1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 1.1. Introduction Indigenous communities place high value on land and water bodies because most traditional societies depend on land-based economic activities for their livelihoods. In most parts of , land ownership transcends the physical as land is owned by the living, dead ancestors who fought to acquire the land and future generations who would continue to benefit from the land. The anti–colonial struggles involved the struggle to protect indigenous lands from colonial control. The Fomena Treaty of 1874, which was later ratified in Cape Coast, started the process of colonial control of land with the introduction of the Crown Lands Bill of 1896 and the Lands Bill of 1897. To protect their lands, the Aborigines Rights Protection Society sent a delegation to London to protest against the Crown Lands Bill of 1896 and the Lands Bill of 1897. The two Bills were to annex Ghana lands, then Gold Coast to the British Empire. Water is life. This simple statement embodies the importance of water to individuals, families, communities, nations and regions. Without adequate water, the human body does not survive and when droughts occur, they create famine to destroy prosperous societies. All over the World, civilisation occurred around water bodies and the banks of ancient rivers such as the Tigris and Euphrates, the Nile, the Niger, Zambezi and many more had been the pivot of growth and great Civilisations. Water had provided an environment for healthy populations, served the aesthetic and spiritual needs of societies and also formed the basis of agriculture and industries. In modern times, sustainable socio-economic progress is seldom possible without adequate development of water resources to support food production, industry, the environment and other human needs.

1.2. Objective of Study The objective of the survey was to take inventory of the water bodies in communities affected by mining operations as well as communities with the potential of being affected by mining operations. The aim was to develop a data base of water bodies in these communities to form a basis for empirical study and analysis of the state of some of the water bodies. Specifically, the study involved the following: Listed water bodies in communities and their uses Assessed community perception of the conditions of water bodies Listed downstream communities that depended on the water bodies

1

Listed alternative sources of water provided by mining companies and how communities perceived the alternative sources of water. Recommendations.

Figure 1: An official of a mining company cleaning River Asuman of dead fishes after a cyanide spillage in 2001 Source: WACAM Documents

2

2. WATER, MINING AND COMMUNITIES 2.1. Introduction Africa’s share of global fresh water resources is at10% and this closely matches its share of world population of 12%. The tropical belt of mid-Africa has been characterised by abundant and, in some cases, excessive occurrence of water (UN, 2003). Unfortunately, the freshwater situation in Africa is not encouraging. Presently, it is estimated that more than 300 million people in Africa live in a water-scarce environment. By 2025, 18 African countries are expected to experience water stress. The amount of freshwater available for each person in Africa is about one-quarter of what it was in 1950 (Obasi, 2003). The Ghanaian Chronicle issue of July 25, 2003,1 reported at a durbar of chiefs to mark the launching of World Environmental Day celebrations that, Ghana is listed among countries that would experience water stress of 1700 cubic metres or less per person annually by 2025. Ghanaians establish their communities along rivers, forest and places where they could have access to agricultural lands or water bodies because of the nature of income generating activities of these communities. For this reason, many communities in Ghana are named after Rivers, Trees or Hills such as Subriso, Goaso, Praso, Bonsaso, Mangoase, Abekoase, Beposo, etc. Community people have good reasons to live along natural resources especially in a developing economy as ours where provision of potable water and income activities are an illusion even for many urban communities. Community people look upon rivers, hills and forest as pure and revered as they play important roles in traditional customs and rituals. Rivers and Streams provide communities with water for cooking, drinking, farming, building and community people perceive rivers as protecting them against potential calamities in addition to the aesthetic and recreational values of their streams.

2.2. Concepts Water pollution can be defined as anything humans do to cause harmful effects to water bodies. This can include pollution of rivers, lakes, oceans, and ground water pollution. The causes of pollution in water are virtually endless. Manufacturing plants are major causes of water pollution, using bodies of fresh water to carry away waste that can contain phosphates, nitrates, lead, mercury and other harmful and toxic substances. Hot water discharged into

1 The report was attributed to Mrs. Phenomena Boakye Appiah, the Ashanti Regional Programmes Officer of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 3 streams can raise the temperature of rivers to change the chemistry of water bodies causing what is termed as ―thermal pollution‖ (Grill, 2007). The Environmental Protection Council (EPC), (1991) of Ghana estimated that freshwater resource in Ghana amounted to 40 million acre-feet from rainfall, rivers, streams, spring and creeks, natural lakes impoundments and ground water from various aquifers. Availability of potable water to the population is an indicator of social and economic wellbeing .According to the EPC (1991), from the environmental standpoint, water should be available in potable form for the entire population with minimal effort, and that its availability on a sustained basis should be guaranteed. According to Krantz and Kifferstein (undated) water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of large amounts of materials to the water. Water is considered polluted when it is unfit for its intended use. It is estimated that nearly 1.5 billion people lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. Many years of dependence on Community Rivers create an organic relationship between residents and their water bodies. Kronthal (2001) is of the opinion that local residents’ perceptions of their communities construct their reality and this must be acknowledged whenever local residents are engaged in efforts to restore their rivers.2

2.3. Gold mining and Water With over 70 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people for a long time acted as if the ocean could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes. Silver (2005) said that Newmont in violation of US and Canadian environmental laws continues its Submarine Tailings Disposal (STD) mining operations in developing countries discharging over 80,000 tonnes of heavy metals-laden tailings into ocean each day at Newmont's Batu Hijau mine. Raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills had stretched the diluting capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal waters to its limits and marine wildlife is beginning to suffer. Recognising the importance of fresh water, Ghana established the Water Resources Commission by an Act of Parliament (ACT 522 of 1996) with the mandate to regulate and manage the country’s water resources and to co-ordinate government policies in relation to them. To ensure community participation of protecting freshwater, the composition of the

2 Local Residents, the Anacostia River and‖ Community‖ Prepared for: Environmental Anthropology Project Society for Applied Anthropology/Environmental Protection Agency by Michael L. Kronthal 2001 http://www.sfaa.net/eap/kronthal/kronthal.pdf .

4

Water Resources Commission was made up of technical representatives of all the main stakeholders involved in development and utilisation of water resources (Hydrological Services, Water Supply, Irrigation Development, Water Research, Environmental Protection, Forestry, Minerals Commission), and other interests such as traditional rulers, NGO’s, and Women. The introduction of open cast gold mining in the 1980s had a lot of implications for fresh water protection. The Obuasi and areas of Ghana have undulating topography and many writers (Amonoo-Neiser & Busari, 1980; Jetuah, 1997; Carbo & Sarfo-Armah, 1997; Clement et al., 1997).believe that the development of extensive mining operations in ecologically sensitive area with undulating topography would certainly give rise to environmental problems. The writers argued that government’s intention to permit large scale surface mining in the country had devastating impact on water bodies in mining areas and mining has destroyed many communities’ sources of water bringing with it unfathomable hardships. Very early in the history of surface mining in Ghana, Acquah, (1995) recounted freshwater resource depletion linking it to increased marginal cost of providing potable water, increased burden on women’s time and hastening climate change. He stated that industries including mining looked at fresh water as ―free good‖ which is exploited with lack of effective regulatory framework and had deforested headwaters because there was no incentive to conserve water. According to him, degraded quality of fresh water had health implications and reduced labour productivity. Again, he believed that the harm caused by surface mining transcends just the mere lack of access to potable water since there are other benefits that can never be quantified. Akabzaa et. al. (2003) in hydro chemical analytical results of water bodies in Obuasi showed that streams in the study area are more polluted than groundwater with the groundwater iron and arsenic values exceeding the maximum permissible WHO guide values in some of the samples. Mining is an activity classified as most polluting as well as a drain on the dwindling water resources in the World. A study conducted by the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) in 1999 on the water situation in African countries specifically cited Ghana as being one of the most water-stressed countries. In Ghana, the effects of the activities of mining companies on our water bodies through dewatering, ground water pollution, the free use of water for mining operations, pollution of streams through cyanide and other waste spillages, are contributing enormously to impoverishing the communities who live around these areas.

5

Pollution and destruction of water bodies in some cases had a bearing on community livelihoods and health status. In June 1996, a spill at Teberebie Goldfields sent 36 million litres of cyanide solution into the Angonaben stream, a tributary of the Bonsa River. The spillage destroyed Cocoa trees and fishponds while the local people complained of skin rashes (MiningWatch, 2000). Since 1989, Ghana recorded eight accidental cyanide spillages by mining companies and four of these which occurred in Wassa West District (Cyanide Investigative Committee, 2002) affected major water bodies. WACAM (2004)3 made a statement on a cyanide spillage of Gold Limited (BGL), from a new tailings dam of the company into river Aprepre which links to other rivers including Egya Nsiah, Benya and Manse. These rivers flow into the big river Ankobra. The cyanide spillage affected Dumase town, and other communities like Goloto, Juaben, Kokofu and Egyabroni. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) investigation into the spillage confirmed WACAM’s statement and the Executive Director of EPA4, said the source of the sodium cyanide discharge was traced to a newly constructed tailings storage facility. WACAM investigations indicate that the number of officially reported cyanide spillages had increased from eight between 1989 and 2002(Cyanide Investigative Committee’s report) to about 13 cyanide spillages as at 2006.

2.4. Mining, Water and Economic Activities of Communities Gold mining has a long history in Ghana dating back from pre-colonial days. In Ghana, agriculture and gold production are the major occupations of the people especially the communities of Wassa West and Obuasi Municipality who experienced the second and third jungle booms and were among the first to experience mechanised/industrialised mining in the country. Before then, indigenous gold production and value addition to gold were major occupations for both women and men of these areas as an off-farming season activity (Dummet, 1997). Gold is the heritage of community people and a Portuguese expedition in 1482 was met by an Akan chief with gold regalia from hair to toe. Again, an English trader, John Lok, in 1554, found Akan women "laden with collars, bracelets, hoops and chains. Some of these women wore on their bare arms certain fore sleeves made of plates of beaten gold and on their fingers, rings made of golden wires with a knot or wreath"5.

3 Statement by WACAM on the cyanide spillage by Bogoso Gold Ltd by Daniel Owusu-Koranteng, Executive Director on 23rd October 2004

4 Ghana News Agency’s Report on EPA investigates cyanide spillage at Bogoso, Monday, 25 October 2004

5 library/history and library/jewellery 6

The UN linked availability of water to development which said the freshwater situation in Africa is not encouraging with estimate of more than 300 million people in Africa living in a water-scarce environment. The United Nations estimates that by 2025, 18 countries are expected to experience water stress and currently the amount of fresh-water available for each person in Africa is about one-quarter of what it was in 1950. Thus many African countries cannot meet water requirements for domestic freshwater use, sanitation, industry and agriculture which are worsened by rapid urbanization, increasing agriculture and industrial activities, and lack of adequate capacity to manage freshwater resources (UN, 2003). In Ghana, ten to twelve thousand people depend on forest reserves directly for their food and livelihood. Rivers and streams in the reserves feed into major rivers that supply water to many villages, towns and cities6. Mining activities had polluted streams and killed community fishing industry over the years. In May 1993, a labyrinth of long-abandoned Somerset County deep mines, saturated by snowmelt from the "Blizzard of the Century" two months earlier, discharged a massive slug of acid that killed every swimming thing for 42 miles down the Casselman River. At the time of the fish kill, Action Mining Co. of Meyersdale was channelling untreated acidic discharges from its strip mine sites through an elaborate, 1,000-foot-long underground system of plastic pipes into an adjacent property, from where it flowed into Coal Run, a polluted Casselman tributary(Hopey, 1998)7. The present state of global environment and its prospects in the years ahead remain a matter of serious concern to the world, particularly in the developing world where the effects of drought, floods, coupled with poor environmental management tend to worsen existing poverty levels. The Millennium Summit (New York, 2000), and the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) (Johannesburg, 2000), for example, had highlighted environmental issues and natural resource management as a priority to human Security. In this context, the WSSD has extended the water-related goals of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG 1), by adopting a new time-bound international goal, which stipulates that the world should reduce by 50% the number of peoples without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation by 2015. The Wassa West District, which contains half of Ghana’s large mines, shows the enormous socio-cultural and environmental impacts of the gold boom. Mining displaced

6Clement Boateng (2006) Mining takes heavier toll on Ghana's biodiversity, Ghanaian Chronicle (Accra) 27th September 2006

7 Hopey Don (1998) Grand jury probes Casselman River pollution, 1993 fish kill, Post-Gazette Tuesday, December 08, 1998

7

30,000 people during 1990-98, contaminated rivers, streams among others (Asad, 2003). The five-year development plan of the Wassa West District (1996 – 2000) cited the major problems of the district as low levels of incomes, land degradation, air and water pollution, poor housing conditions and low-living standards. The main sources of water are streams or rivers that are frequently polluted by operations of surface mining companies, faecal matter, chemicals from artisanal mining (galamsey) and other human actions. A public-private partnership report on Wassa West District (Ghana Districts) 8 states that the seepage of heavy metals into underground water is a potential hazard from mining and other industrial establishments in the Wassa West District. Thus community water sources like streams and rivers are polluted and about 52% of the population still lack potable water.

8 http://www.ghanadistricts.com/districts/?r=5&_=141&sa=4204 8

3. DATA COLLECTION METHODS AND PRESENTATION 3.1. Introduction The study targeted mining communities in three regions of Ghana namely Western, Ashanti and Brong Ahafo and covered eight municipalities/districts in Ghana specifically Wassa west, Obuasi, Amansie Central, Wassa East, Amenfi East, Asutifi, Tano North and Ahafo Ano North. Mining companies with concessions in these areas include AngloGold Ashanti (AGA), Obuasi Mine; Newmont Ahafo mine, AngloGold Ashanti Iduapriem Mine, Golden Star Resources, Goldfields Ghana Limited and Ghana Manganese Company. The areas selected for the survey have varying years and experiences of mining whilst others especially the communities in the Brong Ahafo region are yet to experience the full effects of surface mining. Whilst the Wassa West and Obuasi Municipalities had long history of mining, the Asutifi and Mpohor Wassa East areas have less than ten years of mining experience.

3.2. The Study Area The Wassa West district is one of the 11 districts in the of Ghana with a total land surface area of 2,354 square kilometres, which lies between latitude 40 50’ N and 50 40N and Longitude 10 45’W 20 W. It shares boundaries with Ahanta-West, Wassa Amenfi, Nzema East, and Mpohor districts with Tarkwa being the district capital. Tarkwa and its satellite settlements are wedged between two long ranges of hills considered as two limbs of a folded mountain. The district lies in the central part of the Western Region with an altitude of three hundred metres above sea level being the highest point and the lowest being one hundred and fifty metres. The district has six mining companies operating in it including AngloGold Ashanti Iduapriem mine, Goldfields Ghana Abosso and Tarkwa mines, Golden Star Resources Bogoso/Prestea Mine, Sankofa mine and Ghana Manganese Company. The Obuasi Municipality is one of the 21 districts of the Ashanti Region located at the southern part of Ashanti Region. It is bounded to the east by Adansi South, west by Amansie Central and to the north by Adansi North, to the south by Upper Denkyira District in the Eastern Region. AngloGold Ashanti Obuasi mine has been operating there for more than a century. Tano North District is one of the 19 Districts in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. Duayaw Nkwanta is its administrative capital. It is bounded on the North and East by the Offinso and on the North-Western by the Sunyani Municipal and the South-Western by Asutifi, Tano South on the Eastern border and Ahafo-Ano North District to the South in the

9

Ashanti region. Newmont Gold Ghana Limited has earmarked the place for the second phase of its operations. The Ahafo Ano North District is located in the north-western part of Ashanti Region. It is bounded to the south by Atwima District, to the east by Ahafo Ano South District, and to the north and west by Tano South District and Asutifi District respectively, both of which fall within the Brong Ahafo Region. The district lies within the wet equatorial zone. Newmont Gold Ghana Limited has earmarked the place for the second phase of its operations. Amansie Central District is located in the southern part of the Ashanti Region; has about 206 settlements with Jacobu as the Administrative capital. The district is located within Latitude 6000N and 6030N and Longitudes 1000W and 2000W with a total area of about 710sqkm. It shares common boundaries with Amansie East to the north east, Amansie West to the west, Obuasi Municipal Assembly to the south east, Adansi North to the east, Adansi South to the south and Upper Denkyira in the Central Region to the south. The district is affected by operations of AngloGold Ashanti Obuasi mine. Mpohor was carved out of the Wassa East District Council with as the capital. The district share borders with the Shama Ahanta Metropolis, the Twifo Hemang Lower Denkyira District, the Komenda Edina Eguafo-Abirem District and the Wassa West District and affected by Golden Star Recourses Wassa mine. The Wassa Amenfi East District was carved out of the former Wassa Amenfi District Assembly and Wassa Akropong is the capital. The district is predominantly rural, with only eight percent (8%) of the population living in urban areas. The district is affected by Golden Star Resources (Prestea/Bogoso mine). The areas under review have evergreen mountain ranges, which present appealing aesthetic scenery for people living in the area. They also have the highest concentration of open cast mining. For example, the Wassa West district had eight surface mining companies operating in the district by the end of 1998 (Akabzaa, 2000) whilst AngloGold Ashanti has over 400km2 of concession in the Obuasi area. There are numerous water bodies in the areas under survey which provided not only drinking water to the people but created opportunities for incomes and sources of protein for the people. The survey areas also have forest reserves including Bonsa, Ekumfi and Neung in Wassa West district, the Tano River Eco Tourism site in the Brong Ahafo area and the Kubi forest reserve in the Ashanti region.

10

3.3. Data Collection and Analysis Interviews were conducted to gather qualitative information from Respondents on their perceptions of Community Rivers through open-ended, semi-structured interviews with residents in the selected communities. 127 communities were covered in the survey and four hundred and sixty eight (468) water bodies were listed. The study targeted the mining communities in the country where multinational mining companies were operating and areas with the potential for mining. Research assistants interviewed an average of 5 respondents in each community, interviewing 622 respondents in total. The results of the individual interviews were cross-checked in a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) which had an average of 8 members of the communities present. In each of the focus groups, at least two of the people were women. The collection of the Field Data covered a period of Four months from July to November 2007. The study was conducted using prepared instrument which was tested after the researcher trained six Research Assistants in the administration of the instrument. The areas were selected purposively to cover communities that are within mining concessions and communities that had the potential of being affected by mining operations within the next few years. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out in analysing the data collected after cleaning the data. Visual observations and photographs were used in the descriptive analysis to bring home the situation on the ground. The idea behind the selection of the 127 communities was that, Multinational mining companies and in some cases artisanal miners operated in the communities or there was the potential of mining companies locating in the community. Communities affected by multinational mining companies dominated the selection because they are expected to have the needed technical expertise to engage in responsible mining that protect the integrity of the environment as well as minimising the effects of their activities on human lives. With the aim of listing water bodies for future analysis, the study did not carry out any chemical analysis on the state of the water bodies but sought community view on the state of the water bodies as well as visual assessment of the water bodies. The perception of communities about the integrity of their water bodies is important in determining the use to which they put the water bodies and the efforts they make in protecting their water bodies as a human right issue.

11

Figure 2: Mining areas/Deposits in Ghana

12

4. MINING AND WATER –COMMUNITIES’ PERCEPTION 4.1. Introduction With two-thirds of the earth’s surface covered with water and the human body consisting of 75% water, it is evident that water is one of the prime elements responsible for life. Surface mining all over the world is noted for its effects on water bodies through pollution of both ground and surface water and its dewatering effects. The proliferation of surface mining companies had resulted in stream pollution because of frequent cyanide spillages, acid mine drainage, tailings leakages, mine waste disposals, and abandoned mine pits. These had deprived communities of access to water, which is a basic need for human survival. A publication by Project Underground (2000) indicated that lack of access to clean potable water in mining communities had a relationship with the reduced health status of the communities, as the communities were plagued with many water-borne diseases For ease of presenting the report, the study area is zoned into three as Tarkwa area, Obuasi area and Kenyase area to represent the study areas. In all, 127 communities were covered in the survey as indicated in table 1 below:

Table 1: List of communities covered under the survey No. Tarkwa Area Kenyase Area Obuasi Area 1. Wangara/ Adukrom Mamiriwa II 2. Badukrom Wuramumuso Binsere 3. Kyekyewere Hwidiem Mmamiriwa I 4. Adaamanso Bogyampa Nyamebekyere 5. Tarkwa. Tanoso Anyinam 6. Nkwantakrom Kwahu II Tweapiase 7. Huni-Valley Subriso Adinkra 8. Dwira Bibiani Donkokrom Kubi Kwantu 9. Teberebie Mehame Suhyenso 10. Amoanda East Nkaseim Sansu 11. Himan Obengkrom Wamasi 12. Abekoase Afrisipa Homasi I 13. Bompieso Yamfo Homase II 14. Ankobra Kuffour Camp Adubirem 15. Huniso Atuahehekrom Ewiase 16. Dumase Wamahinso Abompekrom 17. Bonsa Ntotroso Ohiampenika 18. Pepesa Oseiyawkrom Agyeikrom 19. Twigya Dokyikrom Mile 14 20. Bonsawire Tawiakrom Aboo 21. Akyempim Dadiesoaba Akatakyieso 22. Prestea Adrubaa Amamom 13

23. Tarkwa Banso Terchire Odaso 24. Kubekor Achina Numereso 25. Kwameniapa Atronie Ankaako 26. Akyim Susuanso Mile 9 27. Koduakrom Kwakuboakrom Komfokrom 28. Brakwa-line Dwaaho Hia 29. Atuabo Subiriso Ahansonyewodea 30. Ankaase Sansu Anwona 31. Akyerensua Tutuka Sampsonkrom 32. Tembebi II 9Asantekrom) Anwiam 33. Akrofoso Kokotenten 34. Asuhyiae Apitiso II 35. Nyambekyere Apitikooko 36. Twabidi Nhyiaeso 37. Twabidi (Asante) Jimiso Kakraba 38. Owusukrom Diawuoso 39. Abodwese Odumasi (Aduaneyede) 40. Apitiso I 41. Odumasi 42. Adaase 43. Krodua 44. Fenaso Fawoman 45. Kokotiesua 46. Baadukrom 47. Mankonoahogono 48. Sesease 49. Kankanfrase 50. Anyankyirem 51. Twenwaaso 52. Watereso 53. Ntonsua 54. Oseikrom 55. Fenaso 56. Kronko 57. Attakrom 58. Ahansonyewodea 59. Dokyiwaa Source: Field Data 2007

4.2. Listed water bodies in community and their uses Respondents from the study area listed 468 water bodies in the survey. According to the respondents, these water bodies run through 852 communities as shown in Table 2

14

Table 2: Breakdown of communities in study area, number of water bodies and downstream communities

Code Area Number of Number of Number of Down-Stream communities respondents Water bodied Communities listed listed Obuasi Obuasi Municipality 58 302 160 254 Area and Amansie Central District Tarkwa Wassa West District, 30 125 117 179 Area Amenfi and Mpohor Wassa East Kenyase Tano North, Asutifi 39 195 191 419 Area and Ahafo Ano North Districts Total 127 622 468 852 Source: Field data 2007

Many of these communities derived their names from the water bodies. For example Sansu had its name from the river Saa, Suhyenso from River Suhyen, Watereso from River Watere, Fenaso from River Fena, Jimiso Kakraba from River Jimi, and Odaso from River Oda. Others include For example Huniso and Huni-Valley had its name from the river Huni; Bonsaso and Bonsawire from River Bonsa. Twigya from River Twigya, Teberebie from River Ateberebie. Water is the source of livelihood for many rural communities, provides needed sources of community proteins and has aesthetic as well as recreational and spiritual values

Figure 3: Use of water bodies as indicated by respondents in Obuasi area Source: Field data 2007

Respondents from communities stated that rivers served as a source of protection apart from the many uses they have for their rivers. Rivers are revered in communities and served as source of income and recreation. Minor season gardening is highly enhanced as rivers were 15 used to irrigate farmlands. Figure 3 indicated that 34% of the respondents in Obuasi area regarded their streams as performing domestic and spiritual functions whilst 64% were of the opinion that their rivers were used for domestic purposes. All the 320 respondents from communities in Kenyase (195) and Tarkwa (125) areas said water bodies are used for spiritual, domestic, recreational and income generating purposes.

4.3. Community perception of state of water bodies Respondents believed that mining operations contributed to the pollution of water bodies in mining communities. Most of the communities claimed that officials of mining companies gave them verbal information on the pollution of water bodies. Mining companies erected metal signposts at the banks of some of the polluted water bodies with warning inscriptions such as “don’t drink, don’t swim and don’t fish” as a prove of the pollution of water bodies. In addition, communities rely on physical characteristics of their rivers such as change in colour, taste, odour, presence of aquatic organisms etc in assessing whether their rivers are polluted or not. Whilst communities in Obuasi area and Tarkwa area had many of the water bodies perceived to be polluted by respondents, the respondents in Kenyase area indicated very little pollution of their rivers. Out of 160 rivers listed in Obuasi area, respondents’ said 145 were polluted with only 15 perceived as not polluted. Respondents from Tarkwa area perceived all the 117 listed rivers as polluted. In the case of Kenyase however, Respondents said only 10 out of the 191 listed rivers were polluted. The results from the field study expressed in table 3 could be explained that Kenyase has very short history of surface mining hence the small number of rivers perceived by respondents as polluted. It is important to note that though the study did not cover all the communities in the Kenyase area, the area had the highest number of listed rivers with minimal number of rivers perceived by communities as polluted.

Table 3: Respondents’ perception of Condition of listed water bodies Area Number of rivers listed Condition of river Polluted Not polluted Obuasi 160 145 15 Tarkwa 117 117 0 Kenyase 191 10 181 Total 468 272 196 16

Source: Field data 2007 The study established that a greater percentage of these water bodies in both Obuasi municipal and Amansie central were polluted as a result of mining activities. Some of the causes of the pollution of rivers included cyanide spillages and construction of tailings dam. The cyanide spillage of the then Ashanti Goldfields Company (now AngloGold Ashanti, Obuasi mine ) in 1993 which affected river Fena and many communities compelled the people of Kronko and Baadukrom to relocate voluntarily to nearby communities such as Ewiase and Hia.

Figure 4: Respondents’ perception of causes of pollution of water bodies in Obuasi Source: Field Data 2007

All the 125 respondents in Tarkwa area believed that mining had polluted the 117 Rivers listed. 10 out the 125 respondents in Tarkwa area believed that both small and large scale mining destroyed rivers. Figure 5 shows the common notices around water bodies in mining operational areas in the communities.

17

Community voice ―I left Dumase to come to the office of WACAM to speak out against the bad behaviour of the company and the many problems facing my community. All the 6 rivers of the great Dumase are destroyed by the mining operations of Golden Star Resources and the only river remaining has suffered two cyanide spillages. The people of Dumase used these rivers and streams for recreation, drinking, fishing and the Akyesua river was our god. We are farmers and we used these rivers to irrigate our farms. These rivers are very important to us and now they have all died. The company has dumped waste rocks on our farm lands and where we had our fish ponds. We once Figure 5: A caution signpost in a mining community demonstrated against the company on the against drinking from a polluted stream dumping of waste rocks on our land without

Source: WACAM Documents compensation. We are struggling for survival and a better life for ourselves and generations after us . We don’t want mining any longer. We want to preserve our land .We are asking the company to pay compensation for the destruction of our properties and water bodies ; not to pollute our remaining river and operate as they would have done in their home countries.‖ Mr. Dei Nkrumah, Dumase community- 2007

Figure 6: Community woman collecting dead fishes from River Anwonabe polluted by activities of a mining company

Source: WACAM

A good number of water bodies in communities of the study except those which appeared only during the rainy season and dried up during drought were polluted. The work established that a greater percentage of these water bodies in both the Wassa West District and 18

Mpohor East District were polluted as a result of both small-scale mining operations and large- scale surface mining activities. While some rivers were polluted by cyanide spillages, and construction of tailings dam, others were polluted as a result of improper drainage system. Details are attached as appendix 6:2 Kenyase respondents said that only 10 out of the 192 rivers were polluted. Respondents stated the causes of pollution of rivers as mining operations, road construction and human activities. Pollution caused by mining activities included construction of dams, dumping of waste, faecal disposal from the mine site of Newmont into rivers among others. Appendix 6.3 shows the respondents perception of causes of pollution in Kenyase area.

4.4. Alternative sources of water for communities Government and mining companies have provided some communities with potable water as a result of polluted water bodies but the study indicated that majority of the communities do not have access to adequate potable water . Figure 7 indicated that 84% of the 117 respondents’ in Tarkwa area mentioned that communities continue to use polluted water bodies because of the absence of potable water.

Figure 7: Mining communities in Tarkwa area with potable water as stated by respondents

Source: Field Data 2007

Communities with potable water continued to use the rivers they perceived as polluted because the boreholes constructed as alternative water sources were not functioning well. Some of the boreholes were not yielding water and in some situations, the water from the boreholes either had a stench or yielded coloured water. Some communities in Tarkwa area

19 had experiences with wells getting muddy when it rained and also some dried up during dry seasons.

Figure 8: Water from boreholes in Dumase turns purplish-black when Plantain is put into it Source: WACAM documents

Figure 9: Water from borehole provided by AGA Iduapriem mine for Nkwantakrom community Source WACAM Documents

The wells do not also yield enough water for the whole population as the numbers of wells are not enough. Some communities in Tarkwa and Obuasi areas are provided with water in tanks which are not cleaned for many years. Figure 10 shows one of such tanks in Odumasi near Obuasi.

20

Figure 10: Alternative source of water constructed by AGA Obuasi mine for Odumasi community which produces dirty stinking water

Source: Field Data 2007

Some communities had the boreholes caving in and getting contaminated as shown in Figure 11. There was also the case of the alternative water provided not matching up to the needs of the population in the communities. Many of the respondents said that communities were still using the rivers that they perceived to be polluted because they have no alternative water either from government or the companies.

Figure 11: Borehole constructed by Goldfields Ghana Limited for Tebe community which has caved in and perceived by the community as not suitable for household use. Source: WACAM

21

5. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1. Observations The water problems of the mining communities had become a source of conflicts and agitations. Golden Star Resources (Prestea/Bogoso mine) in 2003 dumped mine waste to cover the Abodwese River which is spring water that provided an all-year round water to about 10,000 people out of the 45,000 population in Prestea. The pollution of river Abodwese by the operations of Golden Star Resources featured prominently in the conflicts between Prestea community and the company. Before the surface mining operations which affected the Dumase community, the community of about 4,000 people depended on 6 streams namely, Aprepre, Worawora, Benyaa, Akyesua, Afua Nsu and Pram to meet their biological, recreational, spiritual and economic needs. The establishment of the ―ECOMOG pit‖ by the Golden Star Resources (Prestea/Bogoso Mine) at the headwaters of the rivers caused the death of 5 of the rivers in Dumase namely, Worawora, Benyaa, Akyesua, Afua Nsu and Pram. Two cyanide spillages of Golden Star Resources in 2004 and 2006 had affected the remaining Aprepre River thus creating water stress for the Dumase community which had six rivers before the start of the mining operations in the community. The provision of alternative water sources to resolve the water problems of the Dumase community had not been successful as water from the boreholes constructed for the community turns purplish-black when it comes into contact with plantain and cassava. The operations of the Golden Star Resources (Prestea/Bogoso Mine) had destroyed 5 streams in Twigyaa, a farming community near Dumase and the company’s efforts to provide water in Tankers to the affected communities had not been able to meet the water needs of the people. The study listed 15 rivers in Sanso community in Obuasi area which are dead or polluted by mining operations and the community is experiencing water-stress. The Sanso community after losing the rivers and streams had been provided with one mechanised borehole which is inadequate for a population of over 2,000. The Sanso water problem is a major source of conflict between the community and AngloGold Ashanti. The mining communities complained that neither the mining companies nor the Regulatory agencies provided them with information on mining impacts on their rivers and that strengthened their perception about the state of their rivers. The mining effects on water bodies shows the apparent weakness in the enforcement of regulations relating to mining operations and the gaps in the Minerals and Mining Law of Ghana in addressing important problems such as cyanide spillages. A related issue is the confidentiality clauses in the Minerals and Mining Law which helps mining companies to keep information on mining

22 impacts on water bodies confidential. In Ghana, Environmental Audit reports are not easily accessible to community people. For example the Teberebie community had requested for the report on the chemical pollution of river Anwonabe which occurred in August 2007, from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for months but had not received any response. Community members expect that regulatory bodies like EPA will be well resourced to analyse the water bodies in their communities. Community members expect that government respect their right in its bid to attract mining investment and not violate their right to clean water and a healthy environment. The communities expect government to protect the rights of community people to clean water. According to UN, (2003) water is one of the most important resources with great implications for development. Employment generation within peasant communities becomes a major issue of concern especially when there is land degradation and water bodies are polluted through activities of mining companies. Corporate Social Responsibility, according to communities cannot be used as replacement for communities’ lost assets like water bodies and economic activities.

Figure12: Sign post in a mining community cautioning against swimming, fishing and wading in a polluted water body Source: WACAM Documents

Potable water provided for the communities cannot adequately replace the loss of water bodies since the pollution or destruction of rivers deprived communities of their protein 23 needs, incomes, recreation and other benefits from rivers. Considering the enormous benefits the communities derived from their rivers, the perception of pollution of water bodies could trigger many problems and conflicts in the mining communities. Figure 12, which is a sign post cautioning community people against swimming, fishing, and wading in a polluted stream is an indication of the loss of river –based livelihoods , destruction of the recreational potential of rivers and the loss of all the intangible benefits that communities derive from rivers.

5.2. Recommendation The study is to establish the perception of community people on the state of their water bodies and follow it up with empirical investigation of the water bodies. The study confirmed that many mining communities are facing water problems and the alternative water provided is inadequate, thus making the provision of sustainable water to water-stressed mining communities an urgent one. The Environmental Impact Assessment process in Ghana is comprehensive and covers the physical environment, the socio-cultural and economic activities of people. It is important for mining communities to effectively participate in the formulation of Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) as a way of preserving their water bodies and provide sustainable alternatives for safeguarding the integrity of the environment. Public participation in the assessment of water quality in communities affected by mining through independent monitoring and communities’ access to information on mining impacts on water bodies should be promoted.

24

References Acquah P. C. for UNCTAD (1995) Natural Resources Management and Sustainable Development the case of the Gold Sector in Ghana Akabzaa1 T. M., Banoeng-Yakubo B. K and J. S. Seyire (2004) Impact of Mining Activities on Water Resources in the Vicinity of the Obuasi mine Amonoo-Neizer E. H. and Busari G. L. (1980). Arsenic status of Ghana soils-contamination of soils near gold smelters. Ghana J. Sci. 20 (1&2): 57–62 Asad, I. (2003): Canadian mining companies destroy environment and community resources in Ghana, http://www.chln.fm/%7Easadismi/ 2003 Accessed 18/09/04. Carboo D. and Sarfo-Armah Y. (1997). Arsenic pollution in stream sediments in the Obuasi area. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Mining Industry and the Environment. KNUST/IDRC 1997. 114–119. Clement C., Asmah R. Addy M. E., Bosompem K. M. and Akanmori B. D. (1997). Local sulphooxidizing bacteria for environmentally friendly gold mining. Proceedings of the Symposium on the mining industry and the environment, .KNUST/IDRC 1997. pp. 120– 122 Cyanide Investigative Committee, (2002): Ministry of Environment and Science cyanide investigative report. Dumett R. E. (1997): El Dorado in West Africa Ohia University Press, Athens, Ohia 45701. Environmental Protection Agency of Ghana (1991), Ghana Environmental Action Plan volume 1 Environmental Protection Council Accra-Ghana GhanaDistrict.com Western Region, Wassa West Environmental situation, http://www.ghanadistricts.com/districts/?r=5&_=141&sa=4204 Grill Mindy (2007), Causes and Effects of Water Pollution, EncycloMedia.com, 2007 Hopey Don (1998) Grand jury probes Casselman River pollution, 1993 fish kill, Post-Gazette Tuesday, December 08, 1998 Jetuah F. (1997). Production of sulphuric acid from flue gases of Prestea and Obuasi gold mines. In Proceedings of the Symposium on the Mining Industry and the Environment. KNUST/IDRC 1997. pp. 139–144. Krantz David and Kifferstein Brad ( Nti Kwaku (2002) Action and Reaction: An Overview of the Ding Dong Relationship between the Colonial Government and the People of Cape Coast Nordic Journal of African Studies 11(1): 1-37 Obasi, G. O. D. (2003) Forward to UN African Water Journal December 2003 — ISBN 92-1- 125089-7 Project Underground (2000): Gold Mining in Ghana Destroys Livelihoods, Health and the Environment, Drill bits & Tailings, 22 Dec., Vol.5, No. 19 http:// www.moles.org/ProjectUnderground/drillbits/5_19/4.html Silver David (2005), Newmont Mining Corporation- Background Information, August 28, 2005 United Nations (2003) A Publication of UN-Water/Africa December 2003 — ISBN 92-1- 125089-7 http://www.uneca.org/sdd/african_water_journal_rev.pdf

25

26

6. APPENDIXES

6.1. List and state of Water bodies in communities around Obuasi Affected by AGA Obuasi mine No RIVER COMMUNITIES RIVER RUNS THROUGH USAGE STATE PERCEIVED CAUSE OF POLLUTION 1. Supu Attakrom, Mantukwa, Baadukrom, Fenaso, Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Dokyiwa, Donkorkrom, Ntonsua, Hia, 2. Nyam Kunka Junction, Bogobiri, Apitikooko, Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining Bogobiri, Nhyiaeso, Anwona, Nyamebekyere, Kofihwekrom, Kokotenten 3. Asuakoo Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere, Jonahkrom, Mile 9, Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining Apitiso I 4. Benom Nsuo Nyameso Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 5. Tapire Nyameso Domestic Polluted Mining 6. Tutuampa Nyameso Domestic Polluted Mining 7. Suhyen Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Domestic Polluted Mining 8. Kra Kwesi Nyamebekyere Domestic Polluted Mining 9. Akotosua Kofihwekrom, Nyamebekyere, Suhyenso Domestic Polluted Mining 10. Abebesua Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Domestic Polluted Mining 11. Atwediekrom Anyinam Domestic Polluted Mining 12. Abruom Anyinam Domestic Polluted Mining 13. Ponkoom Nhyiaeso, Apitikooko Domestic Polluted Mining 14. Awurabena Anyinam, Nhyiaeso, Apitiso, Apitikooko Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 15. Roro Tweapease, Adinkra, Suhyenso, Ntommam, Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining Roroso 16. Abankora Tweapease Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 17. Batimbro Tweapease Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 18. Asua Kese Tweapease, Adinkra Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 19. Amenfu Tweapease Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 20. Amoateng Adinkra Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 21. Anwaa Adinkra Domestic Polluted Mining 22. Ahunfena Sabipanyin, Sabiketewa, Oseikrom, Kronko, Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Adinkra, Sesease, 23. Sokuma Ohiampenika, Kubi, Kubikwantu, Ananekrom, Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Amadiekrom, Ayinfikrom 27

24. Kyesika Ohiampenika, Kubi, Kubikwantu, Ananekrom, Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining Amadiekrom, Ayinfikrom 25. Amanfre Ohiampenika, Kubi, Kubikwantu, Ananekrom, Domestic Polluted Mining Amadiekrom, Ayinfikrom 26. Adaa Mile 14, Anyimi, Asuoso Fenaso, Asuoso Domestic Polluted Mining Fawoman 27. Agyegyensua Suhyenso Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 28. Saah Sansu, Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 29. Mampo Sansu, Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Domestic Polluted Mining 30. Asutia Sansu, Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Domestic Polluted Mining 31. Adoosu Sansu, Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Domestic Polluted Mining 32. Bediesua Sansu, Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Domestic Polluted Mining 33. Akokoduru Sansu, Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Domestic Polluted Mining 34. Asuakune Sansu, Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 35. Totonyaa Sansu, Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Domestic Polluted Mining 36. Akyenawe Sansu, Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Domestic Polluted Mining 37. Abrewa Sansu, Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Domestic Polluted Mining 38. Anitiwa Sansu, Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Domestic Polluted Mining 39. Akuasu Sansu, Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Domestic Polluted Mining 40. Akotosu Sansu, Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Domestic Polluted Mining 41. Afiafi Nhyiaeso, Sansu, Suhyenso, Nyamebekyere Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining Kokotenten 42. Nsuofufuo Sansu Anwona Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 43. Kyerabodwese Sampsonkrom Domestic Not Polluted (Copper pipe supplying has gone rusty) 44. Nankansu Sampsonkrom, Boete, Aboayekrom, Diawuoso, Domestic Not Polluted (Copper pipe supplying has Jimiso Kakraba gone rusty) 45. Abobase Sampsonkrom Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 46. Ata ne Ata Anwiam, Ahansonyewodea, Aboagyekrom Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 47. Jimi Kokotenten, Amankyem, Jimiso Kakraba, Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining, Dam Construction Wamase, Ampunyase 48. Mosi Awora Kokotenten Domestic Polluted Mining 49. Apitisu Hia, Ntonsua, Apitiso, Asiedukroase Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 50. Sonuasua Apitiso Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 51. Awora Apitikooko, Akatakyieso, Jimiso Kakraba Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining, Dam Construction 28

52. Atekye Apitikooko Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 53. Sampa Nhyiaeso Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 54. Krodua Jimiso Kakraba Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Dam Construction 55. Pompo Diawuoso, Yanfroasa, Ayaase, Jimiso, Domestic Polluted Mining Pomposo, 56. Ahensua Diawuoso Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 57. Akapori Odumasi, Akaporiso, Pomposo, Bossman, Domestic Polluted Mining Brahabebome 58. Abenamra Odumasi Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 59. Kaw Odumasi Domestic Polluted Mining 60. Gyabonu Odumasi Domestic Polluted Mining 61. Rapon Odumasi Domestic Polluted Mining 62. Kyerewu Odumasi Domestic Polluted Mining 63. Nsankaw Odumasi, Akatakyieso Domestic Polluted Mining 64. Boniawura Odumasi Domestic Polluted Mining 65. Akotohyire Wamase, Ampunyase Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 66. Akyerempe Homasi 1 Spiritual, Domestic Not Polluted - 67. Akaasu Odumasi, Jacobu, Bribiwomanmu, Aboabo, Spiritual, Domestic Not Polluted Dries up when there is drought Akokwaso, 68. Bretuo Odumasi Domestic Not Polluted Dries up when there is drought 69. Denyina Odumasi Domestic Not Polluted Dries up when there is drought 70. Danyame Ntonsua, Dadwen, Fenaso 4, Hia, Kankanfrase, Domestic Polluted Mining Odumasi, Bribiwomanmu 71. Abomesu Homasi 2, Afoako, Patasi Domestic Not Polluted 72. Subi Homasi 2 Spiritual, Domestic Not Polluted - 73. Agyenu Homasi 2, Afoako Domestic Not Polluted - 74. Aponapono Baakoyeden, Adaase Domestic Polluted Mining 75. Sumaa Adaase Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 76. Fena Dadwen, Adaase, Fenaso, Abaemu, Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Mintahkrom, Bekawupa, Awaiase, Watereso, Baadukrom, Nfantiakroa, Attakrom, Hiampenika, Asuofenaso, Asuofawoman, Hia, Ankaako, Agyeikrom, Twenwaaso, Nsiahkrom, 29

Oseikrom, Kankanfrase, Mile 9, Jonahkrom, Baadukrom 77. Bonkroma Agyeikrom, Fenaso, Komfokrom, Kronko, Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining Yawduakrom, Awuniakrese, Ewiase, Binsere, Fenaso 4, Baadukrom 78. Ayagu Sesease, Kronko, Pulay, Mile 14 Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 79. Subiri Brobbeyakuraa, Appiaheneakuraa, Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining Akwesiadeakuraa, Opanyin Tetteh Akuraa 80. Akwatia Numereso Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 81. Twewaa Homakyem, Kronko, Numereso, Oseikrom, Domestic Polluted Mining Twenwaaso, Abonoso, Numereso Nsuoakrom 82. Noga Numereso Domestic Polluted Mining 83. Bonaa Numereso Domestic Polluted Mining 84. Akokora Abompekrom, Nkamprom, Bogobiri Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining, Improper drainage system 85. Nsutene Kokotiesua, Abompekrom, Nkamprom Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Improper drainage system 86. Ahemaasu Hiampenika, Aboo, Nkommam, Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining Mankonoahogono, Agyeikrom 87. Anopro Ankaako Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Bamboo leaves 88. Atronso Oseikrom, Domeabra, Twenwaaso Domestic Polluted Mining 89. Fenanan Mamiriwa I, Mamiriwa II Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 90. Gyapomaa Mamiriwa I Domestic Polluted Mining 91. Dadiesua Mamiriwa I Domestic Polluted Mining 92. Ntenasua Binsere Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 93. Dokyiwa Dokyiwa, Binsere Domestic Polluted Mining 94. Akwesibadu Mamiriwa II Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 95. Bankyeasua Mamiriwa II Domestic Polluted Mining 96. Kwaakwaa Mamiriwa II Domestic Polluted Mining 97. Subini Fenaso Fawoman, Mile 14 Polluted Mining 98. Akokofe Mile 14, Anyimi, Asuoso Fenaso, Asuoso Domestic Polluted Mining Fawoman 99. Asuosika Kankanfrase, Asuoso Fenaso, Ankaako Domestic Polluted Mining 100. Asuafu Nkwatini, Nkroapem, Kronko Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 101. Agoo Krodua, Nkwatini, Akorapem Domestic Polluted Mining 102. Pra Krodua, Heman, Adubirem Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 30

103. Nyameasua Aniantentem, Krodua Domestic Polluted Mining 104. Buama Kwasikumakrom, Akatakyieso, Amamom, Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining Anyankyirem 105. Kyekya Ntonsua, Apitikooko, Apitiso, Attahkrom, Domestic Polluted Mining Akatakyieso, Dokyiwa 106. Ntonsua Mmamiriwa I, Mmamiriwaa II, Ntonsua Domestic Polluted Mining 107. Mesua Mile 9 Domestic Polluted River Sickness 108. Dentini Dentiniso Domestic Polluted River Sickness 109. Tweawura Jonahkrom, Mile 9 Domestic Polluted River Sickness 110. Awuramu Mankonoahogono Domestic Polluted Community stopped using when it had a borehole 111. Asuagyin Mankonoahogono Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Community stopped using when it had a borehole 112. Sumbiawu Hiampenika Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 113. Atemuso Watereso Domestic Polluted Diseases 114. Watere Watereso Domestic Polluted Diseases 115. Oda Watereso, Adeja, Dwumakro, Nyamebekyere, Domestic Polluted Diseases Aboadoso 116. Nsunsa Watereso, Aboo, Apitisu I Domestic Polluted Diseases 117. Ekrobonkuraa Watereso Domestic Polluted Diseases 118. Kojoawura Watereso Domestic Polluted Diseases 119. Frofro Watereso Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Diseases 120. Amomosu Odaso, Sawdadze Domestic Not Polluted 121. Nyayanko Sawdadze, Odaso, Mmankyereni Spiritual, Domestic Not Polluted 122. Asuoawura Odaso Domestic Polluted Waterworks has Channelled their dirty water into it 123. Anikoko Mile 14 Domestic Not Polluted - 124. Ayanta Mile 14, Abenyeso, Ankaako Domestic, Spiritual Not Polluted - 125. Penipa Attahkrom Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 126. Gyatoawura Kokotenten Domestic Polluted Mining 127. Pomponasi Kokotenten Domestic Polluted Mining 128. Dontaa Kokotenten, Akatakyieso Domestic Polluted Mining 129. Bowdie Aboo, Tweapease Domestic, Spiritual Not Polluted But dries up when 130. Mennam Apitiso, Aboo Domestic Not Polluted There is drought 131. Nkaesu Aboagyekrom, Diawuoso Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 31

132. Ponoagyaa Akatakyieso Domestic Polluted Mining 133. Monsa Akatakyieso Domestic Polluted Mining 134. Akasu Akatakyieso Domestic Polluted Mining 135. Konwia Akatakyieso Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 136. Tekye-Tekye Akatakyieso Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 137. Kokotiesua Akatakyieso Domestic Polluted Mining 138. Aboma Akatakyieso Domestic Polluted Mining 139. Asonsonmbe Akatakyieso Domestic Polluted Mining 140. Binibini Akatakyieso Domestic Polluted Mining 141. Kwametawiah Dokyiwa Domestic Polluted Mining 142. Ntonkese Dokyiwa Domestic Polluted Mining 143. Bentensua Dokyiwa Domestic Polluted Mining 144. Kobi Dokyiwa Domestic Polluted Mining 145. Atwakroma Adubirem, Donkoase Domestic Polluted Mining 146. Aduboonwunu Adubirem Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 147. Twensano Amamom Domestic Polluted Mining 148. Kwesiadansum Amamom Domestic Polluted Mining 149. Amantwiwaa Amamom Domestic Polluted Mining 150. Tuatua Anyankyirem Domestic Polluted Mining 151. Asumani Anyankyirem Domestic Polluted Mining 152. Kokorabo Anyankyirem Domestic Polluted Mining 153. Nsuayaa Anyankyirem Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 154. Asubonsua Anyankyirem Domestic Polluted Mining 155. Adukunuama Anyankyirem Domestic Polluted Mining 156. Agyinsu Wamase Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining 157. Asuoakwesiakwesi Mpatasie, Ankaasu Domestic Polluted Mining 158. Abohyensuaa Anyimadukrom, Ankaako Domestic Polluted Mining 159. Asuokraasua Ankaako Domestic Polluted Mining 160. Asuoadokomama Kankanfrase, Agyeikrom, Ankaako Spiritual, Domestic Polluted Mining

32

6.2. List and state of water bodies in Tarkwa area NO RIVER COMMUNITIES USAGE STATE CAUSE 01. Huni Huni Valley, Huniano, and many several satellite Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining communities, 02. Subri Kwameaniampah, , Densu, Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Ayarefere, Mmenakete 03. Asuobenkasa Kwameaniampah Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 04. Asuoaboraa Densu, Kwameaniampah Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 05. Pentsine Pewodea, Kwameaniampah Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 06. Ntisini Kwameaniampah Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 07. Bodwire Kwameaniampah Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 08. Manse Kwameaniampah Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 09. Asosor Nsu Kwameaniampah Domestic .Spiritual Polluted Mining(Both small and large scale) 10. Kwesibofo Kwameaniampah, Densu, Ayarefere, Mmenakete Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 11. Asuman Tebe, Abekoase Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 12. Kobekuro Akyempim, Juaben, Preto, Sechen, among Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining several cottages and villages. 13. Abenabena It runs through several satellite cottages Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 14. Potipo It runs through several cottages Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 15. Amonogum It runs through several cottages Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 16. Akuoko Several satellite communities Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 17. Agogo Several satellite communities Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 18. Sumen Dogre Village Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining George Village 19. Abunko Dogre Village Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining George Village 20. Huni Tebe Village, Huniso, Huniaso, and others. Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining(Both small and large scale) 21. Kasa No. 43 Village Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 22. Nana Panipa Damang, Sumani Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 23. Nana Asamakuma Mile 10, Mahu tem Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Npetem, mile 9 24. Nana Boat Koduakrom Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 33

25. River Ben Koduakrom, Kyekyewere, Kwabena ho, Bonsa Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 26. River Ayensu Koduakrom, Domeabra, Old Kyekyewere Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 27. Katakyie Baka Brakwa-line, Bibiani, Pewodie Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 28. Anikoko Sekonde, Brakwa, Anikoko Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 29. Awora Brakwa-line Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 30. Bodwire Brakwa-line Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 31. Gyimaah Brakwa-line Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 32. Abodweseh Prestea Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 33. Asaabre Himan Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Prestea 34. Amenkuma Prestea Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining(Both small and large scale) 35. Anikoko Himan Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining(Both small and large Prestea scale) 36. Apasamadi Prestea Domestic ,Spiritual Polluted Mining(Both small and large scale) 37. Numberz Prestea Domestic ,Spiritual Polluted Mining(Both small and large scale) 38. Kwesi-gyeni Adaamanso Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 39. Popomde Akwensia, Adaamenso, and other cottages. Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 40. Akaewu Adaamenso, Odinka Krom, Seth Krom, Kyei Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Krom 41. Bonsoboso Adasmenso, Odisikakrom, Seth Krom and Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Satellites Communities 42. Akwansena Adaamenso Domestic,, Spiritual Polluted Mining(Both small and large scale) 43. Aworadofo Akyempim Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 44. Kubekor Akyempim Kubekor Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Juaben, Sachem 45. Denyame Akyempim, Subri Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Obi womakra and other cottages 46. Adahaso Akyempim, Subri Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 47. Amoanda Addo Village, Mallem Village, Gyamfi Village Domestic ,Spiritual Polluted Mining 48. Peepe Ahona Village, Atta’s Village, Kofi’s Village, Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Amonro Village

34

49. Yabawora Bompieso Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining(Both small and large scale) 50. River Ben Asuagye, Kwabena ho Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Nkwanpa 51. River Ayensu Asuagya, Kwabena ho, Nkwanpa Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 52. River Epo Kekyewere, Nsuagye Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Kwabena ho 53. River Sokoko Kyekyewere Nsuagya, Kwabena ho, Nkwan pa. Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 54. River Asakamsu Kyekyewere Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 55. Abodwese Prestea Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 56. Asaade Himan, Prestea Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 57. Amenkume Prestea Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 58. Anikoko Prestea Himan Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 59. Apasamedi Prestea Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 60. Agonabre Adisakrom Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 61. Ayorbeka Takunaso Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 62. Ntakesu Jomo Village Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Kwame Esa Village 63. Kwesidadzinda Mpeasem Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 64. Ankwa Sea/Ocean Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 65. Aprepre Dumase, Koloto, Agya Broni Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Agya Afrani 67. Worawora Dumase Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 68. Benyan Dumah Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 69. Achesua Dumen Domestic Spiritual Mining 70. Pram Rubber, Plontahen, Cottage Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 71. Nanany Aboa Koloto, Afranie Broni Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 72. Abodwese Worawora Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 73. Ahumabro Wangrakrom Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 74. Gawire Adisakrom, Adieyie Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 75. Awuku Wangrakrom Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 76. Folle Kutu Krom, Mbease Nsuta, Bibiani, Nsuaem Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 77. Ankobra Gwira Bibiani, Mahame Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining(small scale ) 78. Asesre Bondaye, Asompa Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 79. Ntakuonum Himan Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 35

80. Dinyame Himan Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining(Small scale) 81. Enikoko Himan, Prestea, Nsuekyir Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 82. Anfoe Anfoe, Himan Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 83. Achofo Alhasan Village, Domeabra Village, Adizakrom, Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Mile 8 84. Betinyere Teberebie, Small satellite communities/ cottages Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 85. Ahomabruen Adizakrom, mile 8, Wangrakrom, Badukrom, Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Bonsa 86. Ateberebere Teberebie Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 87. Awora Teberebie Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 88. Aboyensu Teberebie Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 89. Aboponi Aboponiso, Mile 10, Chief Farmer’s Village, Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Kyeremu Village, Yaw Duku’s Village 90. Folle Mbease Nsuta, Gwira Bibiani Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 91. Abrebre Tarkwa, Benso Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 92. Apakyii Atuabo, Tarkwa, Affuanta Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 93. Anikoko Atuabo, Amantrem, Mendekrom Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 94. Peepe Atuabo, Tarkwa, Brahabebome Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 95. Kyerfii Atuabo, Green compound Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 96 Bonsawire , Damang, Nsuaem, Anyinase Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 97. Enikoko Wassa Nkran, Wassa Essikuma, Enyinabrem Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 98. Rubam Brahabebome Domestic ,Spiritual Polluted Mining 99. Butetre Nsuta Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 100. Kawere Nsuta, Bograkrom, Branuakyim Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 101. Chonchon Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 102. Nowie Pataho (I) Patakora, Pataho (II), Dumase Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 103. Tsemiti Bonsa Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 104. Awande Bonsa Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 105. Suakode Bonsa, Dompim, Benuho Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 106. Bonsa Bonsa, Atwerebuana, Asuaso, Agrega, Wassa Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining Nkran, 107. Bediabewo Agona, Bonsa N0. 2,Tarkwa Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 108. Ben Damang, Kyekyewere Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 109. Enikoko Kyekyewere Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 110. Bonsa Bonsaho, Apia-Essuman, Esuogya-vase, Peso Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 36

111. Ayaasu Nkwanpa Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 112. Tarman Damang Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 113. Ben Kyekyewere Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 114. Nkramkra Nyambekyere Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 115. Aboman Soromeny Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 116. Donyame Twigya Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining 117. Kwakronkron Twigya Domestic, Spiritual Polluted Mining

37

6.3. Ahafo Mine Area - Kenyase No. RIVER COMMUNITIES USAGE STATE CAUSE 1. Abonyunu Ntoroso Drinking Washing Cooking Not polluted Irrigation 2. Jubi Akrotoso, Nyinisaase, Asuogya Drinking Washing Cooking Not polluted - Irrigation Protection 3. Asuo Nwonu Dadiesoaba Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 4. Asieduwaa Nkaseim Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 5. Akonko Gyasuaa Nkaseim Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 6. Ampong Hemaa Nkaseim Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 7. Nobesua Nkaseim Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 8. Amamah Atronie, Adedayasie, Asuoagya, Besieasie, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not polluted Etotrasu Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 9. Asuaa Atronie Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Dried Up Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 10. Krohinkwa Acherensua, Banahenekrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 11. Putuasua Acherensua Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 12. Aduosini Okraakura, Adjeikrom, Obengkrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation, Protection 13. Aboasua Obengkrom Drinking Washing Cooking Not Polluted - Irrigation Protection 14. Asuo Yaw Obengkrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking Not Polluted - Irrigation ,Protection 15. Subini Obengkrom, Bosompra, Metemmano, Afrifa Drinking , Washing, Cooking Not Polluted - Atuahene, Subiniso, Bogyampa Irrigation, Protection 16. Nkontrowa Obengkrom Drinking , Washing, Cooking , Not Polluted - 38

Irrigation, Protection 17. Nyanyaa Dadiesoaba Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation, Protection 18. Gyapong Twabidi, Asamoakrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation 19. Nkaasu Twabidi, Gbannorkrom, Yawmanukrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation 20. Danyame Twabidi, Amankwakrom, Dwobengkrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Kobuakrom, Kwameadowa, Adrubaakrom Irrigation 21. Bia Twabidi, Tembebi, Gyaponkrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking , Not Polluted - Irrigation 22. Wuramumu Wuramumuso, Akapua, Hwidiem, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Georgekrom, MTC, Kwapaa, Owusukrom, Irrigation Protection Bobie, Boakyekrom, Woramumuso, Abrokyire, Odurokrom 23. Subin Davidkrom, Wawasa, Sikadadan, Akurakan, Drinking , Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Yawboafokrom, Amanfrom, Dumgya, Irrigation, Protection Kyenkyenhene, Subinso, Oseikrom, Adjeikrom, Obengkrom, Subiriso, Tanoagya, Donkorkrom, Nkaseim, Nkrankrom, Ananekrom, Kwaamo, Ohiatua, Mmaammpehia (KRAPO) 24. Nyinako Apiakrom, Amosikrom, Hwidiem, Drinking , Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Yawboafokrom, Nkromakrom Irrigation, Protection 25. Asuwa Dogokrom, Hwidiem, Gyidi, Agya, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Mosikrom Irrigation, Protection 26. Sro Hwidiem, Hannakrom, Sawmill, Drinking, Washing, Cooking Not Polluted - Yawbronikrom, Aduseikrom, Irrigation, Protection Wofayawkrom 27. Subiri Subiriso, Nyantakyikrom, Mmesukrom, Drinking , Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Subriso 1&2, Adrubaa, Oseikrom Irrigation ,Protection Krofofrom, Acherensua, Water Works, Kwau, Pakyi, Bomfa, Akrofonso, Twabidi, Ankaase, Mmease, Kwakuwusukrom, Gyabikrom, Dokyikrom, Tawiakrom, Amankwakrom, Kwakuatiakrom, 39

Frankkrom, Acheampongkrom, Samekrom, Akwesipongkrom, Yawofeykrom 28. Tano Acherensua, Asuhyiae, Waterworks, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Ntotroso, Hwidiem, Krakosua, Subiriso, Irrigation, Protection Yamfo, Chiraa, Abesim, Tanoso, Akapia, Agyabobie, Twikrom, Paulkrom, Akwaboahene, Aburi, Kyensekokoo, Paninfokuo, Dadiesoaba, Mehame, Susuanso, Sunyani, Manhyia, Siana, Anmiam, Kwakunwuma, Dantano, Tanoso, Adengo, Bonsukesie, Krakusua, Asuhyiaesu 29. Totoapia Amafriyiekrom, Chiefkrom, Nyantakyikrom Drinking , Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Kwakuwusukrom Irrigation, Protection 30. Aketesua Hwidiem, Attalakrom, Agyarekrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Azulekrom, Ateikrom Ayabakrom, Irrigation, Protection Komfomensakrom, Kwameattakrom Akuakrom 31. Sante Hwidiem Drinking, Washing, Cooking , Not Polluted - Irrigation, Protection 32. Tatiasu Atuahenekrom, Yawowusukrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Akuafriyiekrom Irrigation, Protection 33. Asuokoo Atuahenekrom, Asuoakokrom, Koprakrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Afriyiekrom, P.K. Amokrom, Irrigation, Protection Yawmosekrom 34. Aponapon Atuahenekrom, Kufourkrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Kofimanukrom, Amoakokrom, Adjeikrom Irrigation, Protection 35. Gomo Kojomanu, Owusukrom, Twabidi Drinking, Washing, Cooking , Not Polluted - Irrigation ,Protection 36. Asuonyunu Owusukrom Drinking , Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation Used especially during the dry season 37. Nyamebekyere Owusukrom Drinking , Washing, Cooking Not Polluted - Irrigation ,Protection 38. Asuonenton Nyamebekyere, Bosukese Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation ,Protection 39. Kwasu Adrubaa, Agawuah, Akwasidagarte, Drinking ,Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - 40

Kokontireso, Kwasuso, Acherensua, Irrigation Asuhyiae, Kwamemewuokrom, Abenapiah 40. Eburasu Adrubaa Drinking , Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation 41. Baasua Seresu, Adrubaa Drinking ,Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation 42. Bokruwaa Adrubaa Drinking , Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation ,Protection 43. Frampong Arubaa, Kwakuasia Drinking , Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation, Protection 44. Anyamadu Seresu, Adrubaa Drinking ,Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation 45. Asuadai Kwabenania, Paanaaba, Amomaso, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Baaniekrom, Ntotroso Irrigation 46. Aframoa Ntotroso Drinking , Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation 47. Kokoampa Ntotroso, Maadai Shell, Abutu Drinking , Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation 48. Amoma Amomeso, Asuadi Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation 49. Awonsu Kwakuseikrom, Abenanfumkrom Drinking , Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation 50. Apensu Oseikrom, Hiamankyene, Agyatekrom, Drinking , Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Tawiakrom, Yawawunakrom, Irrigation Akwasiapomasukrom, Bawakrom, Yarogruma, Kwadwoananekrom 51. Desmon Oesikrom Drinking , Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation, Protection 52. Nkensirini Wamahinsu Drinking , Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation ,Protection 53. Humapra Wamahinsu, P.K Amankwa, Drinking, Washing, Cooking , Not Polluted - Krontihenekrom, Nanabadukrom Irrigation ,Protection 54. Betoum Wamahinsu Drinking Washing Cooking Not Polluted - Irrigation Protection 55. Amamah Wamahinsu Drinking Washing Cooking Not Polluted - Irrigation Protection 41

56. Kronkromah Wamahinsu, Kofi Manu, Maame Drinking Washing Cooking Not Polluted - Amaadjeiwah, Yawbarima, Opanyin Kwaku Irrigation Protection Adusei, Opanyin Akawagye 57. Wamahinisu Abobuah, Akuapo, Wamahinsu Drinking Washing Cooking Not Polluted - Irrigation Protection 58. Awunsu Wamahinsu, Opanyin Manuhene, Nana Drinking Washing Cooking Not Polluted - Adusei, Agya Eno, Ampani Irrigation Protection 59. Anyensua Wamahinsu, Osofo Amoako, Kojopro Drinking Washing Cooking Not Polluted - Irrigation Protection 60. Mamakaha Wamahinsu Drinking, Washing,, Cooking Not Polluted - Irrigation ,Protection 61. Nyininasini Amankwankwanta, Nyisase, Akrofoso, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Asuogya Irrigation ,Protection 62. Ampoma Apoma, Akrofoso Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted - Irrigation ,Protection 63. Denere Asuoahyia, Kokotreso, Kosusa, Acherensua Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection 64. Acherensua Acherensua, Acherensuagya, Shell, Ninko Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 65. Asuonyunu Acherensua Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection 66. Bonkofi Acherensua Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 67. Obaatan Acherensua Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 68. Akwasua Kwakuboakrom, Kyeikrom, Achina, Nfante, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Opanyin Nkrumh, Nkwadum, Asuhyiae, Irrigation, Protection, Recreation Apesika, 69. Aboabo Kwakuboakrom, Komrekrom, Achina, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Opiamensakrom, Acheamponkrom, Irrigation, Protection, Recreation Dwomokrom, Johnakura, Beakrom, Attakrom, Gyaukrom, Amponsakrom, Kwakugyatokrom, Awunikrom, Agyakrakrom, Beekoakura, Twumasiakura, Acheamponakura, Aniwakrom, Tawiakrom, Abodwese, Nyankonayo, Kwabena Mensa 42

Aboabo Yawprakukrom Yeboakrom Adamakrom Gyamfikrom Kwasikrakrom Yamfo Asantekrom, Asuhyiae, Afiakusase, Nntukumsu, Datuam, Nnkwadum, Maame Maanu, Asumakura, Akurakese 70. Wuuwuu Kwakuboakrom, Kyeikrom, Agyamobikrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 71. Abu Mfanibu, Mamfo, Dwaaho, Nyamebekyere, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Asuhyiaesu, Enfanubu, Subresu Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 72. Bone Kwadonkor, Abori, Nyamebekyere, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Taakura, Adakatia, Dwaaho Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 73. Gyepim Dwaaho Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 74. Asuofufuo Dwaaho Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 75. Asuoasamoa Dwaaho, Mamfo Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 76. Asuodenyame Konkori, Dwaaho Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 77. Yawama Dwaaho Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 78. Brebretinko Asawamakura, Dwaaho Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 79. Adwubi Biokrom, Krakrom, Tawiakrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Asamoakrom, Achina Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 80. Akwasua Abodwese, Nkwadum, Achina, Asomdwea, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Ham, Anthonykrom Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 81. Abisoa Achina, Mfanibo, Akwasikusasekrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 82. Duhyenedasoo Kofiakumaniakura, Sakatekrom, Dogoakura, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Achina Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 83. Asafoasini Beekoakura, Badukrom, Kokoakura, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Sabinakura, Kobaakura, Achina Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 84. Asuoafra Achina, Beekyeakura, Akuratoso Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation 85. Asomase Ankaase, Agyarikrom, Agyakontokrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted 43

Akuakokrom, Agyeikrom Irrigation, Recreation 86. Ankasu Agyeikrom, Odurokrom, Ankaase, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Agyekumkrom Irrigation, fishing, Recreation 87. Asuoabena Ankaase, Owusukrom, Kofidonkorkrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Yawnimokrom, Ntimkrom, Ampofokrom, Irrigation, fishing, Recreation Abuaakrom 88. Sikasu Ankaase, Baakrom, Appiakrom, Peterkrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, fishing, Recreation 89. Twabidi Ankaase, Subiriso, Kwau, Pakyi, Bomfa, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Akrofonso, Twabidi, Dadiesoaba Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 90. Abena Tembebi, Alhassankrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 91. Kofi Adumakrom, Tembebi Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 92. Apenipa Tembebi Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 93. Asuoafua Abodwese Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 94. Beposu Twabidi I Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation 95. Asuoeno Owusukrom, Twabidi Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation 96. Bempebeyee Twabidi Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 97. Ankonsua Afrisipa Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 98. Abutu Prabonso, Gyatokrom, Kadekrom, Yamfo Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 99. Amoaben Prabonso, Gyatokrom, Yamfo, Kontikrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, 44

fishing 100. Asuokwaku Yamfo Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 101. Namasua Yamfo Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 102. Atumpansua Terchire, Yamfo Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 103. Adwerasu Adwerasu, Asikasu, Yamfo Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 104. Akentesua Yamfo Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 105. Amankwasu Alikrom, Atudrobesa, Kowaekrom, Mr. Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Enninkrom, Yamfo, Amankwasukrom, Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, Kwasiaprakukrom, Asempanaye fishing 106. Patuda Patuda, Kwasikyekye, Koope, Yamfo Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 107. Amonyunu Yamfo, Dapaakrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation fishing 108. Asuadae Boampongkrom, Akuadae, Brenyakrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Nyantakyiwakrom, Mensakrom, Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, Yaaburakrom fishing 109. Adamsu Yamfo, Donkorkrom, Brayiekrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Mampaabrewa, Sarfokrom, Tettehkofikrom Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, Kwadwodawu, Addaekrom, fishing Teacherkwakukrom Amadukrom 110. Bosie Agona, Asaaman, Abedikrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Yawpokukrom, Mamadukrom, Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, Kwakuaddaekrom, Sarfokrom, Yamfo fishing 111. Rubi Kokoo Kaasekrom, Atudrobesa, Rubikrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted 45

Kwameamperikrom, Kensakrom, Yamfo Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 112. Rubi Tuntum Adomkrom, Bukarikrom, Oseikrom, Yamfo Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 113. Kyiniponsua Kufuor Camp, Nyamebekyere, Ampekrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Akyinkyinsua Irrigation, Recreation 114. Aponapono Kufuor Camp Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 115. Adwasu Adrubaa, Besi, Gyatokrom, Kropakrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Kwakyekrom, Kofikrom, Dogokrom, Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, Krofrom fishing 116. Adrubaa Adrubaakrom, Sarikyikrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Kojodagartekrom, Terchire, Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, Kwamepanikrom fishing 117. Tintesu Adrubaakrom, Konkonpakrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 118. Bincham Adrubaakrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 119. Adowe Adrobaakrom, Kototwene, Patakese, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Yawkrom Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 120. Mmotongu Adrubaa, Komfoaddae, Awuakrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Kofibakokrom, Kwasidwomokrom Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 121. Adienimasu Adrubaakrom, Kwamediawuo, Yawkrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Asantekrom Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 122. Danyame Kobuakrom, Kwameadowa, Adrubaa Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 123. Kofikrasua Adrubaa, Kogyakrom, Kwasipraku, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Adutwumkrom, Kwakuakura Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 124. Akuamansa Adrubaa Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, 46

fishing 125. Afotoko Woramumuso, MTC, Georgekrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 126. Koodwo Woramumuso, Nyantakyikrom I & II Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 127. Ata ne Ata Ata ne Ata, Woramumuso, Alhassankrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Yaachokoseikrom, Agyadangerkrom, Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, Subiriso, Siakwa, Patiokrom fishing 128. Aboasua Nana Amadukrom, Kwabenawisiekrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Adukrom, Obimpekrom, Kwadukrom, Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, Issakakrom, Kwakuboffourkrom, fishing Pokukrom, Yankubakrom 129. Asubema Boahenkrom, Karimkrom, Seidukrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Kyeadekrom, Sarfokrom, Adukrom Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 130. Mmesu Kwau, Kramokrom, Maame Akosuakrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Mfante, Adjeikrom Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 131. Twewapeasu Kwapiakrom, Fantekrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 132. Go Adjeikrom, Dampteykrom, Teacherkrom, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Kwaku Gausukrom, Montwi, Kwame Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, Adjeikrom, Kwau, Bogyampa, Goaso fishing 133. Nana Kramo Subiriso Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 134. Aprapro Gyaekontabuo, Amankwakrom, Kwasibio, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Oseikwabena, Nana Bosompem Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 135. Numasua Siakwa, Papankokyire, Bogosfree Village, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Opanin Baanieakura Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 136. Gyesiri Subiriso Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted 47

Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 137. Tunkum Kramo, Akwadaa Nyame, Abena Twere Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 138. Asikesu Fante, Asikem, Cashier, Agblenagble, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Atronie Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 139. Kobiri Bekyekrom, Subirirso Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 140. Nkwansua Tanoso, Afrisipa Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 141. Satwiwa Tanoso, Satwiwagya Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 142. Nontwa Tanoso, Kwagyedu Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 143. Attakrom Tanoso, Mutungu Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 144. Nteneasua Tanoso, Kakrakrom, Mensakrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 145. Asuomanu Bogyampa Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 146. Bogyampa Bogyampa Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 147. Abena Nsi Kwaku Donka, Bogyampa Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 148. Yaa Mansa Bogyampa Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 149. Kwantire Dadiesoaba Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted 48

Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 150. Bomkofi Dadiesoaba Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 151. Kobimpon Dadiesoaba Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 152. Asua Addee Dadiesoaba Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 153. Kyinhyia Dadiesoaba Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 154. Baakwantwe Dadiesoaba Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 155. Kaase Asuhyiae, Abenafrafra, Kosuno Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 156. Krobo Asuhyiae, Konfoadade, Donpo Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 157. Apesika Asuhyiae, Kosono, Abenafrafra Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 158. Apenkwa Asuhyiae, Kosumo, Afo Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 159. Pokuasua Troome, Hohoronanse, Tawiakrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 160. Saadwie Tawiakrom, Saadwie, Hamlets Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, fishing 161. Duhenesasoo Donkorkrom Drinking, Farming Not Polluted 49

162. Kinsine Mehame Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 163. Wunta Mehame Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 164. Nkwanta Mehame Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 165. Tadee Mehame Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 166. Kwantene Mehame Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 167. Pupokokoo Mehame Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 168. Chinipongsua Atronie Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 169. Nnmuwasua Atronie Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 170. Takrowasua Atronie, Akanmahkrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 171. Emmesu Atronie Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 172. Akyinkyinsua Atronie Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 173. Biakyerie Atronie Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 174. Nsamansua Susuanso Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing, Protection 175. Tiesua Susuanso Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing, Protection 176. Tummpansua Susuanso Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing, Protection 177. Yentensua Susuanso Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing, Protection 50

178. Nkentensua Susuanso Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing, Protection 179. Nyentina Susuanso Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing, Protection 180. Onyinadamu Susuanso Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 181. Funamenamu Susuanso Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing, Protection 182. Kwartenasua Susuanso Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Not Polluted Irrigation, Recreation, fishing, Protection 183. Akenten Ntotroso Drinking Washing Cooking Polluted By human Irrigation activities 184. Asuopre Kootomkrom, Yarokrom, Agyaboakyekrom Drinking Washing Cooking Polluted NGGL Activities Irrigation Protection (Faecal Matters) 185. Asuokofi Ntotroso, Mamshell, Atakrom, Akorekrom Drinking Washing Cooking Polluted NGGL Activities Irrigation 186. Subre Tawiakrom, Forestano, Saadwe, Hweneso, Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Polluted Dam construction Tromen, Hohoronanse Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, and Dumping of fishing waste by NGGL 187. Akwankwagya Tawiakrom, Tromen, Forestano, Bronekrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Polluted Mining Activities - Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, exploration fishing 188. Apape Yawasomakrom, Yawtawiakrom Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Polluted Activities of Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, NGGL fishing 189. Susuan Koforidua, Takyire, Susuanso Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Polluted Surface Mining- Irrigation, Protection, Recreation, exploration fishing 190. Asuo Esam Mehame Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Polluted Road Construction Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 191. Kobeda Mehame Drinking, Washing, Cooking, Polluted Road Construction Irrigation, Recreation, fishing 51

192. Akwankogasua Atronie Do not use it Polluted Guinea Worm 6.4. Alternative sources of water provided and providers Obuasi Area No. Community Population Source of water Alternative source State Number Provider (estimate) (Before mining) of water (After mining) 1. Tutuka Sampsonkrom River Borehole/Pipe Good North Well 2. Jimiso Kakraba 850 River Borehole Not good 3. Odumasi(Aduaneyede 2000 River Borehole Good ) 4. Homase I 1500 River Borehole Good 5. Homase no II 2500 River Borehole Good 3 6. Abompekrom 2500 River Borehole Good 7. Akatakyieso 4000 River Borehole Good 3 8. Anyankyirem 2000 River Borehole Not good 1 9. Amamom 1300 River Borehole Not good 1 10. Ankaako 500 River Borehole Not good 2 - 11. Mmamiriwa II 1000 River Borehole Not good - - 12. Mmamiriwaa I 1000 River Borehole Not good - - 13. Kubi Kwantu 700 River Borehole - - - 14. Mankonoahogono 300 River Borehole Good - - 15. Agyeikrom 500 River Borehole Not good - - 16. Baadukrom(New site) 300 River Borehole - - - 17. Hiampenika 600 River Borehole Not good - - 18. Odaso 650 River Borehole Good - - 19. Binsere 500 River Borehole Not good 2(1 working) AGA 20. Sansu Anwona 300 River Borehole Not good 1 AGA 21. Anwiam 400 River Pipe Not good 1 AGA 22. Nhyieso 680 River Borehole Not good 2 AGA 23. Ahansonyewodea 1500 River Pipe Not good 1 AGA 24. Adaase 500 River Borehole Not good 2 AGA 25. Krodua 400 River Borehole Not good 1 AGA 26. Ntonsua 1000 River Borehole Not good 2 AGA/GOVT 27. Watereso 5000 River Borehole Not good 6(5 working) AGA/GOVT 28. Anyinam 700 River Borehole/Pipe Bad 7(under construction) AGA/GOVT 52

29. Sansu 1500 River Borehole Not good 2 AGA/GOVT 30. Odumasi 360 River Borehole Good 3(1 beyond repairs,1 AGA/GOVT under construction) 31. Ewiase 500 River Borehole Not good 2 AGA/GOVT 32. Dokyiwaa 1000 River Borehole Not good 3(2 working) AGA/GOVT 33. Komfokrom 200 River Borehole Not good 1 Community 34. Adubirem 600 River Well Good 1 Community 35. Twewaaso 400 River Borehole Not good 3(2 working) Community 36. Kankanfrase 300 River Well Good 1 Community 37. Hia 2500 River Borehole Not good 5 Community/Govt 38. Fenaso Fawoman 450 River Borehole Not good 2 Community/Govt 39. Suhyenso 1500 River Borehole Not good 2(1 working) Government 40. Fenaso no 4 250 River Borehole Not good 1 GOVT 41. Oseikrom 1000 River Borehole Not good 3 GOVT 42. Numereso 1300 River Borehole Good 6(4 under construction) GOVT 43. Nyame Bekyere I 1300 River Borehole Not good 2 GOVT 44. Twapiase 2000 River Borehole Good 7(3 under construction) GOVT 45. Adinkra 600 River Borehole Good 4 GOVT 46. Kokotintin 750 River Borehole Good 2 GOVT 47. Apitisu I 900 River Borehole Not 6(2 under construction) GOVT Good 48. Apitikooko 900 River Borehole Not 4 GOVT good 49. Diawuoso 800 River Borehole Good 1 GOVT 50. Wamase 1550 River Borehole Not good 5 GOVT 51. Apitiso II 900 River Borehole Not good 5 GOVT 52. Sesease 350 River Borehole Under 1 GOVT construction 53. Mile 14 2700 River Borehole Not good 6(1 under construction) GOVT 54. Kokotiesua/poultry 2500 River Pipe/Well Good Most GOVT households 55. Aboo 1500 River Borehole Good 2 (1under construction) GOVT 56. Mile 9 3000 River Borehole Not good 4(2 working) Govt/Community 57. Asuoso Fenaso 500 River Borehole Not good 1 Kuapa kooko Ltd 58. Attakrom 200 River Relocated Relocated Relocated Relocated 53

59. Kronko 200 River Relocated Relocated Relocated Relocated 6.5. Alternative sources of water provided and providers -Tarkwa area NO Communities using water Source of water Current state of river Alternative source Provider of alternative water body before mining of water 1. Huni Valley, Huniano, River Huni Polluted with mining operations of Hand-dug well Goldfields Ghana Ltd and JICA Golden Star Resources Limited at Huniso 2. Kwameaniampah, Agona River Subri Polluted with mining activities of Hand-dug well Golden Star Resources (Prestea/ Nkwanta, Densu, Ayarefere, Golden Star Resources limited Bogoso mine Mmenakete 3. Kwameaniampah River Asuobenkasa Polluted with mining activities of Hand-dug well Golden Star Resources (Prestea Golden Star Resources Limited. /Bogoso mine) 4. Densu River Densu Polluted with mining activities of Hand-dug well Golden Star Resources (Prestea/ Golden Star Resources Limited Bogoso mine) 5. Pewodea, Kwameaniampah River Densu Polluted with mining operations of River Densu Golden Star. 6. Kwameaniampah River Densu Polluted with mining operations of River Densu Golden Star Resources. 7. Kwameaniampah River Bodwire Polluted with Golden Star Bodwire River Resources. 8. Kwameaniampah River Manse Polluted with Golden Star River Manse Resources Limited 9. Kwameaniampah River Asosor Nsu Polluted with mining operations of River Asosornsu Golden Star Resources 10. Kwameaniampah, Densu, River Kwesibofo Polluted with mining activities of River Kwesibofo Ayarefere, Mmenakete Golden Star Resources 11. Tebe, Abekoase River Suman Polluted with cyanide spillage from Hand-dug well Goldfields Ghana Ltd Goldfields Ghana Limited 12. Akempim, Juaben, Preto, River Kubekor. Polluted with cyanide spillage from Hand-dug wells Golden Star Resources Sechen, the mining operations of Golden (Akyempim mine) Star Resources (Akyempim mine). 13. It runs through several villages River Abenabena Polluted with cyanide spillage River Abenabena from operations of Golden Star Resources(Akyempim mine) 14. It runs through several villages River Potipo Polluted with cyanide spillage from River Potipo operations of Wexford. 15. It runs through several villages River Amonogum Polluted with cyanide spillage from River Amonogum 54

the mining operations of Golden Star Resources (Akyempim mine). 16. Several satellite communities River Akroko Polluted with cyanide spillage from Akuoko the Mining operations of Golden Star Resources (Akyempim mine). 17. Several satellite communities River Agogo Polluted with cyanide spillage from River Agogo around Kubekro and Akyempim Golden Star Resources (Akyempim). 18. Dogre Village River Sumen Polluted with cyanide spillage from River Sumen George Village Golden Star Resources (Akyempim). 19. Dogre Village River Abunko Polluted with cyanide spillage from Abunko George Village Golden Star Resources (Akyempim). 20. Tebe Village, Huniso, Huniaso, River Huni Polluted with cyanide spillage from River Huni. amongst others. mining operations of Goldfields Ghana Limited. 21. No. 43 Village River Asuman Polluted with cyanide spillage Hand-dug wells Goldfields Ghana Tarkwa Mine from mining operations of Goldfields Ghana Limited. 22. Damang, Sumani River Nana Panipa Polluted with cyanide spillage and Hand-dug wells Goldfields Ghana Limited waste from mining operations of Damang Aboso Goldfields Limited. 23. Mile 10 Mahu tem River Nana Polluted with mine waste from the River Nana Npetem, mile 9( all sister Asumakuma operations of Aboso Goldfields Asamakuma communities of Damang) Limited 24. Koduakrom River Nana Boat Polluted with cyanide spillage and Hand-dug wells Goldfields Ghana Limited waste from mining operations of Abosso mine Aboso Goldfields Limited. 25. Kyekyewere, Kwabena ho, River Ben Polluted with cyanide spillage Hand-dug well Goldfields Ghana Limited Bonsa from the premises of Aboso Abosso mine Goldfields Limited 26. Domeabra, River Ayensu Polluted with cyanide spillage from River Ayensu the mining operations of Aboso Goldfields Limited 27. Brakwa-line, River Katakyie Polluted with cyanide spillage River Katakyie Baka 55

Baka from operations of Bogoso Goldfields Limited 28. Sekonde, and Anikoko River Anikoko Polluted with cyanide spillage from River Anikoko the mining operations of Golden Star Resources (Prestea/Bogoso Mine) 29. Bibiani River Awora Polluted with cyanide spillage. River Awora 30. Pewode River Bodwire Polluted River Bodwire 31. Sekonde River Gyimaah Polluted River Gyimaah 32. Prestea River Abodwese Polluted Hand dug well Golden Star Resource Prestea /Bogoso Mine 33. Himan River Assabre Polluted River Asaabre Prestea 34. Prestea River Anikoko Polluted Hand-dug well Golden Star Resource Prestea /Bogoso Mine 35. Himan River Anikoko Polluted River Anikoko Prestea 36. Prestea River Apasammadi Polluted River Apasamadi 37. Prestea River Apasamadi Polluted River Numberz 38. Adaamanso River Kwesi gyeni Polluted River Kwesi-gyeni 39. Akwensia, Adaamenso, and River Popomde Polluted River Popomde other cottages. 40. Adaamenso, Odinka Krom, River Akaewu Polluted River Akaewu Seth Krom, Kyei Krom 41. Adasmenso, Odisikakrom, Seth River Bonsoboso Polluted River Bonsoboso Krom and Satellites Communities 42. Satellites communities around River Akwansena Polluted River Akwansena Adamanso 43. Akyempim Polluted River Aworadofo 44. Kubekro River Kuberkor Polluted Hand-dug well Golden Star Resource Wexford Juaben, Sachem Goldfields Limited 45. Subri Denyame River Polluted River Denyame Obi womakra and other cottages 46. Akyempim, River Adahaso Polluted River Adahaso 47. Addo Village, Mallem Village, River Amoanda Polluted River Amoanda 56

Gyamfi Village 48. Ahona Village, Atta’s Village, River Peepe Polluted River Peepe Kofi’s Village, Amonro Village 49. Bompieso River Yabawora Polluted River Yabawora

50. Asuagye, River Ben Polluted River Ben Nkwanpa 51. Nkwanpa River Ayensu Polluted River Ayensu 52. Kekyewere, River Epo Polluted River Ben 53. Kyekyewere, Nsuagya, River Sokoko Polluted River Sokoko Kwabena ho, Nkwan pa. 54. Kyekyewere River Asakamsu Polluted River Asakamsu 55. Prestea River Abodwese Polluted River Abodwese 56. Himan, River Asaade Polluted River Asaade 57. Prestea River Amenkume Polluted River Amenkume 58. Prestea Himan River Anikoko Polluted River Anikoko 59. Prestea River Apasamedi Polluted River Apasamedi 60. Adisakrom River Agonabre Polluted River Agonabre 61. Takunaso River Avorbeka Polluted River Ayorbeka 62. Jomo Village River Ntakasu Polluted River Ntakesu

63. Mpeasem River Polluted River Kwesidadzinda Kwesidadzinda 64. Esa Village River Ankwa Polluted River Ankwa 65. , Koloto, Agya Broni River Aprepre Polluted River Aprepre Agya Afrani 66. Dumase River Worawora Polluted River Worawora 67. Dumah River Benyan Polluted River Benyan 68. Dumen River Achesua River Achesua 69. Rubber, Plontahen, Cottage River Pram Polluted River Pram 70. Koloto, Afranie Broni River Naanay Polluted River Nanany Aboa 71. Worawora River Abodwese Polluted River Abodwese 72. Wangrakrom River Ahumabro Polluted River Ahumabro 73. Adisakrom, Adieyie River Agonabeng Polluted River Agonabeng 57

74. Wangrakrom River Awuku Polluted River Awuku 75. Kutu Krom, Mbease Nsuta, River Folle Polluted River Folle Bibiani, Nsuaem 76. Gwira Bibiani, Mahame River Ankobra Polluted River Ankobra 77. Bondaye, Asompa River Asesre Polluted River Asesre 78. Himan River Ntakuonum Polluted River Ntakuonum 79. Himan River Dinyame Polluted River Dinyame 80. Himan, Prestea, Nsuekyir River Anikoko Polluted River Enikoko 81. Anfoe, Himan River Anfoe Polluted River Anfoe 82. Alhasan Village, River Achofo Polluted River Achofo Domeabra Village Adizakrom, Mile 8 83. Teberebie, and satellite River Betinyere Polluted by activities of AGA River Betinyere 2 Boreholes , one by Teberebie communities/ cottages Iduapriem mine Goldfields Limited and the other one by AGA which is not functioning 84. Adisakrom, mile 8, River Ahomabrum Polluted by activities of Goldfields River Ahomabruen Government of Ghana and JICA Wangrakrom, Badukrom, Bonsa Ghana Limited –waste dump at Badukrom Teberebie AGA constructed 3 at Adisakrom, one functioning, one at Nkwantakrom, 3 at Mile7, one functioning, 3 at Mile 8 one functioning one at Teberebie not functioning 85. Teberebie, Nkwantakrom, Mile Awunampe Polluted by Goldfields Ghana boreholes 8, Adisakrom New Techiman Limited Tarkwa mine and AGA with cyanide and other chemicals 86. Teberebie River Ateberebere Polluted and destroyed by AGA pit River Ateberebere 87. Teberebie Polluted and destroyed by AGA pit River Awora 88. Teberebie Polluted and destroyed by AGA pit River Aboyensu 89. Aboponiso, Mile 10 Polluted by waste dump of River Aboponi Constructed by Goldfields Chief Farmer Village Goldfield Ghana limited Tarkwa mine Kyeremu Village Yaw Duku Village and about 20 other hamlets 58

90. Mbease Nsuta, Gwira Bibiani Polluted by waste River Folle Spiritual 91. Tarkwa, Benso Domestic Polluted River Abrebre Spiritual 92. Atuabo, Tarkwa, Affuanta River Apakyii River Apakyii polluted by River Apakyii/ Government of Ghana By mining activities of Goldfields Hand-dug well Goldfields Ghana Ltd Tarkwa Ghana Limited. mine at Atuabo 93. Atuabo, Amatrem, Mendekrom River Anikoko Polluted Hand-dug wells Goldfields Ghana Limited Tarkwa mine 94. Atuabo, Tarkwa, River Peepe Polluted Hand-dug wells Government of Ghana Brahabebome Goldfields Ghana Limited in Atuabo , Tarkwa and Brahabebome 95. Atuabo, Green compound River Kverfii Polluted Hand-dug wells Goldfields Ghana Limited 96. Aboso, Damang, Nsuaem, River Bonsawire Polluted River Bonsawire Anyinase 97. Wassa Nkran, River Enikoko Polluted River Enikoko Wassa Essikuma, Enyinabrem 98. Brahabebome River Rubam Polluted Hand-dug wells constructed by Goldfields Ghana Limited 99. Nsuta River Butetre Polluted Hand dug wells constructed by Ghana Manganese Company 100. . , Bograkrom River Kawere Polluted River Kawere Branuakyim 101. River Chonchon Polluted River Chonchon

102. Pataho (I) Patakora River Nowie Polluted River Nowie Pataho (II), Dumase 103. Bonsa River Tsemiti Polluted River Tsemiti 104. Bonsa River Awande Polluted River Awande 105. Bonsa, Dompim, Benuho River Suakode Polluted River Suakode 59

106. Bonsa, Atwerebuana, Asuaso River Bonsa Polluted River Bonsa Agrega, Wassa Nkran, 107. Agona, Bonsa N0. 2, Tarkwa River Bediabewo Polluted River Bediabewo 108. Damang, Kyekyewere River Ben Polluted River Ben 109. Kyekyewere River Anikoko Polluted River Anikoko 110. Bonsaho, Apia-Essuman River Bonsa Polluted River Bonsa Esuogya-vase, Peso 111. Nkwanpa River Ayaasu Polluted River Ayaasu 112. Damang River Taman Polluted River Tarman 113. . Kyekyewere River Ben Polluted River Ben 114. Nyambekyere River Nkrankra Polluted River Nkramkra 115. Soromeny River Aboman Polluted River Aboman 116. Twigya River Donyame Polluted River Donyame 117. Twigya River Polluted River Kwakronkron Kwankronkron

60