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A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY of BITBURGER PLATT GERMAN By A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF BITBURGER PLATT GERMAN by Zebulon Aaron Pischnotte A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics The University of Utah May 2015 Copyright © Zebulon Aaron Pischnotte 2015 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL The dissertation of Zebulon Aaron Pischnotte has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: Johanna Watzinger-Tharp Chair 10/29/2014 Date Approved Edward Rubin Member 10/29/2014 Date Approved Rachel Hayes-Harb Member 10/29/2014 Date Approved Joseph Salmons Member 10/30/2014 Date Approved Lyle Campbell Member 10/30/2014 Date Approved and by Edward Rubin Chair/Dean of the Department/College/School o f __________________ Linguistics and by David B. Kieda, Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT Bitburger Platt, spoken in the Eifel region of western Germany, exhibits a merger of the Standard German (d) and (t) sounds, the reflexes of West Germanic *6 and *d, respectively. A chain shift yielded the modern Standard German variants. Biburger Platt, however, did not follow through with the first phase of this shift; rather, the two sounds were merged into [d] in the dialect (Veith, 1999). As an example, the Standard German phrase du tust ‘you do (cognate to English thou doest)’ is realized in Bitburger Platt as [dou dej s]. Bitburg is a town where many (if not most) residents are undergoing or have recently undergone a transition from a home-based, agrarian lifestyle to one requiring a commute to an urban center and more contact with nonlocals. Such a transition has been shown by other studies (Hofmann, 1963, Besch, 1981, Lenz, 2003) to go hand-in-hand with language shift, specifically a shift from the use of base dialects (basilects) to regional colloquial varieties that lie on a continuum between the base dialect and the standard and exhibit features of both. The effects of situational and social factors on one’s language use have long been attested. Labov (1963, 1966) mainstreamed the discipline of studying such variation in language, but others before his time showed awareness of it as well (Vietor, 1875, Wegener, 1891). A sociolinguistic study can reveal much about a particular speech community, ranging from qualitative information on the community’s attitudes toward their language to quantifiable data that reveal how the individual community members actually speak. This study focuses heavily on the latter, specifically investigating correlations between participants’ age, gender, and recording situation and their articulation of the alveolar stop consonants (d) and (t). Participants first took part in recorded interviews with me, and then in a conversation with a close friend or family member, during which I was not present. Their recordings were subsequently searched for all tokens with Standard German (d) and (t) correspondences in initial and medial position. Those tokens in initial position underwent analysis for voice onset time (VOT) and harmonic difference (H1-H2), both proven to be acoustic correlates to fortis/lenis contrasts (Lisker and Abramson, 1964, Jessen, 1996). Medial tokens underwent analysis for the parameter of closure duration, also shown to be a fortis/lenis correlate. Results indicate that participants show an overwhelming preference for merged variants in conversational speech - the indicator of dialecticity. In interview speech, however, the fortis/lenis contrast is maintained by all but the older men, a likely consequence of changing linguistic norms in the community. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................ix Chapters 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 2. DIALECTOLOGY AND SOCIOLINGUISTICS...........................................................6 2.1 Origins of Dialectology......................................................................................... 7 2.2 Origins of Sociolinguistics..................................................................................11 2.3 Contemporary Work: Amalgamation of the Two Fields..................................15 2.3.1 Diatopic change........................................................................................ 15 2.3.2 Diastratic change...................................................................................... 18 2.4 Framework of the Present Study........................................................................ 21 2.4.1 Situational factors..................................................................................... 21 2.4.2 Age and gender......................................................................................... 22 2.4.3 Social network .......................................................................................... 24 2.5 Language Domains ..............................................................................................25 2.6 Recapitulation ......................................................................................................26 3. BACKGROUND OF GERMAN, BITGURG, AND VARIABLES OF STUDY.....28 3.1 History of German and Bitburg..........................................................................28 3.1.1 History of German stop consonants and the Second Sound Shift........ 28 3.1.2 West Germanic *6 and *d....................................................................... 33 3.2 Nature of Contrasts and Acoustic Correlates.................................................... 34 3.2.1 The distinctive nature of the plosives..................................................... 34 3.2.2 Acoustic analyses..................................................................................... 37 3.3 Variables of Present Study..................................................................................40 3.3.1 West Germanic *d....................................................................................40 3.3.2 West Germanic *6.................................................................................... 41 3.4 Research Questions............................................................................................. 43 3.5 Summary of Significance....................................................................................43 4. FIELDWORK AND ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY................................................ 47 4.1 Fieldwork and Participant Selection.................................................................. 47 4.2 Acoustic Analysis Parameters.............................................................................50 4.2.1 Parameter 1: Voice onset time (VOT).................................................... 50 4.2.2 Parameter 2: Harmonic difference (H1-H2)...........................................53 4.2.3 Parameter 3: Closure duration................................................................. 56 4.3 Ensuing Steps.......................................................................................................57 5. RESULTS.........................................................................................................................59 5.1 Stem-Initial/Stressed Position .............................................................................60 5.1.1 Voice onset time....................................................................................... 60 5.1.2 Harmonic difference.................................................................................67 5.2 Intervocalic Position........................................................................................... 73 5.2.1 Closure duration....................................................................................... 73 5.2.2 Intervocalic anomalies..............................................................................78 5.3 Summary and Answers to Research Questions................................................ 82 6. CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................87 6.1 Conclusions from Study...................................................................................... 87 6.1.1 Recapitulation and significance of results.............................................. 87 6.1.2 Doglossia vs. diaglossia...........................................................................92 6.1.3 Status of Bitburger Platt and community............................................... 97 6.2 Reflection and Implications for Future Research............................................. 99 6.2.1 Successes and shortcomings with fieldwork..........................................99 6.2.1 Lessons from analysis............................................................................103 6.2.3 Other investigable variables.................................................................. 105 6.3 Conclusion........................................................................................................
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