Glocal Religions Edited by Victor Roudometof Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Religions www.mdpi.com/journal/religions Glocal Religions Glocal Religions Special Issue Editor Victor Roudometof MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Victor Roudometof University of Cyprus Cyprus Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Religions (ISSN 2077-1444) from 2015 to 2018 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/religions/special issues/glocal religions) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-316-4 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-317-1 (PDF) Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is c 2018 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Victor Roudometof Glocal Religions: An Introduction Reprinted from: Religions 2018, 9, 294, doi: 10.3390/rel9100294 .................... 1 Sabita Manian and Brad Bullock Sensing Hinduism: Lucian-Indian Funeral “Feast” as Glocalized Ritual Reprinted from: Religions 2016, 7, 8, doi: 10.3390/rel7010008 ..................... 10 Ugo Dess`ı Japanese Buddhism, Relativization, and Glocalization Reprinted from: Religions 2017, 8, 12, doi: 10.3390/rel8010012 ..................... 24 Tatiana Tiaynen-Qadir Glocal Religion and Feeling at Home: Ethnography of Artistry in Finnish Orthodox Liturgy Reprinted from: Religions 2017, 8, 23, doi: 10.3390/rel8020023 ..................... 38 Man´eli Farahmand Glocalization and Transnationalization in (neo)-Mayanization Processes: Ethnographic Case Studies from Mexico and Guatemala Reprinted from: Religions 2016, 7, 17, doi: 10.3390/rel7020017 ..................... 52 Barbara Watson Andaya † Glocalization and the Marketing of Christianity in Early Modern Southeast Asia Reprinted from: Religions 2017, 8, 7, doi: 10.3390/rel8010007 ..................... 71 David C. D. van Alten Glocalization and Religious Communication in the Roman Empire: Two Case Studies to Reconsider the Local and the Global in Religious Material Culture Reprinted from: Religions 2017, 8, 140, doi: 10.3390/rel8080140 .................... 86 Steele Brand “This Is Our Jerusalem”: Early American Evangelical Localizations of the Hebraic Republic Reprinted from: Religions 2016, 7, 4, doi: 10.3390/rel7010004 .....................106 Myung-Sahm Suh Glocalization of “Christian Social Responsibility”: The Contested Legacy of the Lausanne Movement among Neo-Evangelicals in South Korea1 Reprinted from: Religions 2015, 6, 1391, doi: 10.3390/rel6041391 ...................118 Marco Guglielmi Globalization and Orthodox Christianity: A Glocal Perspective Reprinted from: Religions 2018, 9, 216, doi: 10.3390/rel9070216 ....................134 v About the Special Issue Editor Victor Roudometof (PhD Sociology and Cultural Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1996) is associate professor of Sociology with the University of Cyprus and Professor (adj.) with the University of Tampere, Finland. He has also held appointments with Princeton University, Washington and Lee University and Miami University, OH. His main research interests include global and transnational sociology, culture, religion, and nationalism. He is the author of over 100 articles, book chapters, encyclopedia entries, etc. He is the author of four monographs and editor or co-editor of six volumes and five special issues of refereed journals. His latest monograph is Glocalization: a critical introduction (London: Routledge, 2016). Currently, he is Faculty Fellow with Yale University’s Center for Cultural Sociology and Director of the Historical and literary Archives of Kavala, Greece (www.ilak.org). He has served as external reviewer for evaluations conducted by major research centers as well as for international publishers & for governmental organizations. Currently, he is a member in the editorial boards of the European Journal of Social Theory, Nations and Nationalism, Επιθεώρηση Κοινωνικών Ερευνών (Greek Review for Social Research), Interreligious Studies & Intercultural Theology and Religions. For full academic profile and additional information, see www.roudometof.com. vii religions Editorial Glocal Religions: An Introduction Victor Roudometof Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Kallipoleos 75, Nicosia CY-1678, Cyprus; [email protected] Received: 3 September 2018; Accepted: 28 September 2018; Published: 29 September 2018 Abstract: This introductory article offers an overview of the volume’s major problematic. It examines the literature on religion and globalization and then moves on to an overview of the literature on religion and glocalization. Throughout the discussion, the article refers explicitly to the volume’s chapters and outlines how their specific themes fit within the broader problematic of glocal religions. Keywords: religion; glocalization; globalization; hybridity 1. Introduction This volume originated from the 2015 panel on glocal religion, which I organized and chaired for the biannual meetings of the International Society for the Sociology of Religion. Following the panel, contributions were invited for a special issue of the journal Religions, and over the next two years a series of articles were published in the journal. Although several of this volume’s chapters originated from the initial panel, the list of contributions was subsequently expanded. I should express my gratitude to the scholars whose work is featured in the following pages. My thanks also go to the publisher, whose support for this project has been critically important. The goal of this volume is to bring the theme of glocal religions to the attention of a broader scholarly audience as well as to demonstrate the relevance of glocality for the cross-cultural study of religion. It is not accidental that this volume features work that covers different regions of the globe and comes from different disciplines and specializations. The theme of glocal religion is far from novel; the notion of global–local or glocal religion as a ‘genre of expression, communication and legitimation’ of collective and individual identities (Robertson 1991, p. 282; Robertson and Garrett 1991, p. xv) has been on the agenda for more than two decades. More explicit scholarly engagement with the problematic of glocalization and religion is far more recent and remains relatively limited—especially if contrasted with the widespread popularity of the theme of globalization and religion (for an overview, see Roudometof 2016a). In this introductory chapter, I address two important issues that should be useful in offering a general means of orientation to readers with regard to the material featured in this collection. Firstly, I offer a brief account of the historical trajectory of the ideas associated with the problematic of the relationship among religion, globalization and glocalization, and secondly, I briefly discuss the ongoing and interdisciplinary scholarly production on the glocalization–religion nexus. Hopefully, this volume provides further incentive for additional work on this topic. There is plenty of room for future growth along the lines suggested by the theme of glocal religion, and numerous cases of religious expression from different corners of the globe can come under scrutiny and examination using the problematic of glocal religion. 2. Religion and Globalization The intertwining of religion and globalization is quite well known, and religion is one of the primary areas demonstrating the significance of globalization in cultural and social life (for an overview, see Altglas 2010). It should be noted that key ideas about the very notion of globalization as a distinct process emerged from within the study of religion, although this is still largely Religions 2018, 9, 294; doi:10.3390/rel91002941 www.mdpi.com/journal/religions Religions 2018, 9, 294 unacknowledged. According to post-World War II modernization theory, modernization meant the success of universalism, secularism and at least a certain level of cross-cultural convergence (which remained a contested issue throughout the heyday of these perspectives in the 1960s and 1970s). However, since the 1970s, social scientists were confronted with a series of phenomena that offered a practical refutation of the predictions of modernization theory; on top of the list is the 1979 Iranian revolution, followed by the subsequent rise of fundamentalism and various religious revivals in Islamic countries but also in the US itself. Modernization did not translate into secularization—and the empirical refutation of this connection meant the delegitimization of post-World War II modernization and secularization theories. The alternative perspective came with the notion of globalization, formulated in the early 1980s by Roland