Philosophy of Globalization Philosophy of Globalization Edited by Concha Roldán, Daniel Brauer and Johannes Rohbeck An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org The Open Access book is available at www.degruyter.com ISBN 978-3-11-054467-1 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-049241-5 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-049168-5 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Roldan, Concha, editor. Title: Philosophy of globalization / edited by Concha Roldan, Oscar Daniel Brauer, and Johannes Rohbeck. Description: 1 [edition]. | Boston : Walter de Gruyter, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018012830 (print) | LCCN 2018021153 (ebook) | ISBN 9783110492415 | ISBN 9783110544671 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Globalization--Philosophy. Classification: LCC JZ1318 (ebook) | LCC JZ1318 .P4885 2018 (print) | DDC 303.48/201--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018012830 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2018 Concha Roldán, Daniel Brauer, Johannes Rohbeck, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. www.degruyter.com Preface Taking acritical and nuanced position on the phenomenon of globalization has become increasingly difficult in our time. Onlyrecently, it seemed the positions wereclear.When the opening up of the world marketand the emergenceofnew digital networks palpablyincreased the pace of globalization in the 1970s, and when this process again acceleratedtobreathtakingspeed after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989,advocatesand opponents of globalization madetheirrespec- tive cases in clearlycontrasting terms. On one sidewerethe proponents of globalization, who sawfree trade and cross-border communication as again for the development of humankind. After the notionofthe ‘global village’ had made the rounds, ‘one world’dgaine currencyasaslogan for the promotion of worldwide cooperation. However,what drovethis was,aboveall, the marketing of global corporations in opposition to trade restrictions. Politically, this corresponded to radical neoliberalism celebrat- ing thirty years of victories. Itsmessagewas thatthe process of ‘deregulation’ ought to be carried on into the future. In opposition to this apologia for globalization, the so-called ‘anti-globalists’ soon made their voices heard with the help of theirown, in part globallyactive, organizations.These critics pointed out the negative consequences of unbound- ed capitalism: the mounting inequality between the wealthyindustrial nations of the north and the poor countries of the south; the emergenceofnew kinds of wars and globalized terrorism, with theirresulting migrations; the exploitation of natural resources;and,not least,the catastrophic effects on the global cli- mate. Under the new umbrella term ‘global governance’,transnationalorganiza- tions would servetomitigate such damages. Recently, however,the fronts between the apologists and the opponents of globalization have shifted dramatically. At least since the resurgence of populist partiesand Great Britain’sexit from the European Union, as well as the election of Donald Trump to the presidency of the United StatesofAmerica, anovel re- pudiationofglobalization has emerged. The critique comes no longer exclusively from the left in its oppositiontocapitalism; it comes,rather,from the far right, which sees the open world market as athreat to its domestic economies and longsfor areturn to the old nation states.The ironyhere is that such nostalgia is obviouslyanunintended and undesired sideeffect of globalization itself. How are we to respond to this?Ifthe new opponents of globalization are na- tionalists, racists and fascists, the constellations have shifted. Neoliberals be- lievethey can and should simply cling to the idea of free trade. But this is to overlook the fact thatthe objections to particulareffects of globalization will OpenAccess. © 2018 Concha Roldán, Daniel Brauer, Johannes Rohbeck. This work is li- censed under the CreativeCommons Attribution-Non Commerical-NoDerivs4.0 License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110492415-001 II Preface not resolve themselvessimply because they are raised by the ‘wrong’ side. Pre- ciselybecause globalization has begun to provoke dangerous reactions,the anxi- eties to which such reactions give expression must be taken seriously. This pres- ents the old critics of globalization with atwofold task: one the one hand,itis essentialthat they not give up on their critique of neoliberalism and continue decrying the exploitation of human beingsand nature.Onthe other hand, they must clearlydistinguish themselvesfrom the new resistance by showing how acritical alternative to nationalism can be developed on the basis of the theoretical conception and practical advancement of alternative forms of global- ization. As we aim to demonstrate in this volume, this is aproject to which philos- ophytoo can contribute. The goal is to present acritical concept of globalization that is as comprehensive as possible, by taking into account economic, political, ethical, social and cultural aspects, accordingtoamethodology of philosophi- callygrounded reflection. The historical dimension receivesspecial emphasis, includingthe history of globalization, the topic of globalization in the history of philosophy, and the philosophyofhistory’scontribution to asystematic theo- ry of globalization. As acollection of contributions from authors from Europe and Latin America,this volume offers an opportunity to depict the topic from di- verse perspectivesand in an intercultural frame of reference. The first chapter addresses the process of globalization in the areas of econ- omy, politics and society.Inthe course of economic transformation, political in- stitutions changeinsuch away that social actors lose influence. It is thus nec- essary to investigate the remainingconditions of the possibilityofintervention (Griselda Gutiérrez), aquestion thatalsobears on the political actionofpersons with complicated citizenship status (Alejandro Alba).The complex structures of action thatultimatelyarise can be designated as ‘cooperative cognition’ (María Navarro). Yetsuch social phenomenacan onlybesufficientlyexplained if global- ization is conceivedfirst and foremost as an expansion of western capitalism (Franz Heilgendorff). In light of such aconception, it becomes evident that cap- italisticallyconstituted nation states use the exportation of democracy as apre- text to wagewars and expand their power (Constanze Demuth). The bellicose no- tion of a ‘clash of civilizations’ is contradicted by a ‘soft’ or ‘critical’ universalism that acknowledgesculturaldifferenceswhile also trying to conciliatethem (Mar- kus Tiedemann, Omar Acha). The process of globalization leads to social inequalities and thus to demands for globaljustice—the topic of the second chapter.Thiscalls for political and eth- ical standards,which are being deformed in the globalage (Concha Roldán). There is apractical need for global institutions that fight injustices in the world (Elisabetta Di Castro). Instead of merelydemanding the fulfillment of char- Preface III itable aid obligations, it ought to be considered whether,for instance,the right to health can be legitimated as ahuman right (Julia Muñoz). Such ethical challeng- es give rise to the question of who are the subjects of global justice (Alberto Ruiz). These includegenerations whose impact reaches into the future,which in- vites contemplation of intergenerational justice(Irene Gómez). Nevertheless, the fact thatthe injustices in the world werecreated in the past,and must be com- pensated in the present,indicates the historical import of the topic (Johannes Rohbeck). The history of globalization is also the focus of the third chapter.Examples rangefrom the colonial history of Latin America (Nicholas Miller)—in particular the Jesuit mission in Paraguay(Rolando Carrasco) in the eighteenthcentury—to the urbanization of Mexico City in the nineteenth century (Sergio Miranda). Case studies from Turkey includeintercultural hiring practices in the Ottoman Em- pire’sengineering sector (Darina Martykánová and Meltem Kocaman), the car- tographyofthe Sea of Marmaraand the Black Sea (Kaan Üçsu), and contrasting theories of ‘modernization’ and ‘dependency’ (Rıdvan Turhan). Theseare fol- lowed by acontribution on the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Poland (AgnieszkaPufelska). As the fourth chapter shows, globalization is alsoatopic in the history of philosophy. This begins in the historical AgeofEnlightenment,duringwhich the idea of cosmopolitanism first took on concrete form. In this regard, it can be shown thatRaynal’sand Diderot’scritiquesofcolonialism influenced Kant (Ricardo Gutiérrez, Roberto Aramayo), who, with his concepts of hospitality and world peace, is among the pioneers of aphilosophicaltheory of globaliza- tion (Efraín Lazos). The debate