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The Practices of the Traditional Caring Culture and Western Nursing Culture in Cameroon

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The Practices of the Traditional Caring Culture and Western Nursing Culture in Cameroon The Practices of the Traditional Caring Culture and Western Nursing Culture in Cameroon Emmanuel Aoudi Chance Master in Health Sciences - Nursing Praxeology Research Group Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Bergen Spring 2015 i ii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP .............................................................................................. ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... xi ABSTRAKT ............................................................................................................................... xiii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. xv SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS ................................................................................................... xvii 1. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Research Background ............................................................................................................. 1 1.3. Research Access and Questions .............................................................................................. 2 1.4. Purpose of the Study .............................................................................................................. 4 1.5. Researcher Background: Capital, Habitus and Field—Auto-Socio-Analyze ......................... 5 2. CHAPTER II: THE CAMEROON SETTING .................................................................... 13 2.1. History of Cameroon ............................................................................................................. 13 2.2. Culture and Religion ............................................................................................................. 15 2.3. Education System .................................................................................................................. 18 2.4. Politics ................................................................................................................................... 19 2.5. Economic System .................................................................................................................. 20 2.6. Health-practice System .......................................................................................................... 20 2.7. The Protestant Hospital of Ngaoundéré (HPN) .................................................................... 22 2.8. Education of Nurses and Services in HPN ............................................................................ 23 2.9. Nurse Education and Nurses in Cameroon ............................................................................ 24 iii 2.10. Description of Mbé .............................................................................................................. 27 3. CHAPTER III: HEALTH-PRACTICES AND CULTURE .............................................. 31 3.1. Understanding Culture and Cultural Meanings Applied to Illness ...................................... 31 3.1.1. Understanding Culture ............................................................................................ 31 3.1.2. Cultural Meanings Applied to Illness ................................................................... 32 3.2. Health-practices Systems in Cameroon ................................................................................ 33 3.2.1.The Western Health-Practices System in Cameroon .............................................. 34 3.2.2. Traditional Health-Practices Systems in Cameroon ............................................... 35 4. CHAPTER IV: THE LOGIC OF PRACTICE .................................................................. 37 4.1. Pierre Bourdieu’s Concepts of Field, Habitus, and Capital .................................................. 37 4.2. The Praxeology Tradition ..................................................................................................... 37 4.3. The Significance of Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice .............................................................. 40 4.4. Field, Habitus, and Capital Theories ..................................................................................... 41 4.4.1. Field ........................................................................................................................ 42 4.4.2. Habitus ................................................................................................................... 43 4.4.3. Capital .................................................................................................................... 44 5. CHAPTER V: METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 47 5.1. Research Approach ................................................................................................................ 47 5.2. Gaining Admittance to the Field ........................................................................................... 48 5.3. Construction of Agents’ Different Habitus and Operative Capital ....................................... 50 5.4. Bourdieu’s Reflexivity, Understanding, and the Semi-Structured Interview ........................ 51 5.5. Population and Sampling ...................................................................................................... 54 5.6. Observation of the Field ........................................................................................................ 56 iv 5.7. Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 57 5.7.1. A Relational Analysis of Social Tastes and Practices ............................................. 58 5.7.2. Field, Habitus, and Capital ..................................................................................... 59 5.8. Ethical Considerations .......................................................................................................... 60 5.9. Limitations of the Study ........................................................................................................ 61 6. CHAPTER VI: THE ARTICULATION OF CARING PRACTICES ............................. 63 6.1. Health-Seeking Decision: Traditional, Modern, or Both ...................................................... 63 6.2. The Environment Where the Practices of Care are articulated .............................................. 66 6.3. Understanding of Agents’ Daily Activities—Habitus .......................................................... 69 6.3.1. Nurses and Nurse Assistants’ Daily Activities in HPN ......................................... 70 6.3.2. Nurses’ Practices in the Hospital ............................................................................ 72 6.3.3. Patients and Relatives’ Daily Activities in HPN .................................................... 74 6.3.4. Traditional Healers’ Daily Activities in Mbé .......................................................... 76 6.3.5. Story of One Traditional Healer .............................................................................. 79 6.3.6. Behaviors of Nurses and Traditional Practitioners that Inhibit or Stimulate Patient Participation .......................................................................................... 81 6.3.7. Practices of Care and Reputation of Agents .......................................................... 83 6.3.8. Dispositions and Competence Generating and Shaping Action ........................... 84 6.4. Capital of Agents Enabling the Practices of Caring .............................................................. 86 6.5. Power Relationships Between Agents in the Practices of Care ............................................. 91 6.6. Emic and Etic Approaches to Agents’ Dispositions ............................................................. 94 6.6.1. Physical Care and closeness .................................................................................... 94 6.6.2. Nursing Skill ......................................................................................................... 95 6.6.3. Regular Checkups .................................................................................................. 96 v 6.6.4. Attention ................................................................................................................. 97 6.6.5. Good Behavior ....................................................................................................... 98 6.7. Preferences and tastes ............................................................................................................ 99 6.8. Agents Perspectives on The Practices of Care ..................................................................... 100 6.8.1. Practice of Care with Compassion ....................................................................... 100 6.8.2. Practice of Care through Comforting ................................................................... 101 6.8.3. Practice through Respecting Patient’s Beliefs and Culture .................................. 101 6.8.4. Authenticity and Genuineness in the Practice
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