Bibliography

Books/Book Chapters Ali, Saleem H. Treasures of the Earth: Need, Greed, and a Sustainable Future. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. Akiwumi, Fenda A. “Conflict Timber, Conflict Diamonds Parallels in the Political Ecology of the 19th and 20th Century Resource Exploration in Sierra Leone.” In Kwadwo Konadu-Agymang, and Kwamina Panford eds. Africa’s Development in the Twenty-First Century: Pertinent Socio-economic and Development Issues. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2006. Anyinam, Charles. “Structural Adjustment Programs and the Mortgaging of Africa’s Ecosystems: The Case of Mineral Development in Ghana.” In Kwadwo Konadu-Agyemang ed. IMF and World Bank Sponsored Structural Adjustment Programs in African: Ghana’s Experience, 1983–1999. Burlington, USA: Ashgate, 2001. Appiah-Opoku, Seth. “Indigienous Knowledge and Enviromental Management in Africa: Evidence from Ghana” In Kwadwo Konadu-Agymang, and Kwamina Panford eds. Africa’s Development in the Twenty-First Century: Pertinent Socio- economic and Development Issues. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2006. Ashun, Ato. Elmina, the Castle and the Slave Trade. Elmina, Ghana: Ato Ashun, 2004. Auty, Richard M. Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis. New York: Routledge, 1993. Ayensu, Edward S. Ashanti Gold: The African Legacy of the World’s Most Precious Metal. Accra, Ghana: Ashanti Goldfields, 1997.

Barkan, Joel D. Legislative Power in Emerging African Democracies. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2009. Boahen, A. Adu. Topics in West African History. London: Longman Group, 1966. Callaghy, Thomas M. “Africa and the World Political Economy: Still Caught Between a Rock and a Hard Place.” In John W. Harbeson and Donald Rothchild eds. Africa in World Politics: Reforming Political Order. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2009. Campbell, Greg. Blood Diamonds: Tracing the Deadly Path of the World’s Most Precious Stones. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2002. Ciment, James. Angola-Mozambique: Post-Colonial Wars in Southern Africa. New York, NY: Facts on File, 1997. Chang, Ha-Joon. Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism. New York, NY: Bloomsbury, 2008. ———. Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem, 2002. Donkor, Noble T. “Impact of Structural Adjustment Policies on Forests and Natural Resources Management.” In Kwadwo Konadu-Agyemang ed. IMF and World Bank Sponsored Structural Adjustment Programs in African: Ghana’s Experience, 1983–1999. Burlington, USA: Ashgate, 2001. Dzorgbo, Dan-Bright S., and Steve Tonah. Sociology and Development Issues in Ghana: A Reader in Sociology. Tema, Ghana: Woeli Publishing Services, 2014. Europa Publications. Africa South of the Sahara 2015. Abingdon, England: Routledge, 2013. Europa Publications. Africa South of the Sahara. Abingdon, England: Routledge, 2014. Abingdon, England: Routledge, 2013. Ghazvinian, John H. Untapped: The Scramble for Africa’s Oil. Orlando: Harcourt, 2007. Hatchard, John. “Law and Governance in Africa: Supporting Integrity and Combating Corruption.” In Combating Corruption: Legal Approaches to Supporting Good and Integrity in Africa, 9–33. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2014. Hill, Charles. Global Business Today. Norm Ride, BC, Australia: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Hutchful, Eboe. The IMF and Ghana: The Confidential Record. London: Institute for African Alternatives, 1987. Karl, Terry Lynn. The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-states. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. Kelsall, Tim. Business, Politics, and the State in Africa: Challenging the Orthodoxies on Growth and Transformation. London: Zed Books, 2013. Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, and William A. Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics: Political Challenges and Changing Agendas. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. Bibliography 207

Konadu-Agyemang, Kwadwo, ed. IMF and World Bank Sponsored Structural Adjustment Programs in Africa: Ghana’s Experience, 1983–1999. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2001. Konadu-Agyemang, Kwadwo, and Kwamina Panford, eds. Africa’s Development in the Twenty-First Century: Opportunities and Challenges. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006. Liniger-Goumaz, Max. Small Is Not Always Beautiful: The Story of Equatorial Guinea. London: C. Hurst, 1988. Mazzucato, Mariana. The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths. 1st ed. New York: Anthem Press, 2013. Messner, Frank, and Karl Wohlmuth, eds. African Development Perspectives Yearbook: Active Labour and Employment Policies, Vol. IV. Hamburg: Lit, 1996. Moss, Todd J., Caroline Lambert, and Shephanie Majerowicz. Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse with Cash Transfers. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development, 2015. Moyo, Dambisa. Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009. Nest, Micheal, Francois Grigon, and Emizet F. Kisangani, eds. The Democratic Republic of Congo: Economic Dimensions of War and Peace. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 2006. Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges. The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People’s History. New York: Zed, 2002. ———. Patrice Lumumba. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2014. Obeng-Odoom, Franklin. Oiling the Urban Economy: Land, Labour, Capital, and the State in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana, 1st ed. New York: Routledge, 2014. Obi, Cyril I., and Siri Aas Rustad. Oil and Insurgency in the Niger Delta: Managing the Complex Politics of Petro-violence. London: Zed Books, 2011. Ohemeng, Frank L.K., Barbara W. Carroll, Joseph R.A. Ayee, and Alexander B. Darku. The Public Policy Making Process in Ghana: How Politicians and Civil Servants Deal with Public Problems. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 2012. Opoku, Darko Kwabena. The Politics of Government-Business Relations in Ghana, 1982–2008. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Osabu-Kle, Daniel Tetteh. Compatible Cultural Democracy: The Key to Development in Africa. Peterborough, ON: Broadview, 2000. Owusu, Henry J. “Economic/Political Convenience and Unprecedented Deforestation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Development Lessons from Ghana’s Structural Adjustment Program.” In Kwadwo Konadu-Agymang, and Kwamina Panford eds. Africa’s Development in the Twenty-First Century: Pertinent Socio- economic and Development Issues. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2006. Owusu-Ansah, David. Historical Dictionary of Ghana. 4th ed. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 2013. 208 Bibliography

Panford, Kwamina. IMF-World Bank and Labor’s Burden in Africa. Westport: Praeger Publisher, 2001. ———. Ghana’s Industrial Relations and Labor Laws: The Netherlands: The International Encyclopedia of Laws: Labor Laws and Industrial Relations Series, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 2012. Reno, William. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998. Rodney, Walter. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1982. Rotberg, Robert I. Africa Emerges: Consummate Challenges, Abundant Opportunities. Malden: Polity, 2013. Rowlands, Ian. Climate Change Cooperation in Southern Africa. New York: Routledge, 1998. Seidman, Ann Willcox. Apartheid, Militarism and the U. S. Southeast. Trenton: Africa World Press, 1990. ———. The Roots of the Crisis in Southern Africa. Trenton, NJ: African World Press, 1985. Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillian, 2012. Sowman, Merle, and Wynberg, Rachel. Governance for Justice and Environmental Sustainability: Lessons Across Natural Resource Sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa. New York, NY: Routledge, 2014. Stiglitz, Joseph E. Globalization and Its Discontents. New York: W.W. Norton, 2002. Vlassenroot, Koen. “A Societal View on Violence and War: Conflict & Militia Formation in Eastern Congo.” In Preben Kaarsholm ed. Violence, Political Culture & Development in Africa, 49–65. Oxford: James Currey, 2006. Wade, Robert. Governing the Market: Economics Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990. Wallerstein, Emmanuel. Africa: The Politics of Unity. New York: Random House, 1967. Wohlmuth, Karl, Achim Gutowski, Elke Grawert, and Markus Wauschkuhn, eds. African Development Perspectives Yearbook: Empowerment and Economic Development in Africa, Vol. VII. Münster: Lit, 1999. Yates, Douglas A. “Introduction.” In The Scramble for African Oil: Oppression, Corruption and War for Control of Africa’s Natural Resources, 1–12. London: Pluto Press, 2012. Yew, Lee Kuan. From Third World to First: The Singapore Story – 1965–2000. New York: Harper Collins, 2000. Articles

Print Journals Afoaku, Osita G. “Zaire’s March Toward Democracy: Constraints and Opportunities.” Western Journal of Black Studies 20, no. 2 (1996): 72–82. “Africa.” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 1 (2009): 200–201. Akabzaa, Thomas. “Boom & Dislocation.” TWN Africa Agenda 3 (2000): 26–28. Akpalu, Wisdom, and Peter J. Parks. “Natural Resource Use Conflict: Gold Mining in Tropical Rainforest in Ghana.” Environment and Development Economics 12, no. 1 (2007): 55–72. Akpomuvie, Orhioghene Benedict. “Tragedy of Commons: Analysis of Oil Spillage, Gas Flaring and Sustainable Development of the Niger Delta of Nigeria.” Journal of Sustainable Development 4, no. 2 (2011): 200–210. Allen, Fidelis. “The Enemy Within: Oil in the Niger Delta.” World Policy Journal 29, no. 4 (2012): 46–53. Amoako-Tuffour, Joe, and Owusu-Ayim “An Evaluation of Ghana’s Petroleum Fiscal Regime.” Ghana Policy Journal 4 (2010): 7–34. Amponsah, Nicholas. “A Market Augmenting State: An Imperative for African Development in a Globalized Economy.” Legon Journal of International Affairs 4, no. 1 (2007): 66–80. Andrews, Nathan. “Digging for Survival And /or Justice? The Drivers of Illegal Mining Activities in Western Ghana.” Africa Today 62, no. 2 (2015): 3–24. Aryeetey, Ernest, and Nelipher Moyo. “Industrialization for Structural Transformation in Africa: Appropriate Roles for the State.” Journal of African Economies 21 (2012): Ii55–i85.

Boafo-Arthur, Kwame. “Trapped in Development Crisis and Balkanization: Africa Versus Globalisation.” African Journal of Political Science 5, no. 1 (2000): 124–145. Burghardt Du Bois, W.E. “Liberia, the League and the United States.” The Council on Foreign Relations, (1933): 50–55. Bush, Ray. “‘Soon There Will Be No-One Left to Take the Corpses to the Morgue’: Accumulation and Abjection in Ghana’s Mining Communities.” Resources Policy 34, no. 1–2 (2009): 57–63. Darko, Kwabena Opoku. “From a ‘Success’ Story to a Highly Indebted Poor Country: Ghana and Neoliberal Reforms.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 28, no. 2 (2010): 155–175. Diamond, Larry, and Jack Mosbacher. Petroleum to the People: Africa’s Coming Resource Curse- and How to Avoid it. Foreign Affairs, (2013): 86–98. Donkor, Francis and Mallet, Joshua. “A New Apprenticeship Training: Ghana’s “Dual System””. Ghana Policy Journal 1 (2007): 106–120. Frosini, Justin. “A Constitutional Paradox? Ghana’s Peaceful Democratic Transition.” In Alla Ricerca Del Buongoverno, (2011): 367–376. Gyimah-Boadi, Emmanuel and Kwasi Prempeh, Henry. “Oil, Politics, and Ghana’s Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 23, no. 3 (2012): 94–108. Hilson, Gavin. “The Environmental Impact of Small-Scale Gold Mining in Ghana: Identifying Problems and Possible Solutions.” The Geographical Journal 168, no. 1 (2002): 57–72. Jike, V. T. “Environmental Degradation, Social Disequilibrium, and the Dilemma of Sustainable Development in the Niger-Delta of Nigeria.” Journal of Black Studies 34, no. 5 (2004): 686–701. Mccaskie, T. C. “The United States, Ghana and Oil: Global and Local Perspectives.” African Affairs 107, no. 428 (2008): 313–332. Martin, Guy. “Conflict on the Congo: Historical and Regional Perspectives.” African Studies Review 48, no. 1 (2005). Mazzucato, Mariana. “The Innovative State: Governments Should Make Markets, Not Just Fix Them.” Foreign Affairs, (2015): 61–68. Mkandawire, Tandika. “The Road to Crisis, Adjustment, and De-Industrialization: The African Case.” Africa Development 17, no. 1 (1988): 5–31. Obeng-Odoom, Franklin. “Natural Resources, Conflict, and Sustainable Development: Lessons from the Niger Delta.” African Review of Economics and Finance 4, no. 1 (2012): 110–113. ———. “Oil Boom, Human Capital and Economic Development: Some Recent Evidence.” Economic and Labor Relation Review 26, no. 1 (2015): 100–116. Obi, Cyril. “Nigeria’s Niger Delta: Understanding the Complex Drivers of Violent Oil-Related Conflict.” Africa Development 34, no. 2 (2009): 103–28. ———. “Oil Extraction, Dispossession, Resistance, and Conflict in Nigeria’s Oil- Rich Niger Delta.” Canadian Journal of Development Studies 30, no. 1–2 (2010): 103–128. Articles 211

Okpanachi, Eyene. “Managing Nigeria’s Environment: The Unresolved Issues.” The Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 4 (2011): 250–265. Okpanachi, Eyene, and Nathan Andrews. “Preventing the Oil “Resource Curse” In Ghana: Lessons from Nigeria.” World Futures 68, no. 6 (2012): 430–50. Olarinmoye, Omobolaji Ololade. “Politics Does Matter: The Nigerian State and Oil (Resource) Curse.” African Development 33, no. 3 (2008): 21–34. Olsson, Ola. “Conflict Diamonds.” Journal of Development Economics 82 (2007): 267–286. Omeje, Kenneth. “The State, Conflict & Evolving Politics in the Niger Delta, Nigeria.” Review of African Political Economy no. 101 (2004): 425–440. Oseni, Michael, Oyelami Oyetunji, Olabmiji Ogunlade, and M. Rotimi Sanni. “Groping in the Dark (Poverty): The Nigerian Experience.” European Journal of Humanities and Social Science 17, no. 1 (2012). Panford, Kwamina. “The Crucial Roles of Ghana’s Model Petroleum Agreement The Public Policy Implications and Requirements.” Ghana Policy Journal 4 (2010): 81–95. ———. “An Exploratory Survey of Petroleum Skills and Training in Ghana.” Africa Today 60, no. 3 (2014a): 57–80. ———. “The Role of the Academy and the Successful Management of Ghana’s Oil and Gas Industry.” Africa Today 61, no. 2 (2014b): 79–107. ———. “Ghana: A Decade of IMF/World Bank Policies of Adjustment.” Scandinavian Journal of Development Alternatives and Area Studies, Stockholm 16, no. 2 (1997): 81–105. ———. “The Crucial Roles of Model Oil Agreements: The Public Policy Implications and Requirements.” Ghana Policy Journal, 4th Edition, Institute of Economic Affairs, Ghana (2010): 81–95. ———. “The Employment Crises and the ILO in Sub-Saharan Africa” African Development perspectives Year Book, Institute of World Economic and International Management, Bremen, Germany, Vol.VII (1999): 319–334. ———. “Structural Adjustment, the State and Workers of Ghana.” Africa Development XIX, no. 2 (1994): 71–95. Prendergast, John. “The New Face of African Conflict.” Foreign Affairs (2014). Ross, Michael L. “The Political Economy of the Resource Curse.” World Politics 51.02 (1999): 297–322. Rosser, Andrew. “Escaping the Resource Curse.” New Political Economy 11, no. 4 (2006): 557–570. Sharma, Ruchir. “Broken BRICs: Why the Rest Stopped Rising.” Foreign Affairs 91 (2012). Stevens, Paul. “Resource Impact: Curse or Blessing? A Literature Survey.” The Journal of Energy Literature 9, no. 1 (2003): 3–42. Wade, Robert. “What Can Economics Learn from East Asian Success?” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 505 (1989): 68–79. 212 Articles

Van De Walle Nicolas. Obama and Africa: Lots of Hope, Not Much Change. Foreign Affairs (2015): 5. Weissman, Stephen R. “What Really Happened in Congo.” Foreign Affairs (2015). Yusufu Bagaji Ali S, Joseph Odoba Achegbulu, Abu Maji, and Natala Yakubu. “Explaining the Violent Conflicts in Nigeria’s Niger Delta: Is the Rentier State Theory and the Resource-curse Theory Relevant?” Canadian Social Science 7, no. 4 (2011): 34–41.

Online Journals Heald, Suzette. “Abstain or Die: The Development of HIV/Aids Policy in Botswana.” Journal of Biosocial Science 38, no. 1 (2006): 29–41. Kyalangilwa, Joseph. “The Demographic Republic of the Congo Can Feed All Africa and the Countries of the European Union.” Current Concerns, no. 8. (2008). Le Billion, Philippe. “Angola’s Political Economy of War: The Role of Oil and Diamonds, 1975–2000.” African Affairs 100, no. 398. (2001): 55–80. Obeng-Odoom, F. “Global Political Economy and Frontier Economies in Africa: Implications from the Oil and Gas Industry in Ghana.” Energy Research & Social Science 10 (2015): 41–56. Watts, Michael J. “Antinomies of Community: Some Thoughts on Geography, Resources and Empire.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 29, no. 2 (2004): 195–216.

Magazines Adejumobi, Said. “Africa Needs to Go Beyond the ‘Rising.” New African, February, 2016. “Africa Economy: Improving Regional Competitiveness.” The Economist: Intelligence Unit, September, 2012. “Africa has grown wise.” Oil Magazine, October, 2012. Chuma, Aeneas. “Africa Grapples with a Jobless Growth.” Africa Renewal, April, 2015. Di Giovanni, Gianni. “Africa Today.” Oil Magazine, October, 2012. Dovi, Efam. “Ghana’s ‘New Path’ for Handling Oil Revenue.” Africa Renewal, January, 2013. “Elections in Lesotho: Keep Calm and Carry on Voting.” The Economist, May, 2012. Elliott, Michael. “Free- Trade Hypocrites.” Time, November 2001. Fisher, Daniel. “The World’s Worst Economies.” Forbes.com, September, 2010. Articles 213

“Georges Choucair The Will of Steel.” New African, January, 2016. “How America Helped Savimbi and Apartheid South Africa.” New African, no. 408, 2002. Ile, C. Akukwe, C. “Niger Delta, Nigeria: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities from Equitable Development.” Nigeria World, March, 2011. Mutume, Gumisai. “Wanted: Jobs for Africa’s Youth.” Africa Renewal, October, 2006. Monday, Osaneku. “NDA: Economic Terrorists.” Nigeria’s Oil & Gas Monthly, June/July, 2016: 3–5+16. Nace, Trevor. “A 1,111-Carat Diamond – The World’s Second Largest – Was Found in Botswana.” Forbes Magazine, November, 2015. “No, You Can’t Have Your Industries: How Nkrumah’s Dream to Industrialize Ghana as a Model for the Whole of Africa Was Frustrated.” New African, February, 2002. “Oil and Gas in West Africa.” West African Resource Watch, 2014. Osei-Tutu, Joana Ama. “Managing Expectations and Tensions in Ghana’s Oil- Rich Western Region.” African Perspectives. Global Insights, 2012. Panford, Kwamina. “What New African Producers of Oil can Learn.” New African Magazine, February, 2014. Pooley, Eric. “The IMF: Dr. Death?” Time, April 24, 2000. Servant, Jean-Christophe. “Africa: External Interest and Internal Security.” Le Monde Diplomatique, January, 2003. http://mondediplo. com/2003/01/08oil. Smith, Jeff. “New Oil and Huge Challenge for Ghana.” National Geographic, 15 December, 2010: 5–10. Smith, Patrick. “Democracy Vs Development.” The Africa Report, no. 75, 2015. Stewart, Samantha. “Ghana’s E-waste Dump Seeps Poison.” Newsweek, July, 2011. Tafirenyika, Masimba. “Ebola: A Wake-up Call for Leaders.”Africa Renewal, December, 2014. “The Legacy of Oil and Geopolitics.” New African, 2009. “The Lord’s Resistance Army: It Hasn’t Gone Away.” The Economist, May, 2012. “The Rape of Paradise.” New African, January, 2012. Thurow, Roger. “The Fertile Continent: Africa, Agriculture’s Final Frontier.” Foreign Affairs, November/ December, 2012. UNIFEM. “More Women Elected in Africa.” Africa Renewal, October, 2008. Von Kemedi, Dimieari. “The Changing Predatory. Styles of International Oil Companies in Nigeria.” Review of African Political Economy 30, no. 95 (2003). “Where Others Fear to Tread.” The Economist, November, 2014. http://www. economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21635015-controversial- strategy-bargain-hunting-bond-trader-where-others-fear. “Why Resources Fuel Instability?” New African, September, 2014. 214 Articles

Whitelaw, Kevin. “A Killing in Congo: Lumumba’s Death No Longer Seems a CIA Plot.” U.S. News & World Report, July, 2000.

Newspapers “1,111 Carat ‘High Quality Diamond’ Found at Botswana Mine.” ABC News Australia, November 19, 2015. “438,030 Candidates Write 2015 BECE.” Daily Graphic, June 15, 2015. http:// www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/44704-438-030-candidates-write- 2015-bece.html. Ankrah, Prince William. “Evolution of Mining Industry in Ghana.” Daily Graphic, April 15, 2015. Abissat, Mawutodzi K. “Preparing for the Oil Boom in Ghana.” Daily Graphic, June 19, 2008. Ablordeppey, Samuel Doe & Acheampong, Jessica. “Rake in More Funds from Mining- IMF.” Daily Graphic, October 26, 2011. Abdul-Hamid, Alhandu. “Upper East Dams to be Rehabilitated.” Daily Graphic, March 27, 2009. Achuaw, Nehemia Owusu. “Government to Clear Hurdles in Mining Sector.” Daily Graphic, May 20, 2008. Adu-Gyamerah, Emmanuel. “It’s Gone Through” Daily Graphic, March 3, 2011. ———. “Petroleum C’sssion Bill before Parliament.” Daily Graphic, December 17, 2010. “Africa’s Infrastructural Needs $93 Billion to Put Things Right.” Daily Graphic, November 13, 2009. Aklorbortu, Moses Dotsey. “Danger: Illegal Miners Pose Threat to Energy Supplies.” Daily Graphic, June 2, 2008. ———. “Fishermen Angry with Aspects of New Fisheries Law.” Daily Graphic, January 28, 2011. ———. “Public Institutions Flout Financial Rules- Kan Dapaah.” Daily Graphic, August 14, 2012. ———. “Waste Oil Pollutes Axim Coastline.” Daily Graphic, January 28, 2011. Amaize, Emma. “Who Are the Niger Delta Avengers?” Vanguard News, May 15, 2016. Amol, Sharma. “India to Western Tech Firms: To Sell It Here, Build It Here.” The Wall Street Journal, January 8, 2013. “Angola’s Rebel Leader’s Death Confirmed.”BBC News, February 24, 2002. Kanabus, Annabel. “Information About Tuberculosis”, GHE, 2016. www.tbfacts. org. Apps, Peter. “Diamond Town Loses Its Sparkle.” The Boston Globe, September 1, 2005. Asante, S.K.B. “Europe’s Brand of ‘Trojan Horse’.” Daily Graphic, June19, 2008. Articles 215

Asiedu-Addo, Shirley. “We’ll Not Fail Ghanaians – President Mills.” Daily Graphic, September, 2011. Associated Press. “Oil Still Around $44.” Daily Graphic, March 6, 2009. “AU to Harmonise Economic Policies.” Daily Graphic, June 20, 2015. Ayodele, Daniel. “Ajaokuta Steel Mill to Be Completed this Year, Fayemi Assures.” Information Nigeria, February 10, 2016. Bartha, Emese and Whittall, Christopher. “World Turned Upside Down.” Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2016: C1. BBC. “Swiss Court Releases Mobutu’s Money.” Daily Graphic, July 16, 2009. Bennett, Drake. “Africa Rising.” Boston Globe, December 9, 2007. Bernstein, Sharon. “Tesla’s Massive Battery Factory Could Make Nevada the ‘Richest Place on Earth Again’.” Business Insider, October 2, 2014. “Bill to Regulate Ghana’s Oil Sector Passed into Law.” Ghanaweb.com, August 5, 2016. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/ Bill-to-regulate-Ghana-s-oil-sector-passed-into-law-460548. Boadi, Yaw. “AngloGold Ashanti Committed to Clean Environment.” Daily Graphic, October 16, 2006. Bonney, Emmanuel. “Mineral Sector Employs 36,000 People.” Daily Graphic, March 27, 2009. Boston Globe. “Cape Wind Sees a Path Forward After Ruling” The Boston Globe, July 6, 2016. Bruce, Emmanuel. “Minerals, Mining Sector Contribute GH1.2b to Economy.” Daily Graphic, June 18, 2015. Burns, Robert. “Nuclear Pact Makes World ‘more Secure’ Obama Says.” The Boston Globe, April 14, 2010. Chagutah, Tigere. “Infrastructure Investment Should Benefit All in the Drive for Africa’s Transformation.” Pambazuka News, June 23, 2016. http://www.pambazuka.org/democracy-governance/infrastructure-investment- should-benefit-all-drive-africa%E2%80%99s-transformation. Chen, Te-Ping. “The Rice Cooker, A Test of China’s Economy.” Wall Street Journal, August 4, 2016. Cheng, Jonathan. “Samsung to Launch New Phone Ahead of Apple.” Wall Street Journal, August 3, 2016. “Crude Falls Below $30 a Barrel; Stocks Plunge.” Boston Globe, January 17, 2016. Daily Mail Reporter. “What a Sparkler! ‘Exceptional’ 196-Carat Rough White Diamond Unearthed from Mine.” Daily Mail, September 8, 2010. http:// www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1310018/Exceptional-196-carat-rough- white-diamond-unearthed-Lesotho-mine.html. Dapatem, Donald Ato. “Draft Bill on Right to Information Ready.” Daily Graphic, March 20, 2009. ———. “Father, Son Drown in Obuasi.” Daily Graphic, May 1, 2015. 216 Articles

Dendrinou, Viktoria. “EU Plans New Tax Rules for Companies.” Wall Street Journal, January 27, 2016. http://www.wsj.com/articles/eu-plans-new-tax- rules-for-companies-1453932001. Donnelly, John. “As Peace Arrives in Angola, So Do the Diamond Chasers.” The Boston Globe, February 9, 2006. Drozdiak, Natalia. “EU Proposes Multinationals Publish Profits, Tax Bills Generated in Tax Havens.” Wall Street Journal, April 12, 2016. Accessed June 21, 2016. http://www.wsj.com/articles/ eu-proposes-multinationals-publish-profits-tax-bills-generated-in-tax- havens-1460466002. Ekstrand, Peter. “Cholera Grips Congo.” Metro Sweden, October 23, 2006. Elkind, Peter. “Tesla Closes on Free Nevada Land for Gigafactory.” Fortune.com, October 27, 2014. http://fortune.com/2014/10/28/tesla-closes-on-free- nevada-land-for-gigafactory/. Evans, Lloyd. “IFC Lends Support to Ghana’s Oil Find.” Daily Graphic, March 6, 2009. ———. “Ghana’s Economy Still Robust: Says CEO of JP Morgan.” Daily Graphic, June 16, 2008. “Equatorial Guinea: New Gas Agreement, Bid Round.” African Energy, Issue 279. June 16, 2014. “Equatorial Guinea: New Paradise for Investors.” The New York Times, December 28, 2012. “Ghana Bans Second-hand Fridges.” BBC News, December 31, 2012. “Ghana Blocks Exxon’s $4 Billion Deal for Kosmos Energy’s Jubilee Field Stake.” Energy Pedia, February 9, 2010. http://www.energy-pedia.com/news/ ghana/ghana-blocks-exxons-usd4-billion-deal-for-kosmos- energys-jubilee-field-stake. Ghana Export Promotion Authority. “75th National Exporter’s Forum.” Advertisement. Daily Graphic, May 28, 2014. “Ghana Gas Begins Another Compensation Pay-out.” Daily Graphic, July 5, 2015. “Ghana’s Oil Discovery Sparks Fight.” Daily Graphic, March 29, 2010. Gladstone, Rick. “Child Mortality Falling, U.N. Says, But Not Fast Enough.” New York Times, September 16, 2014. http://nyti.ms/1nZXjbn. Gobbah, Timothy. “IMF Praises Ghana’s Economy.” Daily Graphic, March 9, 2012. Griffith, Bill. “Hyundai Offers Free Fuel as Incentive to Try EVs.” Boston Globe, December 15, 2013. Gyasi, I.K. “On the June 3rd Tragedy.” Ghanaian Chronicle, November 22, 2015. Harris, Edward. “World is Felling Trees at ‘Alarming’ Rate.” Boston Globe, February 3, 2008. Articles 217

Herron, James. “Tullow Finds Major Oil Offshore Ghana.” The Wall Street Journal, July 26, 2010. HFC Bank. “Our Base Rate Is Now 27.36%.” Advertisement. Daily Graphic, May 27, 2014. Higgins, Abigail. “How Africa is out-innovating Silicon Valley.” Boston Globe, June 1, 2014. Irons, Meghan E. “Barros Back in the Spotlight After Ushering in GE Deal.” Boston Globe, February 17, 2016. Jafaru, Musah Yahaya. “GNPC Asked to Apply for Judgement on Drill Ship.” Daily Graphic, July 2, 2014. ———. “Government to Review Oil Law.” Daily Graphic, March 2, 2009. “Jubilee Vessel Coming.” Daily Graphic, April 29, 2010. Kirsner, Scott. “Money Well Spent?” Boston Globe, January 31, 2016. Kulish, Nicholas. “Africans Open Fuller Wallets to the Future.” New York Times, July 20, 2014. http://nyti.ms/1nMfwHZ. Lafraniere, Sharon. “Europe Takes Africa’s Fish, and Boatloads of Migrants Follow.” New York Times, January 14, 2008. http://www.nytimes. com/2008/01/14/world/africa/14fishing.html?_r=0. Lazo, Alejandro. “Tesla Nevada Tax Breaks, Incentives Package Approved.” Wall Street Journal, September 12, 2014. http://www.wsj.com/articles/ tesla-nevada-tax-breaks-incentives-package-approved-1410507190. Lefferts, and Jennifer Fenn. “Paying for College Is Quite an Education; You’ll Have to Master Loans, Grants, and Scholarships, Then Crunch the Numbers— But Don’t Be Too Quick to Rule out a Great School on Price Alone.” Boston Globe, December 13, 2015. “‘Lesotho Promise’ Sells for $12.36M.” Boston Metro, October 10, 2006. “Let’s Give Meaning to the Principle of Separation of Powers.” Daily Graphic, April 24, 2015. Letzing, John. “Big Swiss Banks Feel the Subzero Chill.” Global Finance, July 26, 2016: C1. Leung, Shirley. “General Electric Is a $145 Million Bet. How Will We Know If Massachusetts Won? – The Boston Globe.” Boston Globe, April 06, 2016. https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/04/05/general-electric- million-bet-how-will-know-massachusetts-won/Tened65wp Wsmk5BHlajByK/story.html. ———. “How GE Came to Town.” Boston Sunday Globe, January 17, 2016. Lopes, Carlos. “Rich in Mineral Deposits, Africa Must Benefit from Its Vast Natural Wealth.” The East African Business, November 9–15, 2013. Macdonald, Alex. “World’s Second-Largest Diamond Discovered in Botswana.” The Wall Street Journal, November 19, 2015. Magner, Mark. “China’s Largess Proves Poor Cure for Economic Ills.” Wall Street Journal, July 28, 2016. 218 Articles

Mail & Guardian. “Here Comes the September Surprise; DR Congo Is Having One of Its Best Times of Recent Years.” Mail Guardian, September 30, 2015. http://mgafrica.com/article/2015-09-12-you-wouldnt-think-it- but-the-drc-is-having-one-of-its-best-periods. “Making Mining Beneficial.” Daily Graphic, January 16, 2012. Manteaw, Steve. “New Oil Sector Law Progressive for Ghana- Dr. Manteaw.” Ghanaweb.com, August 5, 2016. http://www.ghanaweb.com/ GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/New-oil-sector-law-progressive-for- Ghana-Dr-Manteaw-460682. Marfo, Kwame Asiedu. “Jubilee Oil Field to Be Developed in Phases.”Daily Graphic, November 26, 2008. Martiz, Jaco. “How Botswana Is Positioning Itself as a Major Diamond Hub.” How We Made It in Africa, November 7, 2013. http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/how-botswana-is-positioning-itself-as-a-major-diamond-hub/. Matthews, C. “Ghana’s Top Undercover Journalist Masters Disguise to Expose Corruption.” The Gardian, 2016. Https://www.theguardian.com/global- development/2016/ghana-sucess-gold-oil-cocoa-economic-downturn. Mazzucato, Mariana. “Why Private Innovation Needs Government Help.” Financial Times, August, 2013. Mendes, Candido and McClelland. “Angola Starts Sovereign Wealth Fund with $5 Billion.” Bloomberg, October 17, 2012. http://www.bloomberg.com/ news/articles/2012-10-17/angola-starts-sovereign-wealth- fund-with-5-billion. Mensah, Mary. “Diamond Polishing Plant Set Up.” Daily Graphic, June 29, 2009. Mayer, Christopher M. “Surprise Victory in East Congo a Credit to Muscular UN Force.” The Boston Globe, November 08, 2013. McGroarty, Patrick. “Oil- Rich Angola Launching Fund.” Wall Street Journal, October 18, 2012. McGroarty, Patrick and Parkinson, Joe. “As Schools Struggle, So Does South Africa.” Wall Street Journal, August 2, 2016. McWhirter, Cameron. “Georgia’s $23 Million Bait for Mercedes.” Wall Street Journal, January 18, 2015. “Midtier Oil Exporters Suffer With Price Drop.” Wall Street Journal, December 22, 2014. “Momentous Day for Ghana Oil Flows.” Daily Graphic, December 16, 2010. Mustpha, Sulieman. “Newmont to Begin Deep Mining.” Daily Graphic, July 25, 2011. “Natural Gas in Africa: Frontier of the Golden Age.” Ernst & Young Global Limited, No Date. http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Industries/Oil---Gas/ Natural-gas-in-Africa-frontier-of-the-Golden-Age. Neubauer, Chuck. “Ghana Discovery Sparks Fight over Oil.” Washington Times, March 26, 2010. Articles 219

“Nigerian Rebels Announce Truce.” Daily Graphic, July 16, 2009. Nkrumah, Daniel, and Moses Dotsey Aklorbortu. “Oil Fields Face Woes.” Daily Graphic, March 12, 2008. Okwe, Mathais. “Sovereign Wealth Fund Records N5.17b Profits.”The Guardian, September 8, 2015. “Oil Find: It’s Big.” Daily Graphic, May 7, 2008. Onishi, Morimistu. “Africa Charcoal Economy Is Cooking, But Trees Are Paying.” The Boston Globe, June 26, 2016: A6. Onyekwelu, Ikenna. “Experts Decry Monumental Losses at Ajaokuta Steel Company.” The Guardian, May 15, 2015. Oquaye, Mike. “The Challenges of Oil Discovery in Ghana.” Daily Graphic, April 10, 2008. Oseni, Michael, Oyelami Oyetunji, Olabmiji Ogunlade, and M. Rotimi Sanni. “Groping in the Dark (Poverty): The Nigerian Experience.” European Journal of Humanities and Social Science 17, no. 1 (2012). Panford, K. “Oil and Gas Activities in Ghana.” Daily Graphic, January 3, 2014. Quaye, Michael. “Illegal Miners Block Black Volta.” Daily Graphic, July 3, 2015. “Rights Group Slams Equatorial Guinea Referendum.” Daily Graphic, November 14, 2011. Ramsey, Mike. “Tesla Confirms Nevada to Get Battery Factory.”Wall Street Journal, September 4, 2014. http://www.wsj.com/articles/tesla-confirms- nevada-to-get-battery-factory-1409871734. Reuters. “Ghana to Pass Oil Bill by July- Kamel.” Graphic Business, February 12, 2011. Rogers, Simon. “Malaria Deaths Country by Country: How Many Are There?” The Guardian, February 3, 2012. http://www.theguardian.com/news/dat- ablog/2012/feb/03/malaria-deaths-mortality. Saladino, Emily. “The 9 Most Expensive Diamonds.” Elite Traveler. N.d. http:// www.elitetraveler.com/features/most-expensive-diamonds. “Save Poultry Industry Now.” Daily Graphic, January 5, 2012. Stephen, Bret. “Hugo Chávez and the 47%.” The Wall Street Journal, October 8, 2012. Stevis, Matina. “Africa’s Big Debt Burdens Are Back.” The Wall Street Journal, November 17, 2015. Stockman, Farah. “Obama Faces Balancing Act on First Mideast Trip.” The Boston Globe, June 3, 2009. “Tantalum and War in the Congo, Better than Diamonds,’Capitalism in Its Purest Form?’” Dot Africa, April 8, 2001. Terkper, Seth E. “2014 Reconciliation Report on the Petroleum Holding Fund.” Daily Graphic, April 24, 2015. Thompson, Nii Moi. “Kosmos, Forbes, and the Scramble for Ghana’s Oil.” Daily Graphic, June 18, 2010. 220 Articles

Traynor, Ian. “EU Proposals Will Force Multinationals to Disclose Tax Arrangements.” The Guardian, February 07, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/07/eu-multinationals-tax- arrangements-us-google-amazon. Tsen, Kweku. “Oil Era Dawns.” Daily Graphic, December 14, 2010. “US Africom ‘Has No Hidden Agenda’.” BBC News, October 1, 2008. http:// news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7645714.stm. Ukwu, Jerrywright. “Niger Delta Avengers List Conditions for Peace.” NAIJ.com, Accessed August 10, 2016. https://www.naij.com/824855-list-10-conditions- niger-delta-avengers-gave-buhari-truce.html. “Unveiling Oil Contract Owners Critical to E&P Bill.” Ghanaweb.com, July 9, 2016. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Unveiling- oil-contract-owners-critical-to-E-P-bill-453969. Vogt, Heidi, and Nicholas Bariyo. “Congo Soldiers Rout Rebels.” The Wall Street Journal, October 29, 2013. http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014240527 02304470504579163703343726572. Williams, Selina. “Tullow Says Ghana Oil Project Can Move Ahead After Court Ruling.” The Wall Street Journal, April 25, 2015. Wonacott, Peter. “Youth Protests Shake Politics Across Africa.” Wall Street Journal, August 29–30, 2012. Yawson, Kit. “Weak Parliamentary Opposition Not Helping.” Daily Graphic, July 5, 2014. Yeboah, Kofi. “Mining Activities Under Microscope of New Year School Panellists.” Daily Graphic, January 16, 2012. Yeboah, Kofi. “Pass Right to Information Bill.”Daily Graphic, July 4, 2014. Yusuf, Omotayo. “Breaking: Less than 48 Hours After Threat; Militants Carry Out Deadly Attack” NAIJ.com, Accessed August 10, 2016. https://www.naij. com/924019-breaking-niger-delta-militants-carry-threat-blow-pipeline.html.

Online Newspapers Ansah, Marian E. “Ghanaians, Foreigners Connived to Dupe Ghana.” Citimonline, September 10, 2015. Koranteng, Kwabena Adu. “Ghana Exceed US$2billion Revenue from Oil.” Ghanaweb, June 24, 2014. “Parliament Criticized for Ratifying Oil Exploration Contract.” MyJoyOnline, December 8, 2013. http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2013/december- 8th/parliament-criticized-for-ratifying-controversial-multi-million-oil- exploration-contract.php. “Unveiling Oil Contract Owners Critical to Exploration and Production Bill.” MyjoyOnline, July 8, 2016. “Ghana Losing Tax Revenue to Extractive Sector over Lack of Data.” Citifmonline, July 8, 2016. Articles 221

Unpublished Works Abati, O Gilbert, and Owuor, George. “Extractive Industries, Natural Resources Management and Sustainable Development.” A Review, No Date. Agbesinyale, Patrick. “Ghana’s Gold Rush and Regional Development: The Case of Wassa West District.” PhD Dissertation, Faculty of Spatial Planning, University of Dortmund, Germany 2003. Dibua, Jeremiah. “From Kidnapping as a Form of Resistance to Kidnapping as Criminality: Interrogating Aspects of the Political Economy of Oil Exploration and Neoliberal Policies in Nigeria.” African Studies Association Annual Conference, Indianapolis, IN November 20–23, 2014. Karl Botchwey and Jamee Moudud. “Capacity Development in Africa: Reflections on Some of the Prerequisites.” New York State African Studies Association Annual Conference, NY April 1–2, 2016. Mwenechanya, Mbosonge. “The De-Africanization of African Development: International Development Programs and Political Economy of the Local in Zambia.” PhD Dissertation, Law, Policy, and Society, Northeastern University Boston, MA July 2009. Owusu- Banahene, Nana Yaa Saah. “Oil Versus Fish: A Study of the Conflict Between Different Resource Users in the Marine Commons of Cape Three Points- Ghana.” Master’s Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Trondheim, 2013. Ogon, P. “Oil Exploitation and Economic Justice: A Community Development Perspective.” Paper Presented at Political Education Seminar, Social Action and NUPEG, Port Harcourt, February, 2009. Owabukeruyele, Worgu Stanley. “Hydrocarbon Exploitation, Environmental Degradation and Poverty in the Niger Delta Region in Nigeria.” Paper Presented at the Lund University, LUMES Program, Lund, Sweden. Panford, Frank. “Curriculum for Department of Community Engagement & Law Clinic.” UCC, Cape Coast, 2013. Panford, Kwamina, Awusabo, Kofi, and Kutsoati, Edward. “Draft Proposal: Concept Paper for a New Petroleum & Energy Center or Institute.” Boston, December, 2010.

Government Documents Congressional Research Service. “Ghana, an Emergent Oil Producer: Background and US Relations.” December 1, 2010. Cook, Nicholas. “Conflict Minerals in Central Africa: U.S. and International Responses.” Congressional Research Service. Washington D.C.UNT Digital Library. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98038/. 222 Articles

Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Commission. Public Notice: “Ban on the Importation of Used Refrigerators and Freezers.” Daily Graphic, March 24, 2012. Ghana Government, Ministry of Energy. “Consultancy Services for Drafting of Upstream Petroleum Regulations Submission of Drafts- Volume 1.” September 22, 2011. Accra, Ghana. Model Petroleum Agreement of Ghana GNPC, Tema 2000. Prempeh and Kroon USAID/Ghana Country Development Cooperation Strategy. Accra. December 2012. The World Bank. Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results and the Road Ahead. Washington, DC, 1994. ———. Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth. A Long-Term Perspective Study, Washington, DC, 1989. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa High Level Panel Illicit Financial Flows from Africa. Addis Ababa. February 2015. United States Department of State Bureau of Public Affairs “Ghana Background Notes.” Washington DC, February 1990.

Reports 2011 Ranking of Countries for Mining Investment: Where “Not to Invest.” New York: Behre Dolbear Group, INC., 2015. African Progress Panel Equity in Extractives: Stewarding Africa’s Natural Resources for All. Report. Africa Progress Panel, 2013. Agbesinyale, Patrick, Tenkorang Emmanuel, and Musah Dankwah. Ifan Research Project on Assessment of Extractive Industries in West Africa: Ghana Field Study Report. University of Cape Coast: Institute for Development Studies, 2008. AU The African Union at 50. New York: The African Union, 2013. Africa Energy Outlook Executive Summary. Paris: International Energy Agency, 2014. Accessed March 10, 2015. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepub- lications/publication/AEO_ES_English.pdf. Ayee, Joseph, Tina Søreide, G.P. Shukla, and Tuan Minh Le. Political Economy of the Mining Sector in Ghana, Policy Research Working Paper 5730. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2011. Bank of Ghana. Petroleum Funds. Ghana Petroleum Funds Secretariat Quarterly Report. January 1–March 31, 2014. Bluestone, Barry, and Alan Clayton-Matthews. Life Sciences Innovation as a Catalyst for Economic Development: The Role of the Massachusetts Life Sciences Center. Report. The Kitty and Michael Dukakis Center for Urban and Regional Policy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 2013. Articles 223

Boampong, Owusu. Ghana’s Golden Opportunity: A District Struggles With Striking It Rich. Accra: Revenue Watch Institute, 2012. Cavnar, Anna. Case Studies in Oil Governance: What Ghana Can Learn About Oil Revenue Management from the Rest of the World, Critical Perspectives No. 23. Accra: Ghana Center for Democratic Development, CDD-Ghana, 2008. Cohen, Herman. American Diplomacy 2003: The United States and Africa: Non- Vital Interests Also Require Attention. Commentary & Analysis, 2003. http:// www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2003_0709/cohen_africa/ cohen_africa.html. EIU. “Shortages of Ground Maize Could Stoke Inflation” from Zambia Country Report December 2012. London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012. ———. “Sub-Saharan Africa Fights Back Against the AIDS Pandemic” from Zambia Country ReportDecember 2012. London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012. Fact Sheet 2014: Fostering Broadly Shared Prosperity. Dakar–Fann, Senegal: Trust Africa, 2014. http://www.trustafrica.org/Publications/factsheet_ED.pdf. Frankel, Jeffrey A. The Natural Resource Curse: A Survey of Diagnoses and Some Prescriptions. HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP12-014, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University 2010. Ghana Extractive Industries’ Transparency Initiative. Final GHEITI Report on the Oil/Gas Sector-2014. Ministry of Finance. Accra, Ghana. December 2015. Ghana. Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. 2014 Oil & Gas Sector GHEITI Report. Ghana, 2015. Ghana Statistical Service (GSS). Gross Domestic Product 2014. Accra, April 9, 2014. Gentile, Angie. “Africa’s Infrastructure: Closing the ‘Efficiency Gap.’”World Bank. October 4, 2009. http://blogs.worldbank.org/meetings/ africa-s-infrastructure-closing-the-efficiency-gap. Idemudia, Uwafiokun.Escaping the Resource Curse in Nigeria: An Evaluation of the Impact on the Oil Commissions in Ondo, Edo, and Delta States. Heinrich Böll Stiftung Nigeria, 2011. IDS. “Oil Exploration and Production: A Baseline Socio-economic Survey of Six Coastal Fringe Districts in Western Region of Ghana” Institute for Development Studies, University of Cape Coast, Draft Report, December, 2010. Iheme, Obi. “Invest in Africa 2011: Developing Strategic Partnerships.” African Union (2011): 1–168. KMPG, Oil and Gas in Africa: Africa’s Reserves, Potential and Prospects. Cayman Islands: KMPG International Corporation, 2013. Legem Terrae. Resource Energy Management Services Limited. Accra, Ghana, 2010. Mwenechanya, Silane K. Implementing the Africa Mining Vision- Directions for Policy and Regulatory Improvement in Africa. United Nation Economic Commission for Africa. 224 Articles

Nwokeji, Ugo. The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation and the Development of the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry: History, Strategies, and Current Directions: Local Content: Houston, TX: Rice University, 2007. Open Society Institute of Southern Africa. Breaking the Curse: How Transparent Taxation and Fair Taxes Can Turn Africa’s Mineral Wealth into Development. London. March 2009. Panford, Kwamina. Comments: Ghana Petroleum Revenue Management Preliminary Proposal. Accra. Submitted to the Ministry of Finance, 2010. ———. “Comments on Revised Ghana Petroleum Revenue Management Bill. Ministry of Finance.” Accra Ghana, 2010. ———. “An Exploratory/Baseline Survey of Petroleum Skills and Training in Ghana in 2012.” Ghana TUC and LO-Norway Accra, 2012a. ———. “The Academy and the Successful Management of Ghana’s Petroleum Resources.” University of Cape Coast, 2012b. PIAC. “Annual Report on the Management of Petroleum Revenues in 2012.” Public Interest and Accountability Committee. Republic of Ghana, 2012. Rutherford, Lucas, and Michael Ofori-Mensah. “Ghana’s Mining Code: In Whose Interest?.” Governance Newsletter 14, no. 4 (2011). Sachs, Jeffrey D and Andrew M. Warner. “Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 5398 (1997): 1–50. Teconomy Partners “Indiana’s Health and Life Sciences Talent and Workforce: Developing Strategies to Compete in a Global Economy.” Indianapolis, IN May 2016.

Films, Videos, Television and Radio Programs AFP News Agency. “DR Congo Struggles to Control Minerals Trade.” YouTube. June 5, 2013. Accessed December 15, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=p9GPYETbKqk. Balch, Oliver. “Big Men: The New Film About the Meeting of Ghana, Oil and Wall Street.” The Guardian. April 2, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/ sustainable-business/blog/big-men-film-ghana-oil-wall-street. Basil Davidson. This Magnificent African Cake Directed by Andrew Harries, John Percival, Mike Csaky, and Christopher Ralling. Performed by Basil Davidson. UK: Arts International, 1983. VHS. Blood Coltan. Digital. Directed by Patrick Forestier. Tac Presse (Production), 2007. Diamonds of War: Africa’s Blood Diamonds. National Geographic. January 31, 2008. Accessed May 20, 2013. “First Malaria Vaccine Moves a Step Closer to Approval.” Morning Edition. WUIS 91.9 Illinois Public Radio. Springfield, IL: WUIS, October 8, 2013. Articles 225

“Ghana: Digital Dumping Ground.” PBS. June 23, 2009. Accessed May 9, 2016. http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/ghana804/video/video_index. html. Jungle Gold: Utah Gold Miners in Ghana. Discovery Channel, 2012. Television Show. Kaiman, Jonathan, and Afua Hirsch. “Ghana Arrests 168 Chinese Nationals in Illegal Mining Crackdown.” The Guardian. June 06, 2013. Accessed June 21, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/ghana-arrests- chinese-illegal-miners. Nkrumah, Kwame. “Speech at Laying of the Foundation Stone of Ghana Atomic Reactor at Kwabenya.” Accra, 25 November 1964. PBS America. “T Shirt Travels | PBS America.” YouTube. August 14, 2012. Accessed June 21, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iDNtwVL4sw. Rijn, Barbara Van. “The Black Coast (Oil in Ghana).” YouTube. December 27, 2012. Accessed March 26, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=lyNalViMVEE. Stahl, Lesley. “The Future of Money.” CBSNews. November 22, 2015. Accessed December 1, 2015. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/future-of-money- kenya-m-pesa-60-minutes/. The Great African Scandal. Directed by Ken Kirby. Performed by Robert Beckford. UK, 2007. Video Documentary. USA Network News. “Copper Rich Zambia Hit by Global Drop in Commodity Prices.” YouTube. September 29, 2015. Accessed June 18, 2016. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXPU7tTfVH4.

Advertisements “Creating a Healthy Africa: Typhoid, Dangerous Bacteria in Food & Water.” Daily Graphic, January 12, 2012. Page 15. “Job Advertisements.” Daily Graphic, May 23, 2008. “Job Advertisements.” Daily Graphic, February 26, 2009. “Job Advertisements.” Daily Graphic, February 3, 2011. Menergy: People Working Towards the Future. “4- Day MBA For Oil & Gas Executives.” Advertisement. Daily Graphic, May 7, 2015. University of Ghana Faculty of Law. “Special Masters Programmes for Lawyers and Non- Lawyers.” Daily Graphic, March 20, 2012.

Conferences Agbogah, Vandal Kofi. “Impact of Commercial Oil Exploration and Production on Coastal Communities of the Western Region” 3rd Anniversary Lecture, Western Region Branch, Old Vandals Association Takoradi Polytechnic, September 5, 2012. 226 Articles

Culley, Harriet. “In UN Special Session: African Economic Situation. Proceedings of UN Special Session”: African Economic Situation, New York, July 1986. Satya, Satya J. “The End of the Cold War and the Crisis in Asia.” Speech, Silk Road Conference, China, Xiamen, October 1997.

Websites “Africa Internet Users, Facebook and 2015 Population Statistics.” Internet World Statistics. 2007. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm. Alhassan, Rabiu. “We Can Process Jubilee Crude –TOR Workers.” Citifmonline. August 13, 2014. Accessed April 20, 2016. http://citifmonline. com/2014/08/13/we-can-process-jubilee-crude-tor-workers/. Amankwah, Ama Achiaa. “23,000 Jobs Gone With the Wind.” All Africa. October 24, 2005. Accessed June 18, 2016. http://allafrica.com/stories/200510241023.html. Asante, Edmund Smith. “Ghana World’s 14th Top Performing Economy | General-news | News.” Graphic Online. October 31, 2013. Accessed June 17, 2016. http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-world-s- 14th-top-performing-economy.html. Business & Financial Times. “Cassava Potential Underutilised.” GhanaWeb. August 11, 2014. Accessed August 12, 2014. http://www.ghanaweb.com/ GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=320625. “Banks Provide US$1.5bn Loan to Cocoa Board.” Economist Intelligence Unit. September 14, 2012. Accessed October 1, 2012. http://country.eiu.com/ article.aspx?articleid=1929561177. Bello, Oladiran. “Africa’s Extractive Governance Architecture: Lessons to Inform a Shifting Agenda.” South African Institute of International Affairs. May 26, 2014. Accessed June 18, 2016. http://www.saiia.org.za/policy-briefings/ africas-extractive-governance-architecture-lessons-to-inform-a-shifting- agenda. “Business Intelligence on 205 Countries”. May 21, 2013. Accessed June 14, 2013. ://viewswire.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=VWArticleVW3. Center For Life Sciences. “Current Events & Research Finding.” BioCrossroads. Indianapolis, IN Accessed November 25, 2014. http://www.biocrossroads. com/. Conners, Will. “Ghana Blocks Exxon OIl-Field Deal.” Wall Street Journal. February 9, 2010. Accessed June 17, 2016. http://www.wsj.com/articles/ SB10001424052748703615904575053591032562812. CIA World Factbook. “Industrial Production Growth Rate (%) 2016 Country Comparisons, Ranks, Alphabetical.” Ranks, Alphabetical. February 04, 2016. Accessed May 2, 2016. http://www.photius.com/rankings/2016/economy/ industrial_production_growth_rate_2016_1.html. Articles 227

“Cut Budgetary Support to TOR, GNPC, BOST’” GhanaWeb. February 19, 2016. Accessed April 20, 2016. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ business/Cut-budgetary-support-to-TOR-GNPC-BOST-416972. Daily Graphic. “Galamsey Operators Back to Pra River”. January 17, 2014. Accessed November 24, 2014. http://www.reportingoilandgas.org/ galamsey-operators-back-to-pra-river/. Daily Guide. “Takoradi Port Expansion to Reduce Cost.” GhanaWeb. August 11, 2014. Accessed August 12, 2014. http://www.ghanaweb.com/ GhanaHomePage/economy/artikel.php?ID=320686. “Diamond Exports From Ghana.” Diamond Exports From Ghana. Accessed April 14, 2016. http://www.gepcghana.com/diamonds.php. “Diamond Mining in Ghana.” MBendi.com. Accessed April 14, 2016. https:// www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/dmnd/af/gh/p0005.htm. “Diamond the Size of a Tennis Ball Could Fetch $70 Million.” Msn. May 4, 2016. Accessed May 4, 2016. http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/diamond- the-size-of-a-tennis-ball-could-fetch-dollar70-million/ar-BBsDhim. Elkind, Peter. “Tesla Closes on Free Nevada Land for Gigafactory.” Fortune Magazine. October 28, 2014. Accessed January 14, 2015. http://fortune. com/2014/10/28/tesla-closes-on-free-nevada-land-for-gigafactory/. Essabra-Mensah, Ekow. “Declining Fish Stock Worrying: 4 million Livelihoods Affected.” GhanaWeb. April 01, 2016. Accessed June 23, 2016. http://www. ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/ Declining-fish-stock-worrying-4million-livelihoods-affected-427518. “Fight For Ghana’s Oil: Exxon Vs China.” Ghana Web. October 12, 2009. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/ Fight-For-Ghana-s-Oil-Exxon-vs-China-170209. “Fisheries Enforcement Unit Arrests Vessels and Canoes.” GNA News. August 20, 2014. Accessed April 29, 2016. http://www.ghananewsagency.org/social/ fisheries-enforcement-unit-arrests-vessels-and-canoes--78793. “Fishing Activities Putting Jubilee Field in Danger – Tullow.” Citifmonline. February 24, 2015. Accessed April 21, 2016. http://citifmonline. com/2015/02/24/fishing-activities-putting-jubilee-field-in-danger-tullow/. General News. “Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly Unveils Plans to Facelift Oil-city” Ghana Business News.” January 20, 2012. Accessed April 21, 2016. https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2012/01/20/sekondi-takoradi- metropolitan-assembly-unveils-plans-to-facelift-oil-city/. Hilse, Gwendolin. “Ghana’s Takoradi and Its Uneasy Affair with Oil.” July, 29, 2014 DW.COM. July 29, 2014. Accessed April 21, 2016. http://www. dw.com/en/ghanas-takoradi-and-its-uneasy-affair-with-oil/a-17820166. “History of Gold Production – Ghana.” 24hGold.com. Accessed April 14, 2016. http://www.24hgold.com/english/stat_country_detail.aspx?pays=Ghana&de id=24470B1670. 228 Articles

“History of Silver Production – Ghana.” 24hGold.com. Accessed April 14, 2016. http://www.24hgold.com/english/stat_country_detail.aspx?pays=Ghana. Gambrell, John. “Nigerian Village Files $1B Suit Against Shell.” Manufacturing. net. October 21, 2011. Accessed June 24, 2016. http://www.manufacturing. net/news/2011/10/nigerian-village-files-1b-suit-against-shell. “General Information About Ghana.” Accessed May 2, 2016. http://www. ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/general/statistics.php. “Ghana Cabinet Approves E&P Bill amid Licensing Concerns.” African Energy, no. 276 (May 01, 2014). Accessed October 15, 2014. http://archive.cross- borderinformation.com/Article/Ghanacabinet approves EP bill amid licensing concerns.aspx?date=20140501#. “Ghana Loses GHC420m Annually Due to Poor Sanitation.” Ghana Web. Accessed January 15, 2013. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=262123. “Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC) Takes over Ghana National Gas Company (GNGC).” Reportingoilandgas. November 19, 2014. Accessed June 17, 2016. http://www.reportingoilandgas.org/?s=GNPC. “Ghana News – Ghanaian Riggers on Jack Ryan Get 17% Salary Increase But...” Myjoyonline. August 11, 2014. Accessed August 12, 2014. http://www. myjoyonline.com/business/2014/august-11th/ghanaian-riggers-on-jack- ryan-get-17-salary-increase-but.php. “Ghana: Petroleum Funds Get Good Governance Review.” African Energy, no. 276 (May 02, 2014). Accessed October 15, 2014. http://archive.crossborder- information.com/Article/GhanaPetroleum funds get good governance review. aspx?date=20140502#. Gladstone, Rick. “Despite Declines, Child Mortality and Hunger Persist in Developing Nations, U.N. Reports.” New York Times. September 16, 2014. Accessed September 16, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/17/ health/child-mortality-falling-un-says-but-not-fast-enough. html?partner=rss&emc=rss. GNA. “Africa Spends $4 Billion to Recruit Expatriates.” Ghana Web. March 11, 2003. Accessed June 20, 2016. http://www.ghanaweb.com/ GhanaHomePage/economy/Africa-spends-4-billion- to-recruit-expatriates-33857. GNA. “Expert Says Ghanaians Must Operate the Oil Industry in 10 Years.” Modern Ghana. January 20, 2011. Accessed June 17, 2016. https://www. modernghana.com/news/313090/expert-says-ghanaians-must-operate- theoil-industry-in-10-years.html. GNA. “UCC to Smoke out Applicants with Fake Results.” Ghana Web. September 21, 2015. Accessed September 22, 2015. http://www.ghanaweb.com/ GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/UCC-to-smoke-out-applicants- with-fake-results-383161. Articles 229

Graphic Online. “Fourth Whale Washed Ashore at Sekondi.” Modern Ghana. September 4, 2013. Accessed April 21, 2016. https://www.modernghana. com/news/487134/fourth-whale-washed-ashore-at-sekondi.html. Graphic Online. “TOR to More Than Double Production Capacity.” Modern Ghana. December 11, 2009. Accessed June 23, 2016. https://www.modernghana.com/news/253820/tor-to-more-than-double-production-capacity. html. “Harry S. Truman: U.S. Presidential Inaugural Address. 1949.” 1949. Accessed October 30, 2013. http://www.bartleby.com/124//pres53.html. “Insight for the International Fishing & Aquaculture Industry.” World Fishing & Aquaculture. May 30, 2012. Accessed June 24, 2016. http://www.worldfish- ing.net/news101/industry-news/ghana-to-build-11-new-fishing-ports. Jonathan, Kaiman. “Ghana Arrests 124 Chinese Citizens for Illegal Gold Mining.” The Guardian. June 6, 2013. Accessed March 22, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/ghana-arrest-chinese-illegal- gold-mining. Koranteng, Kwabena Adu. “AngloGold Leaves Obuasi in More Deplorable State.” News Ghana. June 23, 2014. Accessed November 24, 2014. https://www. newsghana.com.gh/anglogold-leaves-obuasi-deplorable-state/. Kwawukume, Solomon. “The Upstream Petroleum Industry in Ghana: What the Existing Laws Say.” Ghana Web. April 3, 2015. Accessed June 17, 2016. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/ The-upstream-petroleum-industry-in-Ghana-What-the-existing-laws- say-352993. LaMonica, Martin. “US Agency Fuels Local Clean Tech Companies.” The Boston Globe. June 05, 2013. Accessed June 14, 2013. https://www.bostonglobe. com/business/2013/06/04/local-clean-tech-firms-getting-boost-from- federal-research-program/eB2Xhb552SrKwfPgLdlVUP/story.html. “Mahama: TOR Staff Took 20% Pay Cut to Revive Refinery.” Ghana HomePage. February 25, 2016. Accessed April 20, 2016. http://www.ghanaweb.com/ GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Mahama-TOR-staff-took-20-pay-cut- to-revive-refinery-418759. “Mahama Commissions Atuabo Gas Plant.” Citifmonline. September 17, 2015. Accessed April 30, 2016. http://citifmonline.com/2015/09/17/mahama- commissions-atuabo-gas-plant-photos/. “Manufacturing- Value Added (% of GDP) in Ghana.” http://www.tradingeco- nomics.com/ghana/manufacturing-value-added-percent-of-gdp-wb-data. html. Michael, Nnebe. “Ghana Economy Is Falling down and Lesson for Nigeria from 2014.” GhanaWeb. August 11, 2014. Accessed August 12, 2014. http:// www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/ Ghana-Economy-is-falling-down-and-lesson-for-Nigeria-from-2014-320640. 230 Articles

Murray, Craig. “IMF, USA Set to Ruin Ghana – Former British Ambassador.” June 03, 2015. Accessed April 14, 2016. http://www.ghanaweb.com/ GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/IMF-USA-set-to-ruin-Ghana-former- British-Ambassador-366270. “National Geographic Highlights Gold Mining Impacts.” Global Greengrants Fund. January 29, 2009. Accessed April 4, 2013. https://www.greengrants. org/2009/01/29/national-geographic-highlights-gold-mining-impacts/. “Nigerian Sovereign Investment Fund.” NSIA. Accessed April 12, 2016. http:// nsia.com.ng/. Nkansah, Kwame. “TV Adverts Won’t Solve Malaria – Clear the Gutters First.” Ghana HomePage, Resource for News, Sports, Facts, Opinions, Business and Entertainment. March 15, 2013. Accessed June 18, 2016. http://www. ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/economy/artikel.php?ID=267772. Ofori, Elsie. “Ghana’s Budding Oil Industry May Provide Local Jobs.” Ghana Oil. August 26, 2011. Accessed April 30, 2016. http://ghanaoilonline. org/2011/08/ghanas-budding-oil-industry-may-provide-local-jobs/. “Oil Spill on Ahanta West Coast.” Modern Ghana. November 6, 2011. Accessed April 30, 2016. https://www.modernghana.com/news/359569/1/oil-spill- on-ahanta-west-coast.html. “One Arrested, Scores Beaten as Soldiers Raid Mining Town.” Starrfmonline. com. March 21, 2016. Accessed March 22, 2016. http://starrfmonline. com/1.8817403. “Policy Dialogue on Oil Impact on Fisheries Opens.” GNA News. April 10, 2013. Accessed April 29, 2016. http://ghananewsagency.org/science/ policy-dialogue-on-oil-impact-on-fisheries-opens-58703. Ramsey, Mike. “Tesla Confirms Nevada to Get Battery Factory.” Wall Street Journal. September 4, 2014. Accessed January 14, 2015. http://www.wsj. com/articles/tesla-confirms-nevada-to-get-battery-factory-1409871734. “Royal Dutch Shell Slammed With Fresh $1 Billion Lawsuit In US District Court.” Sahara Reporters. October 21, 2011. Accessed June 24, 2016. http:// saharareporters.com/2011/10/21/royal-dutch-shell-slammed-fresh- 1-billion-lawsuit-us-district-court. “Royalty-in-Kind.” Division of Oil and Gas State of Alaska DNR Section. http:// dog.dnr.alaska.gov/Royalty/rik.htm. “CSOs Push for Passage of Marine Pollution, Oil Exploration Bills.” Ghana HomePage, November 20, 2014. Accessed June 17, 2016. http://www. ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/CSOs-push-for-passage- of-marine-pollution-oil-exploration-bills-335827. “Ghana Targets 242m Barrels of Oil in 2018.” Ghana HomePage May 20, 2015. Accessed May 20, 2015. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ economy/artikel.php?ID=358961. Articles 231

“Government Losing Money through Graduate Joblessness – Bokpin.” Ghana HomePage, November 20, 2014. Accessed November 20, 2014. http://www. ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/economy/artikel.php?ID=335853. Shor, Russell. “Diamond Digging in Ghana.”June 13, 2013. http://www.gia. edu/gia-news-research-diamonds-Ghana. “Stay off Jubilee Oil Field – Local Fishermen Told.” Ghana Business News. February 08, 2011. Accessed April 21, 2016. https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2011/02/08/stay-off-jubilee-oil-field-local-fishermen-told/. Stoddard, Ed, and Matthew Mpoke Bigg. “AngloGold Says Ghana Manager Killed in Riot over Illegal Mining.” Reuters. February 10, 2016. Accessed June 20, 2016. http://www.reuters.com/article/africa-mining-anglogold-ashnti- idUSL8N15P3ZO. Stevis, Matina. “Big African Debt Burdens, Written Off, Are Back Again.” Wall Street Journal. November 17, 2015. Accessed June 18, 2016. http://www. wsj.com/articles/big-african-debt-burdens- written-off-are-back-again-1447705258. Stewart, Samantha L. “Ghana’s E-waste Dump Seeps Poison.” Newsweek. July 25, 2011. Accessed September 10, 2012. http://www.newsweek.com/ ghanas-e-waste-dump-seeps-poison-68385. Tanko, Ibrahim. “Oil Probe and Its Business Stifling Effect.” The Statesman. January 13, 2010. Accessed January 18, 2010. www.thestatesmanonline.com/ pages/news_detail.php?newsid=9361§ion=1. “The Lesotho Promise Graff.” Graff Diamond Collection. Accessed February 17, 2016. http://www.graffdiamonds.com. “TOR Resumes Operation Ahead of April Target.” Ghanaweb. February 5, 2016. Accessed April 20, 2016. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ NewsArchive/TOR-resumes-operation-ahead-of-April-target-413251. “TOR Being Collapsed on Purpose – Mornah.” GhanaWeb. February 12, 2016. Accessed April 20, 2016. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ NewsArchive/TOR-being-collapsed-on-purpose-Mornah-415178. “TOR Will Need $200million to Refine Jubilee Crude.” GhanaWeb. August 11, 2014. Accessed August 12, 2014. http://www.ghanaweb.com/ GhanaHomePage/business/TOR-will-need-200million-to- refine-Jubilee-crude-320693. Tornyi, Emmanuel. “Ghana Gas To Start Operation In April.” Pulse. March 19, 2015. Accessed April 30, 2016. http://pulse.com.gh/news/atuabo-gas- project-ghana-gas-to-start-operation-in-april-id3582724.html. University of Cape Coast. “Regional Fisheries Policy and Research Dialouge.” Advertisement. University of Cape Coast. Accessed April 29, 2016. www.ucc. edu.gh/content/regional-fisheries-policy-and-research-dialouge. 232 Articles

“UK’s Tullow Oil to Resume Drilling in Kenya.” Reuters. November 07, 2013. Accessed November 14, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/ kenya-tullow-idUSL5N0IS2BS20131107. “Upstream Petroleum Sector: New Operational Guidelines.” On Point. May 2012. Accessed June 17, 2016. www.pwc.com/gh. “We’re Committed to Engaging Ghanaians’ Petroleum Business.” GNA News. August 11, 2014. Accessed August 12, 2014. http://www.ghananewsagency. org/economics/we-re-committed-to-engaging-ghanaians-petroleum- business--78339. Wesonga, Michael. “Turkana Outlines Demands to Be Met before Tullow Oil Resumes Operations.” Standard Digital News. November 6, 2013. Accessed June 18, 2016. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000097042/ turkana-outlines-demands-to-be-met-before-tullow-oil-resumes-operations. Yeboah, Stephen. “Oil or Fish? Why Ghana Should Balance Oil Production and Fishing Activities.” February 3, 2015. http://www.howwemadeitinafrica. com/oil-or-fish-why-ghana-should-balance-oil-production- and-fishing-activities/. York, Geoffrey. “Declining Copper Prices: A Large Factor in Zambia’s Economic Tumble.” The Globe and Mail. October 26, 2015. Accessed May 28, 2016. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international- business/african-and-mideast-business/declining-copper-prices-send-zambia- into-economic-crisis/article26995466/. Zaman, Ghous. “Tesla Motors Inc’s Gigafactory Will Cost $5 Billion.” BidnessETC. January 17, 2015. Accessed April 21, 2016. http://www.bidnessetc.com/32802-tesla-motors-incvs-gigafactory-will-cost-5-billion/.

Ghana: Selected Petroleum Laws and Sources of Law 1. Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, 1992. 2. GNPC Law (PNDCL 64) 1983. 3. Petroleum Commission Act 821, 2011. 4. Petroleum Revenue Management Act 815, 2011. 5. Petroleum (Local Content and Local Participation) Regulations, 2013 LI 2204. 6. Model Petroleum Agreement (2000). 7. Petroleum Exploration and Production Bill. August 4 2016. Index

A 164–6, 171, 182, 184–6, 188, Accra, vii, 10n3, 18, 29n7, 37, 100, 198–202 101, 106, 110, 117n15, 117n17, Africa-neocolonialism 117n23, 117n25, 118n30, impact on resource extraction/ 118n31, 119n37, 131, 138, utilization, 2, 42 142n12, 157, 159n11, 167, 168, role in underdevelopment, 2, 42 172, 174, 175, 179, 186, 190n11 African human resources/capital, 53, Ada and salt production, 168 71n7, 85, 125, 126, 133, 136, Africa coffee production, 187 170, 172, 180, 183, 201 Africa gold production, 26, 86, African natural resources, vii–x, 1–3, 116n14 5–8, 13–35, 37–45, 47, 50–4, 64, African agriculture, 19, 24, 36, 55, 56, 67, 77, 104, 105, 113, 122, 125, 64, 90, 111, 170, 183, 185, 187, 126, 128, 133, 136, 140, 161, 200–2 170, 176, 177, 179, 186, 193–6, African development planning, 184 198, 202, 203n3 African economy, 10n4, 14, 15, 18, African trade 19, 22, 23, 34–8, 40, 42, 43, 47, natural resources, 13–32, 41, 43, 50, 51, 54–6, 59, 61, 63, 71n7, 51, 52 71n9, 72n10, 72n12, 76, 78, 80, raw materials, 2, 7, 9, 25, 40, 41, 82, 89, 97, 99, 101, 105, 44, 52, 66, 67, 75, 87, 130, 118n26, 118n27, 125, 133, 162, 136, 184–8, 200

Note: Page numbers with “n” denote notes.

African Union (AU), 18, 19, 24, artisans 30n9, 54, 61, 62, 69, 94, 197 employment, 60 African wealth, 8, 13–32, 35, 38, 40, Ghana, 60 41, 51, 56, 61–4, 67, 68, 73n18, local content, 60–1 179, 202 OG, 60 Africa potential for solar Aryeetey, Ernest, 51, 162, 163 hydro power, 2, 24, 28, 177 industrial policy, 50, 162 agricultural development in Africa, 36, Asante, kingdom of gold, 76, 77, 79, 170, 202 116n14 agricultural economy, 19, 36, 55, 56, Ashanti Goldfields Corporation 64, 105, 188, 202 (AGC), 78 agricultural raw materials, 20, 185, AU. See African Union (AU) 200 AU, oil leases and race to the bottom, agricultural system, 24, 25, 36, 105, 115n8, 197, 198 200 austerity measures/policies agriculture IMF and World Bank, 31n11 in Africa, 19, 24, 36, 55, 56, 64, 90, 111, 170, 183, 185, 187, 200–2 B cash crop production, 183 Bank of Ghana (BoG), viii, 4, 6, 10n7, systems, 24, 25, 36, 105, 200 11n10, 53, 64, 104, 109–12, unscientific, 19 119n38, 126, 127, 198 aid and donors, roles in Africa donors, Bank of Ghana Petroleum Secretariat, 3, 15, 16, 18, 21, 43–5, 63, 67, 4, 112 78, 81–3, 86, 110, 117n20, 125, bauxite, 14 141n6, 143n19, 143n20, 183 Ghana production, 45, 75 AIDs, 15, 17, 20, 57, 88, 166, 203n5 Belgian Akosombo (Volta) Dam, Congo, 3, 65, 66 (see also Congo) hydro–electric power, 89 DR Congo and Zaire, 29, 38 Algeria Belgium natural gas, 62 DRC resource curse, 3, 65 sovereign fund, 61, 112 King Leopold, 64–8 Angola Berlin Conference, 66 Cold War and the US, 62, 65, 67, Black Star Line, 136, 191n25 193 Boahen, A., 76–8, 81, 101, 118n24, oil and gas sovereign fund, 64, 112 118n26 apartheid BoG. See Bank of Ghana (BoG) cold war US, 62 Botswana, 25, 31n17, 38, 70n4, South Africa, 45, 62, 70n2, 77 73n15, 165, 166, 199, 203n5 Zaire and Mobutu Sese Seko, 45, 62 British colonial education Apple Corporation, 29n2, 164 economic development, 43, 54, 66 apprentices, 177, 179, 180 Ghana, 135, 137 INDEX 235

OG employment, 135, 137 Central Region, 101, 114n3, 117n17, British colonialism, 54, 77, 135 148, 155, 158n7, 168 British Commonwealth Secretariat, Centre for Policy Analysis (CEPA), 127, 196 180 Ghana’s Model Petroleum chief (taincy), 9, 149, 151–3 Agreement, 99 China British gold coin Ghana and Angola, 9, 25, 26, 53, the Guinea, 76 61, 92, 95, 100, 124, 148, Bucknor, Jude Kofi and Ghana’s 167, 179 Petroleum Funds, 112 import of Africa oil, 26, 31n19, 61, 62, 100, 124 SINOPEC and OG, 28, 92, 95, C 153, 179 Canadian International Development civil conflicts (civil wars) Agency (CIDA), 78, 84 Angola, 62 Cape Coast, vii, 32n21, 88, 116n14, coltan, 68, 73n19, 87 117n17, 134, 142n12, 158n7, diamond, 3, 62, 195 169, 177 Liberia and Eastern Congo and property value creep, 155 natural resources, 87, 195 Cape Three Points civil society, 47, 109, 119n35, 130, jubilee oil field, 92–7 198 capital gains tax, 84, 141n5 clans and land ownership tenure, and oil production in Ghana, 127, Ghana, 150 198 clothing captured state, 98, 157 imported second hand (used) Ghana and natural resources in Africa, 62 and Zambia, 168, 187 Carter, Jimmy cocoa cash crop, 152 Africa’s output, 24, 80 production natural resources, 183 DR Congo, 24, 25 cash-crop economy, 183 Ghana, 9, 19, 24, 31n16, 40, 75, cash-crop farming, 86, 152, 153, 200 80, 86, 90, 91, 97, 112, 126, Cassava, 152, 187 152, 167, 185, 187, 188, Niger Delta and environmental 201 impact of oil, 57 Ivory Coast, 24, 31n16 Cecil Rhodes Nigeria, 31n16, 36, 55, 112 diamond mining, 97 Cohen, Herman, 3, 25, 29n2 Southern Africa, 97 Cold War, 2, 3, 17, 42–6, 62, 65–8, wild catting, 97 193, 198 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Cold War policies Coup, 62 Africa, 2, 3, 17, 43, 45, 141, 198 Ghana 1966 and Ghana’s economic natural resource mismanagement, 3, decline, 62 17, 43–6, 62, 65–8, 193, 198 236 INDEX

Cold War policies (cont.) Zambia, 6, 25, 34, 196, 204 South East Asia industrialization, 2, copper production in Zambia and DR 44, 46, 193 Congo, 34 colonial, 15, 17, 22, 43, 54, 60, 65, corn. See also maize; Malawi; Zambia 67, 68, 75, 77, 78, 81, 117n19, agricultural subsidies, 36, 187 132, 135, 167 neoliberal/IMF/World Bank, 36, colonial education 187 British, 135 corporate income tax and oil French, 132 companies in Ghana colonial governments, 60, 65, 81 low or non-payment, 127, 198 colonialism, 2, 40, 71n9 corporate social responsibility (CSR) colonial legacy, 68, 167 Ghana, 9, 81, 130, 138–40, 147, colonial political system, 15 149, 153, 158n4, 158n9, colonial rule, effects of, 17 177 colonies, 42, 132 oil in Ghana, 9, 139, 150, 153, commodity trap 158n9, 177 Africa’s poverty, 2, 41 roles of Jubilee Partners, 140 natural resource mismanagement, 2, social conflicts and 6 oil districts, 41 152, 153 conflict coltan, Dr Congo, 66, 68, corruption in Africa, 48 73n19 coups in Ghana, 91, 136, 154, 167 conflict diamonds, 65 craftsmen Congo, 24, 27, 29n2, 33, 64–70, Ghana artisans tradesmen and 73n17, 73n19, 87, 161, 193 women, 130, 136, 143n17 Consolidated African Selection Trust CSR (CAST) Limited, 76 community improvement or Constitution, 195 development, 9, 81, 130, 139, Ghana 1992, 8, 11n12, 29n4, 147, 149, 153, 158n4 103–5, 109, 113, 121, 122, conflicts, 9, 139, 147, 149, 153, 125, 189n7 158n4, 158n9 constitutionalism, 109, 122, 125 corporate taxes, 6, 46, 48, 53, 108, constitutional rule 110, 125–9, 138 Ghana, 122 cost benefit analysis, 138 Convention People’s Party (CPP) development tool, 138–40 boom in jobs in Ghana– Model Petroleum Agreement industrialization, 101, 136, (2000), 8, 11n12, 99, 103, 167, 182, 186, 189n5 104, 107, 108, 127, 195, state-owned enterprises, 136 203n2 copper mining value for dollar, 81, 138–40, 149 DRC, 3, 5, 6, 25, 66 who benefits?, 42, 137 world market price collapse and customary land tenure system, economy, 14, 204n6 150 INDEX 237

D economic development, 14, 44, 50, Dams 56, 105, 163, 181 Akosombo, 89 sustainable and shared, 82 Chinese in Ghana, 90 economic liberalization, 186. See also Davidson, Basil, 66, 76, 97 rice, trade liberalization deforestation, 186 economic planning, 17, 18, 21, 36, democracy, 2, 3, 85, 121–5 51, 63, 79, 90, 129, 161, 162, Democratic Republic of Congo (DR 165, 171, 182 Congo, Zaire), 2, 24, 29n2, economic policy(ies), 8, 10n6, 13, 43, 64–8, 161, 193 79, 136 internal conflicts in, 65 Economic Recovery Program (ERP) democratization and domestic capital and industrial and Rawlings, 122, 141n7 sector, 23, 140 and transition, 3, 15, 122 and policy, 10n6, 167 Department of International education, ix, 7, 9, 19, 21–3, 30n10, Development (DFID) (Britain), 50, 69, 71n7, 85, 90, 130, 132, 78, 84 136, 137, 143n21, 163, 169–83, developing countries, 115n8, 203 190n18, 190n19, 202 and theories of resource curse, roles of Ghanaian tertiary 33–53 institutions in Oil and gas, viii, development 178 economic (see economic education and development, ix, 1–3, development) 6–9, 13–16, 19, 21–3, 25, 27, 28, human development, 13, 16, 56, 30n10, 33–6, 38–42, 44, 50–2, 57, 63, 65, 69, 85 54, 56, 57, 60, 63–5, 69, 71n7, developmental state, 9, 164 71n9, 73n18, 78, 79, 81, 82, development planning, 184 84–5, 90, 91, 94, 97, 98, 102, dearth of in Africa, 2, 181 105, 108, 109, 113, 116n13, diamonds 116n15, 117n20, 118n25, Angola, 26, 61–4, 73n15 118n27, 119n39, 125, 127, 129, Ghana, 24, 26, 75–91, 188 130, 132, 133, 136–40, 141n6, Sierra Leone, 26, 31n17, 65, 86 143n18, 143n19, 143n21, 148, 155, 161–92, 202 education training, 7, 19, 21, 50, 130, E 169–82 Economic Commission for Africa, 21, enabling environment and roles of the 23 state, 163, 183 Economic Community of West African energy resource, 19, 24, 26–8, 53, 54, States (ECOWAS) 57, 122, 172, 178, 180, 181, and race to the bottom and natural 183, 192n26 resource management, 197 environment, 5, 7, 44, 46, 50, 54, 57, economic competiveness, 51, 163, 186 61, 79, 85–8, 103, 108, 113, 238 INDEX

118n31, 139, 149, 163, 176, F 183, 186, 193, 195, 202 factors of production, 8, 17, 21, 49, environmental cost impact, 5, 55, 129, 53, 57, 79, 96, 125, 126, 146, 158n4, 186 165, 167, 184, 186, 198, 201 environmental degradation, 87, 126 Financial Times, 41 environmental diversification, 43, 55, Firestone, Harvey 61 exploitation, 43 EPA land leases, 43 environmental protection, 103 rubber natural resources Liberia, 43 functions, 103, 104, 113, 149, 175 Firestone rubber company Ghana, 103, 104, 113, 149, 175 Ghana, 186, 187, 191n24, 191n25 oil production, 103, 113, 149, 175 industrialization, 186, 187 equality fiscal crisis of African state, 182 distribution, 88 fishermen economic, 19, 47, 66, 129 artisanal Ghana, 145–9 Equatorial Guinea no-go security zones, 146 corruption, 70, 193 off-shore oil-related conflicts/ LPG supplies to the US, 28, 54, tensions, 145, 149 198 oil production, 145–9, 187 European colonial rule. See colonialism fishing European industrialization and free artisanal, 147–9 trade, 40, 51 Ghana challenges, 148 European manufactures and free trade, livelihood and oil production, 5, 35, 51, 66, 162 148, 149, 188 European Union (EU), 24, 115n8, food, 24, 36, 43, 55–7, 71n9, 86, 198, 203n4 101, 155, 157, 162, 187, 200–3 fishing resources Africa, 5, 25, 147, food vs. cash crops, 152, 183 152, 158n6, 188 food security, 43, 71n9, 162, 187 exogenous, 42, 49, 53, 79 foreign aid exploitation, 24, 40, 41, 43, 64–8, and dependency and role of donors, 105, 116n15, 194, 197 15, 44 exports, 30n9, 35, 36, 41, 54, 55, 59, Ghana/Africa, 15 61, 80, 84, 94, 97, 101, 126, foreign direct investment (FDI) 165, 169, 188, 203n6. See also donor preferences, 125, 142n11 cocoa; gold; timber Ghana, 18, 19, 23, 81, 83–5, 87, extended family, 150. See also clans and 119n33, 125, 142n11, land ownership tenure, Ghana 142n16, 184, 197 Exxon-Mobil, 47, 98, 99, 109, gold extraction, 19, 83, 125 118n29, 178 preference in Africa, 125, 142 stakes in Jubilee Field Ghana, 72n foreign exchange, 7, 15, 36, 89, 101, 10 185 INDEX 239

and local content in oil and gas functions, 104–6 production, 35 local content, vii, 4, 103, 107, 108, foreign investment, 18, 80 113–38 Fourth Republic, Ghana and and oil discovery in Ghana, 3, 96, constitutional rule, 103, 109, 121 155 FPSO Kwame Nkrumah, 5km security training, 106–8, 113, 172, 175, or no go area/ security perimeter, 178, 179 146 Ghana Petroleum Funds, 111, 112 freedom of the press, 140n4 Ghana Science City freehold land tenure, 115 nuclear potentials, 29n2, 54, 182 free trade Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE), 19 myth of, 163 Ghana TUC, oil policy, viii roles, 51, 163 Ghana TUC, roles in training in OG, 143n17, 168, 177 GIHOC Bricks and Tile Factory, G pharmaceutical manufacturing, Galamsey Ghana, 167, 191n25 local artisanal mining, 76, 81, 86 global competiveness origins of word, 10n8, 76, 81 Ghana/Africa, 83, 131, 141n5, role in Ghana’s gold production, 145, 151, 153, 163, 169 10n8, 81, 85–9 neo-liberalism, 50, 79, 83, 198 Ghana atomic /nuclear potential, 25, global economy, 14, 18, 19 182 globalization, 22, 23, 85, 118n28 Ghana constitutional rule, 122 GNPC. See Ghana National Petroleum Ghana major goldfields Corporation (GNPC) Konongo and development, 77, 90, gold 116n14 development, 1, 3, 6, 8, 25, 75–91, Obuasi, 77, 79, 80, 89, 90, 116n12, 116n15, 125 116n15 environmental pollution, 86–8 Ghana Mine Workers Union. See Mine Ghana, 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 19, 24, 49, Workers Union 53, 75–91, 97, 100–2, 108, Ghana National Petroleum 112, 114n1–3, 115n11, Corporation (GNPC), 11n12, 28, 116n12, 116n14, 116n15, 91, 93, 95, 96, 98–100, 103–7, 126, 138, 188n3, 196, 201 109, 112, 113, 118n26, 119n32, production/mining, 6, 26, 49, 53, 124, 127, 135, 146, 149, 158n1, 77, 78, 80, 81, 86–9, 91, 158n3, 175, 178, 179, 190n20, 115n11, 116n14, 135, 174, 196, 201 188n3, 196 employment, viii, 107, 113, South Africa, 26, 40, 49, 70n2, 77, 128–38, 175, 179, 201 80, 90, 97 establishment, 4, 105, 118n32, 146, Gold Coast, 1, 77, 92 178, 196 gold coins, 76 240 INDEX gold mining, 6, 49, 53, 77, 78, 80, and entrepreneurial weakness, 183 81, 86–9, 91, 115n11, 116n14, and infrastructure, 81 135, 174, 188n3, 196 preconditions for development, 81, gross domestic product (GDP) 167, 183, 202 and agriculture, 36 industrial development and industrial sector, 36 and colonial rule, 22, 60, 75, 135, and investment, 35 167 and manufacturing, 36 Ghana/Africa, 184 and private sector, 132 IMF, 132, 166, 167, 172 groundnut: peanuts, 24, 36, 55 neo-liberal policies, 2, 110, 125, growing unemployment, 21, 57 136, 162, 163, 167, 187 Guinea coin, 76 World Bank, 132, 163, 166, 167, Gulf oil 172 BP oil spill, 115n8 industrialization, 7, 46, 51, 60, 71n8, Gulf of Mexico oil production, 47, 78, 136, 163, 167, 184, 186, 115n8 187, 194, 195 industrial policy-industrial sector, 51, 164, 201. See also manufacturing H informal sector, 13, 18, 29n8, 30n10, health and sanitation, 181 133, 181 health services, public, 69 information communications human capital, 71n7, 85, 125, 126, technology 133, 136, 170, 180, 183, 201. Africa’s development, 20 See also African human resources/ lag of, 20 capital infrastructure, 11n11, 20, 21, 28, human development (indicators), 16, 31n12, 56, 57, 63, 64, 71n9, 81, 56, 57, 63, 65. See also 92, 95, 116n14, 129, 146, 152, development 179, 181. See also social services Hutchful, Eboe, 10n6, 114n5 Institute of Statistical, Social and hydroelectric power Economic Research (ISSER), Akosombo Dam green/renewable 176, 177 energy, 89, 183 International Development Agency (US) US AID, 3, 78, 84 I International Finance Corporation ICT and economic development, 14, (IFC), World Bank, 81, 128 19, 44, 50, 56, 105, 163, 181 International Financial Institution ICT development, 19 (IFIs), 82 imports, 30n9, 55, 56, 144n24, 167, International Monetary Fund (IMF), 169, 187 3, 4, 10n6, 20, 22, 31n11, indigenous capitalism 31n14, 43, 46, 49, 53, 63, 78, constraints on, 50, 52 81–4, 86, 114n5, 114n6, INDEX 241

115n10, 132, 143n18, 143n19, L 164, 166, 167, 169, 172, 183, land 196, 197, 203n3, 203n5, 204n6 ghana property value creep, 155 international political economy, 198 latent conflict, 154–8 International Tribunal for the Law of land degradation, 86. See also pollution the Sea and Ghana Ivory Coast oil diamond mining, 86 and border dispute, 117n22, 178 gold, 86 internet connectivity, Africa and timber logging, 88 development, 22 land tenure Internet connectivity, Africa, cost, 22 ghana chiefs oil and gas, 150, 151, investment(s), viii, 10n4, 18, 19, 26, 153 28, 50, 64, 80, 83, 89, 94–6, potentials for on-shore conflicts, 112, 125, 151, 166, 180, 187 145 Investment Advisory Board (IAB), 4, law 64, 104, 112 ghana and zero corporate taxes, 53 irrigation oil tax law, 138 African agriculture, 24 roles of law schools, 176 food production, 24 leather Ivory Coast OG by products, 130, 136, 167, and cocoa production, 24, 31 191n23, 200 local content oil sector, 154 Leopold II, King of Belgium Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 64–8 J natural resource curse, 33, 34, 37, Japan and industrialization, role of 40, 42, 47, 52, 54, 194 Cold War, 3, 45, 46, 193 Lesotho judiciary AIDS, 17 corruption, 139 diamonds and poverty, 17, 26, role in Ghana, 140 73n15 neo-liberal policies, 79, 198 LI 2204 K Ghana (Petroleum Local Content & Kenya Local Participation) regulations neo-liberal policies and rise of slums, 2013, 103, 108, 113 79 local content, 103, 108, 113, 130, oil gas local employment, 5, 199, 132, 155 200 liberalization Kuffour, John Agyekum Ghana/Africa, 30n8, 80, 81, 85, Ghana and oil, 3, 10n3, 50, 101, 91, 186 102, 125, 155 globalization and New Patriotic Party (NPP), 50, 101, deindustrialization, 85 102, 125, 155 trade, 30n8, 186 242 INDEX

Liberia markets, 9, 23, 26, 46, 53, 93, 96, Africa, 6, 16, 20, 26, 27, 31n12, 40, 150, 163, 198 42, 43, 48, 65, 94 protection, 45 latex, 42, 43 media. See private media race to the bottom and low military royalties, 6 coup 1966, 91, 136, 154, 167 rubber, 31n12, 42, 43, 48 Ghana, 3, 27, 34, 45, 46, 48, 82, US Automobile industry and US 92, 103, 136, 167 foreign policies, 42 Mills, John Evans Atta Libya president Ghana and oil Africa sovereign wealth funds, 61, management, 3, 10n3, 101, 112 102, 119n34, 155, 170 oil resource, 111 Minerals and Mining Laws local content Ghana, 82 employment, 5, 60, 129–38, 140n5, Mine Workers Union 154, 174, 182, 201 equal wages for indigenous legislation Ghana, 4, 5, 60, 61, 103, Ghanaian workers, 77 108, 113, 179 mobile phone banking local employment, oil contracts, viii, 5, African innovation, 16, 22, 164 7, 37, 102, 130, 154, 175, 199, M-PESA-Kenya, 16 200 Mobutu, Sese Seko London stock exchange, 80 DR Congo, 38, 64–8, 73n18 Lumumba resource curse, 38, 44, 65 Patrice DRC assassination and Zaire, 38, 44, 62 resource curse, ix, 66, 67 Model Petroleum Agreement (MPA 2000), 8, 11n12, 99, 103, 104, 106–8, 117n24, 127, 136, 138, M 195, 196 maize, 15. See also corn multiparty democracy/government, Malawi, 15 15, 121 Malaysia multiparty politics, 15, 121 Cold War, 2, 45 multiplier effects development, 2, 51 enclave effects, 2, 5, 100–2 South East Asia, 2, 51 mining/extractive industries, 18, manufacturing, 29n2, 29n6, 35, 55, 19, 40, 83, 107 56, 66, 132, 136, 162, 167, 170, 183, 187, 189n6, 200, 202 value addition, 183, 185 N manufacturing industry, 132 Namibia manufacturing sector, 183, 189n6 diamond and jobs, 38, 70n4, 165, market economies, 23, 44–6, 53, 54, 166 86, 118, 133, 163 education, 69, 163 INDEX 243

National Democratic Congress monocultural economy and Dutch (NDC), 101–3, 109, 115n7, disease, 36, 55 118n30, 121, 124, 125, 140n3, Nigerian National Petroleum 154, 155, 189n7 Corporation (NNPC), 60 oil laws in Ghana, 99 Nigerian oil economy, 56, 60 National Development Planning Niger river, 24, 44, 57 Commission (NDPC) Nile river, 24 autonomy, 170 Nkrumah, Kwame composition and role, 170, 171, and the Convention People’s Party 174, 180, 181, 183, 184, 201 (CPP), 91, 101, 136, 144n23, Ghana’s development and OG, 170, 159n12, 167, 182, 186, 189n5 171, 174, 180, 181, 183, 184, industrialization Ghana, 71n8, 136, 201 167, 186 national oil companies (NOC), 60, 91, prime minister, ix, 24, 71n8, 91–5, 93, 104–6, 112, 158n1 100, 101, 128, 134, 136, natural resource curse theory, 40 144n23, 146, 147, 152, 154, natural resource mismanagement, 38 157, 158n3, 159n12, 167, neoliberal economic reforms, 2, 8, 13, 169, 182, 186, 188n2, 189n5 18, 43, 136. See also Economic non-governmental organizations, 122 Recovery Program (ERP); Norway structural adjustment policies role of planning, viii, 11n11, 39, 42, New Patriotic Party (NPP) 61, 102, 112, 122, 165, 166, Ghana, 50, 77, 83, 101, 102, 109, 180, 198 114n4, 118n30, 123, 125, and the state in oil and gas, viii, 112 140n3, 154, 155, 189n7 Norway-OG/sovereign wealth/funds, and oil laws, 99 viii, 11n11, 39, 42, 61, 64, 102, New York Mercantile Exchange 112, 122, 180, 199 (NYMEX) nuclear power-Ghana Nkrumah/ international commodities market, Convention People’s Party (CPP), 9, 198 182 and sale of African Oil, 198 Niger Delta conflict poverty population, 56, 57, O 139 oil palm. See palm oil corporate social responsibility oil, petroleum hydrocarbons, OG, 2, (CSR), 139, 149 6, 26, 28 ecology, 86 oil production, vii, 5, 34, 36, 37, 40, oil Nigeria, 38, 54–9, 61, 87, 139, 46, 48, 56, 57, 60, 71n7, 95, 97, 149 126, 131, 137, 142n14, 151, Nigeria 159n12, 168, 178, 199 economic and agricultural organization of petroleum exploring diversification, 188 countries, 106, 126 244 INDEX

Orthodox natural resource curse political economy theory, 40 Africa, 15, 42, 80, 198 Ghana, 15, 42, 80, 198 political parties P Ghana, 123, 124 palm oil, 36, 55, 86 partisanship, 123, 124, 141n9 parliament political transition Ghana, 113 Ghana, 121 ineffectiveness, 121–5, 143n18 pollution, 86–8, 108, 139, 186, 197 parliamentary elections Ghana, 121 population parliamentary oversight, 121–5, and development, 13–15, 20, 21, 143n18 29n7, 56, 69, 86, 133, 162, nature and causes of weaknesses, 181 121–5 employment, 13, 17, 18, 21, partisan politics, electoral politics, 123, 143n21, 201 124, 141n9 jobs, 13, 21, 22, 143n21, 162, 166, partisanship in Ghana, 123, 124, 177, 181, 201 141n9 post-Cold War partition of Africa, 65. See also colonial Africa, 65, 121, 141n6, 198 rule, effects of DR Congo, 65 party functionaries, 73n18. See also Ghana, 121, 141n6, 198 partisanship in Ghana; party Nigeria, 2, 44, 46, 62, 193 operatives retardation of development, 198 party operatives, 123 South East Asia economic growth/ peanut, 24, 36, 55. See also groundnut: development, 2, 44, 46, 193 peanuts poverty per capita income Africa, 2, 3, 7, 8, 13–15, 17, 19, 21, Africa, 41, 52, 65, 69 28n1, 34, 37, 41, 51, 57, 87, Petroleum Commission (PC) 143n21, 166, 187, 192n26 employment of Ghanaians, 50 in contrast with natural wealth, 13, establishment, 4 14 local content, 4, 103, 108, 112, private media, 140n4 114, 130, 131, 174, 201 privatization petroleum funds deindustrialization Ghana/Africa, 7, Ghana, 4, 64, 104, 111, 112 60, 78, 167, 184 Heritage Fund (HF), 4, 11n11, IMF-World Bank, 20, 31n14, 78, 109, 111, 112, 180, 181, 195 143n19, 166, 167 Stabilization Fund (SF), 4, 109, 111 neo-liberal policies, 198 Petroleum Revenue Management Act poverty, 34, 51, 87 (815), 2011, 103, 108–12, un-employment, 7, 18, 19, 21, 57 189n7, 196 privatization of public enterprises, 187, policy making, 79, 141n6, 191n21 191n25 INDEX 245 production Rhodes, Cecil factors of, 26, 42, 43, 47, 96, 122, and diamonds in Africa, 97 125, 126, 129, 134, 135, 146, rice 167, 184 foreign exchange, 36 means of, 5, 28, 96, 128, 138, 199 imports Ghana, 165, 187 productivity, 17, 21, 23, 30n8, 50, trade liberalization, 30n8, 186 180 Rodney, Walter Provisional National Defence Council Africa colonial DR of Congo, 2 (PNDC), 80, 82, 103, 114n5 natural resource curse, 40 Public Interest & Accountability natural resource exploitation, 43 Committee (PIAC) Royal Dutch Shell composition, 109 Nigeria start of oil production, 46 functions, 104 royalties public sector, 72n11, 79, 132, 163, race to bottom in Africa, 83, 115n8, 166 196, 197 the resource curse, 46, 47 rubber R DR Congo, 24 race to the bottom, 6, 83, 84, 115n8, latex, 24, 42, 43, 185 196–8, 203n4 Liberia, 31n12, 42, 43, 48 railroads, 169. See also railways raw, 19, 42, 185 Rawlings, Jerry John, 122, 141n7 resource expolitation, 19, 24, 42, flight Lieutenant, 155, 172 43, 48, 185 raw materials Russia cash crop, 152, 183 Cold War, 62 commodities, 2, 136, 200 Nigerian steel mill and role, 44 commodity trap, 2, 41, 52, 129, 184, 185, 188, 200 resource extraction (extractive S industries), 6, 33, 36, 39, 41, 51, salt 52, 87, 122, 138, 140, 176, 201, local content, 101, 137, 168 202 oil production, 57, 137, 168 resources, 8, 15, 33–73, 75, 122, 148, salt industry 161–93 Ghana and OG, 25, 75, 91, 101, natural resources, vii, viii, ix, x, 1–3, 153, 168 5–8, 18, 23–8, 31n15, 33–5, Savimbi, Jonas 37–45, 47, 50–4, 64, 67, 77, Angola conflict diamond and 104, 105, 113, 122, 125, 126, resource mismanagement, 128, 133, 136, 140, 161, 170, 61–4 176, 177, 179, 186, 193–6, Sawyerr, Akilakpa 198, 202, 203n3 (see also (raw Ghana gold mining and low materials, commodities)) government revenues, 84 246 INDEX schools. See technical training, roles of social services, 108. See also social tertiary institutions infrastructure science, technology engineering and socio-economic development, 56 mathematics (STEM) fields, 163 soil productivity OG in Ghana/Africa, 7, 134, 181, Africa, 24, 57, 77, 88, 106, 179 182 agriculture, 24 scramble for Africa, 178. See also South Africa colonial rule, effects of apartheid Cold war DR of Congo, seven-year development plan ix, 2, 17, 25, 26, 45, 62 development planning and resource curse in Africa, viii, 42 indusrtialization, 184 US role in apartheid, 45, 62, 70n3, Ghana, 96 77 Shell oil South Korea conflicts and pollution, 58 Cold War, 2, 45, 46, 193 Nigeria, 55, 58, 60 industrialization, 46, 51, 163, 194 US courts, 60 leadership, 51, 162, 163, 188n1 Sierra Leone technological leader, 45, 164, diamond liberal leases, 26, 31n17, 188n2 65, 71n6, 86, 195 sovereign wealth funds, 61 gem diamond, 62, 75 Soviet Empire/Soviet Union liberal leases /low royalties, 79, collapse and planning in Africa, 17, 141n5 141n6, 164 Singapore state-owned enterprises (SOE), 136 Cold War, 2, 44, 46, 194 state/public land, 150 development, 2, 44, 51, 162–4, structural adjustment policies, 79 194 structural adjustment programme industrial success, 2, 46, 51, 71n8, (SAP), 10n6, 83, 167, 183 143n20, 162–4, 188n2, 194, subsistence farming 195 Africa, 15, 46 leadership, 163 food production, 56, 57, 187 technological innovation, 164 sugar cane social inequality bio fuel, 14, 24 DR Congo, 8, 16, 33, 35, 38, 39, energy source, 28 41, 64–8, 195 Switzerland Equatorial Guinea, 5, 8, 16, 33, 35, Ghana, 9, 29n8 38, 41, 68–70, 193, 195 gold refining, 37, 185 Niger Delta (Nigeria), 38, 41, 54–61, 87, 139 social infrastructure T Africa, 21, 31n11, 63 Takoradi development, 21, 63, 71n9 oil hub, vii, 93, 154–8, 175 impact, 21, 63 rising socio-economic inequality, 37, role, 21, 63 166 INDEX 247

Tanzania traditional authority commodity trap global copper price corporate social responsibility collapse, 112 (CSR), 139 economic crisis, 16, 198 landownership, 150, 151, 153 gold low royalties, 79 paramount chieftaincy, 153 race to bottom, 6, 83, 196, 198 traditional stool lands, 150 taxation. See also value added tax transaction costs, 69, 77 (VAT) transfer of technology and training corporate tax, 6, 46, 48, 53, 80, fees, 136 108, 110, 125–9, 138 Ghana oil leases, 106, 107, 125–9, tax evasion, 81 142n13, 185 tax rebates, 69, 107, 138 Model Petroleum Agreement technical cooperation /support- (2000), 103, 104, 108, 195 British/Commonwealth, 127 transparency Ghana Model Petroleum Agreement oil revenues, 7, 109, 181, 187 (2000), 108 resource curse, the limits of, 4, 38, technical training 39, 110, 126 jobs, 179 local content, 179 OG/employment, 179 U roles of tertiary institutions, 169–82 Uganda, 15, 27, 65, 67, 68, 94, 99, technology, 7, 9, 19, 21–5, 29n2, 137, 159n12, 199 30n8, 36, 37, 44, 45, 51, 71n9, domestic /local oil refining, 199 72n12, 77, 84, 86, 90, 91, 98, Underdevelopment 100, 107, 108, 113, 114, 130, Africa, 2, 22, 40, 41 133, 134, 136, 148, 162, 163, causes, 2, 15, 33, 34, 41–3, 56, 58, 165, 167, 169–82, 184, 188n2, 65, 110, 126, 132 189n4, 194, 201, 202 Cold War, 2, 3, 17, 42–6, 62, 65–8, textile industry 121, 141n6, 193, 198 Africa, Ghana, Zambia, 17 colonial rule, 17, 65, 77 Third World, 2, 87, 98 Ghana, vii, 1, 13, 33, 75–119, timber industry, 5, 18, 40, 136, 138, 121–43, 145, 193 167, 185, 201 orthodoxy, 2, 43, 164 trade resource curse theory, 2, 6, 8, 34, African trade, 18, 19, 30n9, 41, 43, 38–40, 42, 49, 50, 110, 193 51, 52, 77, 118n27, 163, 164, resource mismanagement, 38, 49, 186 53, 161, 182, 194, 195 free trade, 51, 163, 164, 167 underdevelopment countries trade commodities, 30n9, 52 commodity trap, 2, 41, 52, 129, Trades Union Congress (TUC). See 184, 185, 188, 200, 203n6 Ghana TUC, oil policy; Ghana features and natural resources, vii–ix, TUC, roles in training in OG 1–3, 5–8, 18, 23–8, 31n15, 248 INDEX underdevelopment countries (cont.) Volta river dam (Ghana) 33–45, 47, 50–4, 64, 67, 77, electricity Ghana and negative 104, 105, 113, 122, 125, 126, effects of gold, 89 128, 133, 136, 140, 161, 170, Ghana, 89 176, 177, 179, 186, 193–6, mining, 89 198, 202, 203n3 United Nations (UN), 21, 30n9, 41, 43, 46, 67, 68, 70 W United States, Africa policy, 2, 3, 9, western capitalism, 98 45, 49, 72n12, 78 free trade, 51, 167 United States Agency for International role of the state, 162 Development (US AID), 3, 78, 84 technological innovation and University education, vii–ix, 21, 59, industrialization, 2, 20, 42, 51, 72n12, 134, 135, 137n7, 66, 80, 145, 162 142n12, 169, 171, 173–6, 180, western donor, 8, 16, 18, 43, 83, 181, 190n12, 191n21, 203n2 141n6, 143n18, 143n19 University of Cape Coast (UCC), roles in post-Cold War Africa, 43, vii–ix, 116n14, 139, 142n12, 141 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 179, Western Region Paramount Chiefs 180, 190n15, 203n2 Ghana, 153 University of Ghana, vii, ix, 134, implications for oil related conflicts, 141n7, 142n12, 169, 171, 173, 153 175, 176, 180 Westminster political system, UK urban employment, 72n12 Parliamentary system, 122 USAID. See United States Agency for wind turbines, 66, 177 International Development green energy, 24, 181 (US AID) Woods, Bretton, 28n28, 143n21, US Department of State 203n3. See also International Ghana Industrialization, 144n23, Monetary Fund (IMF); World 189n5 Bank roles of Kwame Nkrumah/CPP, World Bank (WB), 4, 10n6, 14, 15, 144n23, 189n5 17, 20, 31n12–14, 43, 49, 50, US economic development/ 67, 78, 81–4, 114n5, 128, 132, innovation/technology, 44, 45, 133, 143n18, 143n19, 163, 164, 51, 163 166, 167, 169, 172, 183, 197, role of free trade and of federal / 203n3, 203n5 state government, 51, 115n8, neo-liberal policies, 78, 82, 167, 163 203n5 World Bank conditionalities and Africa’s underdevelopment/ V deindustrialization, 163, value added tax (VAT), 47, 127 167 INDEX 249

Y resource curse, 38, 44 Yew, Lee Kuan, 49, 51 world copper industry, 44 Singapore’s economic success, 162 Zambia commodity trap, 203n6 global copper price collapse and Z economic crisis/currency Zaire devaluation, 204n6 coltan, 29n2 low royalties, 196 conflict diamond, 61 race to bottom, 6, 196