DOCSLIB.ORG

Syllabification and Opacity in Harmonic Serialism Syllabification and Opacity in Harmonic Serialism Syllabification

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Syllabification and Opacity in Harmonic Serialism Syllabification and Opacity in Harmonic Serialism Syllabification Syllabification and Opacity in Harmonic Serialism Syllabification and Opacity in Harmonic Serialism Syllabification Francesc Torres-Tamarit PhD Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Joan Mascaró Departament de Filologia Catalana Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres Francesc Torres-Tamarit Torres-Tamarit Francesc Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. 2012 Cover design by Olivier Collet This thesis was typeset by the author with LYX 2.0.x Syllabification and Opacity in Harmonic Serialism Francesc Torres-Tamarit PhD Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Joan Mascaró PhD Program in Cognitive Science and Language Centre de Lingüística Teòrica Departament de Filologia Catalana Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Spring 2012 Acknowledgments Worrying about my more immediate future in this period of budget cuts, accentuated slow growth of the world economy, and generalized uncertainty about what is going on has been therapeutically postposed thanks to writ- ing this dissertation. No more excuses, though. However, before planning my next step towards pursuing my career, and also before becoming an ex- smoker, it is a pleasure to mention and acknowledge those that have con- tributed to making me feel fortunate during the last three years. First, a heartfelt thank you to Joan Mascaró, my supervisor, whose en- thusiasm about research and vast knowledge of the field have pushed me towards trying to find things out. I feel privileged indeed to have been able to work with you. I also want to offer my thanks to Eulàlia Bonet, John J. McCarthy, and Isabel Oltra-Massuet, who have agreed to be members of my evaluation com- mittee. I would also like to express my gratitude to Prof. John J. McCarthy in particular. I learnt a great deal during my short stay at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, in Fall 2010, and this dissertation has benefited from that inspiring intellectual environment. I am also indebted to other people at UMass, especially Emily Elfner and Claire Moore-Cantwell, with whom I had the opportunity to discuss aspects of my work. Thanks to the members of the Centre de Lingüística Teòrica at the Uni- versitat Autònoma de Barcelona, faculty, graduate students and postdoctoral researchers. Special thanks go to its phonology community. You share col- lective responsibility for my interest in generative linguistics. Thanks also to those colleagues from whom I have received words of support and wonderful camaraderie during my writing period. i Thanks also to Prof. Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero and Prof. Marc van Oos- tendorp for your interest during conferences and talks, and through e-mail correspondence. Endless thanks to my beloved best friends. You have always understood my failures and mistakes, and cheerfully celebrated my successes. My family deserve my most sincere gratitude. Mamà, papà, Elsa i güela, de manera incondicional heu entès quines eren les meves necessitats. És just d’agrair-vos la confiança i l’amor amb què m’heu obsequiat des de sempre. This dissertation is dedicated to my family and the memory of my grand- parents. ii Abstract This dissertation explores Harmonic Serialism in the realm of syllabification. Harmonic Serialism is a derivational version of Optimality Theory (OT). In this model, Gen is restrained by a gradualness condition on candidate generation by which candidates only introduce one single modification with respect to the (latest) input, until convergence on the fully faithful candi- date is achieved (i.e., no further harmonic improvement is possible). An inescapable consequence of gradualness is the need for a Gen → Eval → Gen... loop, given that output forms are often the result of applying more than one phonological operation. In Harmonic Serialism, Eval imposes the same constraint hierarchy at every step of the derivation. The perdurabil- ity of the constraint hierarchy in Harmonic Serialism contrasts with Stratal Optimality Theory, in which the three standardly recognized levels of phono- logical evaluation (stem, word and phrase) show a different ranking of the constraint set. Harmonic Serialism is also different from another derivational version of OT called Optimality Theory with Candidate Chains, in which whole derivations are evaluated in parallel. The architecture of Harmonic Serialism, when compared with that of both Stratal Optimality Theory and Optimality Theory with Candidate Chains, is just more simple. This is why it is of interest to explore the explanatory power of Harmonic Serial- ism where standard parallel OT is challenged. The most interesting research question behind the Harmonic Serialism enterprise is defining gradualness, that is, exploring what it means to introduce one phonological operation at a time. This dissertation pursues this goal by looking at opaque interac- tions between syllabification, prosodification at higher levels of constituency, and morphology. I argue in favor of an operation-based definition of grad- iii ualness by which all prosody-building operations, including syllabification, apply in a step-wise manner. In doing so, this dissertation presents a novel theory of serial syllabification in Harmonic Serialism that has consequences for the phonology-morphology interface, as well as for the appropriate formu- lation of faithfulness constraints on moraicity. I defend the idea that syllable formation operations cannot yield a binary syllable in which one of the seg- ments in a pair of segments, but not the other segment, is contained in a prosodic constituent higher than the syllable at some intermediate level of representation, and there is no other higher prosodic category dominating both segments. This means that prosodic categories higher than the syllable create opaque domains for syllable formation operations. This situation per- mits the transparent application of phonological operations at intermediate stages of prosodification that will not coincide with the prosodification of the final output, thus giving rise to opacity. Chapter 1 introduces the basics of Harmonic Serialism and reviews the lit- erature. Chapter 2 develops a theory of syllabification in Harmonic Serialism. The hypotheses presented in chapter 2 are then tested against different kinds of data. Chapters 3 gives an account of opaque /s/ aspiration in different dialects of Spanish in which word and phrasal resyllabification counterbleed /s/ aspiration. Chapter 4 accounts for directional syllabification and opaque vowel epenthesis placement in Mongolian, where the location of epenthetic vowels depends on the morphological make-up of the word. Chapters 5 and 6 explore opaque weight by position in Harmonic Serialism. Chapter 5 deals with gemination processes in Catalan, West Germanic, and dialects of An- cient Greek. Chapter 6 explains synchronic compensatory lengthening in Komi and opaque vowel lengthening in Friulian and Alsatian French. Finally, chapter 7 concludes this dissertation and points towards potential future lines of research. iv Resum Aquesta tesi doctoral explora la teoria del Serialisme Harmònic en el domini de la sil·labificació. El Serialisme Harmònic és una versió derivacional de la Teoria de l’Optimitat (TO). En aquest model, Gen està constret per una condició de gradualitat segons la qual els candidats generats només intro- dueixen un sol canvi en relació a l’últim input, fins que la derivació con- vergeix en el candidat plenament fidel, és a dir, quan cap millora harmònica és possible. Una conseqüència inevitable de la gradualitat és l’existència d’un bucle Gen → Aval → Gen, ja que les formes superficials normalment són el resultat de l’aplicació de més d’una operació fonològica. En Serialisme Harmònic, Aval imposa la mateixa jerarquia de restriccions a cada pas de la derivació. La perdurabilitat de la jerarquia de restriccions en Serialisme Harmònic contrasta amb la Teoria de l’Optimitat Estratal, en què els tres nivells morfològics de l’avaluació fonològica (l’arrel, el mot i la frase) mostren una ordenació específica del conjunt de restriccions. El Serialisme Harmònic també és diferent d’una altra versió derivacional de la TO anomenada Teoria de l’Optimitat amb Candidats-Cadena, en què s’avaluen en paral·lel deriva- cions completes. L’arquitectura del Serialisme Harmònic, quan es compara amb la de la Teoria de l’Optimitat Estratal i la de la Teoria de l’Optimitat amb Candidats-Cadena, és més simple. És per això que resulta interessant d’explorar el poder explicatiu del Serialisme Harmònic allà on la TO paral·lela és incapaç de donar compte de certs fenòmens. La pregunta més interessant que guia la recerca en Serialisme Harmònic és definir la gradualitat, això és, explorar què significa introduir un sol canvi a cada pas de la derivació. Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu això mateix, i investiga la gradualitat a par- tir de fenòmens d’interacció opaca entre la sil·labificació, la prosodificació a v nivells més alts de constituència i la morfologia. En aquesta tesi, defenso que la gradualitat s’ha de definir a partir del concepte d’operació i que totes les operacions que creen estructura, incloses les operacions de sil·labificació, s’apliquen de manera gradual. Per tal d’explorar aquesta hipòtesi, desen- volupo una teoria serial sobre la sil·labificació en Serialisme Harmònic que té conseqüències per a la interfície fonologia-morfologia, així com també per a una formulació més ajustada de les restriccions de fidelitat a l’estructura moraica. Més concretament, proposo que les operacions de sil·labificació no poden produir una síl·laba de tipus binari si només un dels segments en un parell de segments, però no l’altre segment, està contingut en un constituent prosòdic més alt que la síl·laba en algun nivell de representació intermedi, i no hi ha cap altra categoria prosòdica que domini tots dos segments. Això significa que les categories prosòdiques superiors a la síl·laba creen domi- nis opacs per a les operacions de sil·labificació. Aquesta situació permet que algunes operacions fonològiques s’apliquin de manera transparent en es- tadis intermedis de prosodificació que no coincidiran amb la prosodificació de l’output final, donant lloc a fenòmens opacs. El capítol 1 introdueix al lector els supòsits bàsics del Serialisme Harmònic i en revisa la literatura més rellevant.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)
    <DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present"SUBJECT "Impact 18"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Germanic Standardizations Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Associate Editor Annick De Houwer Elizabeth Lanza University of Antwerp University of Oslo Advisory Board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 18 Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Germanic Standardizations Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert Monash University Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Germanic standardizations : past to present / edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Regional Varieties by Pitch Information: a Comparison of Two Approaches
    Identifying regional varieties by pitch information: A comparison of two approaches Jörg Petersa, Peter Gillesb, Peter Auerb, and Margret Seltingc aUniversity of Nijmegen, The Netherlands bUniversity of Freiburg, Germany cUniversity of Potsdam, Germany E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT moderate success rate of their experiment may be due to the method of converting the speech signal into a pulse train. It is a commonly held belief that languages and dialects can This method may destroy crucial prosodic information like be identified by pitch information alone. In most previous syllable or word boundaries. A similar argument may apply experiments, subjects were presented with pitch informa- to the other studies mentioned, as in all experiments listen- tion as well as with limited information on amplitude and ers were presented with lower-level, i.e. non-linguistic, in- timing but not with higher-level, i.e. linguistic, information formation only. as represented by intonation contours. The question arises An experiment that did include higher-level information as to whether higher-level information may significantly was reported by Romano [6]. Romano tested the hypothesis enhance success rates. To evaluate both approaches, two that some of the prosodic differences between regional experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, varieties of Italian persist in spoken standard Italian. Speak- listeners were presented with isolated pitch information ers from six villages of the Salento (South East of Italy) extracted from recordings of four varieties of German. In were asked to read sentences in standard Italian.
    [Show full text]
  • The Non-Sexist Language Debate in French and English
    The Non-sexist Language Debate in French and English COADY, Ann Available from the Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/24058/ A Sheffield Hallam University thesis This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Please visit http://shura.shu.ac.uk/24058/ and http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html for further details about copyright and re-use permissions. The non-sexist language debate in French and English Ann Coady A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Sheffield Hallam University October 2018 Table of contents Table of contents ........................................................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................................... v Candidate's Statement ............................................................................................................................................................ vi Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Differences in the Pronunciation of English in Switzerland
    MATURAPAPER Differences in the Pronunciation of English in Switzerland The differences in the pronunciation of English by non-native speakers in different cantons and its possible connection to their native dialect Submitted by: Lukas Tribelhorn, 4bW Supervised by: Michael Bühler 06.12.2013 Kantonsschule Wil Table of Contents Preface 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Aims of this Paper ........................................................................................................................... 1 3. Phonetics and Phonology ................................................................................................................ 2 3.1. The International Phonetic Alphabet .......................................................................................... 2 4. Dialectology ..................................................................................................................................... 3 4.1. What is a language, what is a dialect and what is an accent ...................................................... 3 4.2. Received Pronunciation .............................................................................................................. 4 4.2.1. Vowels ............................................................................................................................ 5 4.2.2. Consonants ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Language Rich Europe Project Is Delivered by a Consortium of Over 30 Partners
    Published by The Language Rich Europe project is delivered by a consortium of over 30 partners LANGUAGE RICH EUROPE TRENDS IN POLICIES AND PRACTICES LANGUAGE RICH EUROPE FOR MULTILINGUALISM IN EUROPE EDITORS: Guus Extra and Kutlay Yağmur DET DANSKE KULTURINSTITUT INSTITUTE CULTUREL DANOIS DEENS CULTUREEL INSTITUUT GuusExtra Ya and Kutlay Sponsored by ğ mur www.language-rich.eu With the support of: © British Council 2012 Brand and Design / C001 Published by The British Council creates international opportunities for the people This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. of the UK and other countries and builds trust between them worldwide. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the A registered charity: 209131 (England and Wales) SC037733 (Scotland). information contained therein. LANGUAGE RICH EUROPE TRENDS IN POLICIES AND PRACTICES FOR MULTILINGUALISM IN EUROPE EDITORS: Guus Extra and Kutlay Yağmur With the support of: This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Published by Cambridge University Press, on behalf of the British Council. November 2012. © Language Rich Europe, British Council. You can copy, download (www.language-rich.eu) or print content of Language Rich Europe for your own use and you can include excerpts from Language Rich Europe in your own documents, presentation, blogs, website and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgements of the Langauge Rich Europe publication as source and copyright owner British Council are given.
    [Show full text]
  • Compensatory and Opaque Vowel Lengthening in Harmonic Serialism Francesc Torres-Tamarit
    Compensatory and opaque vowel lengthening in Harmonic Serialism Francesc Torres-Tamarit To cite this version: Francesc Torres-Tamarit. Compensatory and opaque vowel lengthening in Harmonic Serialism. Har- monic Grammar and Harmonic Serialism, 2016. hal-01678366 HAL Id: hal-01678366 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01678366 Submitted on 9 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Compensatory and opaque vowel lengthening in Harmonic Serialism 1 Francesc Torres-Tamarit 1 Introduction and overview* Classic compensatory lengthening (CL) occurs when a mora-bearing coda consonant is deleted and its mora reassociates with a preceding vowel (Ingria 1980, Steriade 1982, Hock 1986, Wetzels 1986, Hayes 1989, Kavitskaya 2002). In other words, the deleted consonant is replaced by a lengthened vowel. This phenomenon is usually referred to as CL via mora preservation. The derivation in (1) illustrates one case of classic CL in Latin. (1) /kasnus/ → [kaːnus] ‘gray’ (Hayes 1989) σ σ σ σ σ σ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ k a s n u s → k a n u s → k a n u s The derivation in (1) proceeds as follows.
    [Show full text]
  • The Germanic Languages
    This page intentionally left blank THE GERMANIC LANGUAGES Germanic – one of the largest subgroups of the Indo-European language family – comprises 37 languages with an estimated 470 million speakers worldwide. This book presents a comparative linguistic survey of the full range of Germanic languages, both ancient and modern, including major world languages such as English and German (West Germanic), the Scandi- navian (North Germanic) languages, and the extinct East Germanic lan- guages. Unlike previous studies, it does not take a chronological or a language-by-language approach, organized instead around linguistic con- structions and subsystems. Considering dialects alongside standard varieties, it provides a detailed account of topics such as case, word formation, sound systems, vowel length, syllable structure, the noun phrase, the verb phrase, the expression of tense and mood, and the syntax of the clause. Authoritative and comprehensive, this much-needed survey will be welcomed by scholars and students of the Germanic languages, as well as linguists across the many branches of the field. WAYNE HARBERT is Professor and Director of Undergraduate Studies in the Department of Linguistics, Cornell University. He has published extensively on syntactic topics, with a particular emphasis on historical syntax. His work on Germanic languages covers a wide range of problems in historical Ger- manic syntax and phonology, drawing on data from Gothic, Old English, Old High German, Old Saxon, Old Norse, and Modern German. CAMBRIDGE LANGUAGE SURVEYS General editors P. Austin (SOAS, London) J. Bresnan (Stanford University) B. Comrie (Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig) S. Crain (University of Maryland) W. Dressler (University of Vienna) C.
    [Show full text]
  • Character-Level Models
    Character-Level Models Hinrich Sch¨utze Center for Information and Language Processing, LMU Munich 2019-08-29 1 / 70 Overview 1 Motivation 2 fastText 3 CNNs 4 FLAIR 5 Summary 2 / 70 Outline 1 Motivation 2 fastText 3 CNNs 4 FLAIR 5 Summary 3 / 70 Typical NLP pipeline: Tokenization Mr. O’Neill thinks that Brazil’s capital is Rio. Mr.|O’Neill|thinks|that|Brazil|’s|capital|is|Rio|. 4 / 70 Typical NLP pipeline: Tokenization Mr. O’Neill thinks that Brazil’s capital is Rio. Mr.|O’Neill|thinks|that|Brazil|’s|capital|is|Rio|. 5 / 70 Typical NLP pipeline: Tokenization Mr. O’Neill thinks that Brazil’s capital is Rio. Mr.|O’Neill|thinks|that|Brazil|’s|capital|is|Rio|. 6 / 70 Typical NLP pipeline: Tokenization Mr. O’Neill thinks that Brazil’s capital is Rio. Mr.|O’Neill|thinks|that|Brazil|’s|capital|is|Rio|. 7 / 70 Typical NLP pipeline: Tokenization Mr. O’Neill thinks that Brazil’s capital is Rio. Mr.|O’Neill|thinks|that|Brazil|’s|capital|is|Rio|. 8 / 70 Typical NLP pipeline: Tokenization Mr. O’Neill thinks that Brazil’s capital is Rio. Mr.|O’Neill|thinks|that|Brazil|’s|capital|is|Rio|. 9 / 70 Typical NLP pipeline: Morphological analysis For example: lemmatization Mr. O’Neill knows that the US has fifty states Mr. O’Neill know that the US have fifty state 10 / 70 Preprocessing in the typical NLP pipeline Tokenization Morphological analysis Later today: BPEs What is the problem with this? 11 / 70 Problems with typical preprocessing in NLP Rules do not capture structure within tokens.
    [Show full text]
  • Reevaluating Diglossia: Data from Low German
    Copyright by Heiko Wiggers 2006 The Dissertation Committee for Heiko Wiggers certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Reevaluating Diglossia: Data from Low German Committee: ______________________________ Hans C. Boas, Supervisor ______________________________ Mary E. Blockley ______________________________ Pascale R. Bos ______________________________ Peter Hess ______________________________ Robert D. King Reevaluating Diglossia: Data from Low German by Heiko Wiggers, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2006 Dedication To my loving grandmother Aaltien Rohde Uns aule Platt, wu moj klingt dat, As Klockenklang van wieden, So hartlik klingt, as hörden wy Musik ut aule tieden. (Carl van der Linde) Acknowledgements I would like to thank my wife Kate for her love, her belief in me, and her technical support for this project. I also would like to thank my parents, Hans Wiggers and Inga Jablonsky, for their love and help. Thank you also to my supervisor Hans Boas for his advice and understanding. Special thanks to Peter Hess, who stepped in at a time when I really needed help. Many thanks also to the members of my committee, Pascale Bos, Mary Blockley, and Robert King. For their support, help, and inspiration I would like to thank the following persons: Mark Southern, Jana Thompson, Henry Kaalmink, Manfred Kip, Jan Mülstegen, Gesine Gilles, Kai-Uwe Jahnke, Hanne List, Ray Gomez, Elizabeth Broyles, J.P. Stemwedel, Christiane Grauert, Daniela Richter, and Guido Halder.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2010.14697V2 [Cs.CL] 18 May 2021
    Character Entropy in Modern and Historical Texts: Comparison Metrics for an Undeciphered Manuscript Luke Lindemann and Claire Bowern May 20, 2021 Note: This is an updated version of the article that we uploaded on October 27, 2020. For this update we developed an improved method for extracting language text from Wikipedia, removing metadata and wikicode, and we have rebuilt our corpus based on current wikipedia dumps. The new methodology is described in Section 3.2, and we have updated the statistics and graphs in Section 4 and Appendices B and D. None of our results have changed substantially, suggesting that character-level entropy was not greatly affected by the inclusion of stray metadata. However, our forthcoming work will use these corpora for word- level statistics including measures of repetition and type token ratio, for which metadata would have a much greater effect on results. We also made a minor alteration to the Maximal Voynich transcription system as described in Section 3.1.1. This also has a negligible effect on character entropy. The statistics in Section 4 and Appendix A have been updated accordingly. Abstract This paper outlines the creation of three corpora for multilingual comparison and analysis of the Voynich manuscript: a corpus of Voynich texts partitioned by Currier language, scribal hand, and transcription system, a corpus of 311 language samples compiled from Wikipedia, and a corpus of eighteen transcribed historical texts in eight languages. These corpora will be utilized in subsequent work by the Voynich Working Group at Yale University. We demonstrate the utility of these corpora for studying characteristics of the Voynich script and language, with an analysis of conditional character entropy in Voynichese.
    [Show full text]
  • Of-Latin.Pdf
    de See also: Appendix:Variations of "de" Contents Translingual Etymology Symbol English Etymology 1 Alternative forms Verb References Etymology 2 Article Etymology 3 Interjection Anagrams Alemannic German Alternative forms Article Declension Asturian Etymology Preposition Usage notes Derived terms Bambara Pronunciation Particle References Catalan Etymology 1 Pronunciation Noun Etymology 2 Pronunciation Preposition Further reading Cebuano Etymology Preposition Related terms Central Franconian Pronunciation Article Usage notes Cimbrian Alternative forms Article See also References Dalmatian Etymology Preposition Related terms Danish Pronunciation Article Pronoun See also Dutch Etymology Pronunciation Article Usage notes Inflection Derived terms Descendants See also Anagrams Esperanto Etymology Pronunciation Preposition Fala Etymology Preposition Usage notes Faroese Noun Declension See also French Etymology 1 Pronunciation Preposition Usage notes Article Usage notes Derived terms Etymology 2 Noun See also Further reading Anagrams Galician Etymology Pronunciation Preposition Usage notes Derived terms Haitian Creole Etymology Numeral Hungarian Pronunciation Adverb Synonyms Conjunction Derived terms See also Hunsrik Alternative forms Etymology Pronunciation Article Declension Further reading Ido Etymology Pronunciation Preposition Antonyms Derived terms Related terms Noun See also See also Interlingua Preposition Irish Etymology 1 Alternative forms Pronunciation Preposition Inflection Derived terms Etymology 2 Alternative forms Pronunciation
    [Show full text]
  • A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY of BITBURGER PLATT GERMAN By
    A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF BITBURGER PLATT GERMAN by Zebulon Aaron Pischnotte A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics The University of Utah May 2015 Copyright © Zebulon Aaron Pischnotte 2015 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL The dissertation of Zebulon Aaron Pischnotte has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: Johanna Watzinger-Tharp Chair 10/29/2014 Date Approved Edward Rubin Member 10/29/2014 Date Approved Rachel Hayes-Harb Member 10/29/2014 Date Approved Joseph Salmons Member 10/30/2014 Date Approved Lyle Campbell Member 10/30/2014 Date Approved and by Edward Rubin Chair/Dean of the Department/College/School o f __________________ Linguistics and by David B. Kieda, Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT Bitburger Platt, spoken in the Eifel region of western Germany, exhibits a merger of the Standard German (d) and (t) sounds, the reflexes of West Germanic *6 and *d, respectively. A chain shift yielded the modern Standard German variants. Biburger Platt, however, did not follow through with the first phase of this shift; rather, the two sounds were merged into [d] in the dialect (Veith, 1999). As an example, the Standard German phrase du tust ‘you do (cognate to English thou doest)’ is realized in Bitburger Platt as [dou dej s]. Bitburg is a town where many (if not most) residents are undergoing or have recently undergone a transition from a home-based, agrarian lifestyle to one requiring a commute to an urban center and more contact with nonlocals.
    [Show full text]