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THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: WAR AND RESISTANCE: THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History, 2018 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida, History Department What happened in the Philippine Islands between the surrender of Allied forces in May 1942 and MacArthur’s return in October 1944? Existing historiography is fragmentary and incomplete. Memoirs suffer from limited points of view and personal biases. No academic study has examined the Filipino resistance with a critical and interdisciplinary approach. No comprehensive narrative has yet captured the fighting by 260,000 guerrillas in 277 units across the archipelago. This dissertation begins with the political, economic, social and cultural history of Philippine guerrilla warfare. The diverse Islands connected only through kinship networks. The Americans reluctantly held the Islands against rising Japanese imperial interests and Filipino desires for independence and social justice. World War II revealed the inadequacy of MacArthur’s plans to defend the Islands. The General tepidly prepared for guerrilla operations while Filipinos spontaneously rose in armed resistance. After his departure, the chaotic mix of guerrilla groups were left on their own to battle the Japanese and each other. While guerrilla leaders vied for local power, several obtained radios to contact MacArthur and his headquarters sent submarine-delivered agents with supplies and radios that tie these groups into a united framework. MacArthur’s promise to return kept the resistance alive and dependent on the United States. The repercussions for social revolution would be fatal but the Filipinos’ shared sacrifice revitalized national consciousness and created a sense of deserved nationhood. The guerrillas played a key role in enabling MacArthur’s return. -
1TT Ilitary ISTRICT 15 APRIL 1944 ENERAL HEADQU Rtilrs SQUI WES F2SPA LCEIC AREA Mitiaryi Intcligee Sectionl Ge:;;Neral Staff
. - .l AU 1TT ILiTARY ISTRICT 15 APRIL 1944 ENERAL HEADQU RTiLRS SQUI WES F2SPA LCEIC AREA Mitiaryi IntcligeE Sectionl Ge:;;neral Staff MINDA NAO AIR CENTERS 0) 5 0 10 20 30 SCALE IN MILS - ~PROVI~CIAL BOUNDARIEtS 1ST& 2ND CGLASS ROADIS h A--- TRAILS OPERATIONAL AIRDROMES O0 AIRDROMES UNDER CONSTRUCTION 0) SEAPLANE BASES (KNO N) _ _ _ _ 2 .__. ......... SITUATION OF FRIENDLY AR1'TED ORL'S IN TIDE PHILIPPINES 19 Luzon, Mindoro, Marinduque and i asbate: a) Iuzon: Pettit, Shafer free Luzon, Atwell & Ramsey have Hq near Antipolo, Rizal, Frank Johnson (Liguan Coal Mines), Rumsel (Altaco Transport, Rapu Rapu Id), Dick Wisner (Masbate Mines), all on Ticao Id.* b) IlocoseAbra: Number Americans free this area.* c) Bulacan: 28 Feb: 40 men Baliuag under Lt Pacif ico Cabreras. 8ev guerr loaders Bulacan, largest being under Lorenzo Villa, ox-PS, 1"x/2000 well armed men in "77th Regt".., BC co-op w/guerr thruout the prov.* d) Manila: 24 Mar: FREE PHILIPPITS has excellent coverage Manila, Bataan, Corregidor, Cavite, Batangas, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Tayabas, La Union, and larger sirbases & milit installations.* e) Tayabas: 19 Mar: Gen Gaudencia Veyra & guerr hit 3 towns on Bondoc Penin: Catanuan, Macal(lon & Genpuna && occu- pied them. Many BC reported killed,* f) icol Peninsula : 30 Mar: Oupt Zabat claims to have uni-s fied all 5th MD but Sorsogon.* g) Masbate: 2 Apr Recd : Villajada unit killed off by i.Maj Tanciongco for bribe by Japs.,* CODvjTNTS: (la) These men, but Ramsey, not previously reported. Ramsey previously reported in Nueva Ecija. (lb) Probably attached to guerrilla forces under Gov, Ablan. -
Bentley, Caitlin Accepted Thesis 12-04-15 Fa 15.Pdf
Read all instructions first and then perform each step in this order. 1. Select File/Save As menu options to save this document (name it: Last, First MM-DD-YY) to your computer disk. 2. Open Word and this file. The file opens in Protected Mode. Type title above in the gray box as instructed and tab to next field (see instructions in each gray field and in the status bar). Tab and answer all questions until you return back to the title above. 3. Please scroll to and read Chapter 1 to learn how to unprotect this document. Once the document is unprotected the gray fields will continue to display on the screen, but will not print or convert to the PDF file. Fields can then also be modified if needed. 4. Once the document is Unprotected, scroll to Chapter 2 to read about the automatic Table of Contents, Heading Styles, Tables, Figures, References, and Appendices. 5. To remove this box, click it, point to outer gray hash marks until you see the Move icon, click to select, and press Delete key. Linking Communications: the Philippine Regional Section of the Allied Intelligence Bureau's Operations in the Occupied Islands,1942-1945 A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Caitlin T. Bentley December 2015 © 2015 Caitlin T. Bentley. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Linking Communications: The Philippine Regional Section of the Allied Intelligence Bureau's Operations in the Occupied Islands,1942-1945 by CAITLIN T. -
Philippine Studies Ateneo De Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines
philippine studies Ateneo de Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines Benigno Ramos and the Sakdal Movement Motoe Terami-Wada Philippine Studies vol. 36, no. 4 (1988) 427–442 Copyright © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s written permission. Users may download and print articles for individual, noncom- mercial use only. However, unless prior permission has been obtained, you may not download an entire issue of a journal, or download multiple copies of articles. Please contact the publisher for any further use of this work at [email protected]. http://www.philippinestudies.net Fri June 27 13:30:20 2008 Philippine Studies 36 (1988): 42742 Benigno Ramos and the Sakdal Movement MOTOE TERAMI-WADA An earlier article (Philippine Studies [1988]: 131-50) outlined the growth of the Sakdal Movement from 1930 to 1934. This present article discusses the life of Benigno Ramos, who was largely responsible for the success of the Sakdal Movement, which left its mark on the 1930s. FORMATIVE YEARS: 1892-1910 Benigno Ramos was born on 10 February 1892 in the small banio of Taliptip, Bulacan, in the province of Bu1acan.l He was the sccond child of scven childrcn, the four boys and three girls of Catalino Ramos and Benigna Pantaleon. The cldest child was Gabino, followed by Benigno, Asuncion, Marcos, Enriqucta, Felisa, and Francisco. Catalino Ramos was said to have becn amember of Andres Bonifacio's Katipunan, and had reportedly fought against the Spaniards. -
Japanese Counterinsurgency in the Philippines: 1942-45
SMALL WARS JOURNAL smallwarsjournal.com Japanese Counterinsurgency in the Philippines: 1942-45 Brian Hardesty The first Japanese attack on the Philippines in World War II (WWII) was on December 8, 1941, only hours after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese occupied the islands from 1942 until 1945. Much of the conflict was a conventional war for territory, remembered for the Battles of Bataan, Corregidor, and the Bataan Death March much more than actions afterwards, at least until MacArthur’s return. Yet one could argue that there was a nascent insurgency in the Philippines during this period: In fact, post war studies suggested that as many as 260,000 people were in guerrilla organizations.1 The fact that the fall of the Japanese occupation ultimately depended on returning American forces, rather than strategic victory through insurgency, might limit the insurgency’s historical significance, but does not diminish its value as a case worthy of study. The theory of counterinsurgency warfare that David Galula explained in his influential book Counterinsurgency Warfare provides a lens through which to view the internal conflict in the Philippines during WWII. In this way, one can analyze the Japanese successes and failures. I argue that the Japanese counterinsurgency methods in the Philippines were largely ineffective because of the excessive use of military force and political mistakes. This case may suggest that Galula’s theory has some explanatory power for insurgency/counterinsurgency during a hot war between great powers.2 Galula’s thesis is that insurgency is a “protracted struggle” between asymmetric forces (with different assets) for control of and support from the population.3 Insurgents have few if any “tangible assets” at the start of an insurgency, while counterinsurgents have the tremendous military, civil and economic resources of the state. -
JPN Program of Japan in the PI.Pdf
RERCRII,'.S T TED 95704 'R 8 A ,T o, 2440 ITD PROGRAMS OF JAA AN IN TI{E P RHI1I P IImES ASSEMBLAGE #33 Ii'fpil . .~x ' uiL!.,~ .ir.(' Supplement No .l I I ' 2,, r.o.L J-C TTLT]?D Research and Analysis Branch OFFICE OF STRAkEOIC SERVICES HONOLULU, T .H* July 29,1944 47 (49742 ) 1. 0 i II 014i Form Approved Report Documentation Page OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 3. DATES COVERED 1944 2. REPORT TYPE - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Programs of Japan in the Philippines 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Department of the Army,Washington,DC,20310 REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. -
Language, Nation, and Empire
LANGUAGE, NATION, AND EMPIRE: THE SEARCH FOR COMMON LANGUAGES DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY August 2014 By James Andrew Utley Thesis Committee: Yuma Totani, Chairperson Shana Brown Liam Kelley CONTENTS INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND: THE GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE...........................................................................................................................7 Evolving Schemes for Asian Collectivity...................................................................10 Pan-Asianism.....................................................................................................16 Japanese Ideas of Race....................................................................................20 The Language of Sovereignty, Liberal Ideals, Etc. ........................................25 Mass Participation in the GEACPS..................................................................30 CHAPTER 2. DISCUSSIONS IN JAPANESE-LANGUAGE EDUCATION MAGAZINES..................................................................................................................33 CHAPTER 3. JAPANESE AND TAGALOG AS “OFFICIAL LANGUAGES” IN THE OCCUPIED PHILIPPINES.............................................................................................51 -
Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953
Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Lawson, Konrad. 2012. Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9795484 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 – Konrad Mitchell Lawson Some Rights Reserved This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ iii Dissertation Advisor: Professor Andrew Gordon Konrad Mitchell Lawson Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the relationship between violence and betrayal in retribution against military and police collaborators who helped maintain Japan’s wartime occupations up until its defeat in 1945. Looking at the approaches taken in the colonies of British Asia, postwar treason trials in the Philippines, and Chinese Communist approaches in wartime and postwar Shandong province, this study argues that the laws and rhetoric of treason were deeply flawed tools for confronting the atrocities of war. At the very moment that war crimes trials were defining a set of acts that constituted crimes against all humanity, around the world thousands of individuals who helped perpetrate them were treated as primarily guilty of crimes against the nation. -
Foreign Occupation and the Development of Filipino Nationalism
FOREIGN OCCUPATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by MATTHEW DAVID SHOUSE Dr. Robert Smale, Thesis Supervisor DECEMBER 2010 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled FOREIGN OCCUPATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM Presented by Matthew Shouse A candidate for the degree of Master of History And hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance Assistant Professor Robert Smale Assistant Professor Michael Bednar Professor Doh Shin ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the following organizations for their support in the completion of this research project. I would first like to thank the University of Missouri for providing much of the resources necessary to complete this thesis and attain my degree. I wish to thank the Department of History for its financial support, namely by offering me a teaching assistant position. I wish to also thank the Missouri State Historical Society and the Western Historical Manuscripts Collection of Columbia, MO. Their dedicated faculty provided me with many primary documents pertaining to the U.S. anti-imperialist debates in the Senate and House of Representatives. I wish to also thank those individuals who made this project possible. I want to thank my academic adviser, Dr. Robert Smale, for all his guidance and instruction. I wish to personally thank the following professors for their various contributions to this thesis and my development as a graduate student: Dr. -
Continuity and Discontinuity of Party System
Continuity and Discontinuity of Party System Institutionalization in Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, and South Korea. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science in the University of Canterbury by Koochul (K.C) Jung 2018 Acknowledgements I am extremely grateful for all the support I have received over the last few years of my life. Much of what I have learned, along with my professional and personal growth could not have been possible without the people. I am in deep debt to my academic supervisors, Alexander C. Tan and James S. Ockey, who have played an important role in my development as a researcher and scholar. I am extremely grateful to Alexander Tan for his compelling criticisms and suggestions. I am grateful to James S. Ockey for his genuine interest and comments. Numerous readers and presentation questions helped me refine my arguments. Andrea Chole Wong, Dennis Quilala, Peter Neowkeke, Suthikarn Meechan, I would like to extend my thanks and gratitude for helping me along the way. Andrea Chloe Wong, Ossy, Dennis Quilala, Farid Idris, and Jack and Pascale Hatcher, thank you all so much for sharing the process and for making it brighter along the way. Thank you also for the friendship and care, for always having an encouraging word and/or for more dedicated comments and reviews of the chapters of my thesis. To my father and mother, thank you for everything you have done. I could not have done this without your endless supports. Finally, thanks and praise to you God Almighty who have chosen me and trained me through this ordeal. -
Philippine Studies Ateneo De Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines
philippine studies Ateneo de Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines The Stories They Tell: Komiks during the Japanese Occupa- tion, 1942-1944 Karl Ian U. Cheng Chue Philippine Studies vol. 53, no. 1 (2005): 59–90 Copyright © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s written permission. Users may download and print articles for individual, noncom- mercial use only. However, unless prior permission has been obtained, you may not download an entire issue of a journal, or download multiple copies of articles. Please contact the publisher for any further use of this work at [email protected]. http://www.philippinestudies.net Fri June 27 13:30:20 2008 The Stories They Tell: Komiks during the Japanese Occupation, 1942-1 944 Karl Ian U. Cheng Chua This article examines sequential comic art during the Japanese occupa- tion of the Philippines, and shows how the medium was utilized by Japa- nese and Filipinos to further their interests. It analyzes four comic strips published in the Japanese-controlled newspaper Tribune. Although the comic strips can be dismissed easily as blatant Japanese propaganda, a more nuanced perspective reveals the various strategies utilized by Filipino artists in presenting images as a lighthearted social commentary on the situation that confronted Filipinos during the occu- pation. Through the analysis of comic strips, this article constructs a story of Filipinos and Japanese using an alternative historical source. -
1.1 Introduction
CHAPTER ONE TO DEFER OR TO DEFY: JUDICIAL CONTROL IN INSECURE ENVIRONMENTS All judges are politicians, whether they know it or not. --- Enrique Petracchi 1.1 Introduction When do judges rein in those who reign? In a given polity, the judiciary has the crucial task of rendering verdicts on disputes and social questions fairly; insensible to considerations of power and prestige. The courts are expected to subject even those who rule to the governance of rules (Fuller 1964; Shapiro 1981). However, those who have dominion over the state can employ a variety of weaponry to bend the gavel to their will: They can refuse to implement judicial rulings, cut the court’s jurisdiction, reduce the budget allotted to the court, impeach the magistrates or subject the judges to physical harm. These threats are particularly compelling in authoritarian societies where judges do not enjoy the institutional safeguards or the popular support that protect their counterparts in democratic polities. Thus, it becomes most relevant to ask: When do judges invalidate actions of government? Why do gavels defy the gun? The objective of this dissertation is to identify the conditions that enable the robe to overturn state action at the risk of incurring the wrath of the sword. The judicial literature has focused mostly on court behavior within highly developed democracies (Guarnieri and Pederzoli 2002; Koopmans 2003). In these polities, the courts 1 have emerged as powerful, independent actors in the public policy process. Empirical studies demonstrated that institutional protections like security of tenure and fiscal autonomy, as well as public support, have allowed judiciaries in developed societies to effectively constrain governmental behavior.