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Neoklasycyzm I Neoklasycyzmy W Architekturze Polski I Łotwy. Część I

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Neoklasycyzm I Neoklasycyzmy W Architekturze Polski I Łotwy. Część I NAUKA SCIENCE Zdzisława Tołłoczko* Neoklasycyzm i neoklasycyzmy w architekturze Polski i Łotwy Część I. Z badań porównawczych nad problematyką rozwoju neoklasycyzmu na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku w Rydze, Warszawie, Krakowie i Mitawie (Jełgawie) Neoclassicism and neo-classicisms in the architecture of Poland and Latvia Part I. Comparative research on the issue of the neoclassicism development at the turn of the 18th and 19th century in Riga, Warsaw, Krakow and Mitawa (Jelgava) Słowa kluczowe: Łotwa, Polska, historia architektury, Key words: Latvia, Poland, history of architecture, neoklasycyzm neoclassicism Wśród konserwatorów zabytków architektury panuje Among conservators of architecture monuments there is ogólne przekonanie, iż conservatio sine historiae nihil est, jed- a general belief that conservatio sine historiae nihil est, however nakże nasuwa się nieuchronnie implikacja w postaci kolejnej another maxim inevitably comes to mind, namely that nihil paremii, że nihil testamentum sine documentum. Innymi słowy, testamentum sine documentum. In other words, the authenticity najwyższą wartość posiada autentyczność świadectwa decy- of evidence deciding about the importance of a monument dującego o znaczeniu zabytku i jego randze artystycznej1. Pod and its artistic rank is of paramount value1. In this respect, tym względem, co się tyczy źródeł pisanych i materialnych regarding written records and material monuments of art pomników sztuki i architektury, sytuacja w Europie zachod- and architecture, the situation in Western Europe is relatively niej, niezależnie od strat, jakie poniesiono w czasie obydwu favourable, even considering the losses suffered during both wojen światowych, przedstawia się stosunkowo korzystnie. world wars. On the other hand, in central and eastern Europe, Natomiast w Europie środkowej i wschodniej stan zachowa- the state of the preserved material historic substance and nej zabytkowej substancji materialnej oraz przetrzebionych ransacked archives remains far from satisfactory; therefore archiwaliów pozostaje daleki od zadowolenia, aczkolwiek unprecedented rebuilding, or more properly a complex godnym szczególnego zainteresowania i satysfakcji pozostaje reconstruction of the Town Hall Square in Riga with the bezprecedensowa odbudowa, a właściwie kompleksowa re- surrounding quarter, which was reborn like a phoenix from konstrukcja Placu Ratuszowego w Rydze wraz z otaczającym ashes in the years 1995-2001, remains worthy of particular go kwartałem, który odrodził się niczym Feniks z popiołów attention and highly satisfying2. Another similar conservation w latach 1995-20012. Innym i podobnym zarazem wydarze- event, though on a smaller scale, is a complete restoration niem konserwatorskim, o nieco mniejszej skali, jest całkowita of the Lower Castle in Vilnius, destroyed in the years 1799- restytucja zniszczonego w latach 1799-1803 Zamku Dolnego 1803, and located in the Cathedral Square. During the reign w Wilnie, usytuowanego na pl. Katedralnym. Zamek ten, of King and Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander Jagiellon, w stylu późnogotyckim, powstał za czasów panowania króla the castle was built in the late-Gothic style, and then exten- i wielkiego księcia litewskiego Aleksandra Jagiellończyka, sions were made by kings Sigismund the Old and Sigismund * prof. dr hab. Z. Tołłoczko, Katedra Historii Architektury, Urbani- * prof. dr hab. Z. Tołłoczko, Chair of History of Architecture, Urban styki i Sztuki Powszechnej, Instytut Historii Architektury i Kon- Planning and Art, Institute of History of Architecture and Monument serwacji Zabytków, Wydział Architektury Politechniki Krakowskiej Conservation, Department of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology Praca dopuszczona do druku po recenzjach Article accepted for publishing after reviews Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Journal of Heritage Conservation • 38/2014 77 a rozbudowany został następnie przez królów Zygmunta August, only to fall into ruin in the following centuries, Starego i Zygmunta Augusta, aby niestety w następnych beginning from the times of Sigismund III Vasa. Thus, the stuleciach popaść w ruinę, począwszy od czasów Zygmunta next major architectonic and conservation-urban planning III Wazy. Przeto kolejnym ewenementem architektonicznym event was the reconstruction from scratch of the historic seat i konserwatorsko-urbanistycznym zarazem była odbudowa of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. A similar resolution was od podstaw historycznej siedziby wielkich książąt litewskich. an earlier decision of Edward Gierek from 1971 concerning Wzorem podobnej decyzji było wcześniejsze postanowienie the reconstruction of the Royal Castle in Warsaw. Therefore Edwarda Gierka z 1971 roku o rekonstrukcji warszawskiego that complete restoration of the Vilnius castle, approved Zamku Królewskiego. Zatem wielkim wydarzeniem na Litwie by the Parliament of the Lithuanian Republic in 2001 with była podjęta przez Sejm Republiki Litewskiej w 2001 roku, the intention of turning it into the president’s residence z myślą o przeznaczeniu obiektu na siedzibę prezydenta i po- and a museum, was a momentous event in Lithuania. The mieszczenia muzealne, owa całkowita restytucja wileńskiego symbolic opening of the Lower Castle took place already on zamku. Albowiem już 6 lipca 2009 roku, w rocznicę obchodów 6 July 2009, to celebrate the one thousandth anniversary of tysiąclecia pierwszej wzmianki historycznej o Litwie, dokonano the fi rst historic mention of Lithuania, although the fi nishing symbolicznego otwarcia Zamku Dolnego, aczkolwiek prace work on interior decoration is still continued3. So, there is wykończeniowe przy urządzaniu wnętrz trwają nadal3. Przeto a signifi cant contrast between the vestiges of the Upper Castle w znaczącym kontraście pozostają rudymenty Zamku Górnego with the Gediminas tower from the beginning of the 15th z wieżą Giedymina pochodzącą z początków XV wieku wraz century, and the Lower Castle that is a 21st-century replica of z Zamkiem Dolnym, będącym XXI-wieczną repliką dawnego the old original which is to confi rm the continuation of the oryginału, która ma potwierdzać kontynuację narodowego national and artistic heritage of the contemporary Lithuanian i artystycznego dziedzictwa współczesnego narodu litewskie- nation. Re-erecting the Castle in Berlin is another example go. Innym z kolei przykładem obecnego (dzisiejszego), czyli of the current (present-day), i.e. created at the dawn of the powstającego u zarania trzeciego tysiąclecia, symbolicznego third millennium, symbolic manifestation of lasting and przejawu trwania i umocnienia pamięci historycznej, jest wznie- strengthening historic memory. In the times of the DDR, sienie od nowa Zamku w Berlinie. W czasach istnienia NRD after the Castle ruins had been completely demolished and po zburzeniu do cna ruin Zamku zbudowano w tym miejscu the Palace of the Republic was built on the site; but after Pałac Republiki, a po zjednoczeniu Niemiec gmach ten roze- the German reunifi cation the edifi ce was dismantled in brano w 2008 roku, a już w 2007 roku Bundestag podjął decyzję 2008, though already in 2007 the Bundestag approved of o rekonstrukcji Zamku, która miała się rozpocząć w 2010 roku. the decision concerning the Castle reconstruction which Ta kontrowersyjna decyzja parlamentu federalnego budzi szereg was to start in 2010. That controversial decision of the wątpliwości o charakterze nie tylko fi nansowo-ekonomicznym, federal parliament has aroused several doubts of not only ale i również o naturze estetyczno-artystycznej, stylistycznej fi nancial-economic character, but also of aesthetic-artistic, i konserwatorskiej. Jak pamiętamy, Bohdan Marconi miał stylistic and conservation nature. As we remember Bohdan w zwyczaju przypominać, iż do końca nie wiemy, co bardziej Marconi used to say, that we do not really know what dam- szkodzi zabytkom: ich konserwacja czy też jej brak – nie mówiąc ages monuments most: their conservation or its lack – not to już o totalnej restytucji. Czy zatem nie jest to próba odświeżenia mention complete rebuilding. Is it, therefore, an attempt to znaków dziejowej przeszłości należąca do tych, które nierzadko refresh signs of the historic past, which frequently resembles zakrawają na tworzenie architektoniczno-artystycznych artefak- creating architectonic-artistic artefacts, or as some art histo- tów, a nawet, jak utrzymują niektórzy historycy sztuki, fałszu rians say historic falsehood, particularly when considering historycznego, szczególnie w obliczu faktu, iż odbudowa zamku the fact that the Berlin Castle whose reconstruction is to berlińskiego, której zakończenie planuje się na 2019 rok, wiąże be completed in 2019 is wholly intended to serve as a hotel się z przeznaczeniem całości obiektu na hotel i muzeum sztuki and a museum of African art? Such a new function of the afrykańskiej. Takie rozwiązanie nowej funkcji Zamku, budowli Castle, a building of monumental dimensions of its time, is o ówczesnych monumentalnych gabarytach, jest z pewnością certainly a conservation rarity, but on the other hand – future konserwatorskim ewenementem, z drugiej strony – przyszłe new functions of that object are a proverbial signum temporis nowe funkcje tego obiektu są przysłowiowym signum temporis of the changing times and customs, and a former seat of the zmieniających się czasów i obyczajów, a dawna siedziba dumne- proud Hohenzollern family does no longer arouse much go rodu Hohenzollernów nie wzbudza już obecnie większych emotion or sentiment4. emocji i sentymentów4. Bearing in mind the current conservation
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