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Universidad Mayor De San Andres Carrera De Ingenieria Agronomica UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRES FACULTAD DE AGRONOMIA CARRERA DE INGENIERIA AGRONOMICA TESIS DE GRADO ESTRUCTURA Y COMPOSICION FLORISTICA EN DOS PARCELAS PERMANENTES EN EL BOSQUE AMAZONICO DE TIERRA FIRME E INUNDABLE, EN EL NORTE DEL PARQUE NACIONAL MADIDI, LA PAZ ABRAHAM SALOMÓN POMA CHURA La Paz – Bolivia 2007 UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRES FACULTAD DE AGRONOMIA CARRERA DE INGENIERIA AGRONOMICA ESTRUCTURA Y COMPOSICION FLORISTICA EN DOS PARCELAS PERMANENTES EN EL BOSQUE AMAZONICO DE TIERRA FIRME E INUNDABLE, EN EL NORTE DEL PARQUE NACIONAL MADIDI, LA PAZ Tesis de grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar al título de Ingeniero Agrónomo. ABRAHAM SALOMÓN POMA CHURA Tutor: Ing. For. Luis Goitia Arze ........................................ Asesor: Ing. For. Alejandro Araujo Murakami ........................................ Comité Revisor: Ing. M. Sc. Wilfredo Peñafiel Rodríguez ........................................ Ing. Rafael Diaz Soto ........................................ APROBADA Presidente: ........................................ DEDICATORIA: A mi madre Natalia por su constante apoyo, comprensión, aliento y sobre todo amor. A mi Padre y hermanos por su enseñanza, paciencia y toda la ayuda brindada en esta etapa de mi vida. AGRADECIMIENTOS Ante todo agradezco a Dios por fortalecer mi alma y darme un aliento de vida. Al Missouri Botanical Garden (MO) y el Proyecto de inventario Florístico de la Región del Madidi por el financiamiento de la presente investigación. Al Herbario Nacional de Bolivia por contribuir en mi formación y el apoyo bibliográfico brindado. A la Asociación para la Conservación de la Amazonia (ACA) por el apoyo logístico durante la expedición al sector de estudio. A mi tutor el Ing. For. Luis Goitia por su revisión, sugerencias y orientación del presente trabajo. Un especial reconocimiento a mi asesor el Ing. For. Alejandro Araujo Murakami por su asesoramiento tanto en campo como en gabinete y su constante apoyo, aliento y confianza. Al Director y coordinadores del Proyecto de Inventario Florístico de la Región del Madidi Dr. Peter Møller Jørgensen, Lic. Alfredo Fuentes e Ing. Leslie Cayola por su amistad y apoyo. Al Lic. Freddy Zenteno por su aprecio y compartir sin egoísmos sus conocimientos. Al Ing. Juan José Vicente Rojas por su amistad y colaboración. A Fabricio Miranda, Ana Antezana, Angel Fernández, Ana Maria Apaza, Tatiana Miranda, Tatiana Merida, Jeyson Miranda y Alvaro Reyes por su amistad y desinteresada colaboración. A los señores Rolando Salvatierra y Fidel Hurtado de la Comunidad de Puerto Pérez por su colaboración en el trabajo de campo. Finalmente agradecer a todos los compañeros y amigos de la universidad quienes siempre estuvieron apoyándome tanto en los buenos como malos momentos especialmente a Arturo Rivera, Henry Morales y Alvaro Poma. INDICE GENERAL Página CONTENIDO .......................................................................................................................... i INDICE DE CUADROS .......................................................................................................... iv INDICE DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................................ v INDICE DE ANEXOS ............................................................................................................. vii RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................. viii 1. INTRODUCCION .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 OBJETIVOS .................................................................................................. 4 1.1.1 Objetivo General ........................................................................................... 4 1.1.2 Objetivos Específicos .................................................................................... 4 2. REVISION BIBLIOGRAFICA ....................................................................... 5 2.1 Trópico .......................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Clasificación de bosques tropicales .............................................................. 6 2.2.1 Bosques húmedos siempreverdes ................................................................ 7 2.2.1.1 Bosque de tierra firme ................................................................................... 8 2.2.1.2 Bosque Inundable ......................................................................................... 8 2.2.1.2.1 Bosque de Várzea ......................................................................................... 8 2.2.1.2.2 Bosque de Igapó ........................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Bosques amazónicos en Bolivia.................................................................... 10 2.3 Conservación de la biodiversidad ................................................................. 14 2.3.1 Areas Protegidas .......................................................................................... 15 2.3.1.1 Areas Protegidas en Bolivia .......................................................................... 16 2.3.1.1.1 Parque Nacional y Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Madidi (PNANMI) ..... 18 2.4 Parcelas Permanentes de Muestreo (PPMs) ................................................ 20 2.5 Caracterización de la vegetación .................................................................. 21 2.5.1 Composición Florística .................................................................................. 21 2.5.1.1 Diversidad Florística ...................................................................................... 21 2.5.1.1.1 Diversidad florística en la amazonia boliviana .............................................. 23 2.5.2 Estructura Florística ...................................................................................... 24 2.5.2.1 Estructura Horizontal ..................................................................................... 25 2.5.2.2 Estructura Vertical ......................................................................................... 25 3. MATERIALES Y METODOS ........................................................................ 27 3.1 Descripción del área de estudio .................................................................... 27 3.1.1 Localización .................................................................................................. 27 3.1.2 Geomorfología .............................................................................................. 28 3.1.3 Condiciones Climáticas ................................................................................. 30 3.1.4 Vegetación .................................................................................................... 31 3.1.5 Suelos ........................................................................................................... 31 3.2 Materiales ...................................................................................................... 32 3.2.1 De Campo ..................................................................................................... 32 i 3.2.2 De Gabinete .................................................................................................. 33 3.3 Métodos ........................................................................................................ 33 3.3.1 Definición del área de estudio ....................................................................... 33 3.3.2 Instalación de la Parcela Permanente de Muestreo (PPM) .......................... 34 3.3.3 Toma de datos dentro la PPM ....................................................................... 36 3.3.4 Identificación taxonómica .............................................................................. 41 3.4 Diseño de investigación ................................................................................ 41 3.4.1 Muestreo estratificado al azar ....................................................................... 42 3.4.2 Diseño de campo .......................................................................................... 42 3.4.3 Variables de respuesta .................................................................................. 43 3.4.3.1 Evaluación de la composición florística ......................................................... 43 3.4.3.2 Evaluación de la estructura ........................................................................... 45 3.4.3.3 Evaluación de la importancia ecológica ........................................................ 47 3.4.3.4 Indice de diversidad (Shannon-Wiener, 1949) ............................................. 48 3.4.3.5 Indice de Similitud (Sørensen, 1948) ............................................................ 48 4. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSION ..................................................................... 49 4.1 Curva Area – Especie ................................................................................... 49 4.2 Bosque inundable (Várzea) ........................................................................... 50 4.2.1 Composición Florística .................................................................................. 50 4.2.1.1 Abundancia ................................................................................................... 52 4.2.1.2 Frecuencia
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