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Kestävä Kehitys Globaalin Ajan Hyvinvointiyhteiskunnan Haasteena

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Kestävä Kehitys Globaalin Ajan Hyvinvointiyhteiskunnan Haasteena Tutkimuksia 318 Arto O. Salonen Kestävä kehitys globaalin ajan hyvinvointiyhteiskunnan haasteena Esitetään julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Helsingin yliopiston käyttäytymistieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella Helsingin yliopiston päärakennuksen salissa nro 5, Fabianinkatu 33, perjantaina 12.11.2010 klo 12. Helsinki 2010 Esitarkastajat: Professori Tuula Keinonen Itä-Suomen yliopisto Dosentti Irmeli Palmberg Åbo Akademi Kustos: Professori Mauri Åhlberg Helsingin yliopisto Vastaväittäjä: Dosentti Eila Jeronen Oulun yliopisto ISBN 978-952-10-6534-7 (nid.) ISBN 978-952-10-6535-4 (PDF) ISSN 1799-2508 Yliopistopaino 2010 Helsingin yliopisto Käyttäytymistieteellinen tiedekunta Opettajankoulutuslaitos Tutkimuksia 318 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Arto O. Salonen Kestävä kehitys globaalin ajan hyvinvointiyhteiskunnan haasteena ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöstutkimuksessa tarkastelun kohteena on ihmisen arkinen toiminta suomalaisessa kulttuurisessa kehyksessä globaalissa ajassa. Määrittelen kansainvälisen nykykäsityksen mukai- sen kokonaisvaltaisen kestävän kehityksen konseptin ja analysoin kestävän kehityksen mukaista ihmisen arjen rakentumista ja sen vaihtelua eri ryhmien välillä. Laadin tutkimukseni viitekehyk- seksi kestävän kehityksen mukaisen käyttäytymisen rakentumisen mallin, missä arki rakentuu henkilökohtaisten sisäisten ja yhteiskunnallisten ulkoisten tekijöiden kontekstissa. Malli on syn- teesi Giddensin strukturaatioteoriasta (1984) ja Spaargaren & van Vliet:in kuluttaminen sosiaali- sina käytänteinä -teoriasta (2000) sekä kestävän kehityksen periaatteista. Tutkimusaineistonani olivat kestävän kehityksen kansainväliset ja kansalliset julkilausumat, kestävään kehitykseen ja sen edistämiseen liittyvä teoreettinen tieto ja empiirinen evidenssi sekä aineisto, jossa informantteina olivat eri vaiheissa opintojaan olevat Metropolia Ammatti- korkeakoulun sosiaalialan koulutusohjelmien sosionomiopiskelijat (n=210). Analysoin aineiston määrällisin ja laadullisin menetelmin. Tulosten perusteella kestävän kehityksen mukainen asennoituminen oli yleistä, mutta myönteisestä asennoitumisesta ei aina seurannut kestävän kehityksen mukaista käyttäytymistä. Kestävän kehityksen edistämisessä merkityksellisintä oli yhteisöllisyyden vaaliminen. Yhteisölli- syys jäsentyi tutkittavien ajattelussa osaksi terveyttä. Helsinkiläisten elämäntapa rakentui peri- aatteiltaan kestävämmälle pohjalle kuin ympäröivissä kunnissa asuvien, erityisesti materian kierron ja omistamisen vähämerkityksellisyyden vuoksi. Ravintopyramidissa alhaalla olevan kas- visruoan suosiminen osoittautui todelliseksi mahdollisuudeksi kun siirrytään nykyistä kestäväm- piin elämäntapoihin. Käyttäytymisen ristiriitaisuus ilmeni edistyksellisten kuluttajien ollessa sa- malla terveytensä riskeeraajia ja postmaterialistisesti käyttäytyvien ohittaessa sosiaalisen vas- tuun kysymykset. Järjestöaktiivisuus oli yhteydessä ekologisen, taloudellisen ja sosiaalisen kes- tävyyden vaalimiseen kokonaisuutena. Kestävän kehityksen mukaisen arkisen käyttäytymisen esteistä merkittävimmät olivat korkeat kustannukset, tiedon puute ja kiire. Kestävä kehitys toteutuu vastuuta kantaen. Kansalaisjärjestöjen merkitys on huomattava ihmisten väliseen globaalivastuuseen kasvamisessa. Ihmiskeskeisyys voi kuitenkin estää kestä- vän kehityksen kokonaisvaltaista toteutumista. Planetaarinen vastuu edustaa ihmisten välistä globaalivastuuta laajempaa eettisen huolenpidon piiriä kattaen inhimillisen ja ei-inhimillisen todellisuuden luoden edellytykset monimuotoisen elämän säilymiselle planeetallamme. Päättä- jien vastuu korostuu, sillä kestävän kehityksen mukaisten tuotteiden ja palvelujen korkeat kus- tannukset muodostavat merkittävimmän esteen kestävän kehityksen mukaisten elämäntyylien rakentumiselle. Kestävän kehityksen periaatteiden mukaiseen yhteiskuntaan siirtymistä nopeut- taisivat sellaiset ohjauskeinot, joiden avulla kestävän kehityksen mukaiset arkiset valinnat olisi- vat kansalaisille kustannuksiltaan edullisin vaihtoehto. Ohjauskeinojen käyttöä puolustaa myös se, että myönteisestä asennoitumisesta ei aina seuraa asenteen mukaista käyttäytymistä. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Avainsanat: Kestävä kehitys, kestävyysajattelu, käyttäytymisen muutos University of Helsinki Faculty of Behavioral Sciences Department of Teacher Education Research Report 318 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Arto O. Salonen Sustainable development and its promotion in a welfare society in a global age …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Abstract The objective of the dissertation was to determine the concept of sustainable development according to current understanding and to analyze the structuration of sustainable daily life and how it varies between different groups. The present dissertation is both a literature-based theoretical study and data-based empirical research. The theoretical framework of the study was a greated model of the Structuration of Sustainability in Everyday Life. The model is based on a synthesis of Giddens Theory of Structuration (1984), Spaargaren & van Vliet's Theory of Consumption as Social Practices (2000) and principles of sustainable development. According to the model created, sustainable everyday life is generated in a context of internal and external factors compromising the interests of ecosystems, society and business. The literature used in the thesis included international and national statements on sustainable development and research into sustainability and the transition to sustainable societies. The data were collected at Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences. The discretionary sample consisted of students of social services (n = 210) and were collected using the semantic differential technique. The data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. The results showed that the value placed on ecological, economic and social sustainability increased with age. Activity in non governmental organizations was associated with the acceptance of sustainable development as a whole and especially with global responsibility. Women's everyday life promoted sustainability more than men´s. People living in Helsinki had more sustainable ways of living than those living in the surrounding municipalities because of greater recycling and the low importance given to ownership. Prefering vegetarian food turned out to be a real opportunity for a more sustainable way of living because there were few barriers identified. Contradictory human behavior occurred when advanced sustainable consumer were ready to risk their health. The importance of communality was high and it was considered an aspect of health. The most significant obstacles to sustainable development in daily life were high costs, lack of knowledge and busyness. Similar attitudes towards sustainable development translate into different people´s behavior, which indicates complexities of the behaviour change in the context of sustainable development. The role of non governmental organizations is significant in increasing global responsibility. Education presents an opportunity to increase sustainability, but there are challenges to face from system thinking and in understanding entities in a state of transition towards sustainable everyday life. The responsibility of policy makers is paramount because high costs create a barrier to a sustainable way of living. The implementation of the concept of sustainable development should be focused on the planetary ethics which cover humans, animals, plants and ecosystems. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Keywords: Sustainable development, sustainable thinking, behaviour change Esipuhe Traditionaalisten yhteiskuntien kehittyminen kohti massakulutusyhteiskuntia on ollut il- meistä viime vuosikymmeninä kaikkialla maailmassa. Kehityskulku on ollut omiaan ko- rostamaan hyvän elämän tavoittelussa materiaalista hyvinvointia. Tässä työssä liikkeelle panevana voimana on ollut se henkinen hyvinvointi, joka ilmenee materiaalisesti köyhissä yhteiskunnissa. Pyrkimyksenäni on haastaa lukijaa pohtimaan mistä hyvinvoinnissa on pohjimmiltaan kyse ja millaisia rajapintoja globaali aika sille asettaa. Helsinkiläisen arjessa on läsnä suunnitelmallisuus, missä kalenterimerkinnät siivittä- vät ihmistä suorituksesta toiseen. Tehokkuus johtaa ihmisten kohtaamisten ohittamiseen tai ihmissuhteiden välineellistämiseen. Näin toimimalla pyrimme varmistamaan materiaa- lista hyvinvointia ja siinä onnistummekin. Sen sijaan kokemukseni mukaan nairobilaisen ihmisen elämässä ihmisten kohtaaminen priorisoidaan kaiken muun yläpuolelle. Seurauk- sena on materiaalisesta näkökulmasta tarkasteltuna tehottomuutta, sillä ihmisen energia suuntautuu ensisijaisesti vuorovaikutukseen ja ihmisten välisten suhteiden rakentamiseen eikä bruttokansantuotteen kasvua tukeviin suorituksiin. Ihmisten välisestä luottamuksesta kasvaa kuitenkin sellaista optimismia, jota eivät materiaaliset vastaiskut helpolla muserra. Saattaakin olla, että materian tavoitteluun suuntautuva länsimainen arki ei aina sitä tyyty- väisyyttä pysty tarjoamaan, mikä löytyy vaikkapa keskiverto nairobilaisen sisältä monista materiaalisista haasteista huolimatta. Ehkäpä niin sanottu kehitysmaa onkin henkisesti kehittynyt maa, missä ihmisten arjessa
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