian, having was saved in that case, but numberless innocent persons livesof Christiansto protect, cannot afford to be in thosecountries have escaped oppression, thanks to humanewhen called upon to punish anattack on foreign flags. It is the best thing that the Powers have Christians. It is not too much to say that the uniform done in Easternlands thus to provide a sanctuary. ofthe British Army of Occupationstood at that time I myself have seen an Englishman, in a Syrian village, forthe personal security of everyChristian in Egypt. with no other weapon but a Union Jack held up before If that uniformhad beenviolently insulted with com- him with both hands, walk coolly in between a crowd parative impunity--I mean with punishment as for an of angry, well-armedmen andtheir intended victims, ordinary crime-at that time, the consequence would thuspreserving a wholefamily. I knew a man, a have been infinitely more horrible than was the punish- French Alsatian, Henri Baldensperger, in the south of ment of Denshawai. The positionwas not understood Palestine, who, with a whole tribe bent on killing him, in England. An outcry in thePress alarmed the lived for a week in safety in a cave across the mouth Foreign Office, causingit hurriedly LO reverseLord of which wasstretched the tricolour. His foes,who Cromer’s policy. Sir EldonGorst (who onlyacted on would have killed himpersonally as one killsa rat, instructions) propitiated the Khedive in every way, and were every one of them afraid to touch the flag. Egypt fell into so bad a state that ex-President Roose- The Army of Occupation stands for English rule in velt three years later told the English here in London, Egypt ; and English rulein Egypt stood at that time in his Guildhall speech, to “ govern Egypt or get Out,” forthings whichdid not yet exist in neighbouring and was obeyed. It is to that period during which the lands-things like religious toleration,. personal security Englishceased to“govern” Egypt, handing back and some attempt at even-handed justice. The uniform official patronage to the Khedive, that most of the of rulingPowers throughout the East has the same abusesof which Ali FehmiEfendi complains must be quasi-religious sanctity as has the flag ; and its prestige ascribed. And the policy of that period was due entirely is guardedjust as jealously. Thus,though English to a misunderstanding of the significance of theDen- people here at home may think an officer in uniform of shawai affair. no account, a murderous attack on one no more tremen- MARMADUKEPICKTHALL. 521

andthe persecutions of Politicians-I meanBenjamin Protestant Leaders of Catholic Swift, the famous Dean of St. Patrick’s, who maybe called-and hisDrapier letters will bearme out-the Ireland. father of Home Rule. THEREis, to my mind, no more singular paradox in the The next in the Gallery of Protestant Patriots, if we whole course of Anglo-Irishhistory than that Protes- omitMolyneux thecelebrated pamphleteer, author of tantism should be associated with resistance to a move- “TheCase of IrelandStated,” is Edmund Burke, at ment which, by theirony of fate which rulesover a once the greatest philosopher and politician of his day : countrywhere, as Professor Mahaffy onceput it, the yet no exposition of Home Rule is more eloquent than impossibleis always taking place andthe inevitable his : no plea for the wisdom of treating Catholics and all nevercomes topass, has been founded,inspired and religious minorities with the toleration due to all good championed almost entirely by Protestants. citizenship. His wisdomforetold disasters which hi! It is a factpossibly little known and certainly little own life was not long enough to avert. He is to-day id appreciated, but it is one which has a vast significance Ireland,though a Protestant, stillone of the most inthe present crisis. HomeRule, indeed, farfrom honoured and respected in the list of national heroes. beingthe death-blow toProtestantism, may be really HenryGrattan, the statesman who was destined to its first proper chance ;. for, speaking in terms of tem- be the Cassandra of the Irish question, was again a Pro- perament, the psychology of Home Rule is the psycho- testant : yet I know of no leader whose words are more logyof Protestantism. Protestantism is, in fact,the pregnant with real love of his country and respect for Nationalism of Religion, and, as I have endeavoured to his fellow citizens of allclasses and all creeds. The point out in my latest volume, “The New Birth of hero of ’ninety-eight,who stands pre-eminentlyabove Ireland,”nowhere is there such a strong parallel to all his contemporaries for merit and manhood, is again the revolt of Irelandagainst the bureaucratic regime a Protestant,Lord Edward Fitzgerald, whosepicture, of Imperialismthan in the revolt of Englandagainst hangingas pendant to some saint, forms one of the the clerical domination of Rome : and that is why, to “ lares et penates” of every Catholic peasant’s home in my mind, Catholic anti-Home Rulers like the Duke of Ireland. Norfolk, andProtestant Home Rulers like Stephen The poet,also, whose patriotism relit theardours Gwynn, are ina much more logical position thanSir which towards the end of O’Connell’s life had begun to EdwardCarson and Mr. JohnRedmond. Indeed,the wane,Thomas Davis, was again a Protestant from day may come-for the Irish are a quick-thinking race Trinity ; but if the educated Irishman of to-day, as John -when in the Dublin Parliament the Protestant leader Dillon once wrote, were asked to name the man who of mayonce morebe associated with progressive demo- all classes and parties came nearest to his ideal of an cracy and the Catholic leader may become the champion Irishpatriot, no one in the century could combine so of the clerical Conservatism whichunderlies all the many suffrages as Thomas Davis. reforming spirit of the Celt. The soul of‘ theFenian movement, the manwhose The connectionbetween Protestantismand Home gaoljournals were to move thousandsagainst king Rule,indeed, is something far more deep thanthe and church alike in Ireland, John Mitchel was the son superficiality of mereverbal paradox. In thefirst of a North of Irelandclergyman : yetwho more dis- place, itwas the Catholic clergy who, hoodwinked by loyal,who more rebellious,who more beloved and re- Pitt it is true,but none the less effectively by their spected by friend and foe alike for having suffered for pastorals denouncing the stern Protestant Republicism a cause he as openly preached 3 Here, indeed, was the of the North-were described as “ evil andimpious spirit true of Protestantism. men” bidding their flocks vote for a union which would Yetlet us turn from the men of action to the men place them in the hands of “ the most enlightened of as- of thought. The rule is still the same : the Protestant semblies”-while, of course,everyone hasheard of seems by hisvery religion bound to stand forliberty, Lord Randolph Churchill’s famous admission that it has andwe have once more in “IsaacButt” the thinker always been the policy of Conservatism to rule through who was able to elaborate clearly that “via media” be- clericalism. tween simple repeal and crude unionism-known to-day It literally strikesone in theeyes, however, as the as Home Rule, and recognised as the very key principle Frenchsay, when onecomes to analyse the list of of our imperial world policy-yet he was a Protestant : great Nationalist leaders and patriotic reformers to see as was his great successor who was destined to makeof with what uniformity it is that the Catholic masses are, the closest speculations of the philosopher a living issue politically speaking,always led by theProtestant forthe electorate-Charles Stewart Parnell.His fall, classes. True, O’Connell standsout as the great ex- as everyone now admits, was the triumph of clerical- ception to the rule, but it is only on first thoughts, for ism : but it was an unfaircontest from the first. The no one did more to turn the democratic into, a clerical unfortunate O’Shea divorce case shifted the controversy movementthan did the so-called “Liberator.”But it from politics back to religion. But there is a significant is worth while to view this uniformity in order to appre- dictum of his which, uttered after the famous Kilkenny cixte its full significance and try to gauge the prospects defeat, smacks somewhat of a prophecy. ‘‘The priests of the newer faith in a land which is as democratic in must be taught that they are wrong once and for all,” its politics as it is bureaucratic in its creed : for it is a exclaimedhe to hisbiographer, Barry O’Brien. strange fact that whereas Ireland has everbeen strongly “True,” replied the latter, “but it will need a Catholic republican in secular affairs, in religion she has always to teachthem.” And Parnell himself admittedthe been as strongly monarchical. truth of theremark. The clash of the two principles in the one tempera- The patriotism shown by many members of the newer menthas so far beenavoided by tryingto identify faith, however,must bear eventual fruit inrespect Catholicismwith Irish Nationalism, and Protestantism from the persons to the creed itself ; and the continual with English bureaucracy ; but it takes but a very super- protestsfrom the Irish Party against the insinuation ficial student of history to see through the artificiality of that they are merely the Catholic party must be taken the disguise : the religious question, in other words, has as evidence tothat effect. Infact, three of themost neverbeen solved, nay, never been approached in Ire- powerful influences to-day in Ireland owe their direction land ; it has been merely shelved ; if it had not been “we andinspiration to menwho have come into almost should haveheard of a ‘Dublin’movement instead of directopposition tothe Church-I mean SirHorace an Oxford movement. ” Plunkett, whose movement has survived the onslaughts Thus,to take the names in order : it fell tothe ofMonsignor Riarden’s “Catholicity and Progress,” lot of an Anglican clergyman first to raise the banner and Mr. Douglas Hyde’s fight for the independence of of nationalismabove thequibbles of Theologians the Gaelic League from clerical interference. Nor must weforget two other Protestants, Lord Dunraven, the * See “ Orange Argument for Home Rule.” THENEW AGE, December 4. Imperialist, and the late Mr. Lecky, who, though strictly 522

speaking belonging to no creed, had: earned the gratitude of all Nationalists by the vindication of Irish patriotic The “ New Statesman” Supplement movements in the past, with a broad-mindedness which must eventually gain respect for Agnosticism itself. on Women in Industry. Ihave elsewhere pointed out Sir Edward Carson’s opportunities of continuingthat tradition with which By Beatrice Hastings. ProtestantLeadership is associated in Ireland,* and THE romantic spinsters, married and single, known ‘as I have also pointed out the part which Ulster may have theFabian Women’s Group, issued in lastweek’s to play in the near future ; but quite apart from mere “ New Statesman,” a desperatemanifesto. Evenin politics it is a question of infinite interest what will be the fate of therespective creeds if oncethey can dis- face of the fact that women are averse from reason, I sociate themselves from the political parties with which find the irrationality of this group something amazing. theyhave been so superficially allied foropportunist Only anattempted’ parody of the wholesupplement purposes. And the student of the last decade must have would provetheir light-mindedness, for parody would always ringing in his ears that last challenge of Michael need to repeat many passages not to seem further than Davitt. theoriginal from the world of ideas.Still at their “Makeno mistake about it, my LordBishop of Limerick,”were thewords of thegreat ‘democratin long-detected plan of decoyingthe loathed and feared one of his last controversies, “Democracy is going to domestic woman from her position, they offer us now a rule in these countries”-and by Democracy, as his able model spectacle of runabout quack and cackle, truthless biographer, F. Sheehy Skeffington pointed out, Michael andtreacherous. Mrs.Sidney Webbleads off. Davitt meant the final campaign of the layman against Woman, she flatters us all, has always and universally the cleric, which in every other country in the world has participated in the production of wealth. As wives and ended in a secular victory. daughters, “at the smithy or the loom,” we have been The Irishman in other words has yet to face the first principles of thesecular religious controversy of the unpaidproducers of wealth.Board, lodging, clothing, pin-money forlife from husband or father was, you worldand the Church ; up to nowit has merelybeen politics;and it is aquestion whether the Irishman be understand, simplyno paymentat all. Now,we are at root more Christian than Democratic, or more Dem- out, one-third of the whole female population over fifteen cratic than Christian. But the time has come to see the years of age, .gloriously earning our own livelihoods in- distinctionclearly between the principles that underlie dependently of father or husband.The reply tothis therespective political andreligious tenets of the unamusingspeciousness is that the average wage of parties.Catholicism is by its very geniusautocratic, women is seven shillings a week. bureaucratic and conservative ; Protestantism is, on the Mrs. Webb, stating that Capitalism and nothing else other hand, essentially democratic, republican and pro- hasdriven women intomen’s industries, indirectly gressive. The one maintains, as orthodoxy always does, scolds men-workers for not helping women to regulate that truth must be maintained at any sacrifice, even of theircompetition in thelabour market. Unchivalrous liberty ; the other, like democracy, that freedom is the men ! why do you not assist these women (three-fourths only guide to knowledge. The one maintains that a free- of whom, as Mrs.Hubback is obliged to state in the dom which leads to error is no freedom ; the other that next article, are girls under twenty-five, “lookingfor- a dogma which can only be enforced by compulsion is ward to marriage as the termination of their industrial no science. careers”)to indulge at yourexpense their hobby for That is the real problem underlying the present con- industrialism rather than domestic service? Mrs. Webb troversyabout the exclusion of Ulster. The Catholic endsup with the usual paean of women “ proving by theologiansin taking up Nationalist politics seem, in business capacity and self-subordinating zeal the right my mind,hardly to realise theconclusions to which of their sex,” etc. But I must not omit her inevitable they will be logicallydriven : theOrange pastors on little romance. This time it concerns “a capable house- the other hand seem no more to realise the harm they wife,” a Durhamminer’s good woman, with whom are doing the newer faith by associating it thus with the Mrs. Webb dined. She watched with interest her divi- most retrogressiveform of governmentoutside the sion of a dish of meat between the husband and boys, “with a complimentary morsel for myself,” while she Tsar’s dominions. Whether,once politics and religion havebeen separated,there will grow up a general andthe girls cheerfully ate thepotatoes in watery respectfor the splendours of the old orthodoxy as we gravy.The inferenceintended is that women axiom- see every day in Oxford, Cambridge, Louvain and other atically need less food than men.But I want to know centres of thought, it is hard to say ; for the Protestant- why watery gravy from a capable housewife? And why ism of Ulsteris the real, old-fashionedkind. Butone mentionit even if it waswatery? How pleased that thing is certain, that the principles underlying National- hostess wouldbe tosee the published account of her ist politics mustsooner or later influence the religion cookery ! If I had been wanting to have a side-fling at of Nationalists-andin theattainment of that endI the intrenched domestic “serf,” I should certainly have think that nothing will have conduced so much as the mentioned thiswatery gravy. Mrs. Webb’s malice, I Protestant Leadership of CatholicIreland. conclude, has become sub-conscious. I do not wish to anticipate the result : it is the world- Mrs. F. W. Hubback’sremedies for the low wages problem of thecentury ; butcertainly I cansay this, of women(while husband-hunting)are compulsory thatthe patriotismshown by theIrish Protestant manual-trainingevening schools for girls (but when leaders of Nationalism in Ireland, and the hostilityof the would they go a-hunting ?) ; raising of the school age, Conservative Catholics of England, will have not a little not in the child’s interest,but to raise the value of effect upon the moulding of that future decision which women’s labour ; complete political equality ; minimum Ireland in a free university and a free assembly will be wage for fathers, or childendowment (which I should called upon to make in the near future. havesupposed must removeevery excuse forfemales Ulster Protestantism, in fact, has everything to gain ; in industry) to enable the mother “to work. outside the NationalistCatholicism everythingtolose by the homeand to employskilled assistance in thecare of change, providedthey are bothallowed free play and her children. ” inter-action : and to thephilosopher of history, the study Shade of theParodist ! Butwhat a baitfor the of Ireland in the next few years, combining as it does loving mother to leave all and follow the Fabian Group. forces so diametrically opposed, will present as interest- Isee the germ of a new comedywith the Skilled AS- ing a study in psychology as any nation that has gone sistant as heroine, applauded to the drop as she walks throughthe same crises, even though upon a much off withthe Old-Fashioned Man, while theIndustrial larger scale. L. G. REDMOND-HOWARD. Wife indignantly asks littleJacky if hedoesn’t know * THENEW AGE, December 4. Mother when he sees her? 523

Miss B. L. Hutchins’bait to the home-keeping colleague.”But Miss Hutchins’ brilliant idea of woman is “differential protection’’ if only she will come “differentialprotection’’ doubtless will make unequal outand fight the industrial battle. Mereequality of things practically equal. “The Trade Boards Act is not opportunity, she expressly says, is not enough if woman thespark from heaven,” Mr. Mallon admits;“but in is to fulfil her full functions; that is, women cannot try women’strades it is atleast a light.” It iscertainly successfully for man’s place in industry unless Parlia- no heavenly ray which is reflected fromthe beaming ment gives her special legislative protection. The appa- smiles of profiteering employers. rentlyplain impudence of thisillustrates fundamental Buttheseof articles offered by women for female amorality,and unconscious anarchy. don’tI women’sperusal, that on “ APolicy for Women thinkit wouldbe possible to showMiss Hutchins’ Workers ” seemsmetoto compile themost where she stands with one hand on men’s jobs, and the despairingdementedand untruths, half-truths, otherholding a begging-bowl. All butaction on the treacheriesand flatteries’. The ordinaryhome life of part of men against women in industry clearly will be women isreferred to as “domesticserfdom,” every thrown away. Butdespite the action recently taken woman is told that she is “exploited to get nothing but againstthe pit-brow women, the first thrustin the her keep,” and she is jeered on to demandmaternity banishment of thefemale industrial vampire, Miss benefit so thatshe mayimitate the “professional Hutchins airily observes that opposition from organised woman” who employs nurses and servants. God knows men is “mainly of historic interest. ” The history, how- who,exactly, areto be thenurses and servants, but ever, began at the pit-brow ! they would evidently be the imbecile scum of femininity. Miss Hutchinsmarshals the female cotton-weavers Itis a Bedlamitishdocument, or, atleast, one would to exhibit the grand progress of Trade Unionism among callit so outrightbut that, spread all overit, is the women. Herfacts as givenare damning enough by writers’irritated desire to securethe Servile State. themselves, but, judging by the effect which her style Obviously, if the lower-class domestic woman might produces on me, I suspect that, with one or two further only bepersuaded into industry, the raison d’etre of facts, I should be made even more sceptical of the value middle-classfemale inspectors andorganisers would of theaforesaid progress. For instance, she winds a beclear beyonddispute. Again, for every industrial paragrapharound the statement that womencotton- woman-worker’shome, a skilled assistantis to be “a weavers receive the same piece rates as men ; but she trained by band of enterprising, practical women.’’ does not say whether any or how many of the women These house-workers, however, for their part, are urged dothe same sort of piece-work asthe highest-paid to see the benefits of living-out; so, one must suppose, men. She has so many usuallys, mostlys, mainlys, and thatthe manual-workingmother would return in the nearlys, thatan industrial ignoramus like myself is evening to run if the baby cried just as in the old days. almostdriven to believe sheis concealing something. Perhaps Bedlam -is the proper term after all ! “Home What isplain isthat in thecotton-weaving industry for women, as for men,”say Mrs. Charlotte Wilson where women are in the majority, the Trade Union was and Mrs. PemberReeves, “should be aplace of I est organisedand is run by men, the indifference of the to return to.” But how might it be if the hired house- women to do more than participate in benefits won by worker lived out? And surelyfor these house-workers the Union being the despair of the secretaries ; and that homewould be a place to fly from.Or, would some sixty-sevenper cent. of thetotal of womenin Trade other house-worker provide a home for them to I est in? Unions is in the cotton industry. “Nevertheless,” says And, if so, who would house-work forthe last, final, Miss Hutchins,“it is by nomeans impossible that ultimate house-worker ? women’s Trade Unions may come to play a much more “Inthe interest of nationalhealth, we want the important part in the Labour movement than they do at feminine half of the papulation driven out of doors- present. Weare told,” etc. And so shegoes on, engagedonce more to workon the soil or at least offeringrumour for fact and prophecy for fulfilment, obliged to go out to workshop or office.’’ But who is to until she concludes with her instigation to women to de- cook,sew, wash and mind thebaby? It maybe true mand ‘‘differential protection”from what is given to that the RoyalCommission declared agricultureto be men-workers,meaning, suppose,I Mrs. Hubback’s ahealthy life, butsomeone must do the cooking and State child-endowment to the end that a female factory the mendingand the minding. No matterwhat you handmay pay a skilled assistantto care for her de- call the Person-someone must perform these unhealthy sertedchildren. But no ; I cannot believe theymean and degrading tasks of a domestic serf ! Whether our factoryworkers ; they are surelythinking of female soups becooked in communal vats,our stockings compilers of supplements on the subject. darned by some wholesale process yet undiscovered, our babies mindedin batches like so many foundlings-at Mr. J. J. Mallon, “a member of all the Trade Boards the bottom of everything stands Some Female. Who is so farestablished,” contributes an article. The ’Trade she to be, this type of a chandal to do the unspeakable Boards, so we learn, are so imperfect as to break down office of house-wifery ? I very much fear it will be some inevery otherparagraph. They have, according to depraved wretch likemyself, who sneak into the kitchen, Mr. Mallon, failed not only to secure satisfactory rates, fiddling about with salt and pepper, and scraping a pot but even to enforce the low rates which the Board have absolutely clean just to see it shine. secured. The remedy is-more investigating officers. Poorfools ! Letthem cackle. Women will stillkeep Since this suggestion is invited to appear in the “New homeatopprtunity. As forthe Servile State, Statesman,” one concludes that a new crop of Fabians womanned by middle-classFabians, it will nevercomi wants planting out. It would seem more publicly useful about ! Theyare reckoning without their hosts when to abolish theBoards whichhave done nothingbut they talk .of compelling girls to attend evening classes raise wages by a few farthings in three or four trades for industrial training. But without any such check, the for which farthings the employees have to work harder I industrialgame florwomen is up. Theyvanish with as is evidenced by Mr. Mallon’s assertion that employers co-partnership, in any form, of employees and employers are satisfied.Mr. Mallon tells, several little tales of -because men do not want them in industry ! And with hope and joy among women under Trade Boards, so I co-management established, even in its first experimental will tell what I once heard said of his exploits in ’Trade form, vanishes the menace of the Servile State of which Boardery. “Oh, Mallon’s quitesincere, but the trades child-endowment,maternity benefit, cheches, “differen- trickhim all round. All thatthe Boards have got for tialprotection,“ and so on,are all a part of the the women workers is speeding-upand weeding out. machinery. The two ladiesaforesaid finish with an in- ’There’s noforcing women’s wages above their value. junction to women to “obtain the hearty supportof their You can’t bell thatcat.” Mr.Mallon statesthat malefellow-workers in making good a claim to equal wherever “theactual work done by men and women pay for equal work.” It is just as well that the Fabian respectively calls in equal degree for strength and skill, Women’s Group disclaims responsibility for the. views the output of the man tends to double that of his woman expressed by these, the pick of its members. 524

and one thousand pounds expenses, from him- two Baa ! or, Another False Prophet will be taken. STUD.: ‘Two whats? in Sheep’s Clothing. INT. : Two twos-two tens-two, tw- By Charles Brookfarmer. AMERICANFEMALE VOICE(from outside, ina piercing whisper) : ‘Two per cent., two tenths, two per cent. TIME : 8 a.m., Sunday, February 8, 1914. Place : Haifa, BAHA: And from a man with more, more will be taken. Syria. Thehouse of Abdul-BahaAbbas, son of the STUD.(eagerly) : Who will take it from him? self-styled “Baha-o-llah (“Glory of God”), and his suc- BAHA: Of course, the village council. cessor as head of the Bahai World-Religion. STUD.: Ah ! STUDENTis discovered seated in an uncomfortable room BAHA: And there will be a similar rising tax on cattle, of the big house, which is furnished in European style. according to the number of their heads. That will ABDUL-BAHAenters in sombre Persian dress. He is a be the secondtax. Thethird tax will be on in- wrinkled,tottering, white-bearded old man. Heis ac- heritances. Wherethere is no heir,the inhzrit- companied by two shifty-eyed lecherous Persians, one of ance will go to thegeneral store-house. The whom actsas interpreter, and three or four angular fourth tax will be on mines, and one-third of their American women seat themselves by the door and pre- profits will betaken. The fifth tax will be on parewith nasal whispers to take notes. ABDUL-BAHA treasuretrove and one half of it will betaken. greets STUDENTand seats himself, andprepares to Thesixth source o,f income will be thedonstions speak through the INTERPRETER. ohf charity, coming in by themselves. The seventh INT. : Hesays he hopes you are well. He will now source will belost property, for which noowner address you on thesubject of Bahaism. I will applies. These-with bland, senile content--will be translate from Persian to English. the seven sources of income to the village. BAHA (through the Interpreter) : The causes of the un- STUD.: Ah ! happiness of humanity in this glorious and wonder- BAHA(unceasing) : The seven sources o€ expenditure of fulcentury are alldue toprejudice; religious thevillage are these. First, a large proportion of prejudice, patriotic prejudice, political prejudice, and thetaxes on property will be sentt,o the central other prejudices. Europeis nowno morethan an government,and, secondly, part of thetaxes on armedcamp, and all thewages of thepoor are animals. ’Thirdly, part will begiven tothe unde- takenaway to pay for thesevast armaments. servedly poor-not those, of course, who will not There you have patriotic prejudice. A11 theearn- work and who walk about the streets. ings of the poor are wasted, for the sake of this STUD.: What will you do with those? patriotic bias and prejudice. BAH~: They will have to keep on walking ! As I was STUD.: But the poor are very patriotic. saying, part will be given to the undeservedly poor, BAHA: That we shallchange by teaching,constant thosewho by reason of badweather or by some teaching,the teaching of love andhumanity. All otherfault, not their own, have lost all their strife, all lack of loveis dueto prejudices- money. Then a fourth part will be spent on build- patriotic,religious and theother prejudices. We ing schools for those orphans who have no father shalldrive them allaway by teaching. TheEast and no mother, so thatthere will be no orphans was once black with the mists of superstition, but withaout fathers or-I meanthere will he no now the day has dawned, the sun has risen over the uneducated orphans ! A sixthpart will bespent East,and all thesuperstitions are being washed onhygiene, sewers and aqueducts, and so cn. away in the light. We are changing the condition And a seventh part wlll be spenton roads and Of the world. We are driving away war and strife civil expenses.These arethe sevensources of and disunity, and we shall make the world to be a expenditure of thevillage. A,nd as it isfor the great camp. village, so it will befor the district, and so for STUD.(in dismay) : A great what? the country and for the whole world, and there will BAHA(ignorant of theinappositeness) : A greatcamp . be a bigcentral council orparliament, likeyour with all its proper classes-a general, and captains, House of Commons,elected by the people and andcorporals, and privates. Yes,a great camp in thereforerepresenting them, and so ali this world which all must enjoy well-being and comfort. That will befull of love andunity, and it will be a is the social side of Bahaism. Now, thisis its veritableparadise onearth. (Vocal and nasal economic side. Let us take the example of a small murmurs of rapturefrom the Persians and the village. Theremust be a generalstore-house and American dames,and a grunt of horrorfrom a general clearing-house. The village will be ruled STUDENT.) by a village council consisting of the wisest in it. STUD.: Please thank Abbas Effendi verymuch fqr his STUD.: HOWwill the wisest be known? luciddescriptions, and please ask himwho will BAHA: The councillors will be elected by the villagers ! harvestthe crops for the big farmer. (INTER. is STUD.(surprised) : Ah ! mystified at the question, but repeats it to BAHA.) BAHA: Now there are seven sources of income for the BAHA: The labourers will gather the crops for the rich villageand seven sources of expenditure. ‘.The farmer,and the landowner must give enough to general store-house will be filled in this way. The these people to live comfortably. firstincome isthe tithe, and men will be taxed STUD.: Who will judgetheir means of livingcom- according to their profits ! Letus suppose a fortably? farmer has a thousand pounds of wheat left after BAHA: The wages of labourers will be determined by hisharvest, and that he has expenses for the the villagecouncil, so that the landowner will be comingyear equal to onethousand pounds of obliged to give that amount and it will not depend wheat. Nowadays those thousand pounds might be upon his own volition. takenfrom him, a.nd devoted toarmaments. But STUD.(sotto voce) : A wages board-good Lord help we shouldadopt a scale of tithes. Thatfarmer us ! (Aloud) And in factories ? with one thousand pounds of wheat and expenses BAHA: The factories will be arranged for, just the same equal to that amount would have to pay nothing, asthe village councils arrange.The greater the nothing. And a farmer with two thousand pounds income of the factory magnate and the greater the andone thousand pounds expenses would have, factory, so much the greater will the wages of the you see,one thousand pounds left over. From tabourers be. And there will be a publicfund for that onetenth will be taken. And if anotherman their benefit and committees will be formed to de- has five thousandpounds with fourthousand left termine their wages ! over from that, fifteen hundred will be taken, and STUD.: Will the workers have any share in the control if anotherfarmer has ten thousand pounds profit of the factories? 525

BAHA : They will have a share in the profits. If the formation, Bahaist enlightenment, postal and written profits in a year are ~5,000they will have come addresses of Bahaists, copies of the “Christian share of this ; if the profits are &so,ooo they will Commonwealth” containing precious distillations of have more for their share. Bahaistwisdom, Bahaist pamphlets, and long STUD.(sotto voce) : Profit-sharingnow, is it? accounts of theirand other Bahaists’ first under- B.4i.4 : Accordingto the amount of the profits, the standings of Bahaism and their hopes that STUDENT wagesmust be given, so that all theindividual has seen theBahaist light which is “true members of humanity will enjoy theutmost com- Christ’anity forthe Christ’an, true Mummid’ism fort.(Murmurs from the disciples.) Thus all forthe Mummidan, and true Budd-ism forthe enjoy theutmost comfort, and the degrees of Budd-ist.” One ladyeven declares thathe has society are stillpreserved. Thelabourer will “had a wonderful experience an’ you’veseen the labour, the farmer will farm, the merchant will be secon’Messiah and on’yI hope p’ re’lise yer mercantile, the minister will administer his people, won’erful goodforten an’ that it’ll infl’ence yo’ and the lords will lord, and so on, and all will be fute-erlife.” Inthe evening STUD leaves for happyand this world will be aparadise. (Intense PortSaid, -cursing openly and in hisheart the waste of a day upon thepious old fool andhis joy-) STUD.: What voice will the workers in a concern have entourage of rogues and silly women. in its management? BAHA: The miner,for instance--he will get better wages, because he will have a voice in the distri- bution of the profits. The Inadequacy of Ibsen. STUD.: But will the workers be representedon the By St. John G. Ervine. boards of management? BAH~: No ! Of course only the actual contributors of I WENT to see a performance of ‘‘Ihe Wild Duck” at capital will beupon the board. (Inconsequently) the Savoy Theatre recently,and came away from it in Yes, the miners will berepresented on the hoard a state of bewilderment. Before goingto the theatre for the distribution of wages. It will be the minia- I hadtaken down avolume of Mr. BernardShaw’s ture of a Parliament,with its upper and lower “DramaticOpinions and Essays,” and had readhis houses. eulogy of the play. “Isat,” he writes,“without STUD.(pegging away) : But will theworkers have a a voice in the management? murmur in a stuffy theatre on a summer afternoon from BAHA(with a sweet smile) : Justice is the only rule by three to nearlyhalf-past six, spellbound by Ibsen. . . . which we work,and of coursethe capitalist will Where shallI find anepithet magnificentenough for havecontrol of hisown factory. It is patent and ‘TheWild Duck’ ? To sitthere getting deeper and natural thatthe capitalist expects to get back deeperinto the Ekdal home, and getting deeperand more money thanhe put in,and we are equally deeper into your own life all the time, until you forget anxious to preserve the rights of capitalists as the that you are in a theatre at all ; to look on with horror rights of theworkers ! If it wereotherwise, no capitalist would put his capital in circulation, and and pity at a profound tragedy, shaking with laughter industry would come to an end. allthe time at an irresistiblecomedy; to go out, not STUD.(sotto voce) : Aha ! my village-councillor ! Who, from diversion, but from an experience deeper than real indeed ! fife ever brings to most men : that is what ‘The. Wild BAHA : Why, let us suppose you the commander-in-chief Duck’was like.” . . . of an army-(with enthusiasm)-of a great army. I left the Savoy in a state of bewilderment because I Now, if there is the same salary for the commander- in-chief as for a private, you will neveraspire to had not been spellbound by the play. There were periods be commander-in-chief ! You will loseyour duringits performance when I feltsome boredom; ambition ! To gain respect, thehigher positions there were periods when I was interested and amused; must be distinguished from the lower, even in cut- and periods when I was irritated by the loud creaking wardrespects. Perfect justice mustrule and all of the play’s machinery; but there never was a period the members of the body politic must enjoy equal- whenI was spellbound andexalted by profounda STUD.: Equal? tragedy. I had a sensationthat Ibsen was old- BAHA: Equalaccording to their distinction ! (BAHA continues his economic proofs and prophecies, but fashioned : “The Wild Duck” had the date of its first after a little it is suggested that he is getting tired. productionplainly stamped onit. . . . STUD.hastens to plumb his metaphysical, ethical One tries to recover some of the spirit which moved and eschatological depths.) the Ibsenites in theearly days ~d the Ibsen drama in STUD.: Please ask Abbas Effendi what is life and what England. Mr. Shawwas not very free with his praise is reason for life. when heserved, the “Saturday Review” asdramatic BAHA: The excellences and virtues of life are its reason. (Great gladness of heart among the elect.) critic;indeed, there was very littlefor a man of per-. STUD.: How must a man live? ception to see in those days. (To be ,candid, there still. BAHA: He shouldstrive to live hisnatural course of is verylittle for the man of perception to seeon the life coupledwith the ideal virtuesand with the English stage.) No one who reads through Mr. Shaw’s. attainment of eternal life. two volumesof “DramaticEssays and Opinions” can STUD.: Whatis this eternal life, and where may it fail to understand how bored he was by the majority of be enjoyed ? In this physical body? BAHA: No, not in this body, for the body is a mmposi- the plays he witnessed ; and it is not hard to understand tion,and what is composed must decompose.A why he became as enthusiastic over Ibsen as the late man will laythe foundation here in this world of Clement Scott was wont to become over some nonsense. eternal life in the Kingdom of God after the death by Sardou.The English drama was then no better . of this physical body. than it ought to be; and any man who wrote a play of‘ STUD.: Oh, thank you so much for telling me. (STUD. purposeand thought and sincerity and feeling was now departs,,apparently charming and charmed, bound to havefollowers in that empty age. Ibsen and spends a terrible afternoon in the local hotel, where he is fussed over by three American disciples landed on the English stage with terrific force, not alto- andan English “authoress”and her henpecked gether because he was a strong man, but partly because husband, all of whom press upon him Bahaist in- the English stage was so weak. Mr. Shaw and Mr. 526

WilliamArcher on theone hand, and Mr. Clement rades in the broken journey from the South Pole? The Scottand the forcible-feeblefollowers of hisrather story of that man’s death fills us neither with pity nor slushy school ofcriticism, on the other, were terribly horror : it fills us withexaltation and a sense of a moved by Ibsen ; and to that degree, Ibsen is of interest beautifulthing beautifullydone. “The Wild Duck” is a melodrama with a great deal of comic relief. It is be- to US, though we are not moved by him, just as any man who moves a generation is, of interest. cause “The Wild Duck” is a melodrama that the comic relief isnecessary. You donot require the relief of a Thefact that Ibsen does not move thisgeneration musical accompaniment when you watch the sun rising either to undiscerning adulation or to undiscerning rage or setting : the sunset is sufficient in itself : it fills your provestwo things. It proves that Ibsenwas not the mind with a vision of the beauty of this world. So it is great genius that Mr. Shaw and Mr. Archer would have with a tragedy : it fills you with exaltation. A tragedy had Mr. Clement Scott believe him to be; and it proves doesnut make you weep : itmakes you rejoice. You that he was not the dirty ruffian that Mr. Scott would do not cry out ‘‘How- pitiful ! How horrible !” when you have had Mr. Shaw and Mr. Archer believe: him to be. see “Hamlet” : you sit still in your seat, entranced by We have assimilated Ibsen ; his propaganda is part of thebeauty ofa great theme. But you do weep over the commonplace beliefs of our time; we are not startled melodrama ; you do spill your tears over the miserable byhis opinions. A man of strong views andgreat ending of little weak things. courage may fill his generation with terror, just 2s the We have pity for those who are helpless and crushed, Chartists threw England into a panic with their demand for those who submit without a fight to their circum- for the Six Points of their Charter; but if his opinions stances ; but we are full of admiration for those who re- become general in thegeneration which follows, that sistcircumstances until they are dead.Falder, in Mr. generation will find hisopinions very ordinary stuff Galsworthy’s “Justice,” causes us to feel compassionate indeed. We have difficulty to-day in understanding why and to weep and murmur brokenly, “Poor chap !” ; but ourgrandfathers were so perturbed by theChartists, the great unyielding men goingto their death witha because we have accepted three of the Points and shall high head do not draw a tear from our eyes or a word of not be astonished to find the remaining three part of pity from ourlips. We come from the contemplation of a ournormal constitution ina short time. Thisis the tragedy with uplifted hearts and a desire to meet with an fate of the revolutionary politician and the writer who end as rare and as noble as the dead hero’s. Nine out of subordinates art to propaganda, that in impressing his ten of us are poor creatures, and we are aware of our opinionson the minds of hiscountrymen he brings poverty. Whatis the good of “TheWild Duck” to abouthis own destruction as a leader. When all men us? Why should we be tortured with an exhibition of thinkas he thinks, how then can he continue to be the poverty of spirit of other men when we are longing unique ? for an exhibition of the nobility ocf the spirit? We come It is the quality of permanent uniqueness which dis- away from a performance of an Ibsen play with a feel- tinguishes the man of genius from the man of strong ing of depression. We know that the Ekdal family is views. We cannot tell fromShakespeare’s plays-what a living family, although we may at times be doubtful Shakespeare’s social and politicalopinions were. Some of the existence of Hedwig. Mie do notquarrel with would have us believe that he was a foe to demoracy Ibsenon the ground that his people arenot real because he permitted one of his ,characters to speak of people : we quarrel withhim on the ground that they workmen as “rude mechanicals” ; others would have us are not people of quality. believe that he loved democracy because he put some of There is one infallible means by which you may prow his choicest andwisest speeches into the mouths of a tragedy : does it close men’s lips? henprovoked his clowns and poor people. You may speculate to any ex- generation to argument, but he could not compel them tent on Shakespeare : ~QUmay try to prove that he was to sit in their seats unable to speak or move for a while a Roman Catholic in his heart, or that he was the fore- because of the great wonder and beauty of the thing runner of theOrangemen, agood and sturdy Pro- they had just seen. He does .not horrify us or set us to tesitant; you may try to prove that he loved kings or contention because we are familiar with his themes, not that he despised them ; but in the end of all you have to only as he expressed them, but as they have been ex- admitthat your speculations remain speculations, that pressedby a multitude of his followers. A man of you do not know what were his beliefs because he re- genius cannot be repeated : a man d strong views can. mained supremely an artist. Shakespeareis unique. There will neverin this world The artist who subordinates art to propaganda ceases beanother such- as he. Hestands aloneamong the to bean artist and becomes a propagandist. We do immortals.But there is an Ibsen in every town in not know ‘what views Shakespeare had, but we do know Europe. what viewsIbsen had; andbecause Shakespeare kept I came away from “The WildDuck” unmoved by any his beliefs to himself anddid not put them into his quality of beauty. There were moments during the Fer- plays, he is, and will ever remain, universal, transcend- formance when I had a sense of impatiencebecause I ing every age and every changeof thought, while Ibsen could “seethe wheels go round,” I couldhear the is topical and will declinein value and interest as his machinery of the play creaking clumsily. I used to hear viewsbecome moregeneral. Shakespeare will live for men aver that Ibsen was a master of stage technique, ever : Ibsen lived only during his own lifetime. Shelley but I do not know why they said that, for it is not true. had strong views, and he took trouble to express them; It maybe thattheir intellectswere so perturbed by but it is not Shelley the propagandist who lives to-day : thearguments that theycould not hear the creaking it is Shelley who- wrote of simple eternal things like the machinery. Yet if you listen very casually, you can hear song of a skylark who is as near to us as he was to his the straining sound that comes when a machine is badly Own time, and will be as near to thepeople of a hundred built or unfit for the purpose to which it is put. There years to come as he is to us. was a terrible creak when Hialmar Ekdal put his pistol Mr. Shawwrote of thehorror and pity with which on top of his bookcase,- and then turned to Hedwig and he gazed at thisprofound tragedy of “TheWild told her not to touch it because oneof its chamber‘s was Duck. ’’ How can we feel horror or pity in witnessing 1 loaded. You knew that Ibsen intended to end his play a tragedy3 We feelhorror when we witnessthe withHedwig’s death by that loadedpistol. You did horrible; we feel pity when we seesome weak thing .not feel that this wasa simple statement, naturally com- doneto death or brutally used; but neither of these ing in its place : you felt that Ibsen had made a weak elements is present in a tragedy. Who amongst us did place in his design, that he had developed his purpose not feel his heart braced and his eye brightened when clumsily. he readthe story sf thatgallant gentleman, Captain Oates, who went silently out of that Ionely tent to die in You do not listen for creaks in “Hamlet.” There are a blizzard rather than be an encumbrance to his corn- none. 527

howthe supposed ultimate canons of morality once Mincemeat of Morals. proved a serious hindrance to him in his work for the FEWpeople haveheard of theNational Council of twin causes of temperanceand purity. As soon asit PublicMorals. Nevertheless it exists, itsheadquarters became definitely recognised that the work of the suffra- beingthe Holborn Hall. It “promotes” a series of gettes had made a dead-letter of the laws against arson, ‘‘,3Jew Tracts for the Times,” in, abrick-red cover, at heand some friends had formed ascheme for setting sixpence each. The motto of the Council claims to be fire to all the public-houses, dubs, picturedromes,and of Royal origin, ‘‘’The Foundations of National glory are theatres in the town in which hehad the honour to set in thehomes of the people. They will only remain work. But on theday beforehis plan was to be put unshaken while the family life of our race and nation is into execution a fellow divine had approached him and strong, simple and pure.” With each tract is presented had suggested that such a proceeding would hardly be gratis a list of theVice-Presidents of the Council. inaccordance with the character of a minister of the Whatan array ! Twelvebishops, the select of the Gospel. On beingpressed for an explanation,he men- lesserclergy, our four moral peers, half a dozen tioned somethingabout “common morality,” and said principals of theologicalcolleges, a coupleof Privy that a breach of the supposedultimate canons of Councillors, thegreat Puritan apostles,the Puritan moralitygenerally created aviolent prejudice against laymen, and a host of otherswhoarenot the man who committed it. “Thus you see,” concluded celebrated for anything else in particular, but who must, the speaker, “how these supposed ultimate canons can I suppose, be celebrated for their morality. Of course, proveaserious obstacle to thehighest and noblest we arenot to understand that allthis company ever work. ’ ’ comestogether into one room at thesame time. The He sat down, and up rose one of those with horses’ walls of the room would burst asunder. Modern build- heads. His speech wasshort, and I rememberit word ingsare not made to standthe pressure of so much forword. “According to our Dr. Saleeby,”he said, morality.Besides, what wouldbecome of thepublic “the supreme end for which the world was made is the morals while all its guardians were junketing together? production od noble men and women. Now I may say that Suchwere the reflections that passedthrough my to become a nobleman is the dearest wish of my heart, mind as I turnedover the pages of one of the “New but the party Whip says that he cannot possibly do it Tracts”-“The methods of race-regeneration,” by Dr. for.less than sixty thousand pounds. Of course, I Saleeby. I came to page 14: ‘‘ . . . even the supposed cannot possibly find the money, but I am quite certain ultimate canons of morality must be re-examined and, that I could do so were it n0.t for the prejudice created if necessary, revised or re-stated in order to arrive at the by that supposed ultimate canon of morality that it is supreme end for which the world was made-the pro- wrongto steal. WhatDr. Saleebymeans exactly by duction of noblemen and women.” From reflecting noblewomen I mustconfess I donot know.I am I fell to musing. From musing I must, I suppose, have afraid I must leave that to Lady Aberconway.” fallen to dreaming or at least to that happy state be- The knight was succeeded by a gentleman who looked tweensleeping and waking in which one frequently ratherlike a merchantor .manufacturer. He wasglad writes brilliant novels and brilliant plays. to say that he was n’ot quite in the position od his friend I found myself in the HolbornHall. There were Sir -- (I could notcatch the name). As everyone others there; same wore aprons-these I supposed were knew,he had quite enough money to buy a peerage, bishops;some wore coronets-these I presumedwere but at present, at any rate, he preferred to spend it in peers; SQme had horses’ heads-these I took to be other directions. He thought also that he could tell his knights. It flashed to my mind that I was at a meeting friend ‘what Dr. Saleeby meant by noble women. They of theNational Council of PublicMorals. Yes, . . . . were the creatures, he imagined, that he was trying to these were the words; the chairman was speaking, “It make out of the girls that worked at his factory- and is decided, then, that we proceed to re-examine the sup lived athis modelvillage. Buthere again the chief posed ultimate canons of morality, preserving in mind, difficulty thathe foundwas in thesupposed ultimate of course, the motto of our council and our great ideal canons sf morality. What he wouldlike would be to of race-regeneration.Perhaps it would bebetter for be able to treat them entirely as his own property. What a generaldiscussion to precede any definite,proposals he wouldlike would be“security of tenure.” Itwas true that the supposed ultimate canon of morality that as to how we are to proceed. I therefore invite suggestion- tions to form a basis for such a general discussion.+, prevented him obtaining this power was not as old ais; Aristotle. He did not know much about Aristotle him- The first speaker to respond to the invitation was an self, but he was informed that Aristotle knew a great agedbishop, who said thathe was delighted beyond dealbetter. How could itbe just, he asked, for him measure that the council had at last seen fit to proceed to spend hundreds of pounds, perhaps, in raising a girl to the re-examination of the supposed ultimate canons tothe standard of nobilitydemanded by Dr. Saleeby ,of morality. He was bound to confess that he had now and for her to be able then to snap her fingers at him for many years felt the urgentneed of such a re-examina- and be entirely free of his clutches? tion.With regard to thequestion of themethod of With this rhetorical question he concluded his speech .procedure, hehoped for one thing that no attempt andsat down. Thenext speaker I couldnot placein would be made to introduce logic,philosophy, or nice any definite category. Already, he said, the author of one metaphysicaldistinctions into the discussion. Forhis of the“New Tracts for the Times” had taken his -part,he said, he was like Burke; he hated the very couragein both hands and had boldly statedthat sound of them. Hethought that the bestcourse to perhaps monogamy was not, after all, the highest ideal. adopt would beto collect instances of thehardships He proposed to-day to stand shoulder-to-shoulder with caused by the prevailing slavish adherence to the sup- thatauthor and to suggest that perhaps, after all, posedultimate canons ofmorality. Thiswas a work chastitywas not the highest ideal. However,it in which all, from the greatest to the least, could share. was .not his intention to enlarge upon his views at the :(Applause.) present juncture, although he was quite prepared to ex- Thenext speaker, I gatheredfrom sundry indimca- plainthem to anyone who cared to see him privately. tions,was a Puritan divine. He said thathe was The sentiments of the meeting grew bolder. At last ‘delightedto agree with his right reverend Anglican one speaker, possibly with a grain of humour, ventured -friend. He had lately been reading the Ethics ofAris- to callattention to thename of the society-The totle, and he was scandalised to find that some of the National Council of PublicMorals. He proposed that supposed ultimatecanons of morality were over two as a firststep the name of the societyshould be ”thousandyears old. Was thatprogress? But he changed.There were loud cries of “No ! No !” from would forbear to talkin that strain, remembering the allparts of the Hall. So loud werethese cries that .I counsel. of his right reverendAnglican friend, and woke up and continued my reading. would content himself with mentioning one instance of BARTHOLOMEWHELVELLYN. 528

Witness replied that,whilst ’e mightbe poor, ’e The Common Man. ’oped as ’ow ’e wouldnever be considered common. By Duxmia. ’E alwayskep’ away from Iceuerpthink common. ’Ad CITIZENS! been a chapelgoer regler for the last thirty year. Was Obedient toyour instructions, as contained in the a totalabstiner, married, hand no hincumbrances. ’E resolution embodied in the minutes of proceedings, the ’oped as ’ow ’ewould be found in Izcvery way satic,- tenth Prairial, the Year Two of Freedomin England, factory for- “That a Committeebe formed to inquireinto the Citizen Belloc (tumultuously) : To thegallows with identityand characteristics of the Common Man” : him ! ‘To the gallows with him ! YourCommittee have pleasure in reportingthat they Witness ’oped as ’ow no hattention would be pide to have sat to-day, the thirteenth Prairial, and have taken lastthedisgriceful suggestion. Speakin’ as a steps as follows :- Kerischun- YourCommittee met in the coffee-bar of the“Jolly Citizen Chesterton : Stand down ! Topers’’ public-house , Citizen Chestertonpresiding. Witness : ’E felt it ’is duty. to remind thehutterer Present : Citizen Belloc, Citizen Cecil Chesterton, of sich sentiments- Citizen Jean Jacques Rousseau, Citizen Jefferson Brick, Citizen Chesterton : Stand down ! the God Bacchus,and Bombardier Wells. Agenda : Witness was removed. Acontinuation of the inquiry intothe identity and Citizen FrancisMincing Paley informed the Com- characteristics of the CommonMan. Itwas resolved mittee that hewas a member of theupper middle- that the wine should be diluted to prevent a repetition classes and had been discovered underneath a cabbage of thedisgraceful conduct of Citizen Belloc at the in theyear 1882. Withregard to--ah-profession, he previousmeeting. In accordance n-ith thepowers was independent. He considered himself quite an-ah vested in them by your decree 225 of the year I, your -creditableimitation of thearistocracy. His father Committeesummoned witnesses as follows : was a stockbroker. He himself was educated at-ah- TheNatural Man. (Homosapiens ferus.“Appeas- Charterhouse and Cambridge, where he had met several ing his hunger under an oak, slaking his thirst in the of the very best people. He hopedhe had profited by first brook, finding a bed at the foot of the same tree knowingthem. The aristocracy had always received that furnished his repast. ”) him kindly. Some difficulty was experienced in discovering this Citizen Belloc : You b-y tuft-hunter ! witness, a prolonged search in Hyde Park, the Regent’s Witnesswas pained at such a remark. He thought Park, and Kensington remaining entirely without result. he was entitled to an apology, and so forth. Gentlemen Your Committee having refused to accept the heretical alwaysapologised. He hadnoticed thatamong the suggestion of theMetropolitan Police that he did not best people-- exist, the best possible substitute was procured in the Witness was removed for execution. shape of anOrang Outang fromthe Zoological Gar- CitizenWilliam Tielines, who succeededhim, in- dens. Witness appeared in the custody of half a dozen Formed theCommittee that he was a privatesoldier keepers. in the 2nd battalion of the Rifle Brigade. He had Citizen Chesterton : What is your name servedfor five yearsand was still a private. Was Witness : Oo-o-ah-WAH. likely to remainone. Had beenpromoted three times Citizen Rousseau : Being in a state of Nature he and every time reduced for insubordination. Had heard would not possess a name. his officers say as how he was a tough old lot. Expected The Chief Keeper : Beggin’your washup’s pardon, theywere right.His officers weregenerally right. and we calls’er Popsy-Wopsy. A11 his officers were lords. Citizen Chesterton : Verygood, then. Now Citi- Citizen Belloc : Slave ! zenessPopsy-Wopsy, you are described by Citizen Witness : Garn !- And ’00 are you gettin’ at? You Rousseau, whose works you havedoubtless read, as ain’t a iord ! ‘6 appeasing yourhunger under anoak, slaking your Citizen Chesterton (with dignity) : He is a man. thirstat the first brook, findinga bed at the footof Witness (scornfully) : Garn ! Thelikes 0’ me are thesame tree that furnished your repast.” Would men ! Gimmea lord ! Realgentlemen, they are ! Let you consider that a fairand adequate description of ’em ’ave theirlittle bit ! Itdoes me good to watch your mode of gaining an existence? ’em ! (Contemptuously)-Ain’t none 0’you a lord? Witness : Groo-oo-ooFYAH. Citizen Chesterton : We are content with the dignity Citizen Rousseau : All this confirms what I have said. of. citizens. Being in a state of Nature, she would not yet be pos- Witness : Hoo, old snuffbags, nobodysupposed as sessed of speech. ’ow you were hanythink in particler-but what’s ’im? Citizen Belloc : The stupidity of thiswitness is in- (pointing to Bacchus). credible. Evidently shehas not received theFaith. Citizen Chesterton (reverently) : He is a god. Perhaps Citizen Rousseau will identifyhis protegee? Witness (incredulously) : A god? D’ye think ’e’d Your Committee regrets to report that, upon Citizen standme a drink? Rousseau’srising to executethis civic duty,Witness Citizen Chesterton(with rapture) : The Committee becamepossessed by ungovernablefury-apparently will ! You are anoble fellow ! attributable to her catching sight of the citizen’spink Witness : That’s it, yer Royal ’ighness ! Hanythink silk small clothes-and betrayed in general so invincible fer a wetter ! adetermination to do thecitizen some bodily damage Citizen Chesterton : What shallit be-Guinness, thatsteps were taken to removeher. This being Blackand White,Bass? accomplished,albeit with difficulty (forher struggles Witness : ROSS,so please yer washup ! were alarming)- Citizen Chesterton (puzzled) : Ross? Your Committee proceeded to examine : Witness : YUS--ROSS’S Belfast ginger ile ! Bully ! Jonas MakepeaceShufflebottom, a ‘‘respectable At this point your Committee regrets to report that individual.” Upon taking his stand,in the box, witness Citizen Chesterton collapsed and was dragged from the expressed the ’ope as ’ow ’e would be found in hevery room inanimate by fourcart-horses with ropes. Your way most satisfactory for the situation. Committeethereupon reports as follows : “That after Citizen Chesterton : Citizen, thereis no situation. the examination of several representative witnesses, it We are here to determine from your evidence whether has come to the conclusion that the Common Man does you satisfy the conditions postulated by the decree of not exist in this Republic : but that search will be made theConvention, 10th Prairial, the Year Two, entitled for him in the less-known regions of Tartary, Central “A decree constituting a Committee to make search for Africa, and Paraguay, and that as soon as something the Common Manin England.’’ Your answers are of has been discovered, your Committee will report further moment to the Republic. to you.” 529

LIL. BY M. A. MATHERS.

MODERN DRAWINGS EDITED BY WALTER SICKERT 530

Of studies of Shaw, Chesterton, etc., we have more Readers and Writers. thanenough. Every timidlittle scribbler can safely MR. BRIMLEYJOHNSON announces a volume of “Famous write his appreciation or criticism of these, for by this Reviews. ” Thesepresumably are the contemporary timeevery ‘opinion possible of them has been well opinions which Isaid last weekwere so muchmore trodden.Editors tell me thattheir average of manu- interesting to authors than reviews written whenthey scriptsabout Messrs. Shaw and Chesterton is half a are dead. The volume will include, of course,Scott’s dozena week, which, on a fairestimate, means that review of Jane Austen,the “Edinburgh’s” reviews of fifty articles aweek orover two thousand a year are Keatsand Wordsworth, and Macaulay’s “Croker.” beingwritten onthese two writers. What cowards How many, I wonder, of the reviews of living writers essayistsmust be, and how dull ! ThomasHardy, I .of to-day will bereprinted fifty or a hundredyears suppose, comes next, now that Meredith is dead ; and hence?None, I imagine,and for several reasons. shortly, no doubt, Henry James and Joseph Conrad will Firstly, our critics make very little attempt to get to be suffering thetramp of a thousandfeet. On each, thebottom of anything. Secondly,they areafraid to in. fact, a book or two has already been written or is venture off the newspaper track in opinion or in subject. nowin course of publication.Mr. Ford Madox Thirdly, they subordinate their duty to literature to sen- Hueffer’s “Henry James” (Secker) is a masterpiece of timentalor commercial considerations. And, finally, egotisticvulgarity of infinitely more concern IO his they seem to imagine that definite judgments are only friends and himself than to hissubject. He says, it is possibleof thedead. Now all theseexplanations, true, in ‘his“Introduction,” that his private opinion doesn’t in the least matter to anyone,” but throughout while good enough excuses, are thoroughly bad reasons. ” The second and fourth in particular are so bad that if his whole book I have discovered no opinion that ought they continue to prevail, our agewill not only contribute notto be and is not private in thestrict sense. No- nothing greatto English literature, but will leave to wheredoes he attempt to explain why HenryJames the.next age the double task of supersedingthis and appearsto many people tobe a greatwriter ; but doing its own work as well. everywhere hesplutters explanations of why Henry *** Jamesappears to him to be a great writer. It is his I have frequently in these columns indicated subjects reaction,not ours, that interests him; and this after ostentatiouslyinforming us that his own reaction is for criticism which on no amount ought to be shirked bycontemporaries. Theworks of Mr. Allen Upward, not of thesmallest account-as indeed itis not. But forexample, positivelyinvite thelarge-minded and not only is his manner an insult to the intelligence of his readers, but it is an affront to his subject. Of Mr. .courageous critic. Here is, as I said, a phenomenon of Jameshe says, melodramatically and insincerely, that a mostparadoxical character from which havepro- ceeded,during the last fifteen years,works of such being, in his opinion, the greatest living writer, he is mutual inconsistency as “The New Word”-a tour de consequently,in his opinion, thegreatest living man. Buthow does he approach and discuss this being of force in philosophy-“Secrets of the Courts ,of Europe” -superior “StrandMagazine” melodramas ; rubbishy hisprofessed adoration? In the style not only of im- pertinent familiarity (as if,in fact,he despisedhim), articles in the “Egoist” and elsewhere on current poli- but,with equally inpertinentand uncomprehending tics;and “The Divine Mystery”-a scholarlytreatise criticisim. Itis credibleonly of the secondeditor of on religious folk-lore. The same author, I believe, has the “English Review” that the first editor should, write inmanuscript or in mind, at least a score of other of his “greatest man’s’’ style that with What Maisie works of a no lessmixed nature-including poems, plays, a digest of Englishlaw, awork on primitive Knew itbegins to become, as we shouldsay in talk- ing of pheasants, a little ‘high.’ Think of the squalor Christianityand a Utopia. Whatare his contempora- ’’ of a mind to which such an image occurred as a com- ries doing, I ask, to let a man like this pass compara- parison for the style of the “greatest living writer and -tivelyunnoticed? Amongst all the realistswith their thegreatest living man.” OnlyMr. James’ stable-boy eyesprofessedly gluedon the current moment surely could think 04 it, and not even in America dared any- oneis capable of posingand attempting to solve the body sayit. Or observehis lofty dismissal of Mr. problem of Allen Upward ! For a problem manifestly is James’ chef d’oeuvre, “DaisyMiller,” as “not a real there. Mind, I do not say that it is a great problem or study though labelled one.” The sense in which “Daisy thatthe solution will provepleasing either to Mr. Miller” is a study was clearly explained by Mr. James Upward or to our epoch. But it is an unsolved problem himself in a note on Turgenev. The story is a “study” and we ought not to leave more of these than we can because it is an essay based on a hint offered by reality ‘help to those who will come after us. but projected by imagination into the region of possi- *** bility. Mr. Huefferactually records and discusses this Mr.Grierson, I donot hesitate to say,is another definition, but when he comes to apply it, fails utterly .problem of a not altogether dissimilar nature. What is to understand it. From this and a hundredsimilar in- thetruth about thisextraordinary personality and stances I conclude that Mr. James is much to be com- writer?Somebody ought certainly to make a compre- miserated on Mr.Hueffer’s victimisation of him. Such hensiveand final study of him. Sometimes I am con- an outrage must be as hard to endure as an attack by vinced that he is one of the great charlatans of litera- some ronyon suffragette. ture, a writer with nothing original to say, but with an *** impressive manner of borrowing. At other times I am From the forthcoming study of Joseph Conrad by Mr. disposed t,o give him credit for one of the rarest quali- RichardCurle I expect a greatdeal of pleasure.As tiesin literature, namely, atmosphere. Read, for in- readers of THENEW AGE know (or ought to know), Mr. stance,chapters XI and XII of “The Valley of Curle’sown stories and sketches reveal a naturecal- ’Shadows” and deny, if you can, that the air of genuine culated sympathetically to understand Mr. Conrad. His tragedyis created. Rut itis as anessayist that Mr. “Shadows Out of the Crowd,” published two or three Griersonchallenges valuation ; and in thisaspect the years ago, contained some writing which, except after critic’s taskought to be easy. Yet nobody hasat- long reflection,could notbe distinguished from Mr. tempted it that I can discover-not, thatis, on the large Conrad’s own. The morbidity finally becameempha- scale indispensable to a final judgment.Other critic- sised,and also a certainblur and indefiniteness of neglected writerswhose names occur to me are Mr. characterisation-as if theauthor feared to come to J. W. Rain, of the Indian Stories, Mr. W. H. Hudson, conclusionsand tostate them-in neither of which Mr. G. R. S. Mead, Mr. Barry Pain, Mr. Oliver Onions, respectsis Mr. Conrad deficient. Buthis latest work, Mr. Marmaduke Pickthall. . . . Has anybody read com- “Lifeis a Dream”(Kegan Paul, 6s.), is an improve- petentessays on any o’f these?But why are theynot ment on the first, since to the background he has now written? Some publisher ought to commission a volume added characters of fixed and clear outline. It is as if .sf “Studies in Neglected Contemporaries.” Mr. Curle had begun his studies with backgrounds and 531 atmospheres,and were nowdevoting himself tothe none of them is mentioned in the study of Stendhal con- characters moving in them ; a progression which, let us tributed to thecurrent “Edinburgh Review” by Mr. hope, is symbolic not of himself only, but of the litera- Strachey.Nietzsche’s profound homage to Stendhal ture,and particularly the dramatic literature, of our should be put as the main excitation from the outside of day.In time, perhaps, we shallhave great heroic thenew cult. To the extent that Nietzsche himself is figures walking once more on the imaginative earth. I readand admired, naturally his admitted sources will do notexpect to agree with Mr. Curle’s estimate of be examined-for who would not wish toretrace the Conrad.Like Mr. HenryJames, Mr. Conradis too path of one’s hero in the hope of becoming a hero on wordyfor my taste.His analytic subtlety isdisplayed one’s own? A second causeis the present political instead of being concealed ; and over and over again he condition of France, with its critical hesitation between appears to me to be talking when he should be content anew movement forward and a reactionbackwards. with revealing.Unfortunately, too, this irrelevant Thisis not the place t,odiscuss the state of political garrulousness in the presence of hisown characters thought in France.; but the hint of Mr. John Eglinton grows with time. As his books appear Mr. Conrad does thatthe French Revolution marked “the end r>f the not strike me asbecoming simpler, more concrete, more Christian era” shouldprepare us to realise thestill actual-but as becomingthe reverse ; heis returning doubtfulissue of what shouldcome after that event. from creation to the logos that preceded it ! But I shall Is France,having closed one epoch, to openanother, have more to say on this subject when Mr. Curle’s book the post-domini ; or, in fearful panic, to crawl back to is out. a mere A.D. ? That isthe question now beingput everywhere,though nowhere, I think,with the fore- *** goingbluntness. Stendhal, in my judgment,belongs definitely to the post-domini era ; and for this reason is Ihave long been waiting- to catch atypical modern now become a rallying-point for progress. Nor does it fallacy in atypical form ; and in the‘‘Yale Review” refuteme to point out that French reactionaries like forJanuary I havefound it. The“Yale Review,” by Bourgetalso appeal to him ; forreactionaries are theway, though American, maintains afairly high alwaysvery stupid or veryclever. Nietzsche’s admira- standard of both writing and subject, and is worth the tionfor Stendhal was not, however, a misunderstand- occasionalnotice of mycolleague, “E. A. B.” Inan in.g but, if not,how comes M. Bourgetor even M. articleon Mr. Masefield, Mr. H. S. Canbysays : Bards to praise Stendhal? Have they misunderstood? *‘Supremely great literature, like the very finest living, But no, M. Barres says that Stendhal is “a collector of risesabove misery and coarse speaking and physical fine energies,” which is somewherenear the truth. pain;but the reader who shuts his mind to allbut The truth itself,however, is that Stendhal substituted supremely greatliterature will go hungryfor know- energy for “goodness” as the criterion of virtue And ledge of his own times, if, indeed, he does not pay for here, I am sure, M. Barres would not agree with him. hisfastidiousness by feeding upon beautiful husks of rhetoricwhich contain no life.” I ask my readersto *** examine this passage with critical attention, for it is full of the most interesting lies of our day. Note first that But do my readers-for, after all, who is M. Barr& it is in defence of Mr. Masefield that this specious argu- tous? Assuming thatthe character of Christian ment is put forward, andreflect that a bad case is likely civilisation isthe elevation of “goodness,” with or to requirebad principles to support it. Good things withoutstrength, as the ideal-is it permissible to need nosubtlety or trickery or ambiguity. The more eliminatethe question of “goodness”and to measure plainly they are defended the better. But to defend Mr. virtue in energy only? From this point of view, what Masefield a great deal of special pleading is necessary. is to besought and admired in man is primarily his And markthe specialpleading. Great literature is energy,his power, represented by his will toassert assumed in the opening to be of the same natureas great himself;and only of secondaryconsideration is the living ; but in the close thetwo are assumed to be direction or object o’f hisenergy. It will be seen that separable. You can,that is,study great literature in adoptingthis code, we should find ourpreferences (which is also great life), and yet miss the life of to-day consorting with strangecompanies-criminals, for in- and declineupon rhetoric ! But if greatliterature is stance, providedthey did not sufferremorse, and precisely not rhetoric,and is indissolublyrelated with people of that type.Are we preparedfor it? Well, great life, howcan its study involve themissing of personally, I am not. On the contrary, it appears to me, anything 0.f real value? Obvously it cannot ; and, what first, thatthe doctrine assumes an apathy requiring is plainer,it does not. Onthe contrary, those who to bewhipped into movement. Franceis fatigued, desert great literature, with its concomitant great life, France is asleep,France needs to be roused-hence from the feeling that they are missing something, are Stendhal as thewhip of France.Secondly, I hate a eitherincapable of appreciatinggreat literature and universalcommandment that is not at thesame time great life, or will shortlydiscover that in deserting natural to everybody.Are we all to be always storing thesefor the “life of to-day”they are leaving their energy quantitatively and noneof us to be refining what fathers’ home to feed on husks with swine. No, great we have? Surely the double process might go on simul- literature, being the reflex of great living, does not need taneously : and that, I hope, will be the case. Stendhal, to be supplementedby vulgar literature, the reflex of I may add, failedin one respect. He madehis style vulgarliving; it is sufficient initself. Itis the latter powerful(he modelled it, in fact,on the CodeNapo- thatneeds to besupplemented, since wecannot leon), but nobody cansay he made it beautiful. Of unfortunately abolish it altogether. beauty none of us need be afraid ; but energy without beauty (are you listening, France?) is not post-domini, *** but B.C. Henri Beyle, better known as Stendhal,dying in *** 1842, prophesied thathe would onlybegin to be generallyread in 1880. Hisforecast was so far false A correspondent, Mr.Hallwood, kindly corrects my thatlong before 1880 he wasread and admired by statementthat no journal had associated Mr. Roscis- Balzacand Taine, read and hated by St. Beuve and zewsky’sExhibition with THE NEW AGE. The Goethe; and was so far true that until about 1880, more “Sunday ‘Times,” it appears, was the exception. popular writers (I mean journalists) like Zola, Bourget, *** Maurice Barresand Andre Gide,did not inspire his -publishers tolarge editions.Atpresent, however, Thedrawing by Mr. FredRichards which appeared there is a cult of “Beylisme’ ’ in Franceand every in THENEW AGE last week is one sf a series which will scrap of his writing, memoirs, letters, note-books, etc., be published this spring in volume form by Messrs. A is finding its way into elaboratelyannotated editions. and C. Black. “Two orthree causes are responsible for this, though R. H. C. 532

understand Sieyes. Feudalism wasnotsuddenly Views and Reviews. abolished on the night of the4th of August, 1789; it THATMr. Adams has chosen towrite what he calls had been passing away silently long before. From the “an elementary book” is a pity : the melodrama of the time of theCrusaders, servile tenures had beencom- French Revolution is so well known, even to the readers muted by .nobleswho needed money fortheir expedi- of small books, that it is not necessary to recountit, tions ; and the extravagant life at Versailles compelled moreparticularly because Mr. H. F. B. Wheeler did many of them to raise moneyon theirestates. Taine it onlya fewmonths ago in a volumepublished by has told US, in his “Les Origines de la France Contem- Messrs.Jack. Besides, Mr. Adamslacks the gift of poraine. L.’ancien Regime,” how estates passed into the rhetoricthat alone can make melodrama interesting ; hands of merchants, lawyers, rich townspeople;and Danton’s“l’audace, encorel’audace, touJours that the change of ownership was not confined to them l’audace”loses its rhetoricalpower by beingtrans- can be seen in the statement that “towards 1760, it is lated : “Boldness,boldness, boldness tothe utter- said thatone quarter of the soil hadalready passed most.” Forreasons of thisnature, I canonly regret intothe hands of theagricultural workers.” Indeed, that Mr. Adams chose to makehis appeal to the readers Toubeau,who was secretary of the 1889 International of small books. He has certainly made the story clear, Congress of Land Reformers, proved that the peasants but, in its main outlines, the story was never obscure. actuallyowned more land before the Revolution than It is precisely thosequestions which arisealmost they do now. Mr.Adams, although he does not men- casually in Mr. Adams’ narrative that are the important tionthese facts, is probably aware of them;for he ones to us at this time ; and if I say that Mr. Adams says : “The peasantry were not all sinking into squalid oughtto havedeveloped his own thesis,instead of hunger; manywere improving their position ; these statingit perfunctorily and telling the old, old story were such as were able to become capitalists on a small again withsome modification, I do nlot mean that his scale,and to take advantage of improvements. This book is of no value. A clear, concise statementis appearance of avillage middle-class is not to be con- always valuable ; and Mr. Adams has made it. sidered as a back-eddy or counter-current in the Revo- One of the questions to which I have referred is the lution ; there was no class more active in overthrowing question of thecause of the Revolution.Mr. Adams the old aristocracy ; those that are waxing fat kick the attempts to becomprehensive, and says that “its causes hardest, if not the soonest.’’ included almostevery division by which weclassify Indeed, an incidentrecounted by Rousseau in his human life. Theywere spiritual, economic, political; “Confessions,” although it relates to so early a time as they owed much also to coincidence.’’ But this tells us 1732, warns us not to be misled by the apparent poverty too much and too little to be intelligible. t\. multiplicity of the people. Rousseau, it will be remembered, entered of causes is unthinkable, and Mr. Adams’ enumeration a peasant’s hut, asked for some dinner, and offered to of them only shows that he is confusing causewith con- payfor it. Thecountryman gave him some skimmed sequence.Coincidence, for example, is obviously not a milk and coarse barley bread, saying that it was all he cause ; we have only to call it “synchronism” to under- had. Aftersome conversation, the countryman cm- stand that it lacks everything of a compulsive nature. cluded that Rousseau was not a Government spy ; and Norcan I regardRousseau and Voltaire, or eventhe brought up from the cellar a good loaf of pure wheat, Encyclopaedists, asprimary or contributorycauses of theremains of a well-flavoured ham,and a bottle of theRevolution; they were symptomatic of it,but no wine ; and, in addition, he prepared a good omelette for more. Withoutthem, the Revolution would haverun Rousseau. He refusedall payment; anId told Rousseau its course from despotism to despotism ; as Mr. Adams that he would conceal the wine because of the Excise, truly says, “injustice and ideas do not make a revdu- and the bread because of the tax on it; and added that tion; there must above all be power.” Mr. Adams gets he would be ruined if it was suspected that he was not on firmer ground when he points out Usury as the cause almost perishing with want. Certainly, Arthur Young’s of the Revolution, andlays “supreme stress” on it. story of his tour in 1787 gives a different impression--- Had Mr. Adams devoted his labours to the demonstra- andhis criticism of thestate of tillage is, of course, tion of thispower behind theevents he narrates, his authoritative;but he was himself such anobject of book would have been a considerable addition to ecno- suspicion to the peasants that we are entitled to doubt mic history, and to political thought. whether his observation of the condition of thepeople The principle of THE NEW AGE that “economic was as accurate as that of Rousseau. It would be more power,precedes political power”has beenchallenged correct to say that it was not the poverty of the people,. in thecase of theFrench Revolution. The“hunger” but the poverty of the Government, which had exhausted motive, the“return to Nature”motive, Carlyle’s its credit with the usurers, that made the French Revo- “deathto simulacra” motives, have all been urged lution. The economicpower of the nobles hadlargely against us privately by persons who dislike the conse- passed to the middle-class ; a large proportion of the quences of the principle. The only one of these that is land of France was in the hands of the peasants ; the worthy of being called a motive is hunger; the others status of serfdomwas breaking down, for the Icing are simply thefatuities of ideologists;and hunger is freed the serfs on his own domain in 1779; and the dis- incapable of producing a revolution. Hungry people parity between the economic and the political constitu- may riot; they did throughout the eighteenth century ; tionbecame apparent. they may revolt, as they did in Dauphin6 in 1879; but All thatthe Revolutionreally effected was the re- they cannot make a revolution. When Thorold Rogers organisation of the political structure in accordance. said that“revolutions are born of prosperity,”he with the economic facts. That is the economic achieve- expressed an ideapractically identical with our prin- ment that is somewhat disguised by the history of the ciple ; for the purpose of politics, as revealed by history, Revolution itself. For, as Dr. Fortescue has said, ‘‘the, is the conservation of the possession of property, and method of the Revolutionists was to fix upon one class the provision of opportunities f.or orguarantees of after another ; to deprive each in turn of its privileges, aggrandisement.Indeed, if we considerthe famous rights,and property; to revile anddegrade it until it introduction to the famous pamphlet of Abbe Si&y&s,as necessarilyrepresented a foe tothe Revolutionitself, well as the details of his Constitutions, we can see that and then, whether the persecuted class rose against its he accepted our principle as the natural order of things. persecutors or not, declare it to be a public enemy and “Whatis the Third Estate? Everything ! Whathas proceed to exterminateit.” The Revolution devoured: ithitherto beenin a political sense?Nothing ! What itschildren, and destroyed itself; and in theconstitu- dioes it ask? To be something !” If we remember that t-ion of 1795,a property qualificationbecame th-e con-. theThird Estate was not the people, butthe pro,fes- dition of completecitizenship. Theusurers and the sional,financing, employing class, we shallnot mis- speculators were ,establishedin power,and the people- * ‘‘ The French Revolution.” By H. Packwood Adams. had the privilege of sacrificing their sons to Napoleon. (Methuen. 3s.. 6d. net.) A. E. R. 533

with girls, dance with them, study with them, will have REVIEWS. their characters purified and ennobled by this acquaint- Here are Ladies, By James Stephens. (Macmillan ance with the gentler sex, at the time when that sex is 5s.) not remarkable for gentleness or refinement ; the argu- Now thiswas the firsttime he hadfound his wife ment being that contact with females is destructive, or taketrouble lying down. As arule she was readier at least restrictive, of sexual desire. That may be true €or a fight than he was. She jumped into a fight with at a later period of life, but it isdubious argument when the alacrity of a dog : and the change worked on him, applied tothe period of adolescence. However, co- Mr. Massingham dear ! He looked at her listless hands education, as propounded by the authors of this book, andthe sight of those powerful organshanging so providesamply for theseparation of thesexes; and powerlessly wrought on him. Women often forget that the exceptions to the rule of co-education are so many theirweakness is really theirstrength, Mr. Massing- that it seemshardly worth while to alterthe existing ham dear ! The weakestthings in the world are by a system of education for the sake of such problematical queerparadox, Mr. Massingham dear,always the benefit as the reduction of vice inour public schools. strongest.The toughest stone will wearaway under The book does not deal withpublic elementary educa- the dropping of water, Mr. Massingham dear; a mush- tion ; presumably, the poor are unworthy of the benefits room will lifta rock (of a tonweight) on its delicate of co-education ; the ‘case is stated only for the reform head ; a child will make its father work for it (or the of boardingschools, and really all that itamounts to police will). So thetoo capable woman will always is thatthe two sexes shall have some opportunity to have a baby to nurse and that baby will be her husband study together andplay together. There is no sugges- (so to say). If she buttresses her womanhood too much tion that women should teach bays, or men teach girls, she saps hismanhood, Mr. Massingham dear.Let her althoughthere is theproviso that in somecases this love all she can and never stint that blessing, Mr. Mass- would be beneficial ; in fact, the further we go, the less inghamdear, but awoman cannot be obeyed, Mr. do we understandwhat actually isproposed by the Massingham dear, and loved at the same time ! A man authors. -4 principle that has so manyexceptions and cannot obey a womanconstantly, Mr. Massingham qualifications is obviously in need of clearer definition. dear, and retain his self-respect ! A young lady trodsoftly up the steps. She draped My Life in Sarawak. By The Ranee of Sarawak. snowy garments about her, but her ankles rebelled, Mr. (Methuen. 12s. 6d. net.) Massingham dear ! Whoever looked quickly saw them This book calls for no more than the announcement at once, and then she spoke very severely to them, and of its publication. TheRanee of Sarawak is not a theyhid themselves, Mr. Massingham dear. Itwas literary person, and her first book has interest only for plain thatshe could scarcely controlthem, and that herpersonal ,friends. Hadshe set herself thetask of they would escape again, Mr. Massingham dear, when recording the history of Sarawak, or of dealing authori- she wasn’tlooking. A youngman bounded up the tatively with any one of its features, herbook would have steps ; he was too late to see them, and he looked as if had some value for the general public. But to write an he knew it, Mr. Massingham dear ! autobiography to tell us that the wife of a Rajah is a Sex-blindness carries with it many other darknesses. very importantperson among his people, thatshe is We do not know what masculine thing is projected by loved by everyoneand loves them in return,that her the feminine consciousness, Mr. Massingham dear, and heart is everwith them although her person is absent civilisation, even life itself, Mr. Massinghamdear, from them, that if she were to return to Sarawak her must stand at a halt (that is to say, we must all stay people would love her just as they did before, that ,she the age we are now and no more babies must be born) found walking up notched poles difficult and the migra- untilthat has beendiscovered or created ; butart is tion of ratsthrough her bedroom unpleasant,and all the female projected by the male : science is the male the rest of the trivialities that appertain to the status of projected by the male-as yet a poor thing, Mr. Mass- tropicalwifehood, is tlo win onlyfrom Grub Street the ingham dear, and to remain so until it become art (that commendationand admiration thatshe commanded is tosay, female-for what’sthe good of anything fromthe Sarawakkers. That the Rajah of Sarawak is male?),that is, Mr. Massinghamdear, has become nowgiven precedence at the Court of St. James’s im- fertilisedand so morepsychological than mechanical mediately after that of the ruling princes of India, and (for, of course, only a female is projected fertilised, but thatthe eldestson can nom bepresented asRajah males are projectedunfertilised). Surely Mr. Stephens Muda, although a similar privilege is not allowed t.0 the was projected at least three-quarters fertilised, and the youngersons, may be a gratificationand a grievance rest of him, a poor thing, quite willing to be. to theRanee, hut isonly matterfor derisiontot the The Case for Co-Education. By Cecil Grant and general reader. Norman Hodgson. (GrantRichards. 5s. net.) Sorrelsykes. By HaroId Armitage.(Wheeler. 6s. The authors of thisbook have made a fundamental net .) mistake.They have stated a debatingcase, and have We must tellMr. Armitagethat not evenfor the left it to be supposed that when they have shown that sake of Sorrelsykes will we allow him to dispense with the opponents of co-education have contradicted them- the forms of art. Mr. George Bourne, with his “Bettes- selvesthey have proved the case for co-education. worth” books, histales of “our village,”set this Butthe fact that they themselves are compelled to fashion of sociological fiction without art, for Barrie did admitthe necessity of alternativesubjects in thecur- maketales of hismemories of Thrums. But evenMr. riculumshows that co-education, in the plainmean- Bourne did “observe phenomena,” did look at “Bettes- ing of the word, is impossible. It is certain that, after worth” as though he were a louse under a microscope : puberty, the rate of intellectual progress differs in the Mr. Armitage only quotes all his childhood memories of two sexes ; and if the curriculum has to be altered in Sorrelsykes,bits o,f the ‘play of themummers, of the accordance with this fact, obviously co-education in its history of the Spa house, of the biography of unknown realsense is not attained. Moreover, puberty marks andunknowable persons. Even if “Johnny Come thebeginning of theperiod of increasingdifferentia- Sof’ly” did sit in the ditch whe,n he was drunk, and re- tion ; and the attempt to, treat both sexes as being essen- fuse to enter the house until his little daughter invited tially the same can only delay, or thwart, this process him,who wonders and who cares? What does it of differentiation. If the ideal is to abolish, so far as is matter, anyway? If we were to write down all that we possible, thedifferentiation between the sexes, then haveheard and seen in London,the publicwould (be co-education,in theplain meaning of theword, is no nearerunderstanding London thanit is now ; nor apparently the best method of realising the ideal. The should we have enriched the world with a work of art. only positive argument advanced ‘by the authors is that But Mr. Armitage confidentlyoffers his reminiscences co-education will tendto diminish vice inpublic as “Sorrelsykes,” and it is only a medley of bad jokes, schools the suggestion being that boys whoplay games bad manners, worse poetry, and still worse philosophy. 534

Again, our Army, though it may be small, Pastiche 1s yet in quality the best of all; so Haldane,with one stroke of his goose-quill, Oft in the silent night I meditate, To make it better, makes it smaller still. And bless the noble rulers of our State, Our soldiers are so strong that they can eat Who work SO hard to glorify our nation, And thrive on rotten, maggot-swarming meat. And almost quitewithout remuneration. And meanwhile Kitchener, who sees the sham, First comes bluff Asquith, ponderous and slow, 1s sent post-haste to the Niletic dam. Standing four-square to all the winds that blow : SO much for these ; the others I omit ; Man of his word, but witha choice so rich The other men don’t count one little bit. That no one ever can remember which. Why speak of that light-comedy buffoon, Turn where you will, you never find him fail, While Ireland blazes, fiddles to the moon? So long as someone pushes at his tail. Or all the hangers-on, a vampire brood, Attack his front, and like a rock he stands, That suck the blood of England for their food ? If Redmond holds him firmly with his hands. Buckmasters,Falconers, Ures, Elibanks, He stoops to conquer-none e’er stooped so low, All that do dirty work for solid thanks, And leads, by following where the rabble go. Well drilled, well paid, our statesmen move or stand His words so subtle, that without pretence Obedient to the wires in Redmond’s hand; They may be twisted into any sense. They need not think, the closure bars debate, He fears no law, no strife, no foreign foe, And every measure passes soon or late : He fears no God, but only Redmond’s toe. Until we get all that the heart can think- Him at his birth Fate dowered with a curse : Free food, free non-intoxicating drink, To know the better, and to do the worse. Free school, free medicine, insurance free, Next him the quick-change artist Churchill comes, All free in England except you and me. With blaring trumpets and with rolling drums. JUNIUS JUNIOR, Once sugar saved him from a nasty fall : He keeps his seat by vinegar and gall. No other man, though he is young in years, “ RETRENCHMENT.” Has been a nuisance in so many spheres. He traversed in a few hot-fevered hours The manager rang the bell, and in a moment a well- Dominions, principalities,and powers, trainedclerk glided through the doorway and stood And still, where’er his wandering footsteps came, motionless. The door had opened silently;everything Made every colony detest his name. spoke of automatic perfection. Eventhe clerk stood in Soon to another post his way he made, an attitude betraying complete subjection to the Infinite For which a higher salary was paid; Will of Routine. Ever a fighting man, he turned his feet “Number Ten, bring me the card bearing the statistics Once more unto the breach, in Sidney Street. of men employed inthe variousdepartments.” The Sated with war, he yearned to help the poor, figure-for it was hard to believe that it was a human Beginning with the shepherd of Dartmoor. being-slipped with a mysterious movement through the Last, feeling that his talents have no scope, doorway, the door againopening and closing silently He takes the Navy as a forlorn hope : witha weird automatism.Quickly the cardreturned, Builds paper navies, never dreams of pelf, bringing the clerk with it ! Without a word the manager And keeps the naval holiday himself. flickedhis hand, and the soullesscreature disappeared A doughty champion now takes the stage, intothe cell-like Office of Statistics.He was the sole Hard to be paralleled in any age, member of the staff, the last of over one hundred. From heaven, or some other region, sent “Now, sir,” said the manager, turning to the pale-faced To trample on the wicked country gent. man sitting opposite tohim; “we can now settlethe As soon as he is really on the job, points at issue. I see we have still 78 men in the erecting Denouncing riches to a greedy mob, shops. According to ourautomatic graphing machine, Or when he beats the Bible with his fist, I see the force has dwindled from 492. Not bad for seven Our great professionalphilanthropist, years, eh ?” His voice grows resonant, his eyes flash fire ; Then borne along by storms of righteous ire, The pale-faced man shuddered at his recital of the fate All else forgets, except that present fear of over 400 men cast out. He himself was making a last Of losing his five thousand pounds a year. desperate effort to gain some chance of salvation. In his His heartstrings thrill to every hungry call, hands he carried a small box containing another labour- While he robs Peter’s henroost to pay Paul. saving device. It meantthe “sacking” of many more He brings the Gospel precepts to our door, men; but, at any rate, it would earn him a pittance. He And sells his neighbour’s goods to feed the poor. would live, if thousands throughout the country starved. He waves his wand : hey presto ! out of sight Always hesupported his views, ashundreds had done Sickness and unemployment vanish quite. before, with the catch-phrases, “ Survival of the fittest ” This happy consummation’s brought to pass and “ Struggle for existence.” Without the ruin of a single class, You say your machine will eliminate at least 50 per Except landowners, doctors, parsons, lawyers, cent. of the labour in the erecting shop ? Frankly, things Builders and tradesmen, servants and employers. are cut very finely in there now. I do not think retrench- Then when he sees the dwindling Liberal vote, mentcan go muchfurther. However, we’ll see.” He He shelters him behind a petticoat, touched a button on his desk, and in a moment another And puts all power into that pure hand automaticfigure shot throughthe infernal doorway. It Whichsmashes plate-glass windows in the Strand. was the chief engineer, a man with an enormous head and In leisure hours, to Nature’s charm he yields, attenuated body. As manual labour had been superseded And studies mangold-wurzels in the fields, by machinery, muscular energy was at a discount. Hence Or with rapt awe, drinks in the precious tips muscles wasted through disuse.There was the same That drop like diamonds from Isaac’s lips. servile,soulless air abouthim also. Which is the softer part can scarce be said, Lloyd George’s swelling heart or swollen head. ‘‘ Number I.E, examine that model,” the manager com- Next hear me that Niagara of words, manded. Stout Haldane, now degraded to the Lords, The man moved forward, looked at the new machine, Who with his everlasting bagpipe drone and turned with a dazed look to the manager. Sings how the Territorials have grown. ‘‘ Well ?” demanded the latter. This man of infinite address and tact, “As I feared, this improvement has come at last. It Is never disconcerted by a fact ; will do the work ofhalf theerecting staff.” As 1.E. His subtle logic turns it inside out, said these words, the inventor’s eyes lighted UP for the And makes it go the other way about. firsttime. It looked like the last flicker of an escaping He wants a million men, but half will do, soul. Then thousand at a pinch, or even two : Themanager nodded todismiss Number I.E. Before For one of them, with twenty drills a year, the engineer moved away he spoke, and a little fire crept Is worth a hundred Germans, never fear. into his words. “What are the thirty or forty men to do, Our horses beat all earthly breeds so far sir ? ” That one can mount a dozen men in war : DO? My position heredepends on my retrenching. Artillery fights best without a gun, I mustsave all unnecessaryexpense. I amnot here to For the mere sight of them makes conscripts run. look after workmen.” 535

“ True, sir,” said Number I.E., now again in the voice ENVOI. of a dehumanised being. “Do you never think that there Prince of bright Hades, what is this you yell . . . are now notrades unions to supportthe workless ? It you have a. bench of Bishops down below, meansanother body of men to starve. All throughthe Piling up brimstone ? . . . What a horr”id smell ! country, erecting staffs will be halved. There is no pros- I praymy maiden aunt may never know. pect forthem. All industriesare being so treated.” ROBERTWILLIAMSON.. “ Yes, Number I.E. ; butthat’s enough. I must re- trench.”Immediately the engineerdisappeared, and the THE WAGESLAVE. managerand the inventor haggled over terms. As the AS I gaze upon themighty throng inventor went out, a cynical look twitched the face of the Each morning as they pass, manager. I see the wage-slave trampalong “Another one to be rended by the crowd,” he said to himself. Amongst the solemn mass...... I see the long-drawn face of each Scarcelya week passed but some unfortunateentered With hunger in their eyes; the works witha new idea.Naturally, the place was No pleasures aTe within their reach ; guarded by a high and thick wall, and entrance was made No God that hears their cries. difficult. Once permission was obtained, the way along Nothing in life havethey t’ attain : silentlymoving platforms was easy,and another victim Theirhaven is in death. shot through the fateful doorway. Exit was as easy; and, Theypray, devoutly, but invain, outside, the crowd waited for the sinner to appear. Very Theydo but wastetheir breath. few ever claimed the reward for their brainwork ! So things moved in the way of retrenchment and the For who shall hear their tales of woe ? manager was satisfied. Theannual meeting of thefew Who shallshare their grief? shareholders was held inside the works, each one arriving Themasters will no mercy show, by aeroplane, a capitalist monopoly, Number One E. was From them there’s no relief. present,a mere shadow of a man. He hadasked leave to attend,and this had been mockinglygranted. The These demons drinktheir brethren’sblood; report was readby the manager. “Inthe year 1920, Theycry for moreand more. matters have proved that our policy of retrenchment was Men’s lives are but their daily food, justified. I find from thegraph records thatthe staffs They revel in their lore. have been reduced by over 50 per cent. The erecting shop was thegreatest difficulty, butan inventor cleared the IS there no Christ to save this slave, way. I may add that he has never claimed the amount No hope for them to build ? we agreedupon for hisinvention. Facilities for produc- Yes ! There is One hope that they have, tionhave improved, and prime costs have been falling That hope is in the Guild. considerably. There is little of special importance to add C. S. DAVIS tomy last report. I declare the dividend for thepast year to be five hundredand thirty-eight per cent.” ON ROUSSEAU. (Applause.) Before Rousseau woman was just plain, honest woman__ Number One E whose insignificance hadmade him After Rousseau woman became the eternal feminine. unobserved, roseand spoke. The shareholders were startled somewhat, then eyed the engineercontemptu- Before Rousseau there was no “ laav ” ously. Nowwe havethe novelette, FiveNights, and Ann “Before you accept that report, I shouldlike you to Veronica. consider the ‘retrenched’ men,”he said,bitterly. “How Before Rousseau men knew how to keep to themselves. long will it be before I am retrenched too ? What is there Afterwards it mas not always easy to tell a man by his for me now? Onlystarvation ! I shall be amongst the dress. thousandshowling outside of the walls of this place. I am aged now; I shall be thirty-five next summer. Then Rousseau sang of virtue-and confessed himself asenti- I shallgo so that youmay retrench still more. What mentalrake with thepluck of a louse. matter if I go now? None. It is idle asking you to con- Before Rousseau life may have been more or less artificial, siderhumanity. As the horse went before petrol, so, do especially inregard to the relation of the sexes as men go before machinery. Retrenchment takes the place seen from our licence-loving age, butcertainly life of regeneration. You will get someone to take my place : your schemes are well enoughformed for that. There, was masculine and not emasculate. take that : it is a model of another improvement. Instead After Rousseau the civilisedbarbarian, sham chivalry, of thirty men in the erectingshop, you will need only and the female factory drudge. three. No, I am not asking for terms. I am going out- Rousseau, in order to glorify woman, and to astound the into the Crowd, to tell them what I’ve done. ” senses of the male (whoknew her before hedid !) The weird door swung open,and Number One E. took woman off her pedestal, and not all the king’s vanished. c. H. COOKE horses nor all. the king’s men can put her back again. Senancour could not see a real woman for the Rousseau BALLADE OF CANARDS. ideal Last week Keir Hardie was observed to play Chateaubriand was likewise bitten. At Scouts with Norman Angell ‘in the dell: . . . Goethe wrote Werther under the spell of La Nouvelle Old Phil derided Clapham P.S.A. Heloise, and Werther “stirred thousands upon thousands When Oxford made Jim Larkin D.C.L. ; of minds, awoke lively enthusiasm and a morbid longing At which the Labour lot went off like hell, for death in a whole generation, and in not a few cases Sending their sacred seats to Jericho . . . inducedhysterical sentimentality, idleness, despair and Then Sidney Webb and Marie Lloyd . . . Well, well ! suicide.”And yet Dr. Brandes, from whom this quota- I pray my maiden aunt may never know. tion comes, could say of Werther “that it contained all themerits and none of the defects of La Nouvelle I don’t believe that Mr. Bottomley, Heloise ! ” Goethe wished later that he had never written Donald or Northcliffe, Garvin or’ Dalziel, the damned thing. Or Hearst,or Blumenfeld, or Cadbury, There is no need for men to sneer at genius as being Are looking round for men with souls to sell. akinto insanity. After the demiseof the militaryage I don’t believe that circulations swell the aberrations of the normal man havemore than equalled Because of niffy newsfrom Pimlico the aberrations of genius, and with less excuse. It would But, if I did believe ces bagatelles, seem that unlessconditions alter very much (I am I pray my maiden aunt may never know. referring specifically to the governing classes), unless, let The vicar’s wife is i-op decolletee ? us say,the aeroplanebreaks down the Brummagem And gallant F. B. Meyer, witha belle, defences of the modern town, we may never again have a At midnight chants Ta-rar-ra-boom-de-ay ? pronounced masculine outlook on life. And minor canons, under Darwin’s spell, IS it not significant that that fine animal, woman-and Bewitched, deny that Adam ever fell? the effects of atradition linger longest in the least in- And R. J. Campbell cons Boccaccio? telligent-should still have a large eye, SO to speak, for And furtive curates pine, and swot Forel ? anythingthat looks like a man-a swaddy,a uniform, I pray my maiden aunt mayparson? never know. a or LIVY. 536

application of it, the one principle .of human conduct is Towards the Play Way. clearenough. A man’saim in life is to carry out the By H. Caldwell Cook, promptings offhis instinct, to do as he was born to do, II to be natural. It is possible to go wrong of course, be- came man has a faculty of freewill, as anyonemay MUCH of what I have to say is obvious, but that is un- learn in thethird book of “Paradise Lost.” The sole avoidable, forthe most well-acceptedprinciples are directions towards right are the example of the external generally ignored in practice; and the conduct of most world and the promptings of the human heart by which people is founded on the principles they most condemn. we live. The urging of nature is subject to the control I have said that when you consider a child you will ofreason, but reason is notthe compellingforce. find, as Stevensonsays, that “he intent, is all on his Thoughts and deeds can only be held by reason as right play-business bent” : and, therefore, whatever you want or wrong, wise or unwise, fair or foul, in so far as they a child to do heartily must be contrived and conducted further or retard the one end of life, which is to live in as play. It might seem a strange thing to suggest that accord with our nature, giving scope to every faculty, the boys and girls of the upper schoolshould have as exercise to everypower (for good, we might add, but much play as the infants in the kindergarten, but this that vice is only virtue misdirected, power ill-used). is what I do propose. Boys andgirls nowadays have their play graduallythinned out untillittle is left t,o The function of reason is to maintain a just equipoise. them as adults but a round of golf or a game of cards. Takethe analogy of the body. Food is necessary,but Whenwork and play are separated, the one becomes if a man eat too much his body ismade unfit to live mere drudgery,the other mere pastime. Neither is well : the same if he eat too little. And so withsleep, then of any value in life. It is the core of my faith that exercise,and the other functions of the body ; all of the only work worth doing is really play ; for by play I which arepleasurable in orderthat man may be per- mean the doing anything with one’s heart in it. suaded to live and be healthy. 12 naturalfunction is instinctively pleasant so that It may not fall into! disuse : The Play Way is a means, but I cannot say what the andthe one end of life is to takethese pleasures in- endmay be, except more play. In likemanner the dicated by natureas a means to life. But“with this whole purpose of life for me, being no philosopher, is special observance, that you o’erstep not the modesty of simplyliving. What Ihave now to saysounds very nature. ” puerile, but I have no doubt the same could be found subtlysaid inmany learned books. We mustlet our- Health of body or mind is a matter of balance, it is the selves live fully, by doing thoroughly those things, we level. Buthealth is a positivething, not merely the have a natural desire to do; the sole restrictions being negation of sicknessand disease. To be fit should be that we so order the course of our life as not to impair our firstendeavour. But fitnessimplies fitness for those energies by which we live, nor hinder other men something.Health itself onlyis thebeginning of so long as they also seem to be living well. Right and things,the floor cleared fordancing. Rut how few of wrong in the play of life are not different from the right us go in .for large spaces in our dealing. How many are and wrong of the playing field. m7e must obey the clear content with compromise, with a modicum of comfort, rules; and what is more, havea sense of fairplay, and in withfreedom from pain. Having cleared a littlespace chief, play with all our hearts in the game. we are happy to sitdown init. Having borne a little burden we look for sleep ; and there is neither room nor Is this foundation of the Play Way so simple as to time for play. need no statement? Look in our nurseries, look in our A healthy body tingles with an intense power of joy, schools,look in our fields, factoriesand workshops. is triumphant in his great holdupon life, looks in the Which of us has the chance to do thoroughly that which face of heaven and is himself a god. The body that is he has the desire to do? But the right of everyman full of health knows neither labour nor loafing, but only to live a human life is daily becoming something more play. It seems there is nothing he cannot do with ease than a sentimental platitude, not least through the posi- anddelight. The red of hischeek is not hectic, there tive, constructive work of this journal. And when long isno exertion in hisvigour, and his calm iswithout hence,every man shall find work to hishand that is strain. His very walkingis full of unthoughtgrace, noble to do, and leisure also to rest from his labours, for hedoes nothing unlovely. But I find that I have there will be few found subtle enough to say where the describedthe Playboy. workends and the leisure begins. Work that isdone Just as thisfeeling of bodily well-being comesonly with joy at heart and leisure that is not wasted, merge with the fitnessof every nerve and muscle, so there is into one as Play. a fullness of life that can come to the spirit of man only But my especial concern is with the schools. Can in the freeplay of all his natural desires. anyone say that life inschool is so ordered as notto Thereare necessary functions of the bodywithout impairthose energies by which thechildren live? If whoseoperation it dies ; and some which, thoughnot the children were moved (by natural desire to do as we so essential to existence,are essential to well-being. now make them do inschool, then there would beno Nearlyevery man or womanyou know lives only on need of thissame compulsion. Of thechildren’s view thosefunctions which are essential to existence. As of the work we give them is it. no’tstill true to say, some men starvetheir bodies, so otherstarve their “Lovegoes toward love as schoolboysfrom their souls. It is clearly as sinful to take too little of a good books” ? And asfor their view of the playwe thing as totake toomuch. But of thisthe narrow- plan, who has not heard of compulsory games ? “Sone minded,stay-at-home type of mind will never be per- boys are by nature slack,” says the public-school man, suaded. “and have to be brought up to scratch.” “By nature they arethe children of evil,”said the teacher of old Home-keeping youths hare ever homely wits. time, conceived inwickedness and born in sin.” The present-daypuritan has that negative habit of “Many of us are born blind,” say I. Let us have the mind which condemns all forms of excess but excess of Play Way.’ ’ restraint;though all may seethat the nonconformist The advice in “Hamlet” that “the purpose of play- conscience stands for-a very debauch of denial. ing, both at the first and now, was, and is, to hold, as What a talk there is nowadays, too, of saving time. ‘twere, the mirror up to nature,” is said of actors. Hut It were easy to say that time is to be spent not saved ; Shakespeare also said : only one knows that, do what we may, time will go by All the world’s a stage, US. The sole concern of such as are wise is to take the And all the men and women merely players. full yield of every harvest, not to sow acres that shall So thewords in “Hamlet“ come fitly as a text; the never be reaped. Not he who covers the most ground, more SO since childsplay, being less artificial, is a nearer but he who has most delight in his journey, is the better parallel to life than is stage-play. traveller. Hard labour now in the hope of a longer rest However dense a maze of difficulty may arise in the later on is a delusion that any child may discover. When 537 my brothers and I, as little boys, grew tired in walking and went through a process of evolution, of which that we used to run on aheadof the nurse to rest on the next of Debussy will serve for example. First he was openly seat or milestone. But she came upon us unpleasantly ridiculed. Then he was preached at as a dangerous soon and we werestill panting. Tlo-day cannot be set musicsanarchist. This led to a measure of attention aside to be spent next year. This sacrifice of a present from ambitious young artists who proved their emanci- joy in the hope of obtaining a greater in the future is pationfrom the prevailing conservatism by including immoralonly because it is so hopelesslyfutile : itis in their ,programmes works like the song “Mandoline,” selling one’s soul with no prospect of anything better to representingan early, relativelyinnocent phase of the buy. He who saves up all the meals of a week for one composer’sdevelopment. So far, be it observed,all great feed on Saturday finds himself withno stomach wasfor the best, as it denotedthe awakening of an for the banquet. interest which was on the whole intelligent, and there- The application toour schools isthis : Education fore genuine.Unfortunately, however, worse was to nowadays is study orat best training. That is, the learn- follow.Debussy became a cult.A sign of thetimes ing howthings have beendone, orat least, howto wasthat a ladywho sang his songs not particularly do them. Study, simple of itself, is a means only ; and well wasadvertised asits “arch-priestess,”notwith- training,as training, has always some distant end or standingthat such artists as Bathorihad meanwhile other. When the joy is not yet felt the value is still to visited ourshores and shown to the discerning seek. But whenever we have joy in what we are doing it howDebussy ought to sung.be Now, about is then the doing that is of first importance. Of course, the worst thing that can happen to a composer is to be indoing we are doing something, and some may look made a cult,and especially a fashionablecult. It upon thePlay Way simply as a notion of adding in- meansthat intelligent appreciation of hisworks is terest to undertakings ; in going we are going come- swamped by a flood of meaningless,insincere society where, so the whole of my suggestion is not merely that gush.That iswhat happened to Debussyin this we go gaily. The claim here put forward is not for the ,country. As a great admirer of hisgenius, I didnot destination, but chiefly for the journey. Any means that know which I hated more, hisuncomprehending de- becomes in this way an end in itself I call the Play Way. tractors of a fewyears before, or his equallyuncom- Play is the one means that is an end in itself, for, “that prehendingsupporters atthis time. It is a debatable we would do, we should do when we would.” point which offeredthe more serious resistance to his taking his right rank among his peers. That Debussy’s works have survived both phases, and are now a vita1 force among musicians, is the strongest proof of their Musical Snobbery. high quality, which alone has preserved them from the MUSICALLondon is in real danger of being submerged fate of a side-show. byone of thosewaves of pseudo-culturalslime which The ultimate triumph of Debussy was the herald of a are an inevitable by-product-and the most nauseating series of incidents in which the same process was pro- at that-of all progress. The danger is not in its first pressivelyaccelerated, culminating in the recent feting growth. It was plainly visible some years ago, but the of Schoenberg, which almostentirely dispensed with currentseason promises its most luxurious harvest. even uncomprehending admiration. His recent reception Like most similarphenomena this particular form of in the London musical circle was an orgy of flagrant in- snobbery is due to a reaction. In the beginning of time sincerity-insincerity far beyond that which is frequently -in the narrow contemporary sense-there reigned in laid to the charge ,of his compositions. It was the most musicalEngland the most completeindifference to astoundingjoke of theday, except, of course,the everything new. From the point of view of this article literarydinner to AnatoleFrance, which will longre- that was the Golden Age, for its only snobs belonged to mainunsurpassed. Itwas, indeed,inexplicable, except themandarin class and lived chiefly in organ-lofts, perhaps as a revanche of theAnglo-German majority, wherethey did little harm beyond maintainingthe which has been somewhat out of the limelight of late. standard degree of moisture in the wet blanket which The precedingreception of Ravelwas on a different thepreceding generation had thrown over British footing,for even amongthe autograph-hunters there music.Very little happened in thosedays to trouble was a powerfulnucleus of intelligentlyconvinced ad- the even tenour of lifein our musicalCranford. If mirers. It is, however,not these that make the social perchance an adventurous hero visited us from abroad success of suchfunctions, but the crowd of musical he was gently conducted to Oxford or Cambridge, and snobs, caring little who the central figure is, so long as offered up, deckedin academic millinery, at a sacri- they can scatter adjectives about in each other’s hear- ficial dinner. Thiswas the fate of Saint-Saens,Grieg, ing. If we survive the avalanche of highfalutin oc- Tchaikovsky, and many others, and it had the advan- casionedby the production of “Parsifal,”we shall tagethat it honoured us anddid them nol harm, doubtless go throughthe whole nauseatingprocedure especially as itovertook them comparatively late in oncemore over “Scriabine.’’ The same adjectives will theirrespective careers, whentheir works had estab- do duty again. lished a: reputation, or were at least no longer contro- It is,in fact, largely by hisadjectives, metaphors, versial.Newer composers fared badly then, orrather and comparisons, that you ‘may know the musical snob. theydid not fare at all. Their occasionalvisits, far He finds itabsolutely impossible to speaksanely and frombeing made memorable by pontifical dinners, rationally of music. I heard one of the species the other passedalmost unnoticed. To meetwith anything like day refer to Schoenherg’s five orchestral pieces as “ ex- it nowadays one would have to attend some such func- quisite.” Thereis a lotto be said concerning those tion as the recent conference of musicians, at which a pieces.I triedto say some of it myself. Butthe one temerariousspeaker who referred to theinteresting thing that is not to be said about them is that they are Hungarian modernist, Bartok, was promptly corrected exquisite. An intelligentadmirer would havefound, and told he meant Professor Bantock of Birmingham. if notthe right adjective, atleast one that fitted. It Except in such surroundings, nous avons change tout reminds me of a simple soul who, wishing to show his cela. appreciation of Mme. Piltz’s famous pose in Le Sacre Then followeda time when a few youthfulen- du Printemps, could only refer to it as “graceful,” the th‘usiasts began to “situp and take notice,” and the onething it was not, or everintended to be. Such interesting discovery was made that while their elders people would describe the latest product of futurism as wereaccumulating material for the inevitable volume “pretty.” But it is when they indulge in metaphor that of reminiscences that follows in their wake, the musical they becomereally sublime. The delightfulpeople world had in fact been moving;that Russian music whom music always reminds of something ! “Who that did not consist exclusively of Tchaikovsky ; that French sees a supple, half-broken thoroughbred is not reminded music had not come to an end with Gounod and Saint- of some lovely floating dance tune by Tchaikovsky bt Saens. Several new reputations loomed on the horizon, Glazonnoff ?” It isnot a joke. it is an actual quota;; 538 tionfrom a book publishedsome ten years ago. Then suppliesmost of the comedy of the piece withher such things were left to the “hot-house” essayist. Now exclamations : “We wantsome more coals” : and : they are invading the conservatories in circles alleged to “The boiler’s busted”), and the housekeeper has to go. ,i~eboth musical and sane. Her name is Butt, so we can resurrect the mystic for- All this is about as bad as it can be alike for those mula,and say that B. M. G. This iseasily done. Her :vho makeand those who appreciate music, especially absenceis assumed, and a fewremarks to the effect ,::t a moment when the art is endeavouring to purge it- that the place shows that no woman touches it, or that self of anaccumulation of romanticslush, and, above servants never vary a man’s diet, etc., rouse her to the ..all, eschew literature. The newer evil is to be attacked declaration of her refusal to stay any longer. Banging .as savagely and as relentlessly as we formerly attacked the vealkidney on the floor, shedeparts; andHelen thefashionable apathy. In fact, it is a moreinsidious proceeds to make the omelette with her high hand. .enemy.Pekinese dogs may thriveas a cult. Music At this rate, I shall never finish the story ; so I shall .does not. E. E. continue at this rate. We have reached the end of the first act, and ‘the sum total of comic action is, first, a performance of the“Hallelujah Chorus” on the con- Drama. certina,second, one vealkidney thrown on the floor. Ha, ha, ha ! One laugh more than the number of jokes, By John Francis Hope. for I am amerry man. By theway, there is a love ..IT isexpected of all public men that, at sometime or affair,symptoms of which appear in the first act; other, theyshould expressgratitude to God. Iam not comedy, you know, real comedy ! Have you ever heard surethat I am a public man, nor am I sure that a of “The Taming of the Shrew” ? Not a word ; we are .dramaticcritic has anything for which to thank God. considering anadaptation of ArnoldBennett’s novel, But 1’ thinkit was Izaak Walton who said : “ Every “Helen with theHigh Hand.” As Iwas saying (I misery that I miss is a new mercy, and thereifore let us shall never finish at this rate), there is a love affair : in .Re thankful” ; and,as I wouldlike tothank God, I otherwords, Helen isin love, with thehigh hand, I mustthink of somemisery that Ihave missed. I saw suppose.Andrew Wilbram(Petruchio) is aworking ,recently at the Vaudeville Mr. Richard Pryce’s adapta- man ; not too much, .of course, for he will have to play tion of Arnold Bennett’s novel, “Helen with the High the part of Mr.Guy FIouncey afterthey are married. Hand’’ ; andI thank God that I havenever read one Comedy is verycomplicated. Helen is in lovewith .rvf Arnold Bennett’s novels. Theymust be worsethan Andrew Wilbram, but don’t tell anybody, she did not, -the play,because there is more of them. Inspite of until the end of the third act. As I said before, Andrew -the title of the play, the woman suffers from no physical is a working man, he is also what Helen calls a bully deformity; the highness of the hand is only figurative. and a bear (nothing to do with the Stock Exchange). But the play should have as a sequel, “Henry with the Oh,this awful play ! Helen’shigh hand had, there- HardBoot,” or some similar corrective to feminist fore,waved him aside;and when he saw her in the ,,comedy. kitchen of her great step-uncle’s house (scene 2, act I). For what are we asked to laugh at, by what are we he rushed away without a word, and banged the door. to becharmed? Helen is supposed tobe a highly Perhaps this was comic, so I say, ha ! .qualified school teacher,able to teach mathematics, Let me see. I havementioned the step-uncle, James --sewing, and cooking, at least ; and she is employed to Ollerenshaw,his step-niece, HelenRathbone (which,I teachpresumably all thesethings at asalary ,of A72 suppose, means early-bone, for she did not promise to a year. This is feminist tragedy, for, as becomes a true be fat), AndrewWilbram, and Mrs. Butt.There was feminist,she hates her work.Helen isnot only high- also a gardener in the first act. He did notknow his -.handed,she is high-minded; that is, shewants to go business.If, instead of tryingto talk dialect with a -into society.“Social invasions arenot rare,” said pipe in his mouth, he had flattened out some of these Disraeli,‘‘but they are seldom fortunate,or success, people with his roller, he would have done a service to .if achieved,is partial,and then only sustained at im- comedy. Also in thefirst act appeared Mrs. Prockter mense cost, like theFrench inAlgiers.” Had Helen and her .nephew, Emanuel Prockter. This person is the been born in one of Disraeli’snovels, she would have “complication” ; he suffers from sentimental songs, and .been satirised to death : the Guy Flounceys have prac- an apparent infatuation for Helen,in short, he isa tame tically exhausted the artistic possibilities of the success- tenor.Helen adopts him fpr the purpose of making .ful parvenu. Helen, with all her hard feet, would never Andrew Wilbram jealous. Whatstrategy ! In the “arrive,” as Mrs. Guy Flouncey did ; hut let us return third act, Emanuel is thrown into the lake by Andrew; to the Potteries. Helen has a step-uncle, or great step- and although in H. V. Esmond’s ‘‘One Summer’s Day,” uncle, or some similar mythicalrelative. Saidstep- old Bendysshe is thrown into the lake by Seth, there is uncle is a wealthy man, in the Potteries; he has about no plagiarism. OldBendysshe did have onefunny line ;GIOO,OOO investedand an income of about L5,ooo a tospeak : “ I keepon finding tadpoles inmy hair,” year. The Guy Flounceyshad about seven oreight said he. ButEmanuel only standsand drips : and all thousanda year; and, saidDisraeli, “a goodfortune, the comedy that is obtained from his appearance cn the withgood management, no countryhouse, and no stage is provided by his exit wearing a mackintosh and .children, is Aladdin’slamp.” But I mustput Disraeli asmoking cap with atassel. This is realoriginal away ; he is too interesting. comedy, and therefore-ha, ha ! The scheme of the comedy is simply the distribution The comedy ends, of course, in Wilbram double aitch of wealth, the lowering of the old man’s bank balance all. I spell it this way to reproduce the emphasis on the andthe raising of theyoung woman’s ambition. ’The aspirate. Wilbram 13-Hall was the property of Andrew old manis living, as he has alwayslived, in asmall Wilbram, but, having no use for it, he sold it to James -house with six rooms ; and he spends about 17s. a week Ollerenshaw forfour thousand five hundredpounds. on food. His amusements consist of a game of bowls, James Ollerenshaw intended to pull the place down, and and the occasional playing on .concertinaa 04 the “Halle- build “salt-boxes”and gridiron streets on the estate. lujah Chorus.” It is not for nothing, you see, that Mr. No doubt about it, he was no artist; and see how cun- Arnold Bennettcalledis the Historian (or is it ninglyMr. Arnold Bennett reveals thefact. For, in Naturalist ?) of the Five Towns. In “Liberty Hall,” the addition tothis proposed vandalism WilbramHall old bookseller of Bloomsbury regarded a smokedhad- actuallycontains “panelling,” a sort of dealer’s dock as a “relish” to his tea; in Bursley. a veal kidney synonymfor art.), the oldman hasa model of the is the“relish.” Hang it all,this is life, thisis life ! “Victory,” whichhe calls “a work of art,”to the But to resume. The problem is how to makethe old amusement of the audience. This work of art is carefully miser disgorge : the firstsolution is, tickle his tummy smashed byAndrew Wilbram in thethird act ; more with an omelette. The old miser has a housekeeper (so, comedy. He had-to fall off the steps to do it: butdo -.by theway, had old Todman, in “Liberty Hall”;: she it,he did. Helen, of course(by high-handed strategy 539 which lackof space prevents me fromdetailing) had families,or great classes, as is that pre-disposition to prevailed on the old man to live in Wilbram Hall ; and acquire good characteristics which finds its root in the to escapefrom Mrs. Prockter (an old womanwho re- inborn virtues and instincts of a good family or caste. presents Society, and lures Ollerenshaw into proposing Nevertheless,since the cumulative results of the to her), he insists that she (i.e., Helen) and her husband transmission of acquiredcharacteristics wouldprove, shall live with him. Helen had previously estimated the in thelong run, enormous, it is a matter which must cost of living in Wilbram Hall at E2,000 a year; but interestanyone who is concerned aboutthe improve- with her husband to provide for, the estimate rises to ment or the selection of stock. ~3,ooaa year, at least.Thus, Helen, with herhigh Nom I think that the attacks made upon the position hand,obtains everything for which she wishes; Hall, of the transmissionalists have been of the most ridicu- husband, “swishy” dresses, and 3 place in Society, re- lously feebledescription. ‘They haveconsisted practi- presented by Mrs. Prockter.Dear Helen, how charm- cally of fourarguments : (I) Thatthe germ-plasm is ing and how clever ! Feminism, thou art vindicated ! independent of the soma o,r body; (2) That mutilations For see,here is a miserly man, withno taste in are not transmitted ; (3) That the alleged cases of trans- graphic, plastic, architectural, or culinary Art, living on mittedacquired characteristics are not conclusive; f4) rents derived fromslum property ina districtthat is Thatthe mechanismwhereby acquired characteristics one of the horrors of England. He represents Saving, could be transmitted has not been discovered. sherepresents Spending. From first to last, she has The answer to the first argument which Dr. George onlyone intention : “It’s your money I want.”She Ogilvie provides, is surely acceptable enough ; for, with- gets it, and everybody thinks howclever sheis ; and outactually introducing that something so sadlylack- such a lady ! “Mrs. GuyFlouncey ,performed her ing in English biology, and, in fact, in all modern bio- part as if she had receivedprincesses of the blood all logy-I mean the spirit-at leastit leaves an opening her life ; so reverent and yet so dignified, so very calm forits introduction. Dr. Ogilvie says : “In a subject and yet with a sort of winning, sunny innocence.” And so involved in obscurity the incomprehensibility of cer- the people will still be paying 3s. 6d. a week for their tain relations can hardly serve as an argument against 46 salt-boxes,”which Helen, by a kind of gentle theirexistence.” The answer to the second argument brigandage, will wrestfrom the old man. That is is obvious. Nobody butthe veriest dolt would ever Feminism. have conceived of such a method of testingtransmis- sion, as themutilation of breedinganimals, and the experimentsmade under this head alone would have Art. been sufficient to compromise any modern science. That which results from a vis major, descending un- The Art of India-11. expectedlyin theform of anoutside unknown cause, By Anthony M. Ludovici. upon an animal’s body, can bear no possible relation to the inner workings of that body, or to the causes which IN my last notes I pointed out briefly how the prejudice makeit grow in a particular way. To cut off a rat’s of three of themost prominent nations of antiquity tail does not even amount to removing the cause of the seems to have been against all saltatory changes of oc- growth of the tail-unless thetail is its own cause- cupation through thesucceeding generations of in- how thencould theamputation of thetail he trans- dividualfamilies. Both Dr. Coomaraswamyinhis mitted asan acquiredcharacteristic to therat’s off- “Arts and Crafts of India and Ceylon,” and Professor spring? ?-he cause of the growth of the tail is still in- W. M. FlindersPetrie inhis “Arts andCrafts of extricablyassociate? with therat’s whole life and Ancient Egypt,” allude tothis prejudice, and I firmly growth,it is still part of itsnature. By- amputating believe that a similar attitude of mind could be traced thetail a manifestation of rat-nature is, removed,hut throughoutthe Middle Ages of Europe,where, as I rat-nature has not necessarily been modified. suggested, the tendency of the ancient guilds must have Thisis not the wayanimals lose their parts. The fostered a sort of jealous regard foc blood-occupations. controlling forces oi ananimal’s body knownothing Now it must be obvious that this tendency to preserve either about knives or amputations. How could the certaintalents and aptitudes in familylines acted in repetition of its controlling nervoussystem in its off- two ways,which, in themselves, would amply suffice springrepeat an experiment itknows nothing at all to reconcile the two antagonistic modern schools of bio- about--save that oneday a vismajor appeared, and logy, in as far as the problem of heredity is concerned : that thenceforward it had no tail? it ensuredthe ,cumulative process which, with the Watchthe way animals-say tadpoles-gradually characteristics acquired by each individual of the family lose theirparts, either tails or gills, or fins, orwhat line, for its material, would ultimately lead to that great not ! You will find that the process has nothing to do store of racial experiences so essential to the excellence withknives. But the way in which atadpole loses its of anycomplex action, andit establishedan env“lron- tail is understood by nature, and on these lines nature ment, which from early childhood onwards was favour- can work. Thefact that mutilations which haveap- able to the expression of any inborn tendencies (whether proached nearest to the controlling system of the body of the nature of stock qualities or of “sport” qualities) have metwith partialsuccess, shows thatthe nearer in keeping with the requirements gf the blood-occupa- you get to the seat of control which consists of the in- tion. stinct-saturatedganglia, the more likely you areto Thus while the ancientraces of manknew nothing make a deep-rooted impression upon the parent anima!, concerningthe apparent hostility between thetwo and therefore upon its offspring. modern theories of heredity, they seem to have acted in Theargument that acquired characteristicsare not such a way as to meetthe most urgent demands of transmitted because mutilations are not transmitted, is both.These two modern theories, inthemselves, how- thereforeas utterly futile as any argument possibly ever, are reconcilable to-day, on the ground of tradition, could be,and none but supinely mechanicalminds andthis means of reconciliation is actuallyrecognised would ever have dreamt of such experiments as a test by the respective parties themselves. of transmission. It would be more than presumptuous on my part to Thethird argument resolves itselfinto this : “Be- pretend in these articles that, I am able to make a dog- cause on the whole the transmission of acquired char- maticor categorical statement concerning a matter acteristicsfrom me generation to another practically which, if modernscientists are to be believed, is so defies detection,we must account for those cases in exceedinglyproblematic. But perhaps the little I have which itdoes not defy detection by pleadingcoiaci- to say on the subject will not be without interest. dence.” Let us, however, ask the plainquestion why Proved or not proved, the theory of the transmission therehappens to be this insuperable difficulty. inde- of acquiredcharacteristics is not nearly so important tectingthe transmission of acquiredcharacteristics ? to theadvocate of thehereditary principlein great Whatare the two sets of attributes likely to 1.e in- 540 herited by offspring?For convenience we can divide been expected to manifestthemselves in a manner out theminto two categories-old and recentattributes ; of all proportion to the known relative strengths of old old in the sense of having belonged to the race a long and new attributes in a type? time, recent in the sense of having belonged to the race Doncaster writes as follows : “The tendency of bio- a short time.Among therecent attributes, for in- Iogical thought is certainly towards a recognition of the stance, we may number civilisation, veneer after veneer unity of the organism as a whole,including its germ- of which we are told is peeled off, so to speak, by every cells, and especiallywhere theorganism adapts itself successive glass af intoxicating liquor thatan intern- tochange, it seems possible thatthis adaptation is perate man drinks at one sitting. But among the most transmissible. ’Thebelief thatsomatic changes could recent attributesare surely those that the individual not be transmitted rests largely on the idea that every has himself acquired.Now it will readilybe under- character is determined by a factoror determinant in stood, I suppose,that these possessions are almost the germ cell, but it is clear that any character is not bound to yield before the prepotency of earlier and more developed directlyfrom the germinal determinant, but longestablished qualities in the type, and that they by therelation existing between the determinant and stand but a small chance of contending successfully for its surroundings, viz., the body of the organism.” a prominent place in the offspring of the individual. Thisshows which way thewind is blowing in the Justas ahighly cultivated and inbred type with a world of science. For, even if thosebiologists are long pedigree is prepotent when crossed with a less cul- right who maintain that while there is no such thing as tivated type, owing apparently to the strength garnered thetransmission of persistent modifications, there is a from stability; so, too, it would seem that the older and tendency for germinal variations of a like nature to be morelong established qualities of a stockmust be preserved by them, tradition still remains the important prepotent as againstthemore recentlyacquired factor; and, to keep that as unbroken as possible must qualities. bethe chief aim of all educators,cultivators, and re- Thisfact, I believe,is thecause of agood’ deal of formers. the doubt which has been cast upon the possibilityof This reconciliation of the two hostile scientific camps acquiredcharacteristics being transmitted. in the one word tradition ought to be sufficient for the To argue from this fact, however, that acquired char- ordinaryman. Both the believers andthe disbelievers acteristics arenot transmitted, would seem tobe the in thetransmission of acquiredcharacteristics, as we height of unscientificand excessive caution. Naturally have seen, believe in the importance of unbroken tradi- the very circumstances of thecase would renderthe tion-and this,after all,is sufficient for my purpose. slight modification caused by an acquired characteristic The fact that after much wandering and disagreement, a very difficult feature to trace among all the stronger modern science has at last endorsed the wisdom of the andolder characteristics in the family line. Think of ancients concerning the all-important questions of here- those which have a prior claim to be pronounced ! But dityand inheritance, will perhaps helpmany who, tosay that the transmission never occuurs simply Ee- hitherto,owing to conscientiousscruples, have been. cause in anenormous majority of casesit is for all suspicious of ancient wisdom, to approach the civilisa- practical purposes invisible, or concealed amid this host tions of theBrahmans, the Incas, and the Egyptians of strongerand prior claims, is surely quite unjustifi- with greater interest and respect. able. Think how slowly natureworks ! Who can de- tectfrom hour to hour the changes occurring in a growing leaf ! Whatsort of arroganceis it then LETTERS TO THE EDITOR. which denies the growth of a virtue or of a characteris- STATEMENT BY THE SOUTH AFRICAN LABOUR tic through the generations simply because at the end PARTY. of everytwenty-five yearsthe single individual effect Sir,-The position in South Africa has within the last appears to be invisible ! few daystaken anexceedingly serious turn.The fears The last argument mentioned is that which takes its expressedhave been realised, andnine leaders,whose strengthfrom the fact thatthe mechanismby which names are even on the accompanying note, havebeen acquired characteristics could be, transmittedis vn- deported without trial and even without a charge having been laidagainst them. The utmost secrecy as tothe known. TheWeismannists say : “We cannotimagine Government’s intentions was maintained, with the object howa modification might, as such,saturate from, the of preventingany appeal to the Courts. The “Rand body tothe germ cells.” But, as Professor Lloyd Daily Mail” newspaper was threatened with instant sup- Morgan replies, “this does not exclude the possibility pression for referring tothe rumouredintention of the that It mayactually do so.” Thisis the only honest Government. Theplan was successful, since,owing to thing that science can say at present on the question. the complete absence of authentic information, the Judges, on the ground that suchaction was so illegal as to be To become dogmatic here would be absurd. unthinkable, refused togrant an injunction until the But nowsee the shifts to which these scientists are crime had been accomplished. There was an unparalleled driven who, in the face of all appearances to the con- scene in Court when, after replying to the application of trary, still maintain that acquired characteristics are not Advocate Lucas tothe above effect,the Judge called transmissibleeven in their cumulative results. Pro- Colonel Truter, Chief of Police, who thereupon insolently fessors Mark Baldwin and H. F. Osborn suggest that declared that the Court could save itself the trouble, as “adaptive modifications may act as the fostering nurses the men were already beyond the borders of the Union and outside’ the jurisdiction of the Court. of germinal variations in the same direction !” The Judges of the TransvaalProvince appear to con- What need is there for this roundabout explanation sider that they have no power to concern themselves with dependingupon chance, when we have a satisfactory persons who are outside the boundaries of that province, hypothesis which is based upon cunning? even though they have been illegally andforcibly removed. Takingit all in all,the statements of the two Pro- The Judges hold, moreover, that they have no power to fessors, V. A. s. Walton and L. Doncaster, sum up the proceed against the persons responsible for the crime of question exceedingly well the scientific school, and contempt .of Court. There is, therefore, no remedy. for Three of the men deported were arrested before the de- show how great is the uncertainty still reigning in this claration of a General Strike, and before the Proclamation department of biology. The former says, “To sum up of MartialLaw, and imprisoned withoutcharge. Hun- the main argument, it must be said that there is some dreds of others have been arrested and imprisoned under presumptive evidence in favour of the inheritance of ac- Martial Law without charge or trial, including two hun-. quired characteristics ; but that direct experiments have dred in the Boksburgdistrict alone. KO one knows. given positive results of only the most meagre and in- exactly who is or is not in prison, nor where any indi- vidualprisoner may be. Many, however, havebeen conclusive kind. ’’ released within the last few days without a word of ex- We know what these experiments have been, for the planation, butrather with a warningto be careful as mostpart, and is it not possible that even thebest marked men. Mr. Creswell, M.L.A., was released by experimentshave been carried out with toosanguine the Government’sorder, “to attendParliament,” but in. expectations? Have not the results of the tests always this and other cases- the real reason was undoubtedly the 541 desire to prevent any cases beingbrought before the franchise, or ineffective by the veto of the Upper Houst. , Courts, and to forestall Mr. Creswell’s appealbeing supportedby the Army. In short, General Botha has heard on the following day involving the legality of all made it plain that the struggle between the proletarians cases proceeded with under Martial Law. and those who exploit them will be decided, not by the TheGovernment fears the Courts{High) for two expression of opinions, but by the use of power. There- reasons, viz., because it is well aware of the entire ille- fore it behoves you to ridicule the politicians, and to gality of its actions,and, secondly, because if specific persevere in the encouragement of the industrialists with charges are madefacts are certain to come out inevidence a stimulated enthusiasm. which would demonstrate how utterly groundless are the Therapid mobilisation of the defence force and the Goverment’s fabrications of conspiracyand riot or horde of burghers which was vomited on to the Wit- public violence, which could serve as ajustification for watersrandhas, I notice, elicited the applause of the the Proclamation of Martial Law, and still less for the British press. But the feat seems lessamazing to those Deportation under Martial Law of persons who have not who are’ aware thatthe Government decided, at least been brought to trial even under the provisions of Martial two. months before the strike was declared, to provoke a Law for offences created thereunder. crisis. Some littletime ago, as you may remember, a The prohibition of all publicor newspaper criticism report that numbera of railwayservants would be except what is favourable tothe Government still con- retrenched drew a letter of protest from the Johannesburg tinues,and this appliesequally tothe publication of Chamber of Commerce, which letter caused Mr. Buxton facts which are inconsistent with the theory of a “treason- untruthfullyto say that no such action was under im- able conspiracy.” It is publicity which the Government mediateconsideration by him. When, on the lapse of a fears, whether in the Law Courts or elsewhere. The con- few weeks, Mr. Hoy issued his sacking instructions, the sequence will be thatan Indemnity Bill will be rushed arrangementsfor mobilising the defence force andthe through Parliament by the Nationalist and the Unionist burghers had been completed. majority on the strength of ex partestatements by the The strike is now ended, and the unions are temporarily Government. crushed to powder, an effect deliberately designed, and The matterhas gonefar beyond theoriginal issues eminently agreeable to the financiers and to the Govern- involved, and has become a National and Imperial ques- ment they control. But General Botha has struck ahot tion of the first importance. There is no longer a ques- ironon the face of the proletarians of British descent. tion of the merits of the strike and its leaders, but the His Dutch tools have indeed taught the Kaffirs who is fundamental principle of constitutionalgovernment, of the ‘‘ baas ” in this country, and the racial feeling gene- the Habeas Corpus Act, and of the personal freedom of rated will, in the fullness of time, produce other effects every citizen of the Empire. Unfortunately, owing to the somewhat less agreeable both to the Government and to fact that the individuals whose rights are immediately in the financiers. I do notsuggest that the ImperialPar- uestion areworking men, in many cases Socialist or liament will interfere on behalf of the insulted English- Syndicalist by conviction, and members of theSouth men in South Africa, because I know that the class in- African Labour Party,it is practicallycertain thatthe stinct, like the sex instinct, is stronger than the instinct official Unionist “ Opposition,’’ being, as pointedout, of race. But I know, too, that the foundations of an en- deliberately kept in ignorance as to the realfacts, will duringprosperity, even for the rich,cannot be built assist the Government in passing theIndemnity Bill, where two white races have been successfully encouraged and will lose sight of the veryserious and far-reaching tohate one another in an arenasurrounded by a vast principles which are in question. and growing population of morally decaying blacks. On the other hand, we have reason to know that the Among the immediate effects of thestrike and the generalpublic, even those who are entirely oat of sym- manner of its repression will be the strengthening of the pathy with the politicalideals of the Labour Party are Botha partyat the expense of the Unionistsand Mr. boiling with indignation, which so long as Martial Law Hertzog.General Botha has, asit were, out-Hertzoged continues, they cannotexpress, atthis violation of the elementary rights of British citizens, and that the feeling Hertzog. Hence the raison d’etre of thelatter gentle- is shred by those who, as they now see under false pre- man’s propaganda has disappeared. The way that “ our Louis ” has taken it out of the Rooineks has delighted tences,have, as citizensoldiers, been used as tools to the back veld beyond allmeasure. He (‘I ourLouis ”) violate their own rights as civilians. has, by his policy, also engaged the sympathy a great We yield tonon? in ourdesire that South Africa of should manage her own affairs, but we strongly maintain host of cosmopolitan vermin-stockbrokers, agents, com- that it must bewell understood on traditionallines of mercial pimps,and muck of that description. Added the British Constitution, and not on those of a third-rate to, and in some cases including, these, are the numerous South American Republic,overriding the law, flouting persons of weak intellect to whom a big display of force, the Judges, kidnapping its political opponents, suppress- provided it is directedagainst others than themselves, ing vitallyimportant facts, and forcibly preventingall is invariablyattractive. The mine-owners, with the public criticism, and subsequently seeking to legalise its collusion of whom the Government acted, know that, actionsby the use of its Party majority in Parliament. hadthey been in office, they could not rely upon the We feel that the time has come when, as citizens of the co-operation of the Boer farmers to the extent to which Empire, we have no other resource than to appeal to the General Botha could rely upon it. And it is for that Empireand to the King to vindicateour rights and to reason thatthey secretlysupport theSouth African prevent the ratification of acrime which, if perpetrated Party. It is their policy to pay General Botha to do the with impunity, will strikeat the root of ourtrust and dirty work. Anotherpossibility has emerged. It is the our loyalty. possibility that,with the weakening of the Hertzog By order of the Executive Committee. faction, General Botha will be able to dispense with the C. C. LONGMAN, Acting Secretary. support of the mine-owners. The mine-owners are greedy, but they are not quite so clever as some people *** maysuppose. SOUTH AFRICA. A SOUTHAFRICAN WAGE SLAVE. Sir,-Silly people, including, of course, the members *** of the British Labour Party, will urge the failure of the “ general ” strike in South Africa, as they haveurged THE “DAILY HERALD.” the failure of every other strike, “ general ” or sectional, Sir,-The enclosed circular addressed tothe members as a proof that allstrikes have been, are,and will be of the “Daily Herald” Leaguemay, I takeit, be re- amistake. I believe, however, that events in South garded as the official reply to the queries raised by the Africa confirm the accuracy of your deductions from the readers of the “DailyHerald” on thesubject Mr. nature of modern society, and that the wage system can of be destroyed when a monopoly of labour has been estab- Lapworth’s “resignation.” F. T. lished in the unions, with the consequent power to sfop TO THE MEMBERS OF THE “DAILY HERALD” the production of all wealth needful for the maintenance LEAGUE. of a nation’s vitality. The ferocity of the Botha Govern- COMRADES,-Ihave been asked to make an explanation ment,acting in collusionwith the mine-owners, indi- with regard to the resignation of Mr. Lapworth from his cates,without actually reaching it, theextremity of position as Editor. Inthe firstplace I want it to be violence to which the propertied class is prepared to go clearly understood that there was no personal quarrel in defence of its privileges, and should make it apparent between Mr. I,a worthand myself. We disagreed, and to everyone outside Bedlam that, so soon as the election when weparted! we parted as men,holding opposing to the Legislature of a majority pledged to destroy the views, agreed to differ. wagesystem seemed likely to take place, the Constitu- Threethings, I understand,have been questioned in tion would be changed. The election of an anti-capitalist thismatter :-first, the reason of Mr. Lapworth’s de- majority would be made impossible by a revision of the parture from the paper; second, our use of the word 542

“resignation” ; third,the financial terms on which Mr. Money, according to the ability of our members, has come Lapworth went. These I will deal with in order. to US from all parts of the kingdom, and steadily the cir- I. As you will remember, thepaper came underthe culation of the paper has risen. In our ranks are to be control of Mr. Lapworthand myself in June. Mr.Mey- foundSocialists andAnarchists, Syndicalists and nell was added to ournumber lateron. At the same Suffragists,Trade Unionists and others,. We have been time the old Management Committee, consisting of Ben unitedby an ideaand not by a programme, that idea Tillett, Robert Williams, H. D. Harben, and myself, being thatthe first step towards revolution--nay, even remained in being. Forall practicalpurposes, how- reform-is the awakening of the people. In this we have ever, the management of the“Daily Herald’’ devolved been most successful. Wherever there has been a strike, on Mr. Lapworth and myself. The fundamental ques- a lock-out, a Labour fight, or a Suffrage fight, the “Daily tion at issue between him and myself was that of office Herald”Leaguers have rushed intothe turmoil. In management-the purely business side of the paper. We London we have organised the biggest and most enthusi- were totallyunable to agree inour conception of the asticLabour demonstrations that haveever been held. duties of an editor. In more than one of our discussions We have kepthigh the flag of revolt. This is the best Mr. Lapworthhad threatened to resign,and I finally answer to our critics. decided to ask him to carry that threat into effect. There In allthese circumstances, comrades, realisingwhat was no difference between us as to the fighting policy of the “Daily Herald” has done, and the work that lies at the paper. our doors, is it not folly for us to follow in the wake of 2. At our final interview the question arose as to what the older organisations bycreating a new party witha should be entered in the Minutes. I said that I had no programme?The cry in the Trade Unions is for fewer objection to recordingthat he hadbeen dismissed,. but Unions and more Unionism. So far as Labour is con- Mr. Lapworth himself preferred to call it a“reslgna- cerned that is true also of the political field. tion,”and himself entered it intothe Minute Book as This statement embodies the views of the Management such. He alsoasked that, following generaljournalistic Committee, and we .all appeal confidently to the men and practice, no reference io thematter should he macle 111 women who have helped to bear the burden and heat of thepaper. None was made until some friends, of Mr. theday durin the last twenty months, and who have Lapworthintroduced intothe paper an advertisement steadily kept alive the flame of revolt, to continue by ow referring to himas the “late editor.’’ The Management side and send us’ what money they possibly can to assist Comittee then felt obliged to put in a statement to the us in maintaining the paperand improving it in every effect that I had been appointedEditor in consequence possible way. On our part we assure a11 our friends and of the resignation of Mr. Lapworth.The word “resig- members that no efforts of ours shall be spared to make nation” was deliberately used in honourable conformity the paperworthy of ourmovement, and a real means withour understanding with Mr. Lapworth.At this toward the accomplishment of the Social Revolution. final interview ? noticed that Mr. Lapworth was taking notes, andsuggested that if anything were to be-made With the best of good wishes, public a shorthandwriter should be present totake a Yours fraternally, verbatimreport. Mr. Lapworthassured me thathe had GEORGELANSBURY. no intention of making any public statement, and so no On behalf of the Management Committee. verbatim report was taken. February 11 1914. 3. A rumourhas been published that Mr.Lapworth *** was bribed to leave the country. This is absolutelyun- true.When Mr. Lapworthleft to us th’e matter of UNIONS AS GUILDS. remuneration in lieu of notice, he volunteered the state- Sir,-Owing tothe domestic turmoilincident to a ment that he intended to go abroad at once, as he did not removal, it was not untiltwo days ago that I noticed want tostay in England under the circumstances. We thatthe suggestioncontained in myletter (which was askedour friends for 4300 (six months’ salary), and published in your issue of January 29, under the heading when we mentioned Mr. Lapworth’s determination to go “ Unions as Guilds ”) is dealtwith in “ Notes of the abroad they voluntarily added to that a further sum Azo0 Week ” of the sameissue. There, after a very able for hisadditional expenses andfor the anxieties and criticism of the Syndicalistsuggestion made by $e difficulties that any man must have who feels that it is “ Times ” tothe Coal Porters’ Union, you make a necessary for him. to leave the country. We were in no counter-suggestion of anequally ‘ interesting,’but of a way responsible for the suggestion that Mr.Lapworth much more promisingand nearly practicable character should go abroad ; the idea was entirely his own. than that of the ‘ Times,’ ” and undertake to say that In the matter of the requested resignation, no outsiders, not a soul inthe presswill mention it. This counter- rich people or poor people, influenced me one way or the suggestion is identical in its essential features with the other. I used my ownjudgment inthe matter and suggestioncontained in myletter, viz., thatthe mem- decided that I could not leave England with Mr. Lapworth bers of a trade union, with the object of destroying the in control of th’e paper. wage system and the dominion of the employer over the With regard to the “Daily Herald’’ League, I have no individual wage slave,should endeavour to obtainfrom very clear knowledge of what you have been told as to their employers an agreement to make a periodical pay- my attitude in regard to it and the paper, but the position ment tothe unionitself, instead of paying wages to is now what it has always been. There is a weekly loss individual members. I considered such anarrangement on the paper, and the friends who make up about 85 per would be of value as a first step towards the conversion cent. deliberately forgo control in order to emphasise of the union into a guild. their conviction that money should have no control in a You, on the otherhand, after making use of the paper likeours that reallystands for the people. Of counter-suggestionas a gibe againstthe press,appear course, I cannot say how long this position will last, but to dismiss it on the grounds that “ it labours under the at the moment it is obviously impossible that the League worst defects of Syndicalism,threatening, infact, to should exercise control except in what we consider is the create against the public a combination of the monopoly most effective way-viz., bywithdrawing its financial of capitalwith the monopoly of labour.” support and boycotting the paper if, in the judgment ,of its members, the paper takesa wrong line. Not one of Now, this consideration would have small weight with us is responsible !or this position; it has simply arisen the members of aunion bent on takingthe step in because we have not been able to raise the necessary question ; for, if it is a defect, it is a defect merely from amount of money through the League to give the League the point of view of thegeneral public, fromwhom control. the workers inany particular industry usually receive As toturning the League intoan ordinary political scant consideration, as you argue in the fifth paragraph organisation, or radically changing its basis and purpose, of your “ Notes.’’ An economic system based on the I hope that the 150 Branches which were not represented philosophy of ‘‘ Everyman for himself and the Devil at the ’London Conference on January 4, 1914 will stand take the hindmost ” may not unnaturally give rise to a firmly by our old constitution. Mr. Francis Meynell and unionism having as one of its working mottoes, ‘‘Every myself have already met the Council elected at: this Con- Union for itself and the Devil take the General Public.” ference, and,among other things, discussed withthem My point is that, as there seems nothingto prevent the recent developments. The decision was that we manyunions from emancipatingtheir members from could not admittheir claim to be representative of the conditions of individual wage slaveryby the means League as a whole. suggested, and therebyforming themselves intowhat We are a number of autonomous groups of men and Mr. Hilaire Belloc has termed in yourcolumns a “pro- women scattered up and down the country, and we came letarian Guild,” would you urge them not to take such into existence to help the “Daily Herald” in its fight for a step,and, if so, on what grounds?Surely not Out of life. Manificent work has been done and is being- done. pity for the general public ! FREDMELLOR 543

“ WEALTHAND LIFE.” HARLEY STREET. Sir,-Yes, yourcorrespondent, ‘‘ Press-Cutter,” is Sir,--“ No case-abuse the plaintiff’s attorney ” is the‘ quiteright. I havebeen a NEWAGE reader from the obvious answer to the rather childish letter of “A. B. B.” beginning of yourpresent editorship, though I think I published in last week’s issue of THE NEW AGE. But I have personally derived as much stimulus from talks with cannot let it goat that. Such a lack of mannersand YOU yourself. My “ Wealthand Life articles were, as ignorance asthe writerdisplays so richlymerits you know, discussed with you manytimes before I chastisement that I cannot allow theopportunity of beganwriting it. If “ Press-Cutter ” will turn back to administering it to pass. Does your correspondent know THE NEWAGE for March 28, 1912 (page 514), he. will anything whatever of Mr. Barkerand hiswork? Can see the process going on. Inthat interchange of Ideas he point to a single failure or mistake of the man who I hope you have been sometimes the gainer : I am sure has to score his successes off the failures of other men? I have. If not, then how darehe dogmatiseabout the former I was, I believe, one of the first NEW AGE readers to andthrow out cowardly inferences regarding thelatter make acknowledgments to it inthe general press,and by lumping Mr. Barkerindiscriminately in a common I certainly shall do so again. In so far as we have many condemnation with ignorant pretenders to special know- timesarrived at similar conclusions, but by rather ledge and skill ? different routes and from different bases, I think we may If “A. B. B.” is a layman,then let himread what pat each other on the back for strengthening each other’s distinguished men of the highest intellectualand social case-which in the end is much the same case-but not standing havesaid of Mr. Barker’soperations in the even ‘‘ Press-Cutter ” can expect us to be always patting leadingjournals of the day. If he is a doctor, lethim one another’s back, can he? perusewhat some of the foremost surgeons of ourtime Anyway, please receive now a big cordial pat, with all have said about this pioneer in a difficult and admittedly good wishes thatyour brilliant propagandamay soon neglected field of healing. arrive at the prominence it has long deserved. “ Truth,”that relentlessexposer oi quacks,has de- STEPHENREYNOLDS. voted leaderafter leader in whole-hearted support of *** Mr. Barker, and published scores of letters from surgeons and men of lightand learning in almostevery higher “THENEW AGE”AND THE PRESS. walk of life, testifying that they or their patients have been cured by Mr. Barker in a few hours or days after Sir,-Things areimproving. NationalGuilds and THE the most eminent men in the profession of surgery had NEW AGE actually find a place inthe new “Everyman failed for years.From the ‘‘ Times ” downwards, the Encyclopaedia.’ ’ (Dent.) presshas teemed withsimilar testimony, and not one The article on “Socialism” states that all social theories dissentient voice has been raised. A surgeon, after rest on a consideration of “the ownership and control of seeing Mr. Barker operate, wrote in the ‘‘ Times ” : I industry,” for which thereare three candidates (I) the saw several kinds of joint injuries, deformities, and dis- present owners (the capitalists) ; (2) the State, and (3) the placement treatedentirely by manipulation such as is workers inthe industry. Capitalism, Socialism., .and notpractised atany hospital inthe metropolis. In Syndicalism aresystems respectively representingthese nearly every case the patient had a tale to tell of months three. or years of suffering and of treatment which had proved After a very brief description of the extreme forms of futile both in institutionsand atthe hands of private thesesystems and their modifications there comes the surgeons. Yet Mr. Barker was able to afford relief and following statement :-“But most recent of all such social positivecure in almostevery case. In not asingle in- partnerships is , Guild Socialism, otherwise,and prefer- stancedid any untoward event occur.” How does this ably, the NationalGuilds System. This scheme, first avowal of asurgeon who knows tallywith your cor- expounded .inthe Britishjournal, THE NEW AGE, is a respondent’ssuggestion of failure who does not know? proposal to form apartnership between theState and In aleading article inthe “ Times ” it wasrecently theTrade Unions. The former would be thesupreme urged that it is more thantime to acknowledge that, owner of allland and capital, but would charterthe if Mr. Barkerdid not pass through the schools, he control of the same to the Unions. Thus a working knows,about the caseshe deal:‘ with, more thanthe compromise would be arrived at between Syndicalism and schools can teach. Is this bluff, bunkum, and Socialism.” blatherskite,”toquote your correspondent’s elegant There is, unfortunately, no mention of the all-important language ? Does “A. B. B. ” know that no less a person matter of the abolition of the wage-system, in fact, the than a past-president of the British Medical Association, substitution of “Trade Union” where “Guild” is meant is and one of England’s most eminent surgeons, once wrote very misleading, since it is likely to give the idea that of Mr. Barker : “ It is bypatient investigation, by wages are to continue, and that the salariat are to have assiduous practice, andby unremitting study that Mr. no place in the Guild. Barker has won his way tothe highest eminence. His In Vol. 9 of the Encyclopaedia, THE NEW AGE is de- present position has been established by actual achieve- scribed as “A weekly review. . . Caviare to the general, ments, inthe face of crueland reasonless opposition, it is a paper for publicists(what does this mean 3) its by a series of successes in cases where the ablest surgeons ‘Notes of the Week,’ writtenwith Swiftian satire and have failed. Mr. Barker has been subjected to obloquy directness,being perhaps the most penetrating criticism and scorn by those who surely knew what they did, but of current affairs. (How well this world look at the top inthe future his name will be remembered withthose of a publisher’s advertisement-or, better, an illuminated honoured in the history of progress as it is remembered sign !) Its political philosophy is a blend of Marx and by thousands of relieved sufferers all over the world ” ? Nietzsche ; has pioneered the idea of Guild Socialism, Is this “ silly gaff ” and “ foolish gag,”to quote and, having no advertisements, criticises fearlessly, and, “A. B. B.” once more? I leave itto yourreaders to at times,savagely.” (Alas), this savagery !) decide. M. A. *** J. A. F. W. ARISTOCRACY AND MR. LUDOVICI. Sir,-In his otherwise clear article of Feb. 12 (The Art: of India.-I) Mr. Ludovici says of democrats that they detest“recognising essential, constitutional differences between one man and another. *’ He would serve political theory, and perhaps make definite his own aversion from democracy, if he would explain what precisely he means hereby “essential. ” If Peter differs from Paul essenti- ally, either they cannot both be men-in which case no miscellaneous advertisements difference between them can be a difference between one manand another, or, if theyare both men,the word [‘essentially”implies merely that what is essential to Peter’s being Peter .differs from what is essential to Paul’s being Paul-a plainfact which no democrat need deny. Mr. Ludovici probablymeans no more by “essential” than “very important.” If so, does he mean that what is common to men is lessimportant than what is not common ? R. Cox. 544

MR. GEORGE LANSBURY.