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Ecophysiology of Dwarf Plantain Hybrids in Peri-Urban Areas of Cameroon

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Ecophysiology of Dwarf Plantain Hybrids in Peri-Urban Areas of Cameroon Université catholique de Louvain Faculté d’Ingénierie biologique, agronomique et environnementale EARTH & LIFE INSTITUTE ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF DWARF PLANTAIN HYBRIDS IN PERI-URBAN AREAS OF CAMEROON LÉOPOLD SADOM MBOULA Juillet 2014 Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du titre de docteur en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique Composition du Jury Promoteur: Prof. Xavier Draye UCL, Belgique Co-promoteur: Prof. Bruno Delvaux UCL, Belgique Président: Prof. Bruno Henry de Frahan UCL, Belgique Membres: Prof. Pierre Bertin UCL, Belgique Prof. Sebastien Carpentier KUL, Belgique Dr. Sophie Opfergelt UCL, Belgique Dr. Kodjo Tomekpe CIRAD, France i CREDITS Ce projet de recherche n’aurait pas été possible sans le soutien financier de la Commission Universitaire pour le Développement (CUD), (www.cud.be) et de la Coopération pour le Développement (CD), (www.uclouvain.be). Une profonde reconnaissance à l’Université catholique de Louvain de m’avoir accueilli et soutenu durant ces années de recherche. ii iii DEDICACE À Ma feue mère, Pauline Chantal Mongoué dont son âme restera ma principale source d’inspiration. iv v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS – REMERCIEMENTS Cette thèse a été réalisée au sein de la faculté d’ingénierie biologique, agronomique et environnementale et de l’Institut de recherche Earth and Life Institute dans le pôle Agronomie, au sein de l’équipe Ecophysiology and Plant Genetics for Sustainable Agriculture de l’Université catholique de Louvain, Belgique. Ce fut avec réel plaisir que j’aie travaillé dans cette équipe appréciant particulièrement l’ambiance chaleureuse qui y règne ainsi que le dynamisme et la rigueur scientifique que les responsables du laboratoire ont su instaurer. Je souhaiterais à travers ces quelques lignes témoigner mes sincères remerciements À mon promoteur de thèse, Professeur Xavier Draye, à qui j’exprime toute ma gratitude infinie et ma reconnaissance indéniable. Ce projet de recherche n’aurait jamais aboutir sans votre forte implication. Vous vous êtes fortement investi dans le montage des protocoles de ce projet dès mes premiers séjours de formations doctorales à l’UCL malgré que vous étiez de loin impliqué dans le projet initial. Ta patience, ton sens critique, ta rigueur scientifique et ton omniprésence durant ces six années de thèse m’ont permis de croire à l’aboutissement de ce travail. Je reste convaincu que tu as été le promoteur idéal sans qui je ne saurais soumettre ce rapport. Merci d’avoir mis de la chaleur dans les relations de travail et de m’avoir poussé à aller aussi loin que possible. Un merci infini Xavier ! Professeur Pierre Bertin, pour les nombreuses discussions et échanges scientifiques réalisés particulièrement après ma défense préliminaire. Votre implication durant cette phase a ouvert d’autres horizons dans ce document. Dr. Kodjo Tomekpe, co-promoteur du projet PIC-perdur, Senior Scientist / Banana & Plantain Varietal improvement Program BIO – AGAP au CIRAD. Sa passion pour la recherche et en particulier sur les hybrides de plantains nains au Cameroun a été pour moi une source de motivation depuis ma venue au CARBAP en 2000 dans le cadre de mon stage de Maîtrise. Je voudrais vous exprimer toute ma reconnaissance pour l’encadrement scientifique, vos nombreux conseils sur le plan professionnel, social, amical et l’intérêt que vous avez toujours su porté à mes travaux de recherche. Votre simplicité et amour pour la science resteront gravés en moi. vi À mes Promoteurs: Prof. X. Draye (UCL) B. Delvaux (UCL) et Dr. K. Tomekpe (CIRAD), au président du jury: B. Henry de Frahan (UCL) et aux examinateurs: Prof. P. Bertin (UCL), S. Carpentier (KUL), Dr. S. Opfergelt (UCL), d’avoir accepté d’évaluer, critiquer et d’apporter de nouvelles orientations qui m’ont permis d’enrichir cette thèse. Vous verrez à travers ce document final, l’aboutissement d’un travail auquel vous avez fortement contribué. Une chaleureuse reconnaissance à I. Vanacker (sécrétaire de l’unité ECAV), pour son dynamisme et son réconfort pendant les moments où je planais dans le désarroi et la solitude. Elle a toujours été présente et trouver les solutions aux situations désespérées. Le bon environnement de travail crée au sein du laboratoire ECAV entre les responsables, personnel associé, doctorants et mémorants a été une source de motivation depuis mon arrivée au sein de l’unité. Ici, je voudrais exprimer ma sympathie à Anne-Michelle, Guillaume, Pierre, Gauthier, Maxime, Adrien, Benjamen, René, Béata, Alek, Hanh, Igor, Jean-Elysée, Thaï, Nathalie, Aurélie, Dieudonné, Viviane et Thomas. Je tiens particulièrement à remercier Pierre Van Thorre pour son appui précieux lors de la réalisation des expériences dans les serres. Aux équipes de l’unité des sciences du sol (Anne et Claudine) et de l’unité eau et sols (Frédéric) pour leur forte implication lors de la réalisation des analyses de mes échantillons de sol. À F. Hauwen pour sa simplicité, sa disponibilité et son réconfort. Trouvez ici l’expression de ma profonde reconnaissance. Mes collègues du projet PIC-perdur pour des années passées ensemble et particulièrement à Claudine pour avoir toujours été disponible en cas de besoin. Aux responsables administratifs du CARBAP qui ont facilité l’aboutissement de ce travail. J’exprime aussi toute ma gratitude à mes collègues chercheurs du CARBAP qui n’ont pas été que des collègues mais, un TOUT. À tous les techniciens et ouvriers du Programme d’Amélioration Génétique du CARBAP qui ont été fortement impliqués dans la mise en place, le suivi, la collecte et la saisie des jeux de données dans les différents sites expérimentaux: M. Nguidjoï, S. Nandjoum, A. Pieppie, M. Djoubissié, B. Djithe, W. Nguefack, B. Nguidjoy, B. Kengne et M. Kadouna (paix à son vii âme). Que le personnel du CARBAP et les temporaires du projet PIC-perdur qui m’ont assisté d’une façon ou d’une autre, trouvent ici le témoignage de ma gratitude ! Tous mes frères, sœurs et amis qui m’ont adressé leur soutien au cours de cette carrière de recherche dont je ne saurais lister les noms. À toute ma belle-famille et en particulier à mes beaux-parents qui n’ont jamais cessé de m’encourager et me soutenir tout au long de ce travail. Tous mes frères (Pascal F. MB. Kamdem, Alphonse D. MB. Mbomlino), sœur (Marlise MB. Tchongouang) pour leur amour, leur soutien moral, leurs encouragements et leurs conseils. Je tiens également à remercier leur épouse respective (Thérèse et Gaëlle) ainsi que mes neveux et nièces qui ont toujours su me réconforter tout au long de ce travail. À mon Père, Joseph Marie Mboula qui m’a toujours prodigué conseils, courage, soutien et présence malgré l’éloignement en particulier durant ces derniers mois. Enfin, aux personnes qui me sont très chères et affectueuses: Ma très charmante épouse: Edwige Laure Tchokonté, je te suis profondément reconnaissant à travers tout le soutien sans fin, aux responsabilités que tu as endossées durant ces périodes d’absence. Tu as toujours été à mes côtés pendant les moments chaleureux et difficiles. Merci encore pour ta patience et ton attention. Mes adorables filles: Fabiola Karen Tchetou Sadom, Maéva Camille Sangui Sadom & Désirée Typhanie Mongoué Sadom: Pour la patience que vous avez su garder durant mon absence. Que ce travail soit un exemple de guide pour votre avenir. Léopold Sadom Mboula, Louvain-la-Neuve, Vendredi, 11 Juillet 2014 viii ix SHORT CONTENTS Chap. TITLE Page - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 1 1 CONTEXTE 11 CARACTÉRISATION PÉDO-CLIMATIQUE DES 2 75 SITES EXPÉRIMENTAUX - INTER –CHAPTER 2 - 3 115 EVALUATION OF THE AGRONOMIC POTENTIAL 3 OF DWARF PLANTAIN HYBRIDS UNDER BLACK 117 SIGATOKA PRESSURE - INTER-CHAPTER 3 - 4 145 ECOPHYSIOLOGY OFDWARF PLANTAINS UNDER 4 DROUGHT AND LOW SOIL FERTILITY IN PERI- 147 URBAN AREAS IN CAMEROON - INTERCHAPTER 4 -5 187 ROOT MORPHOLOGY OF DWARF PLANTAIN 5 189 HYBRIDS - INTER-CHAPTER 5 - 6 213 A SIMPLE METHOD TO ESTIMATE ROOT TRAITS IN SOIL-GROWN PLANTAINS – APPLICATION TO 6 THE ESTIMATION OF HERITABILITY IN A 215 SEGREGATING POPULATION OF DWARF PLANTAINS DISCUSSION GENERALE, PERSPECTIVES ET - 229 CONCLUSIONS - APPENDIX 251 x xi ABSTRACT Plantains (Musa spp., genome AAB) are one of the most important food crops in West and Central Africa. Progressive decline in plantains production over the years has been attributed to its susceptibility to black leaf streak disease (BLSD), drought and poor soil fertility. The general objective of this thesis is to evaluate new promising plantain hybrids recently developed by CARBAP, under the major constraints to plantain production in peri-urban areas of Cameroon. Two new dwarf plantain hybrids (C292 and F568) and their grand-mother landrace (Red Yade) were grown for two crop cycles in three locations offering contrasting pedo-climatic scenarii of soil fertility, available soil water, climate and BLSD pressure. Indicators of BLSD, plant growth and phenology, climate and soil water potential were monitored throughout the study and were used to interprete yield components on the three sites. This field study was complemented with experiments in controlled conditions to evaluate root system architecture and to estimate heritability for major root traits. A detailed characterisation of the pedo-climatic environments was carried out to establish the environmental contraints hinging on plantain growth in each site. Two sites were affected by BLSD which developed gradually in the hybrid C292, early in Red Yade and not in F568. The latter displayed a higher number of standing leaves and had an increased leaf longevity during the whole crop cycle, especially during the fruit filling phase, which was partly, but not only, attributed to its BLSD resistance. This led to increased fruit circumference and bunch weight in the three sites. C292 produced leaves of larger size, a considerably larger number of hands and fruits that should make it a highly productive hybrid in favorable environmental scenarii. Red Yade, the parental landrace, was the least yielding genotype.
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