River Basins Organizations
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Water Situation in China – Crisis Or Business As Usual?
Water Situation In China – Crisis Or Business As Usual? Elaine Leong Master Thesis LIU-IEI-TEK-A--13/01600—SE Department of Management and Engineering Sub-department 1 Water Situation In China – Crisis Or Business As Usual? Elaine Leong Supervisor at LiU: Niclas Svensson Examiner at LiU: Niclas Svensson Supervisor at Shell Global Solutions: Gert-Jan Kramer Master Thesis LIU-IEI-TEK-A--13/01600—SE Department of Management and Engineering Sub-department 2 This page is left blank with purpose 3 Summary Several studies indicates China is experiencing a water crisis, were several regions are suffering of severe water scarcity and rivers are heavily polluted. On the other hand, water is used inefficiently and wastefully: water use efficiency in the agriculture sector is only 40% and within industry, only 40% of the industrial wastewater is recycled. However, based on statistical data, China’s total water resources is ranked sixth in the world, based on its water resources and yet, Yellow River and Hai River dries up in its estuary every year. In some regions, the water situation is exacerbated by the fact that rivers’ water is heavily polluted with a large amount of untreated wastewater, discharged into the rivers and deteriorating the water quality. Several regions’ groundwater is overexploited due to human activities demand, which is not met by local. Some provinces have over withdrawn groundwater, which has caused ground subsidence and increased soil salinity. So what is the situation in China? Is there a water crisis, and if so, what are the causes? This report is a review of several global water scarcity assessment methods and summarizes the findings of the results of China’s water resources to get a better understanding about the water situation. -
Without Land, There Is No Life: Chinese State Suppression of Uyghur Environmental Activism
Without land, there is no life: Chinese state suppression of Uyghur environmental activism Table of Contents Summary ..............................................................................................................................2 Cultural Significance of the Environment and Environmentalism ......................................5 Nuclear Testing: Suppression of Uyghur Activism ...........................................................15 Pollution and Ecological Destruction in East Turkestan ...................................................30 Lack of Participation in Decision Making: Development and Displacement ....................45 Legal Instruments...............................................................................................................61 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................66 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................69 Endnotes .............................................................................................................................70 Cover image: Dead toghrak (populus nigra) tree in Niya. Photo courtesy of Flickr 1 Summary The intimate connection between the Uyghur people and the land of East Turkestan is celebrated in songs and poetry written and performed in the Uyghur language. Proverbs in Uyghur convey how the Uyghur culture is tied to reverence of the land and that an individual’s identity is inseparable -
Ecosystem Service Assessment of the Ili Delta, Kazakhstan Niels Thevs
Ecosystem service assessment of the Ili Delta, Kazakhstan Niels Thevs, Volker Beckmann, Sabir Nurtazin, Ruslan Salmuzauli, Azim Baibaysov, Altyn Akimalieva, Elisabeth A. A. Baranoeski, Thea L. Schäpe, Helena Röttgers, Nikita Tychkov 1. Territorial and geographical location Ili Delta, Kazakhstan Almatinskaya Oblast (province), Bakanas Rayon (county) The Ili Delta is part of the Ramsar Site Ile River Delta and South Lake Balkhash Ramsar Site 2. Natural and geographic data Basic geographical data: location between 45° N and 46° N as well as 74° E and 75.5° E. Fig. 1: Map of the Ili-Balkhash Basin (Imentai et al., 2015). Natural areas: The Ramsar Site Ile River Delta and South Lake Balkhash Ramsar Site comprises wetlands and meadow vegetation (the modern delta), ancient river terraces that now harbour Saxaul and Tamarx shrub vegetation, and the southern coast line of the western part of Lake Balkhash. Most ecosystem services can be attributed to the wetlands and meadow vegetation. Therefore, this study focusses on the modern delta with its wetlands and meadows. During this study, a land cover map was created through classification of Rapid Eye Satellite images from the year 2014. The land cover classes relevant for this study were: water bodies in the delta, dense reed (total vegetation more than 70%), and open reed and shrub vegetation (vegetation cover of reed 20- 70% and vegetation cover of shrubs and trees more than 70%). The land cover class dense reed was further split into submerged dense reed and non-submerged dense reed by applying a threshold to the short wave infrared channel of a Landsat satellite image from 4 April 2015. -
The Framework on Eco-Efficient Water Infrastructure Development in China
KICT-UNESCAP Eco-Efficient Water Infrastructure Project The Framework on Eco-efficient Water Infrastructure Development in China (Final-Report) General Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, Ministry of Water Resources, China December 2009 Contents 1. WATER RESOURCES AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE PRESENT SITUATION AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER RESOURCES....................................................................................................... 6 1.2 WATER USE ISSUES IN CHINA .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 FOUR WATER RESOURCES ISSUES FACED BY CHINA .......................................................................................... 8 1.4 CHINA’S PRACTICE IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT................................................................................10 1.4.1 Philosophy change of water resources management...............................................................................10 1.4.2 Water resources management system .....................................................................................................12 1.4.3 Environmental management system for water infrastructure construction ..............................................13 1.4.4 System of water-draw and utilization assessment ...................................................................................13 -
Analysis of Socio-Hydrological Evolution Processes Based on a Modeling Approach in the Upper Reaches of the Han River in China
water Article Analysis of Socio-Hydrological Evolution Processes Based on a Modeling Approach in the Upper Reaches of the Han River in China Xiaoyu Zhao 1, Dengfeng Liu 1,* , Xiu Wei 1,2, Lan Ma 1, Mu Lin 3, Xianmeng Meng 4 and Qiang Huang 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, School of Water Resources and Hydropower, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (X.W.); [email protected] (L.M.); [email protected] (Q.H.) 2 Hydrology and Water Resources Bureau of Henan, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 450000, China 3 School of Statistics and Mathematics, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100081, China; [email protected] 4 School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The Han River is the water source of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and the “Han River to Wei River Water Diversion Project” in China. In order to ensure that the water quality and quantity are sufficient for the water diversion project, the natural forest protection project, river chief system and other measures have been implemented in the Han River by the government. Citation: Zhao, X.; Liu, D.; Wei, X.; At the same time, several large reservoirs have been built in the Han River basin and perform the Ma, L.; Lin, M.; Meng, X.; Huang, Q. functions of water supply and hydropower generation, which is an important type of clean power. -
Open-Surface Water Bodies Dynamics Analysis in the Tarim River Basin (North-Western China), Based on Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform
water Article Open-Surface Water Bodies Dynamics Analysis in the Tarim River Basin (North-Western China), Based on Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform Jiahao Chen 1,2 , Tingting Kang 1,2, Shuai Yang 1,2, Jingyi Bu 1,2 , Kexin Cao 1,2 and Yanchun Gao 1,* 1 Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (K.C.) 2 College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-010-6488-8991 Received: 6 July 2020; Accepted: 6 October 2020; Published: 11 October 2020 Abstract: The Tarim River Basin (TRB), located in an arid region, is facing the challenge of increasing water pressure and uncertain impacts of climate change. Many water body identification methods have achieved good results in different application scenarios, but only a few for arid areas. An arid region water detection rule (ARWDR) was proposed by combining vegetation index and water index. Taking computing advantages of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, 56,284 Landsat 5/7/8 optical images in the TRB were used to detect open-surface water bodies and generated a 30-m annual water frequency map from 1992 to 2019. The interannual changes and trends of the water body area were analyzed and the impacts of climatic and anthropogenic drivers on open-surface water body area dynamics were examined. -
Understanding Water Use Conflicts to Advance Collaborative Planning
water Article Understanding Water Use Conflicts to Advance Collaborative Planning: Lessons Learned from Lake Diefenbaker, Canada Jania S. Chilima 1,*, Jill Blakley 1,2, Harry P. Diaz 3 and Lalita Bharadwaj 1,4 1 School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C8, Canada; [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (L.B.) 2 Department of Geography and Planning, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C8, Canada 3 Department of Sociology and Social Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada; [email protected] 4 School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-306-262-6920 Abstract: Conflicts around the multi-purpose water uses of Lake Diefenbaker (LD) in Saskatchewan, Canada need to be addressed to meet rapidly expanding water demands in the arid Canadian prairie region. This study explores these conflicts to advance collaborative planning as a means for improving the current water governance and management of this lake. Qualitative methodology that employed a wide participatory approach was used to collect focus group data from 92 individuals, who formed a community of water users. Results indicate that the community of water users is unified in wanting to maintain water quality and quantity, preserving the lake’s aesthetics, and reducing water source vulnerability. Results also show these users are faced with water resource conflicts resulting from lack of coherence of regulatory instruments in the current governance regime, Citation: Chilima, J.S.; Blakley, J.; and acceptable management procedures of both consumptive and contemporary water uses that Diaz, H.P.; Bharadwaj, L. -
Taking Stock of Integrated River Basin Management in China Wang Yi, Li
Taking Stock of Integrated River Basin Management in China Wang Yi, Li Lifeng Wang Xuejun, Yu Xiubo, Wang Yahua SCIENCE PRESS Beijing, China 2007 ISBN 978-7-03-020439-4 Acknowledgements Implementing integrated river basin management (IRBM) requires complex and systematic efforts over the long term. Although experts, scientists and officials, with backgrounds in different disciplines and working at various national or local levels, are in broad agreement concerning IRBM, many constraints on its implementation remain, particularly in China - a country with thousands of years of water management history, now developing at great pace and faced with a severe water crisis. Successful implementation demands good coordination among various stakeholders and their active and innovative participation. The problems confronted in the general advance of IRBM also pose great challenges to this particular project. Certainly, the successes during implementation of the project subsequent to its launch on 11 April 2007, and the finalization of a series of research reports on The Taking Stockof IRBM in China would not have been possible without the combined efforts and fruitful collaboration of all involved. We wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to each and every one of them. We should first thank Professor and President Chen Yiyu of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, who gave his valuable time and shared valuable knowledge when chairing the work meeting which set out guidelines for research objectives, and also during discussions of the main conclusions of the report. It is with his leadership and kind support that this project came to a successful conclusion. We are grateful to Professor Fu Bojie, Dr. -
Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths
Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths August 2019 The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH a non-profit, federally owned enterprise, implementing international cooperation projects and measures in the field of sustainable development on behalf of the German Government, as well as other national and international clients. The German Energy Transition Expertise for China Project, which is funded and commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), supports the sustainable development of the Chinese energy sector by transferring knowledge and experiences of German energy transition (Energiewende) experts to its partner organisation in China: the China National Renewable Energy Centre (CNREC), a Chinese think tank for advising the National Energy Administration (NEA) on renewable energy policies and the general process of energy transition. CNREC is a part of Energy Research Institute (ERI) of National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). Contact: Anders Hove Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH China Tayuan Diplomatic Office Building 1-15-1 No. 14, Liangmahe Nanlu, Chaoyang District Beijing 100600 PRC [email protected] www.giz.de/china Table of Contents Executive summary 1 1. The Three Norths region features high water-stress, high coal use, and abundant grasslands 3 1.1 The Three Norths is China’s main base for coal production, coal power and coal chemicals 3 1.2 The Three Norths faces high water stress 6 1.3 Water consumption of the coal industry and irrigation of grassland relatively low 7 1.4 Grassland area and productivity showed several trends during 1980-2015 9 2. -
Recent Developments in the Application of Water Resource Dispatching Systems in China
water Article Recent Developments in the Application of Water Resource Dispatching Systems in China Xinfeng Xiang 1, Lingzhong Kong 2, Huaiwei Sun 3, Xiaohui Lei 4,*, Ji Liang 3 and Yueqiang Li 5 1 Business school of Hohai University, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; [email protected] 2 College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; [email protected] 3 School of Hydropower and Information Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430072, China; [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (J.L.) 4 State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China 5 College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-882-067-56 Abstract: This paper addresses recent developments in the application of water Resource dispatching systems (WRDSs) in China. Through a survey of watershed managers and a literature analysis, it was found that water diversion projects should be the top priority of water resource management by considering the recovery construction of water diversion projects. Case studies of WRDSs in the South-to-North Water Diversion (SNWD) and Pearl River Basin are discussed in this article. The results show that total water consumption management (WCM), water quality monitoring and management (WQMM), minimum discharge flow management (MDFM), and water dispatch management (WDM) modules should be considered in WRDSs. Finally, strategies and needs for resolving water resource management problems are discussed, along with other applications of WRDSs in China. -
Water Scarcity and Allocation in the Tarim Basin: Decision Structures and Adaptations on the Local Level Niels THEVS
● ● ● ● Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 3/2011: 113-137 Water Scarcity and Allocation in the Tarim Basin: Decision Structures and Adaptations on the Local Level Niels THEVS Abstract: The Tarim River is the major water source for all kinds of human activities and for the natural ecosystems in the Tarim Basin, Xin- jiang, China. The major water consumer is irrigation agriculture, mainly cotton. As the area under irrigation has been increasing ever since the 1950s, the lower and middle reaches of the Tarim are suffering from a water shortage. Within the framework of the Water Law and two World Bank projects, the Tarim River Basin Water Resource Commission was founded in 1997 in order to foster integrated water resource manage- ment along the Tarim River. Water quotas were fixed for the water utili- zation along the upstream and downstream river stretches. Furthermore, along each river stretch, quotas were set for water withdrawal by agricul- ture and industry and the amount of water to remain for the natural ecosystems (environmental flow). Furthermore, huge investments were undertaken in order to increase irrigation effectiveness and restore the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Still, a regular water supply for water consumers along the Tarim River cannot be ensured. This paper thus introduces the hydrology of the Tarim River and its impacts on land use and natural ecosystems along its banks. The water administration in the Tarim Basin and the water allocation plan are elaborated upon, and the current water supply situation is discussed. Finally, the adaptations made due to issues of water allocation and water scarcity on the farm level are investigated and discussed. -
Saskatchewan Water Governance Assessment Final Report
Saskatchewan Water Governance Assessment Final Report Unit 1E Institutional Adaptation to Climate Change Project H. Diaz, M. Hurlbert, J. Warren and D. R. Corkal October 2009 1 Table of Contents Abbreviations ………………………………………………………. 3 I Introduction ………………………………………………………… 5 II Methodology .……………………………………………………….. 5 III Integrative Discussion ……………………………………………… 9 IV Conclusions .………………………………………………………… 54 V References ………………………………………………………….. 60 VI Appendices …………………………………………………………. Appendix 1 - Organizational Overviews ..………………………… 62 Introduction ……………………………………………………… 62 Saskatchewan Watershed Authority ...……..………………….… 63 Saskatchewan Ministry for Environment …..………………….… 76 Saskatchewan Ministry for Agriculture .………………………… 85 SaskWater …………………………………….…………………. 94 Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration……………………… 103 Appendix 2 - Interview Summaries ……………………….……… 115 Saskatchewan Watershed Authority ……………………….……. 116 Saskatchewan Ministry for Environment ….…………………….. 154 Saskatchewan Ministry for Agriculture .…………………….…… 182 SaskWater ………………………………………………….……. 194 Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration …………………….. 210 Irrigation Proponents ……………………………………………. 239 Watershed Advisory Groups ……………………………………. 258 Environment Canada …………………………………………….. 291 SRC ..…………………………………………………………… 298 PPWB …………………………………………………………… 305 Focus Group …………………………………………………….. 308 Appendix 3 - Field Work Guide …………………………………. 318 2 Abbreviations AAFC – Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada ADD Boards – Agriculture Development and Diversification Boards AEGP - Agri-Environmental