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Chasmanthe Aethiopica, Nueva Especie Alóctona Para La Flora Valenciana

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Chasmanthe Aethiopica, Nueva Especie Alóctona Para La Flora Valenciana Flora Montiberica 60: 127–131 (V–2015). ISSN: 1138–5952, edic. digital: 1998–799X CHASMANTHE AETHIOPICA, NUEVA ESPECIE ALÓCTONA PARA LA FLORA VALENCIANA Romà SENAR LLUCH1 & Natalia SANZ GURREA2 1 As. Nerium Grup Botànic-Jardí Botànic, Universitat de València. C/Quart, 80. 46008-Valencia. [email protected] 2 C/Mestre Serrano. 12580-Benicarló (Castellón). [email protected] RESUMEN: Se cita por primera vez para la flora valenciana el neófito Chasmanthe aethiopica (L.) N.E. Br. (Iridaceae). La especie ha sido localizada en la población de Benicarló (Castellón, España). Palabras clave: Chasmanthe aethiopica, flora alóctona, plantas invasoras, Castellón, España. ABSTRACT: Chasmanthe aethiopica, a exotic new species for the valencian flora (E Spain). A first citation of Chasmanthe aethiopica (L.) N.E. Br. (Iridaceae) as exotic plant growing on natural habitats for valencian flora (E Spain). This species has been found in Benicarló town (prov. Castellón). Key words: Chasmanthe aethiopica, exotic flora, invasive plants, Castellón, Spain. INTRODUCCIÓN exhaustiva hallando más localidades para esta especie en otros enclaves. Durante la visita a unos yermos situa- Todas las cuadrículas indicadas están dos junto núcleo urbano de Benicarló en referidas al Datum WGS84, expresado en abril del 2013, se observaron diferentes el formato de posición MGRS. Los especies ornamentales naturalizadas. Da- pliegos testigo recogidos de algunas de las das las características del terreno, se sos- localidades se han depositado en el pecha que pertenecieron a antiguos culti- herbario del Jardín Botánico de la vos de las huertas que antaño existieron Universidad de Valencia (VAL) y en el en este enclave. Entre las especies alócto- herbario personal de R. Senar. nas que se pudieron observar destacaba una iridácea, habitualmente cultivada co- RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN mo ornamental en diferentes zonas del tér- mino municipal, pero nunca encontrada Chasmanthe aethiopica (L.) N.E. Br. naturalizada. CASTELLÓN: 31TBE7678, Benicarló, Con el objetivo de poder identificar Corral del Petiquillo, azagador de la Basseta, correctamente la especie (pues en abril no 100 m, herbazal ruderal y pinar, 10-II-2015, R. presentaba flores), se volvieron a visitar Senar (v.v). 31TBE7777, ibíd., Corral del sus poblaciones en la época de floración, Petiquillo, junto urbanización, 58 m, coscojal resultando ser Chasmanthe aethiopica. desbrozado y claros de pinar, 10-II-2015, R. Senar (v.v.). 31TBE8076, ibíd., pr. IES Ra- Asimismo se efectuó una búsqueda más món Cid y camí d’Artola, 10 m, huertos yer- 127 Chasmanthe aethiopica, nueva especie alóctona para la flora valenciana mos, 17-II-2015, N. Sanz. 31TBE8077, ibíd., propias del matorral y pinar alterado que partida Sanadorlí, junto N-340, 15 m, herba- allí se da: Aeonium arboreum, Aloe arbores- zales nitrófilos junto cuneta, 31-I-2015, R. Se- cens, Antirrhinum barrelieri, Asparagus acu- nar (VAL 225932, Senar 4509). 31TBE8177, tifolius, A. horridus, Brachypodium retusum, ibíd., junto a población, pr. N-340, 15 m, des- Clivia miniata, Crassula multicava, C. ovata, campados y huertas abandonadas, 15-IV-2013, Cistus monspeliensis, Dorycnium hirsutum, R. Senar & N. Sanz (v.v.); id., 11-I-2015, R. Galactites tomentosa, Globularia alypum, He- Senar & N. Sanz (VAL 225933, Senar 4501). teropogon contortum, Hyparrhenia hirta, Se encontraron más de 4000 indivi- Lobularia maritima, Mercurialis ambigua, duos distribuidos en diferentes grupos si- Narcissus tazetta, Olea europea, Ononis mi- tuados dentro de las cuadrículas BE77 y nutissima, Opuntia vulgaris, Phagnalon saxa- BE87. En la primera aparecieron 2 nú- tile, Pinus halepensis, Pistacia lentiscus, Quer- cleos que suman un total de 152 indivi- cus coccifera, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rubia duos, todos ellos situados junto a una ur- peregrina, Sedum sediforme, Sonchus tenerri- mus, Thymus vulgaris, etc. banización en el paraje del Petiquillo, Los demás grupos encontrados, se si- ubicado en el extremo oeste del término túan en terrenos yermos pertenecientes a de Benicarló, lindando con el de Peñísco- antiguas fincas de cultivos, siempre ligados la. Dentro de la cuadrícula BE87 se en- a viviendas rurales (ahora ya derruidas) y/o contraron diversos núcleos, uno de 116 in- en lindes de las antiguas huertas. Esta dividuos situado cerca de la entrada sur de situación conlleva a pensar que estos la población junto a la N-340; un grupo ejemplares de Ch. aethiopica no provengan más con 727 ejemplares en la zona este de restos de jardinería, sino de antiguos del IES Ramón Cid; otro con 403 indi- cultivos de plantas ornamentales que viduos situado en solares de la zona sur antaño se cultivaron en las cercanías de las del pabellón de deportes; uno más con viviendas, hoy en día naturalizadas junto 827 ejemplares entre la calle Mestre Mi- con otras especies y demás nitrófilas: quel García Ochoa y la N-340; y el con- Aeonium arboreum, Agave salmiana, Aloe junto más numeroso con más de 2000 in- saponaria, Araujia sericifera, Arundo donax, dividuos situados al noroeste del extremo Asphodelus fistulosus, Borago officinalis, de la calle Vinaròs, próximos a la N-340. Chrysanthemum segetum, Convolvulus arven- Las localizaciones de cada grupo se sis, Crassula multicava, C. ovata, Cynara car- resume en la tabla siguiente: dunculus, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Diplotaxis erucoides, Euphorbia peplus, MGRS 1×1 m Individuos Fumaria capreolata, Galium aparine, Hylo- 31TBE7683778027 38 cereus undatus, Ipomoea indica, Lamium am- plexicaule, Lobularia maritima, Mercurialis 31TBE7710777700 114 ambigua, Narcissus tazetta, Osteospermum 31TBE8020877093 116 ecklonis, Parietaria judaica, Piptatherum mi- 31TBE8069476736 727 liaceum, Silene vulgaris, Solanum nigrum, 31TBE8198677493 403 Sonchus tenerrimnus, Torilis arvensis, Viola 31TBE8160277927 117 odorata, Ziziphus jujuba, etc. 31TBE8168577804 13 El cultivo de Ch. aethiopica es fre- 31TBE8171177849 827 cuente en la población, y observable en 31TBE8178377807 2317 los mismos ambientes rurales descritos Total 4672 anteriormente, lindes, caminos, cenias y viviendas. Según las consultas realizadas Las localidades indicadas en la cua- en la zona, son varias las personas que drícula BE77 corresponden a restos de reconocen la especie con el nombre de jardinería lanzados en las inmediaciones gladiol antic, indicando que la planta ya de chalets, conviviendo con demás espe- era cultivada por sus padres o abuelos en cies alóctonas ornamentales junto a las 128 Flora Montiberica 60: 128–132 (IV–2015). ISSN: 1138–5925 R. SENAR LLUCH & N. SANZ GURREA las casas y huertos de la zona. Este hecho valvas. Se propaga tanto por semilla como conlleva a pensar que la especie pudiera por vía asexual por medio de cormos. Es ya ser cultivada en la localidad al menos una planta muy termófila, incapaz de desde la primera mitad del siglo XX. prosperar en zonas con clima muy con- Según se ha podido consultar en trastado con inviernos en los que la tem- GBIF, THE PLANT LIST y TROPICOS peratura descienda por debajo de 4ºC. Su el protólogo y principales sinónimos de la período de floración está centrado en los especie serían los siguientes: meses de julio a octubre, pero en las po- blaciones encontradas en Benicarló se ha Chasmanthe aethiopica (L.) N.E. Br. in observado un desplazamiento de la flora- Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 20(3): 273 (1932) ≡ Antholyza aethiopica L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 863 ción en los meses de enero a marzo, al (1759) [basión.]; Gladiolus aethiopicus (L.) igual que apuntan SANZ & al. (2004: 146) Drapiez, Dict. Sci. Nat. (ed. 2) 5: 129 (1853); para las poblaciones andaluzas. Petamenes aethiopica (L.) Allan in Bull. New Aunque sus flores y cornos son usados Zealand Dept. Sci. Industr. Res. 83: 305 (1940) = Chasmanthe peglerae N.E. Br. in Trans. Roy. Soc. en la medicina tradicional sudafricana S. Afr. 20(3): 273 (1932); P. peglerae (N.E. Br.) (PETERSEN & al., 2012), queda patente el E. Phill. in Bothalia 4: 44 (1941) uso de la planta como especie ornamental, = A. vittigera Salisb. in Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: debido a la vistosidad de sus flores (DUN- 324 (1812); C. vittigera (Salisb.) N.E. Br. in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 20: 274 (1932); P. vit- CAN, 2001: 108; GOLDBLATT & al., 2004). tigera (Salisb.) E. Phill. in Bothalia 4: 44 (1941) Dicho motivo ha llevado a la planta a co- mercializarse, introduciéndose en Europa Ch. aethiopica es una especie capense durante el siglo XX (SANZ & al., 2004: (GERMISHUIZEN & MEYER, 2003: 1079) 146), aunque en España ya se conoce con que se extiende a lo largo de la costa sur- anterioridad. M. Willkomm en su tercer oeste y sur de Sudáfrica, creciendo como viaje a España (1873) observa esta planta orla de arbustos y bosques costeros sobre ajardinada en la ciudad de Mahón (Me- suelos arcillosos (GOLDBLATT & al., 2004). norca) (DEVESA & VIERIA, 2001: 168). En su zona de origen la especie sigue una Como consecuencia de su cultivo, polinización ornitófila siendo polinizada abandono de restos de jardinería, o por varias especies de colibríes. Al igual expansión de los cultivares, la planta ha ocurre con la dispersión de sus semillas, aparecido asilvestrada o subespontánea en que también corre a cargo de diversas es- la costa sur de Australia, en la costa oeste pecies de aves (DUNCAN, 2001: 109). de Norte América y en diferentes puntos Siguiendo la descripción de SANZ & de Europa (GBIF). Dentro de Europa, al. (2004: 146) Ch. aethiopica es planta según se ha consultado en la base de datos herbácea perenne de 20-70 cm de altura, DAISIE, SANZ & al. (2004:147)
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