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Publisher’s Note Defi ning Documents in World History series, produced • Southeast Asia includes Henry Cabot Lodge’s by Salem Press, offers readers a selection of important Speech on the Retention of the Philippine Islands; documents that relate to broad range of subjects. These conversations and speeches related to the war in documents are accompanied by essays written especially Viet Nam such as President Ngô Ðình Diệm’s ad- for the series by a diverse range of writers. This estab- dress to the U.S. Congress and a 1969 conversation lished series includes Ancient World (2700 BCE–c. 500 between Presidents Nixon and Thiêu; and a report CE), Middle Ages (476–1500), Renaissance & Early Mod- from the Khmer Rouge Killing Fields. ern Era (1308–1600), The 17th Century (1601–1700, The 18th Century (1701–1800), The 19th Century (1801– These documents provide a compelling view of the 1900), The 20th Century (1900-1950) and the newest events and policies that shaped the rise and fall of em- volume—Asia. pires, societies, and nations across Asia. Defi ning Documents in World History: Asia explores Designed for high school and college students, the aim the history of Asia, including China, Japan, Korea, India, of the series is to advance the study of primary source and Southeast Asian societies including Vietnam, . historical documents as an important activity in learning The material is into four geographic and each sec- about history. tion begins with a brief timeline that includes important events and the documents featured in each region: Essay Format Asia features fi fty-two documents that span the history, • China, begins with the The Art of War, an impor- politics, ethics, wars, and struggles for independence tant treatise military strategy that is still in wide use from China to Korea to Cambodia. Each document is today and includes “Lessons for Women” by Ban supported by a critical essay, written by historians and Zhao, an important female intellectual writing dur- teachers, that includes a Summary Overview that offers a ing the Han dynasty, around 80 ce, The Boxer Pro- brief introduction to the document; a Defi ning Moment tocol, the Chinese revolution of Sun Yat-sen, and that provides important historical context; an Author concludes with U.S. Embassy Cables Concerning Biography that offers insight into the background and the Crackdown in Tiananmen Square; philosophy of the author of the primary document; and • Japan and Korea includes such important writing Document Themes and Analysis that put the document as The Tale of Genji, often called the world’s fi rst into perspective and provide a close reading and analysis novel; The Tale of the Heike as a dramatized version of the primary source to develop its broader themes, such of the the clash of two warrior clans at the end of as the author’s rhetorical purpose, social or class posi- the late Heian period; Fourteen-Part Message from tion, point of view, and other relevant issues. Japan to the United States delivered to U.S. Sec- Each essay also includes a Bibliography and Addition- retary of State Hull at the same time that Japanese al Reading section for further research. pilots were bombing Pearl Harbor; Korean Declara- tion of Independence; and Kim Il Sung’s speech, Appendixes “On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and • Chronological List arranges all documents by Establishing Juche in Ideological Work”; year. • India offers documents such as The Edicts of King • Web Resources is an annotated list of websites Ashoka, inscribed on pillars spread across India, that offer valuable supplemental resources. Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nepal; the India Regu- • Bibliography lists helpful articles and books for lating Act of 1773 that gave the British government further study. partial control of the East India Company; and Indira Gandhi’s speech, “What Educated Women Contributors Can Do”; Salem Press would like to extend its appreciation to all involved in the development and production of this work. The essays have been written and signed by scholars of ix DD Asia.indd ix 9/28/2018 2:44:00 PM x • Publisher’s Note history, humanities, and other disciplines related to the essays’ topics. Without these expert contributions, a proj- ect of this nature would not be possible. A full list of contributor’s names and affi liations appears in the front matter of this volume. DD Asia.indd x 9/28/2018 2:44:00 PM Excerpt from The Art of War, Chapter 1 Date: c. 500 BCE Author: Sun Tzu; translator: Lionel Giles Genre: Book excerpt Summary Overview This passage consists of the fi rst chapter of The Art of lasted from 770 to 476 bce. During this era, Zhou lead- War, a landmark work attributed to Chinese author Sun ership and control over China weakened amid fi ghting Tzu. The document, lauded by some as the oldest trea- among various feudal states, but many technological and tise on military strategy in the world, makes a close inves- intellectual advances were made. However, some his- tigation of military tactics and conduct; the ties between torians believe that The Art of War was actually written the military, political policy, and leadership; and the most later, during the even more volatile Warring States Period critical factors infl uencing warfare. This excerpt from the (475 to 221 bce). During this time, smaller feudal states fi rst chapter, translated as “Laying Plans” by translator joined into several larger kingdoms and fought to dis- Lionel Giles, introduces the text by focusing attention place the Zhou and establish their own dynastic rule over on the gravity of warfare and the deliberation required the region. From these wars, the Qin kingdom emerged to successfully fi ght a war. It lays the groundwork for the victorious and declared the fi rst Chinese empire. remainder of the document. As a text representative of its era, The Art of War refl ects the confl ict that pervaded Author Biography and Document Information China during the pre-imperial centuries under the Zhou Chinese author and general Sun Tzu, also spelled as Sun dynasty. However, the infl uence of the document over Zi or Sunzi, has long been credited as the author of The military and political theory has spanned millennia and Art of War. Sun Tzu lived during the Spring and Autumn guided leaders across the globe. Period of the Zhou dynasty, and served the state of Wu, in eastern China along the East China Sea. Wu was fre- Deﬁ ning Moment quently at war with its neighbors during this time, and Around 1046 bce, the Zhou dynasty rose in China. Sun Tzu would have had ample cause for expounding on (Some scholars suggest an earlier date of ascendancy, ac- themes of war. The complete text of The Art of War com- cording to traditional accounts.) The Zhou fi rst emerged prises thirteen chapters that examine various aspects of in what would later become the province of Shaanxi in warfare, military strategy, and leadership. However, some northwestern China. There, they battled off and on with historians question the text’s authorship and suggest that their neighbors, the Shang, before defeating the Shang the text was written after Sun Tzu’s lifetime, during the and establishing their rule over much of the territory later Warring States Period. Others suggest that the his- around the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. The Zhou dynasty toric fi gure Sun Tzu, as one man, did not exist and that would span centuries, lasting until 256 bce, when the the text evolved over several centuries from the writings Zhou gave way to a new dynasty, the Qin. However, much of many contributors. of their rule was fraught with confl ict. The Zhou built a Modern English versions of The Art of War derive from great kingdom and their dynasty lasted longer than any several key translations, with the fi rst complete transla- other in Chinese history, but their kingdom was feudal tion done by British scholar Lionel Giles in 1910. Giles’s and left much governance to local rulers. These lords father, Herbert Giles, had collaborated with British dip- constantly vied for more power and infl uence. lomat Sir Thomas Wade to develop a method of trans- The military treatise known as The Art of War has long literation from Chinese to English known as the Wade- been attributed to a military general, Sun Tzu, who is Giles Chinese romanization system; this was the main thought to have lived during an especially contentious system in use for much of the twentieth century, before time known as the Spring and Autumn Period, which being replaced by pinyin. 3 DD Asia.indd 3 9/28/2018 2:44:01 PM 4 • CHINA A notable later translation of The Art of War was done by scholar Ralph D. Sawyer, fi rst published in 1993. HISTORICAL DOCUMENT I. Laying Plans control of military expenditure. 1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to 11. These fi ve heads should be familiar to every general: the State. he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail. 2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no 12. Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to account be neglected. determine the military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise:— 3. The art of war, then, is governed by fi ve constant factors, to be taken into account in one’s deliberations, 13. (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the Moral law? (2) Which of the two generals has most the fi eld.

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