Organic and Inorganic Selenium in Poultry: a Review
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B-561 [1-8] Indian J. Anim. Res., AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE Print ISSN:0367-6722 / Online ISSN:0976-0555 www.arccjournals.com/www.ijaronline.in Organic and inorganic selenium in poultry: A review Waseem Muhammad Zia1*, Anjum Khalique1, Saima Naveed1 and Jibran Hussain2 Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Ravi Campus, Lahore-54000, Pakistan. Received: 04-07-2016 Accepted: 11-10-2016 ABSTRACT Selenium was believed to be toxic to animals, however, in 1957, selenium was reported as a dietary vital nutrient. Selenium is available in inorganic and organic forms. In 1974, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulated the supplementation of selenium in poultry diets. In 1994, the National Research Council recognized selenium as a dietary essential nutrient for laying hens. The maximum allowed selenium addition level is 0.30 mg/kg. One of the most common supplements used is sodium selenite (SS), the inorganic selenium source. However, in 2000, the FDA approved the use of the organic source of selenium, Se-enriched yeast (SY) in poultry diets. Selenium has valuable effects on animal immune status, growth parameters, production and reproduction. Experimentally, it has been indicated that SY benefits more than that of SS due its more bioavailability. Selenium inclusion in food-animal diets has an extra nutritional advantage to human consumers of Se- enriched food-animal products. Key words: Se-enriched yeast, Sodium selenite, Nutrient utilization, Growth, Production performance, Egg quality, Functional foods, Hatching characteristics. INTRODUCTION Elementary selenium: It is stable and exists in modifications Selenium (Se) was discovered in 1817 and primary which are virtually biologically inactive, especially for its interest in the element was shown by glassmaking, pottery, poor resorption. rubber, steel, and electronic industries. Selenium may be Inorganic selenium compounds: The sodium selenite is present in an organic or the inorganic form in the diet. not also biologically active, it accelerates oxidization Selenium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, its processes in the organism and may cause health problems. retention and metabolism in the body depend on the amount Most inorganic Se is excreted from the body and its higher of Se intake and its chemical form. The maximum absorption doses are toxic. rate has been stated in the duodenum (Wright and Bell, 1966). Organic selenium compounds: These are the part of Efficacy of Se absorption is comparatively high, depending proteins include selenomethionine and selenocysteine (SC) on its dietary form, the greater absorption being recognized and are more active than inorganic salts perform a key role for the organic forms (Robinson and Thomson, 1983). For in biological processes. The SC is the only Se compound example, selenomethionine (SM) in contrast to the inorganic making part of effective Se enzymes mainly found in food form (sodium selenite or sodium selenate), is absorbed more of animal origin and in plants (Hartikainen, 2005). rapidly in the small intestine. Selenium is excreted mainly Selenomethionine is rapidly absorbed with the consequence through urine, droppings, and expired air. It is absorbed of higher blood levels in contrast to inorganic Se. independently of its levels in the organism and excreted Bioavailability of Se depends on the chemical compound it mainly via kidneys. The substance is not stored in the liver is part of. and in case of inadequate intake, its serum level declines Organically bound selenium: This is mostly used in the very quickly. The absorbed Se is transported by the form of Se-enriched yeast or other preparations, Se-enriched bloodstream bound to plasmatic proteins and incorporated yeast contains Se in the form of SM contained in most plants into all tissues (Cousins and Cairney, 1961). Intestinal and cereals. Most of the Se in the inorganic form is excreted resorption of Se is higher in monogastric animals. through urine while its organic form is excreted via feces Selenium is a dietary essential trace mineral (Hitchcock et al., 1978). Selenium in its organic form shows performing important biological functions in many greater bioavailability (75.7%) than Se bound in the inorganic organisms. Its sources and forms can be divided into several form (49.9%) (Mahan et al., 1999). Selenium fulfills a groups according to their efficiency; number of significant functions by means of specific Se *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] 1Department of Animal Nutrition, 2Department of Poultry Production University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Ravi Campus, Lahore-54000, Pakistan. 2 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH enzymes, including antioxidant defense of the organism Maternal supplementation of SY improved the meat quality against free radicals, maintenance and strengthening of characteristics of raw and processed breast fillets. Selenium natural immunity of the organism, support for the correct content of breast meat from broilers fed with SY function of the thyroid gland and reproductive organs. supplemented diet was higher (Zia et al., 2016b). The results Review of organic and inorganic selenium sources of a study showed that organic Se treated birds presented History of selenium: The Swedish chemist, Jons Jakob better growth performance than the birds treated with SS Berzilius discovered Se in 1817 in the flue dust of iron pyrite (Anthony, 2012). Organic Se exhibited the most striking burns (Sunde, 1997). In the 1930’s, several researchers response in breast muscles and had significantly higher Se identified Se toxicity to be a direct cause of alkali disease levels in heart, lungs and gizzard tissue (Leng et al., 2013). and blind staggers (Frank, 1934a), and then Nelson et al. A number of research workers reported an optimistic (1943) categorized Se as carcinogens. However, in 1957, correlation between organic Se and body weight in broilers Schwars and Foltz recognized Se to be one of three (Salman et al., 2007; Upton et al., 2008). Payne and Southern compounds that prevented liver necrosis, thus founding Se (2005) in a study noticed that chick production was improved as a nutritionally essential trace mineral. Rotruck et al. (1973) in organic Se treated birds. Yoon et al. (2007) conducted a indicated that Se was essential for the proper function of the research and reported that organic Se supplementation glutathione peroxidase enzyme, further establishing Se as showed better growth than that of inorganic Se. nutritionally essential. Selenium can be found in all cells and Nutrient utilization (digestibility): Selenium supplementation tissues of the body but its highest concentration is in kidneys, has a positive influence on nutrient utilization, however followed by testes, liver, adrenals, erythrocytes, plasma, among different Se sources, organic Se represented better spleen, pancreas, lungs, heart, thymus, gastrointestinal tract, results as reported by the researchers. Ankur and Baghel skeleton, brain and muscles (Behne and Wolters, 1983). (2011) reported the significant difference in nutrient Selenium is nutritionally an essential trace mineral utilization and stated that three diets were prepared with the (Schwarz and Foltz, 1957). Mills (1957) reported that Se is supplementation of 0.125, 0.15 and 0.175 mg Se/Kg of an important component of the cell enzyme glutathione broiler feed for three different experimental groups and peroxidase (GPX) which protects the cells from free radicals observed that supplementation of Se @ 17.50 mg/kg diet of that are produced during normal metabolic activity of poultry enhances the growth rate as well as nutrient retention lipoperoxidase by destroying free radicals (Thomson and in the broiler birds. Scott, 1969). Historically, only sodium selenite the inorganic Effect of form of selenium in antioxidative status: The source of Se had been used as a feed supplement in animal organic Se treatment increased tissue and plasma Se levels diets. Selenium exists in inorganic and organic form (Foster and glutathione peroxidase activity compared to inorganic and Sumar, 1997), and usually, it was supplemented in poultry Se treated birds (Robert et al., 2008). Anthony (2012) feeds via inorganic sources, such as SS, sodium selenate and explained that Sel-Plex fed chicks from chicks from breeders calcium selenide (Hess et al., 2000). However, the organic fed with Sel-Plex showed improved antioxidant status and source of Se was also approved as a feed supplement in poultry exhibited improved early performance. Breast weight rations (FDA, 2000). Organic sources of Se are in the form increased with the replacement of Se from sodium selenite of organic Se compounds, such as SY, Se-enriched alga, to SY in diets, replacing with SY in the diet also reduced and selenomethionine (Payne et al., 2005). malondialdehyde values in breast muscles samples after Selenium and growth performance: While comparing the storage at 4 to 6°C temperature (Navid, 2011). Improved influence of Se sources attempts have been made to study body oxidation resistance was reported in organic Se fed the impact of Se in poultry birds and concluded that birds than that of the birds fed with inorganic Se (Yang et supplementation positively affected the length of the body al., 2012; Zia et al., 2016c). as well as the width of the chest (Jiang et al., 2009; Zia et Slaughter traits and tissue