Organic and Inorganic Selenium in Poultry: a Review

B-561 [1-8]

Indian J. Anim. Res., AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE Print ISSN:0367-6722 / Online ISSN:0976-0555 www.arccjournals.com/www.ijaronline.in

Organic and inorganic selenium in poultry: A review

Waseem Muhammad Zia1*, Anjum Khalique1, Saima Naveed1 and Jibran Hussain2 Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Ravi Campus, Lahore-54000, Pakistan. Received: 04-07-2016 Accepted: 11-10-2016 ABSTRACT Selenium was believed to be toxic to animals, however, in 1957, selenium was reported as a dietary vital nutrient. Selenium is available in inorganic and organic forms. In 1974, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulated the supplementation of selenium in poultry diets. In 1994, the National Research Council recognized selenium as a dietary essential nutrient for laying hens. The maximum allowed selenium addition level is 0.30 mg/kg. One of the most common supplements used is sodium selenite (SS), the inorganic selenium source. However, in 2000, the FDA approved the use of the organic source of selenium, Se-enriched yeast (SY) in poultry diets. Selenium has valuable effects on animal immune status, growth parameters, production and reproduction. Experimentally, it has been indicated that SY benefits more than that of SS due its more bioavailability. Selenium inclusion in food-animal diets has an extra nutritional advantage to human consumers of Se- enriched food-animal products. Key words: Se-enriched yeast, Sodium selenite, Nutrient utilization, Growth, Production performance, Egg quality, Functional foods, Hatching characteristics. INTRODUCTION Elementary selenium: It is stable and exists in modifications Selenium (Se) was discovered in 1817 and primary which are virtually biologically inactive, especially for its interest in the element was shown by glassmaking, pottery, poor resorption. rubber, steel, and electronic industries. Selenium may be Inorganic selenium compounds: The sodium selenite is present in an organic or the inorganic form in the diet. not also biologically active, it accelerates oxidization Selenium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, its processes in the organism and may cause health problems. retention and metabolism in the body depend on the amount Most inorganic Se is excreted from the body and its higher of Se intake and its chemical form. The maximum absorption doses are toxic. rate has been stated in the duodenum (Wright and Bell, 1966). Organic selenium compounds: These are the part of Efficacy of Se absorption is comparatively high, depending proteins include selenomethionine and selenocysteine (SC) on its dietary form, the greater absorption being recognized and are more active than inorganic salts perform a key role for the organic forms (Robinson and Thomson, 1983). For in biological processes. The SC is the only Se compound example, selenomethionine (SM) in contrast to the inorganic making part of effective Se enzymes mainly found in food form (sodium selenite or sodium selenate), is absorbed more of animal origin and in plants (Hartikainen, 2005). rapidly in the small intestine. Selenium is excreted mainly Selenomethionine is rapidly absorbed with the consequence through urine, droppings, and expired air. It is absorbed of higher blood levels in contrast to inorganic Se. independently of its levels in the organism and excreted Bioavailability of Se depends on the chemical compound it mainly via kidneys. The substance is not stored in the liver is part of. and in case of inadequate intake, its serum level declines Organically bound selenium: This is mostly used in the very quickly. The absorbed Se is transported by the form of Se-enriched yeast or other preparations, Se-enriched bloodstream bound to plasmatic proteins and incorporated yeast contains Se in the form of SM contained in most plants into all tissues (Cousins and Cairney, 1961). Intestinal and cereals. Most of the Se in the inorganic form is excreted resorption of Se is higher in monogastric animals. through urine while its organic form is excreted via feces Selenium is a dietary essential trace mineral (Hitchcock et al., 1978). Selenium in its organic form shows performing important biological functions in many greater bioavailability (75.7%) than Se bound in the inorganic organisms. Its sources and forms can be divided into several form (49.9%) (Mahan et al., 1999). Selenium fulfills a groups according to their efficiency; number of significant functions by means of specific Se

*Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] 1Department of Animal Nutrition, 2Department of Poultry Production University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Ravi Campus, Lahore-54000, Pakistan. 2 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH enzymes, including antioxidant defense of the organism Maternal supplementation of SY improved the meat quality against free radicals, maintenance and strengthening of characteristics of raw and processed breast fillets. Selenium natural immunity of the organism, support for the correct content of breast meat from broilers fed with SY function of the thyroid gland and reproductive organs. supplemented diet was higher (Zia et al., 2016b). The results Review of organic and inorganic selenium sources of a study showed that organic Se treated birds presented History of selenium: The Swedish chemist, Jons Jakob better growth performance than the birds treated with SS Berzilius discovered Se in 1817 in the flue dust of iron pyrite (Anthony, 2012). Organic Se exhibited the most striking burns (Sunde, 1997). In the 1930’s, several researchers response in breast muscles and had significantly higher Se identified Se toxicity to be a direct cause of alkali disease levels in heart, lungs and gizzard tissue (Leng et al., 2013). and blind staggers (Frank, 1934a), and then Nelson et al. A number of research workers reported an optimistic (1943) categorized Se as carcinogens. However, in 1957, correlation between organic Se and body weight in broilers Schwars and Foltz recognized Se to be one of three (Salman et al., 2007; Upton et al., 2008). Payne and Southern compounds that prevented liver necrosis, thus founding Se (2005) in a study noticed that chick production was improved as a nutritionally essential trace mineral. Rotruck et al. (1973) in organic Se treated birds. Yoon et al. (2007) conducted a indicated that Se was essential for the proper function of the research and reported that organic Se supplementation glutathione peroxidase enzyme, further establishing Se as showed better growth than that of inorganic Se. nutritionally essential. Selenium can be found in all cells and Nutrient utilization (digestibility): Selenium supplementation tissues of the body but its highest concentration is in kidneys, has a positive influence on nutrient utilization, however followed by testes, liver, adrenals, erythrocytes, plasma, among different Se sources, organic Se represented better spleen, pancreas, lungs, heart, thymus, gastrointestinal tract, results as reported by the researchers. Ankur and Baghel skeleton, brain and muscles (Behne and Wolters, 1983). (2011) reported the significant difference in nutrient Selenium is nutritionally an essential trace mineral utilization and stated that three diets were prepared with the (Schwarz and Foltz, 1957). Mills (1957) reported that Se is supplementation of 0.125, 0.15 and 0.175 mg Se/Kg of an important component of the cell enzyme glutathione broiler feed for three different experimental groups and peroxidase (GPX) which protects the cells from free radicals observed that supplementation of Se @ 17.50 mg/kg diet of that are produced during normal metabolic activity of poultry enhances the growth rate as well as nutrient retention lipoperoxidase by destroying free radicals (Thomson and in the broiler birds. Scott, 1969). Historically, only sodium selenite the inorganic Effect of form of selenium in antioxidative status: The source of Se had been used as a feed supplement in animal organic Se treatment increased tissue and plasma Se levels diets. Selenium exists in inorganic and organic form (Foster and glutathione peroxidase activity compared to inorganic and Sumar, 1997), and usually, it was supplemented in poultry Se treated birds (Robert et al., 2008). Anthony (2012) feeds via inorganic sources, such as SS, sodium selenate and explained that Sel-Plex fed chicks from chicks from breeders calcium selenide (Hess et al., 2000). However, the organic fed with Sel-Plex showed improved antioxidant status and source of Se was also approved as a feed supplement in poultry exhibited improved early performance. Breast weight rations (FDA, 2000). Organic sources of Se are in the form increased with the replacement of Se from sodium selenite of organic Se compounds, such as SY, Se-enriched alga, to SY in diets, replacing with SY in the diet also reduced and selenomethionine (Payne et al., 2005). malondialdehyde values in breast muscles samples after Selenium and growth performance: While comparing the storage at 4 to 6°C temperature (Navid, 2011). Improved influence of Se sources attempts have been made to study body oxidation resistance was reported in organic Se fed the impact of Se in poultry birds and concluded that birds than that of the birds fed with inorganic Se (Yang et supplementation positively affected the length of the body al., 2012; Zia et al., 2016c). as well as the width of the chest (Jiang et al., 2009; Zia et Slaughter traits and tissue selenium deposition: Sevikova al., 2016b). The Se status of progeny chicks was improved et al. (2006) conducted an experiment to estimate the Se at hatching by supplementing breeder hen diet with Se-yeast effects on the broiler birds and reported that organic Se (Macalintal et al., 2011). Similarly, Sel-Plex (organic Se) in increased the tissue Se levels of broiler birds more than birds turkey showed significantly higher body weight and length offered inorganic Se supplemented diet, the higher live compared to the birds in the control group (Sartowska et al., weight of broiler chickens was recorded in the treated groups. 2011; Zia et al., 2016b). Selenium supplementation elevated Selenium contents in breast and thigh muscles were more in the Se concentration in body tissues and breast muscles Se treated birds as compared to the birds in control group (Dong et al., 2011). In another study, it was demonstrated (Zia et al., 2016d). Zhao and Xu (2009) at the end of his that Se supplementation in broiler diets significantly research project demonstrated that the supplementation of improved weight gain, final body weight and meat quality Se-Met in maternal diet can increase Se deposition in muscles without increase of feeding cost (Ibrahim et al., 2011). of the progeny and lead to more effective protection against Vol. Issue , () lipid oxidation in progeny’s thighs. The organic Se are many evidences in literature that lead toward the significantly increased the meat red coloration and drip loss conclusion that egg weight enhances or remain same with was noticed comparatively low. The growth performance, the supplementation of Se in the diet. Organic Se was added meat quality and antioxidant status of meat were also found in the diet of laying hens (Sara et al., 2008) where it improved better (Jiang et al., 2009). Yang et al. (2012) reported that egg weight (Skrivan et al., 2006). Another study, likewise, organic Se supplementation significantly increased the meat also exhibited the similar response of organic Se on egg red color, and decreased the cooking loss. In contrast, no weight (Renema, 2006). It was reported that dietary Se- significant (P > 0.05) impact of Se was found on final body enriched probiotic (Pan et al., 2011) or SY (Payne, 2005) weight of broilers (Vara et al., 2007; Yoon et al., 2007) improves egg weight in layers. Egg weight is increased Production performance and selenium sources: In a study, significantly by the supplementation of Se either in the form it was demonstrated that reproductive traits were improved of SY or SS (Invernizzi et al., 2013). However, some with the inclusion of Se, while Sel-Plex supplementation also researchers presented a different point of view and reported improved sperm survival in the oviduct, as well as the no correlation between Se and egg weight (Pavlovic et al., production of more settable eggs (Robert et al., 2008). Eggs 2009). Variation in egg mass is linked with the supplementation from breeder hens fed organic Se source had greater Se of Se forms in the diet as it is evident from certain reports that content than those treated with inorganic source (Leeson et inclusion of SY supplementation had significantly improved al., 2008; Zia et al., 2016a). A significant difference was the egg mass in laying hens (Gjorgovska et al., 2012; Zia et observed in eggs, tissues and hatchability in the Se treated al., 2016a). Many other studies, likewise, showed positive or birds than the birds maintained on control diet (Brennan et no effect of different Se forms on FCR/ dozen or FCR/kg egg al., 2011). The study on dual purpose breeding hens (Attia mass in poultry. Literature demonstrated that SY et al., 2010) and on quail breeders (Cruz and Fernandez, supplementation in laying hens improved FCR/ dozen 2011) revealed an increase in feed intake due to (Arpasova et al., 2009; Zia et al., 2016a) and also FCR/ Kg supplementation of SY. Most of the researchers, on the egg mass (Zia et al., 2016a) compared to the hens fed control contrary, have the different view point and reported no diet. Improved FCR/dozen has also been reported due to significant impact of organic Se on feed intake (Hanafy et the inclusion of Se regardless of the source (Pan et al., 2011). al., 2009). Similarly, feed intake remained same in the broiler In some studies, in contrast, no significant impact of Se on chickens (Niu et al., 2009) or laying hens (Pavlovic et al., FCR/dozen (Pavlovic et al., 2009) as well as on FCR/kg 2009) where Se could not establish its influence on average egg mass (Invernizzi et al., 2013) was demonstrated. daily feed intake (Invernizzi et al., 2013). In literature, feed Egg quality parameters: Many research workers intake was also observed to be negatively affected due to demonstrated significantly positive results due to the inorganic source of Se (Todorovic et al., 1999). A number inclusion of organic sources of Se (Zia et al., 2016a), while of researchers reported an optimistic correlation between the other reported negative or no influences of Se addition organic Se and body weight in layers (Kanchana and like, Utterback et al. (2005) in a study reported that organic Jeyanthi, 2010). Selenium supplemented diets, likewise, Se fed laying hens produced more eggs. Similarly, it was increased the body weight of laying hens (Arpasova et al., also reported that the Haugh Unit (HU) in the hens received 2009; Hanafy et al., 2009) and of quails breeders (Sahin et Se supplemented diets was improved (Hanafy et al., 2009). al. 2008). In contrast, no significant (P > 0.05) impact of Se It was also demonstrated that due to Se treated diets the egg on final body weight of layers (Scheideler et al., 2010; mass, egg weight and feed conversion ratio was significantly Aljamal, 2011) was reported. Many researchers have stated improved. The Se concentration in yolk was also significantly positive, negative or no influence of different sources of Se increased (Attia et al., 2010; Zia et al., 2016a). Pan et al. on egg production like, inclusion of organic Se in diet of (2011) stated that diets supplemented with Sel-Plex slowed laying hen can improve egg production (Sara et al., 2008; down the reduction of HU of eggs stored at room Hanafy et al., 2009) representing that organic Se is more temperature. Likewise, Skrivan et al. (2006) reported better effective than inorganic and increases egg production effect with organic Se fed diets on yolk and albumin height (Cantor, 1997; Paton et al., 2000b). Enhanced egg of the egg of treated birds. Moreover, the significant results production, similarly, was also noticed in layers due to the were found regarding antioxidant status and performance of addition of SY against mineral Se (Pavlovi et al., 2009; egg and embryo (Suari et al., 2012). Additions of organic Gjorgovska et al., 2012). The alike response of organic Se Se (Sel-Plex™) in laying hen diets increase egg shell has already been reported in the quail breeders too (Cruz thickness (Renema, 2006; Hanafy et al., 2009) and overall and Fernandez, 2011). Whereas, in some other studies mean, likewise, was also improved in Sel-Plex™ (SP) treated different Se forms could not increase (Payne and Southern, groups than the control group (Hanafy et al., 2009) presented 2005; Utterback et al., 2005) or improve egg production the enhancement in egg shell thickness due to the addition (Leeson et al., 2008; Invernizzi et al., 2013). As for as the of organic Se (Renema, 2006). Egg shell thickness may be influence of Se sources on egg weight is concerned, there improved with the supplementation of organic Se in the diets 4 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH of hens (Sara et al., 2008). Whereas, some other studies organic Se as Sel-Plex™ showed enhanced fertility (Davtyan revealed no response of Se forms on egg shell thickness in et al., 2006; Petrosyan et al., 2006) revealing that organic hens (Pavlovic et al., 2010) or quails (Cruz and Fernandez, Se increases fertility in layers (Hanafy et al., 2009; Osman 2011) indicating no influence of sodium selenite and SY on et al., 2010). An enhancement in fertility, similarly, has egg shell thickness (Invernizzi et al., 2013). No any positive already been indicated in broiler breeders due to organic Se response of organic Se (Correia et al., 2000) or Sel-Plex® (Sefton and Edens, 2004; Sluis, 2007) or SY (Papazyan et (Paton et al., 2000a) on egg shell thickness has already been al., 2006; Surai, 2006) than those fed with SS. Dvorska et stated in laying hens. Organic Se supplementation in the diet al. (2001) demonstrated that Se plays an important role in of hens improved HU (Pappas et al., 2005). In certain reports, saving from early embryonic death but Pappas et al. (2005) organic Se revealed improved HU in hens (Payne et al., 2005; found no significant effect of Se addition on embryonic Skrivan et al., 2006) or in local strains of chickens (Hanafy mortality. In a study, it was noticed that Se addition maintains et al., 2009). Diets supplemented with SP slow down the fertility in aged hens due to Se dependent glutathione lessening of HU of eggs stored at room temperature (Pan et peroxidase, improved the environment of the sperm storage al., 2011), but on the other hand, some researchers indicated tubules in hen’s oviduct (Suari, 2000). Similarly, Payne et no influence of Se on HU score as supplementation of organic al. (2005) in his experiment observed that organic Se Se (Correia et al., 2000) or different forms of Se (Patton, enhanced hatchability (Zia et al., 2016a), improved the 2000) in laying hens reported no difference in HU. A study embryo vitality and chick production. Selenium on quails, in the similar way, depicted no significant effect incorporation in breeder hen diet increased the hatchability of different Se forms on HU (Cruz and Fernandez, 2011) and number of hatched eggs (Davtyan et al., 2006). In highlighting inline response of individual or in combined addition, it has also been proved that the replacement of SS organic trace minerals on HU (Scatolini, 2007). Moreover, by organic Se in the form of SY is linked with increased it was also indicated that the rate of deterioration of HU was fertility in breeders (Surai, 2006). Whereas, significantly not affected with the Se addition (Mohiti-Asli et al., 2008). (P<0.05) higher non-fertile eggs were also noted in groups Likewise, Yolk index also has positive or no correlation with offered Se compared to the control (Stanley et al., 2012). different Se forms. Supplementation of organic Se in the Several researchers indicated significant effects of Se on diet of laying hens improves yolk index (Hanafy et al., 2009) hatch of fertile eggs as organic Se (Davtyan et al., 2006; or egg yolk and also the albumen height (Skrivan et al., Petrosyan et al., 2006), or SY (Sluis, 2007) addition in broiler 2006). Whereas, the literature also highlighted that yolk index breeders and layers exhibited improvement in the hatch of was remained unaffected regardless of the Se form (Attia et fertile eggs. Another study also presented improved al., 2010; Cruz and Fernandez, 2011) or despite the addition hatchability of fertile eggs from turkey hens as a result of Se of organic Se in the diets of layers (Correia et al., 2000). supplementation in their diet (Cantor et al., 1978) where it Furthermore, it was also claimed that egg yolk index had no improved hatchability of fertile eggs and number of hatched correlation with any form of Se (Mohiti-Asli et al., 2008) or chicks (Latshaw and Osman, 1974). Whereas some studies, SS and SY had no influence on yolk index (Chinrasri et al., on the other hand, revealed no effect of dietary Se source on 2009; Arpasova et al., 2012; Invernizzi et al., 2013). hatchability of fertile eggs (Pappas et al., 2006; Leeson et Selenium sources and egg geometry: Significantly greater al., 2008). In various reports hatchability was noticed to be egg width was recorded in the experimental groups differed significantly due to inclusion of hen’s diet with supplemented with SY (Zia et al., 2016a) or SS whereas the different forms Se. Supplementation of organic Se Sel-Plex™ (Davtyan et al., 2006; Petrosyan et al., 2006) in the diets egg length was found significantly lower in group with SS improved hatchability of laying hens concluding that Sel- (Arpasova et al., 2009). Significantly higher egg surface area Plex™ has the positive impact on hatchability in layers was detected regardless of SS or SY addition (Invernizzi et (Hanafy et al., 2009; Osman et al., 2010). Organic Se (SY) al., 2013). Supplementation of organic Se in the diet, likewise, in the diets, similarly, increased hatchability in broiler enhanced egg shape index in laying hens (Renema and Sefton, breeders and layers (Papazyan et al., 2006; Sluis, 2007). In 2004; Hanafy et al., 2009). Whereas, in some reports, it could addition, some other researchers revealed positive effects not prove any influence of Se forms on shape index (Pavlovic of organic Se on hatchability presenting positive correlation et al., 2010) where SS or SY supplementation did not between organic Se and hatchability (Sefton and Edens, influencet shape index (Invernizzi et al., 2013). 2004a; Zia et al., 2016a). Enhancement in hatchability, Hatching traits and selenium: Dietary Se supplementation likewise, has already been stated in laying hens due to organic also shows its influences on hatching traits including Se (Payne et al., 2005) or due to replacement of SS by organic improvement in settable eggs were observed when diet was Se in breeders (Surai, 2006). In different studies, Se added added with organic Se as Sel-Plex (Sefton and Edens, 2004). diets also showed influences on embryonic mortality. During Many researchers indicated effects of dietary Se late period of incubation (17 -21 day) significantly lower supplementation on fertility like, diet supplemented with embryonic mortality was observed in organic Se treatment Vol. Issue , () (SM) than inorganic (SS) (Yuan et al., 2014). Same response that embryonic mortality in broiler breeder remained of organic Se was observed in another study (Stanley et al., unaffected despite the addition of Se in the diet (Pappas et 2012) where it in the form of SY (Sel-Plex) brought al., 2005). Sluis (2007) conducted a study and pointed out improvement in the viability of breeder chicks in early that hatchability was improved due to SY supplementation postnatal development (Papazyan et al., 2006) concluding in the diets of broiler breeders and layer breeders. Hanafy et that organic Se treatment improves embryo viability (Payne al. (2009) found significant improvement in fertility and et al., 2005). Whereas, in another study it was also reported hatchability due to Se added rations fed to the laying hens.

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