DOCSLIB.ORG

Flora of Australia, Volume 46, Iridaceae to Dioscoreaceae

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Flora of Australia, Volume 46, Iridaceae to Dioscoreaceae FLORA OF AUSTRALIA Volume 46 Iridaceae to Dioscoreaceae This volume was published before the Commonwealth Government moved to Creative Commons Licensing. © Commonwealth of Australia 1986. This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced or distributed by any process or stored in any retrieval system or data base without prior written permission from the copyright holder. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to: [email protected] FLORA OF AUSTRALIA The nine families in this volume of the Flora of Australia are Iridaceae, Aloeaceae, Agavaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae, Hanguan- aceae, Taccaceae, Stemonaceae, Smilacaceae and Dioscoreaceae. The Xanthorrhoeaceae has the largest representation with 10 genera and 99 species. Most are endemic with a few species of Lomandra and Romnalda extending to neighbouring islands. The family includes the spectacular blackboys and grass-trees. The Iridaceae is largely represented by naturalised species with 52 of the 78 species being introduced. Many of the introductions are ornamentals and several have become serious weeds. Patersonia is the largest genus with all 17 species endemic. Some of these are cultivated as ornamentals. The Dioscoreaccae is a family of economic significance, particularly in the old world tropics where some species are cultivated or collected for their tubers and bulbils. In Australia there are 5 species, one of which is a recent introduction. The endemic and native species, commonly known as yams, are traditionally eaten by the Aborigines. Twenty six new taxa in the Xanthorrhoeaceae, Stemonaceae and Smilacaceae are described for the first time. They include a new genus, Xerolirion, in the Xanthorrhoeaceae. Cover: Patersonia occidentalis R.Br. (Iridaceae). Painting by Anita Podwyszynski. Contents of volumes in the Flora of Australia, the families (current at January 1986) arranged according to the system of A.Cronquist (1981). Volume 1 Cannabaceae Volume 7 Volume 10 Haloragales Moraceae Haloragaceae Introduction Urticaceae Malvales Ebenales Gunneraceae Elaeocarpaceae Sapotaceae Myrtales Fagales Tiliaceae Ebenaceae Sonneratiaceae Balanopaceae Sterculiaceae Symplocaceae Lythraceae Volume 2 Betulaceae Bombacaceae Thymelaeaceae Fagaceae Malvaceae Primulales Magnoliales Myrsinaceae Punicaceae Winteraceae Casuarinales Primulaceae Onagraceae Himantandraceae Casuarinaceae Melastomataceae Eupomatiaceae Volume 8 Rosales Combretaceae Austrobaileyaceae Connaraceae Trapaceae Magnoliaceae Volume 4 Lecythidales Eucryphiaceae Annonaceae Lecythidaceae Cunoniaceae Myristicaceae Davidsoniaceae Volumes 19, 20, 21 Caryophyllales Nepenthales Pittosporaceae Laurales Phytolaccaceae Nepenthaceae Byblidaceae Monimiaceae Nyctaginaceae Droseraceae Grossulariaceae Myrtaceae Idiospermaceae Aizoaceae Alseuosmiaceae Lauraceae Cactaceae Violales Crassulaceae Hernandiaceae Chenopodiaceae Flacourtiaceae Cephalotaceae Volume 22 Bixaceae Saxifragaceae Piperales Cistaceae Rosaceae Rhizophorales Piperaceae Violaceae Volume 5 Chrysobalanaceae Rhizophoraceae Tamaricaceae Surianaceae Aristolochiales Frankeniaceae Amaranthaceae Cornales Aristolochiaceae Passifloraceae Portulacaceae Alangiaceae Basellaceae Cucurbitaceae Nymphaeales Molluginaceae Datiscaceae Volumes 11, 12 Santalales Nelumbonaceae Caryophyllaceae Olacaceae Nymphaeaceae Salicales Fabales Opiliaceae Salicaceae Mimosaceae Cabombaceae Polygonales Santalaceae Ceratophyllaceae Polygonaceae Caesalpiniaceae Capparales Loranthaceae Viscaceae Ranunculales Plumbaginales Capparaceae Balanophoraceae Ranunculaceae Plumbaginaceae Brassicaceae Moringaceae Volumes 13, 14, 15 Berberidaceae Rafflesiales Menispermaceae Resedaceae Fabaceae Rafflesiaceae Batales Papaverales Volume 6 Celastrales Gyrostemonaceae Papaveraceae Celastraceae Bataceae Fumariaceae Dilleniales Volumes 16, 17 Hippocrateaceae Dilleniaceae Stackhousiaceae Proteales Aquifoliaceae Theales Volume 9 Elaeagnaceae Icacinaceae Volume 3 Ochnaceae Proteaceae Cardiopteridaceae Theaceae Corynocarpaceae Hamamelidales Actinidiaceae Ericales Epacridaceae Dichapetalaceae Hamamelidaceae Elatinaceae Ericaceae Clusiaceae Volume 18 Urticales Ulmaceae Podostemales Podostemaceae Volume 23 Volume 28 Bignoniaceae Cymodoceaceae Bromeliales Lentibulariaceae Zosteraceae Bromeliaceae Euphorbiales Gentianales Triuridales Zingiberales Euphorbiaceae Loganiaceae Triuridaceae Musaceae Gentianaceae Volume 34 Zingiberaceae Apocynaceae Arecales Costaceae Asclepiadaceae Volume 24 Campanulales Arecaceae Cannaceae Sphenocleaceae Pandanales Rhamnales Campanulaceae Liliales Pandanaceae Rhamnaceae Volume 29 Stylidiaceae Philydraceae Donatiaceae Pontederiaceae Leeaceae Arales Vitaceae Solanales Haemodoraceae Araceae Liliaceae Solanaceae Lemnaceae Linales Volume 35 Erythroxylaceae Linaceae Volume 46 Volume 30 Brunoniaceae Volume 40 Polygalales Goodeniaceae Iridaceae Malpighiaceae Convolvulaceae Commelinales Aloecaceae Tremandraceae Cuscutaceae Xyridaceae Agavaceae Polygalaceae Menyanthaceae Volume 36 Commelinaceae Xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthophyllaceae Polemoniaceae Hanguanaceae Hydrophyllaceae Rubiales Eriocaulales Taccaceae Eriocaulaceae Lamiales Rubiaceae Stemonaceae Volume 25 Boraginaceae Smilacaceae Dipsacales Restionales Dioscoreaceae Verbenaceae Flagellariaceae Sapindales Caprifoliaceae Restionaceae Melianthaceae Valerianaceae Centrolepidaceae Akaniaceae Dipsacaceae Volume 31 Volume 47 Sapindaceae Juncales Aceraceae Juncaceae Orchidales Burseraceae Lamiaceae Volumes 37, 38 Burmanniaceae Anacardiaceae Corsiaceae Simaroubaceae Orchidaceae Asterales Volumes 41, 42 Volume 32 Asteraceae Volume 26 Cyperales Callitrichales Cyperaceae Volume 48 Callitrichaceae Volume 39 Meliaceae Gymnospermae Plantaginales Rutaceae Alismatales Plantaginaceae Volumes 43, 44 Pteridophyta Zygophyllaceae Limnocharitaceae Scrophulariales Alismataceae Poaceae Oleaceae Volume 27 Scrophulariaceae Hydrocharitales Volume 49, 50 Hydrocharitaceae Oceanic Islands Geraniales Najadales Volume 45 Oxalidaceae Volume 33 Aponogetonaceae Geraniaceae Juncaginaceae Hydatellales Tropaeolaceae Myoporaceae Potamogetonaceae Hydatellaceae Volume 51 et seq. Orobanchaceae Ruppiaceae Apiales Typhales Gesneriaceae Najadaceae Non-vascular plants Araliaceae Sparganiaceae Acanthaceae Zannichelliaceae Apiaceae Typhaceae Pedaliaceae Posidoniaceae FLORA OF AUSTRALIA Patersonia occidentalis R.Br. Painting by Anita Podwyszynski. BUREAU OF FLORA AND FAUNA, CANBERRA FLORA OF AUSTRALIA Volume 46 Iridaceae to Dioscoreaceae Australian Government Publishing Service Canberra 1986 © Commonwealth of Australia 1986 EXECUTIVE EDITOR Alexander S. George This work may be cited as: Flora of Australia Volume 46, Iridaceae to Dioscoreaceae, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra (1986). Individual contributions may be cited thus: D.A.Cooke, Iridaceae, Flora of Australia 46: 1–66 (1986). National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Flora of Australia. Volume 46, Iridaceae to Dioscoreaceae. Includes index. ISBN 0 644 04356 3. ISBN 0 644 04357 1 (soft cover). ISBN 0 642 07013 X (set). ISBN 0 642 07016 4 (set soft cover). 1. Botany – Australia I. Australia. Bureau of Flora and Fauna. II. Title: Iridaceae to Dioscoreaceae. 581.994 Printed at Griffen Press Limited, Marion Road, Netley, South Australia CONTENTS Contributors to Volume 46 vi Illustrators viii Flora Editorial Committee ix Introduction xi Iridaceae D.A.Cooke 1 Aloeaceae P.I.Forster & H.T.Clifford 66 Agavaceae P.I.Forster & L.Pedley 71 Xanthorrhoeaceae D.J.Bedford, A.T.Lee, T.D.Macfarlane, R.J.F.Henderson & A.S.George 88 Hanguanaceae H.J.Hewson 172 Taccaceae H.J.Hewson 174 Stemonaceae I.R.H.Telford 177 Smilacaceae J.G.Conran & H.T.Clifford 180 Dioscoreaceae I.R.Telford 196 Maps 203 Appendix: new taxa, combinations etc. 220 Supplementary Glossary 232 Abbreviations & Contractions 233 Publication date of the previous volumes 235 Index 237 Endpapers Front Contents of volumes in the Flora of Australia, the families arranged according to the system of A.Cronquist, An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981). Back: Flora of Australia: Index to families of flowering plants. v CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 46 Mr David J.Bedford, National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens, Mrs Macquarie’s Road, Sydney, New South Wales 2000. Professor H.Trevor Clifford, Botany Department, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4067. Mr John G.Conran, Department of Botany, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168. Mr David A.Cook, State Herbarium, The Botanic Gardens of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000. MsJoy Everett, National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, New South Wales 2000. Mr Paul I.Forster, Botany Department, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4067. Mr Alexander S.George, Bureau of Flora and Fauna, Department of Arts, Heritage and Environment, GPO Box 1383, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601. Mr Rodney J.F.Henderson, Queensland Herbarium, Department of Primary Industries, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068. Dr Helen J.Hewson, Bureau of Flora and Fauna, Department of Arts, Heritage and Environment, GPO Box 1383, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601. Dr Alma T.Lee, 40 Manor Road, Hornsby, New South Wales 2077. Dr Terry D.Macfarlane,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • Partial Flora Survey Rottnest Island Golf Course
    PARTIAL FLORA SURVEY ROTTNEST ISLAND GOLF COURSE Prepared by Marion Timms Commencing 1 st Fairway travelling to 2 nd – 11 th left hand side Family Botanical Name Common Name Mimosaceae Acacia rostellifera Summer scented wattle Dasypogonaceae Acanthocarpus preissii Prickle lily Apocynaceae Alyxia Buxifolia Dysentry bush Casuarinacea Casuarina obesa Swamp sheoak Cupressaceae Callitris preissii Rottnest Is. Pine Chenopodiaceae Halosarcia indica supsp. Bidens Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Chenopodiaceae Threlkeldia diffusa Coast bonefruit Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Suada australis Seablite Chenopodiaceae Atriplex isatidea Coast saltbush Poaceae Sporabolis virginicus Marine couch Myrtaceae Melaleuca lanceolata Rottnest Is. Teatree Pittosporaceae Pittosporum phylliraeoides Weeping pittosporum Poaceae Stipa flavescens Tussock grass 2nd – 11 th Fairway Family Botanical Name Common Name Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Atriplex isatidea Coast saltbush Cyperaceae Gahnia trifida Coast sword sedge Pittosporaceae Pittosporum phyliraeoides Weeping pittosporum Myrtaceae Melaleuca lanceolata Rottnest Is. Teatree Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Central drainage wetland commencing at Vietnam sign Family Botanical Name Common Name Chenopodiaceae Halosarcia halecnomoides Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Poaceae Sporobolis virginicus Cyperaceae Gahnia Trifida Coast sword sedge
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Plant Resources and Their Economic Uses in Nigeria
    Global Advanced Research Journal of Agricultural Science (ISSN: 2315-5094) Vol. 4(2) pp. 042-067, February, 2015. Available online http://garj.org/garjas/index.htm Copyright © 2015 Global Advanced Research Journals Review An overview of plant resources and their economic uses in Nigeria *Kutama 1, A. S., 1Dangora, I. I., 1Aisha, W. 1Auyo, M. I., 2 Sharif, U. 3Umma, M, and 4Hassan, K. Y. 1Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University, Dutse. P.M.B 7156-Nigeria 2Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Kano 3Department of Biology, Kano University of Science &Technology , Wudil . 4 Department of Biology, Sa’adatu Rimi College of Education, Kano Accepted 17 February, 2015 Nigeria is an agrarian country blessed with almost uncountable number of plant species; in water, on land e.t.c. Plants are and remain the indispensable gift of nature given to mankind whose uses were discovered by man even before civilization. This paper reviews some important aspects of plants which include their origin, classification, morphology, as well as economic uses especially in the Nigerian context. It is pertinent therefore that students, researchers as well as readers who are interested in plants would find this paper very educative as it explore majority of plant species and their economic uses in Nigeria. Keyword: plant species, economic uses, taxonomy, morphology, Nigeria. INTRODUCTION Evolution of Plant Over 350 million years ago, the first living organism which mosses, hornworts and liverworts. The bryophytes which resembled a plant appeared. It was the blue - green algae represented the basal group in the evolutionary history of (Cyanophyceae) which lived in the sea and can still be plants may have set the stage for the colonization of the found in many water bodies today.
    [Show full text]
  • 080057-13.020.Pdf
    ' ttolaq orlo{4snquo g Japunselou aas ereq peJeplsuoJlou are slueld ssaql '(€986I 'selBr\\ tnq eloo3) Er.rolcl^pu" eITBrsnVqlnoS rllnoS ,teN ur pezllErnl€uosle sr DUDlqog 'pernbar sr oluts sqt ur Suurnccosetcads aqt;o ,rerAerFcrluc p'elFllsnV Iuetsei&ur spee,{\FtueuuoJl^ue snoues'eluoJeqol IeuualodJql e^EqJo'JrE setcedsouotqog stq El?l eseql.Joemlelcueruou oq1 Sutp:t8el uolsnJuotpeltalel osp suorle8qsolul 'tII€IsnV roqunc (tg6I) frad Jo (986I ) u3arg f,q:og pelunoccelou uxut Bunueserda:aseql Jo o^{l 'Je,re,troq',&eq8te;E urelsod\ ur perncJo ouolqog go salcadsaeJqt tEqt pal€clput SoJCpuE.IoqlnE lslu "l,t\uD eq1,{q suorte,uesqoplerd r?rlullsnvurelsa/(\ uI Je) o4r4srp g'sor:eds puorase 3o oruasa:d aql pep.rore.r(L86I) tu:e4 pue (5861)uear9 q8noqlP'(t66I uuoC't66I u,ti\olg? soru?t'q's9861 'oiruls 'B 'DuDqDg e1oo3 3 a) ullEllsnv ur 8ur:rncco se 3o sercedseuo pezluSocer,{lpraue8 o^€q sasnsusJpu€ sr?Jo[IuPITEISnv luaJeu pJqsllqEtsa,{11nj uaeq lou sEq aBeJspulpezll?JnlEu 'ell€rsnv ,{uuurrog erntulcueuroutf,eJ]oc eql ol peJnpoJlulsdnoJ3 luuld :eq1ofuPtu uI sV ?ll€Jlsnv ur pezrlurnl€ueuroraq e^pq ol eeeouptJlu€JltJV utJqlnosJo e:ouaB3o raqrunue;o a\to st DuolqDg uournpoJtul 'pessnssrposlE sl ErlerlsnVujelse/i\ ulse]f,adsouolqpBpezIIEJntuuol I.,!\PCJe>l(lIV)Dptr|s gpue IMSCJe>lt2qJltlp'g seu"u eqt Jo uorl€crlddrsrrupuerdsaprrn aq; pept,torderu uxq esaql:o1 sdeuruoDnqlJlslp pu€ fol V sr,\^e'IID(J'I)DloL[lqu re.^l,.,'q}re) ( J rurng),solrqr7 gpuu Buerd5( JpuV)r?rt gloo^{S o11olusn?uoB ;pezrusoce:e.IE EXu1 eeJql pu? pe.,'rol^atsI uIlEJlsnVuJe1se16 ut tzttrlqrg 3o salceds ',(]OOd p?zrluJuuueqt ;o .{urouoxrl eqI Z6Z-|8Z :(Z) El DtsltttN eIIEJtsnVuralsol\A ul Sutunc:o (eeeceptJl)DuDlqog;osarceds pezllurnlvu aqtJo /rdel^ej cltuouoxBl V C I'3uIuuD1,14 1g'tqcsdal lreJlsqY 'Err{v qlnos u^\oJ adr] 'clnlllsul 's€1,,luoruorlll] 'LX Btg 3rE^trd In)rrrnlo8IEUontN uinrrrqriH uoldluo).
    [Show full text]
  • Aloe Arborescens Mill.) Caused by Fusarium Phyllophilum Nirenberg Et O'donnell (New Disease)
    日 植 病 報65: 576-587 (1999) Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 65: 576-587 (1999) Purple Spot of Aloe (Aloe arborescens Mill.) Caused by Fusarium phyllophilum Nirenberg et O'Donnell (New Disease) KuniheiKISHI*, Toshiko FURUKAWA** and Takayuki AOKI* Abstract A new disease causing purple spots on leaves of candelabra aloe (Aloe arborescens Mill.) was found in Tahara-cho and Irako, Atsumi Peninsula, Aichi Pref. in October 1993. A species of Fusarium was isolated from lesions of many infected plants. This fungus was found to be pathogenic on A. arborescens by inoculation of wounded and intact leaves. The fungus was identified as Fusarium phyllophilum Nirenberg et O'Donnell on the basis of cultural and morphological characteristics. The disease was also observed at every location examined in Boso, Miura, Kii, Osumi, and Satsuma Peninsulas, where the climate is similar to that in Atsumi Peninsula. Four additional isolates from Jogashima Island were also identified as F. phyllophilum. This is the first report of the disease on A. arborescens in Japan. (Received April 12, 1999; Accepted August 26, 1999) Key words: Aloe arborescens, Fusarium phyllophilum, purple spot of aloe. have been reported in Japan; a rust of A. barbadensis, INTRODUCTION A. claviflora Burchell, A. dewettii Reynolds, A. karasber- gensis Pillans, A. parvibracteata Schonl., and A. parvi- ore than 40 species of the genus Aloe have been bracteata Schonl. var. zuluensis Reynolds caused by cultured, mainly for ornamental purposes, but some- Uromyces aloes (Cooke) Magnus12), Phytophthora rot of times for medical use or as functional food in Japan7). A. dichotoma Masson by Phytophthora nicotianae van Most species of Aloe originated in dry areas, mainly in Breda de Haan emend.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Issue3.7 MB
    Volume Eleven Conservation Science 2016 Western Australia Review and synthesis of knowledge of insular ecology, with emphasis on the islands of Western Australia IAN ABBOTT and ALLAN WILLS i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 METHODS 17 Data sources 17 Personal knowledge 17 Assumptions 17 Nomenclatural conventions 17 PRELIMINARY 18 Concepts and definitions 18 Island nomenclature 18 Scope 20 INSULAR FEATURES AND THE ISLAND SYNDROME 20 Physical description 20 Biological description 23 Reduced species richness 23 Occurrence of endemic species or subspecies 23 Occurrence of unique ecosystems 27 Species characteristic of WA islands 27 Hyperabundance 30 Habitat changes 31 Behavioural changes 32 Morphological changes 33 Changes in niches 35 Genetic changes 35 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 36 Degree of exposure to wave action and salt spray 36 Normal exposure 36 Extreme exposure and tidal surge 40 Substrate 41 Topographic variation 42 Maximum elevation 43 Climate 44 Number and extent of vegetation and other types of habitat present 45 Degree of isolation from the nearest source area 49 History: Time since separation (or formation) 52 Planar area 54 Presence of breeding seals, seabirds, and turtles 59 Presence of Indigenous people 60 Activities of Europeans 63 Sampling completeness and comparability 81 Ecological interactions 83 Coups de foudres 94 LINKAGES BETWEEN THE 15 FACTORS 94 ii THE TRANSITION FROM MAINLAND TO ISLAND: KNOWNS; KNOWN UNKNOWNS; AND UNKNOWN UNKNOWNS 96 SPECIES TURNOVER 99 Landbird species 100 Seabird species 108 Waterbird
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Ecology of Bird-Pollinated Babiana (Iridaceae): Floral Variation, Mating Patterns and Genetic Diversity
    REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY OF BIRD-POLLINATED BABIANA (IRIDACEAE): FLORAL VARIATION, MATING PATTERNS AND GENETIC DIVERSITY by Caroli de Waal A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto © Copyright by Caroli de Waal 2010 REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY OF BIRD-POLLINATED BABIANA (IRIDACEAE): FLORAL VARIATION, MATING PATTERNS AND GENETIC DIVERSITY Caroli de Waal Master of Science Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto 2010 Abstract Flowering plants possess striking variation in reproductive traits and mating patterns, even among closely related species. In this thesis, I investigate morphological variation, mating and genetic diversity of five taxa of bird-pollinated Babiana (Iridaceae), including two species with specialized bird perches. Field observations in 12 populations demonstrated that sunbirds were the primary pollinators. Babiana ringens exhibited correlated geographic variation in flower and perch size. Controlled field pollinations revealed self-compatibility and low pollen limitation in B. ringens subspecies, and self-incompatibility and chronic pollen limitation in B. hirsuta. Allozyme markers demonstrated moderate to high selfing rates among populations and considerable variation in levels of genetic diversity. In B. ringens there was a positive relation between the geographic and genetic distance of populations. The results of a manipulative field experiment indicated position-dependent herbivory on inflorescences of B. hirsuta and this could play a role in the evolution of specialized bird perches in Babiana. ii Acknowledgments First, I would like to thank my supervisor Spencer Barrett for his wealth of knowledge, his contagious enthusiasm about the natural world, and for pushing me further than I thought I could go.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Different Agave Plants and the Compound Cantalasaponin-1
    Molecules 2013, 18, 8136-8146; doi:10.3390/molecules18078136 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Article Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Different Agave Plants and the Compound Cantalasaponin-1 Nayeli Monterrosas-Brisson 1,2, Martha L. Arenas Ocampo 2, Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer 1, Antonio R. Jiménez-Aparicio 2, Alejandro Zamilpa 1, Manases Gonzalez-Cortazar 1, Jaime Tortoriello 1 and Maribel Herrera-Ruiz 1,* 1 Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur (CIBIS), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.-B.N.); [email protected] (J.-F.E.); [email protected] (Z.A.); [email protected] (G.C.M.); [email protected] (T.J.) 2 Doctorado en Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, P. O. Box 24, Yautepec 62730, Morelos, Mexico; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.O.M.L.); [email protected] (J.A.R.A.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +52-777-361-2155. Received: 22 April 2013; in revised form: 29 May 2013 / Accepted: 6 June 2013 / Published: 10 July 2013 Abstract: Species of the agave genus, such as Agave tequilana, Agave angustifolia and Agave americana are used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat inflammation-associated conditions. These plants’ leaves contain saponin compounds which show anti-inflammatory properties in different models. The goal of this investigation was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory capacity of these plants, identify which is the most active, and isolate the active compound by a bio-directed fractionation using the ear edema induced in mice with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) technique.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Studi Es on Thearenaria Serpyllifolia Group (Caryophyllaceae)
    Flora Mediterranea lO - 2000 185 Mohamed N. Abuhadra Taxonomic studies on theArenaria serpyllifolia group (Caryophyllaceae) Abstract Abuhadra, M. N.: Taxonomic studies on the Arenaria serpy//ifolia group (Caryophyllaceae).­ Fl. Medit. lO : 185-190.2000. - ISSN 1120-4052. Scanning electron microscopic investigation of seed and capsule morphology of Arenaria ser­ pyllifolia L. and A. leptoclados Guss. In the Caryophy/laceae have been studied. Seed size in both species show consistency, but testa ornamentation (midzone) vary in shape even in the seeds from one capsule of A. serpyfolia, while in A. leptoclados midzone cells are narrowly elongate in different populations and environments. The ripe capsule teeth ornamentation has a diagnosti c character lO separate A. serpy/lifolia and A. leptoclados. lntroduction The group Arenaria serpyllifolia (Caryophyllaceae), includes some taxa, thet in tum has often been considered at specific or subspecific rank. McNeii (1963) regarded seed size as the most satisfactory character separating the tetraploid A. serpyllifolia L. from the diploid A. leptoclados, both automatically self-pollinating species. Perring and Sell (1967) used seed characters but not those of the testa to separate the subspecies lepto­ clados, serpyllifolia and macrocarpa (Lloyd) Perring & Sell. In the first edition of Flora Europaea A. serpyllifolia and A. leptoclados are treated as species (Charter & Halliday 1964) but in the second they are regarded as subspecies (Charter & Halliday 1993). Greuter & al. (1984) recognised as species the following in the Mediterranean area: A. argaea Rech. f, A. leptoclados (Rchnb.) Guss., A. marschlinsii Koch, A. minutiflora Loscos [doubtful status], A. peloponnesiaca Rech. fil. and A serpyllifolia L .. For Britain Stace (1991), accepts subspecific status: serpyllifolia, leptoclados (Reichenb.) Nyman and Lloydii (Jordan) Bonnier (A .
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Havasu City Recommended Landscaping Plant List
    Lake Havasu City Recommended Landscaping Plant List Lake Havasu City Recommended Landscaping Plant List Disclaimer Lake Havasu City has revised the recommended landscaping plant list. This new list consists of plants that can be adapted to desert environments in the Southwestern United States. This list only contains water conscious species classified as having very low, low, and low-medium water use requirements. Species that are classified as having medium or higher water use requirements were not permitted on this list. Such water use classification is determined by the type of plant, its average size, and its water requirements compared to other plants. For example, a large tree may be classified as having low water use requirements if it requires a low amount of water compared to most other large trees. This list is not intended to restrict what plants residents choose to plant in their yards, and this list may include plant species that may not survive or prosper in certain desert microclimates such as those with lower elevations or higher temperatures. In addition, this list is not intended to be a list of the only plants allowed in the region, nor is it intended to be an exhaustive list of all desert-appropriate plants capable of surviving in the region. This list was created with the intention to help residents, businesses, and landscapers make informed decisions on which plants to landscape that are water conscious and appropriate for specific environmental conditions. Lake Havasu City does not require the use of any or all plants found on this list. List Characteristics This list is divided between trees, shrubs, groundcovers, vines, succulents and perennials.
    [Show full text]
  • Mississippi Natural Heritage Program Special Plants - Tracking List -2018
    MISSISSIPPI NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM SPECIAL PLANTS - TRACKING LIST -2018- Approximately 3300 species of vascular plants (fern, gymnosperms, and angiosperms), and numerous non-vascular plants may be found in Mississippi. Many of these are quite common. Some, however, are known or suspected to occur in low numbers; these are designated as species of special concern, and are listed below. There are 495 special concern plants, which include 4 non- vascular plants, 28 ferns and fern allies, 4 gymnosperms, and 459 angiosperms 244 dicots and 215 monocots. An additional 100 species are designated “watch” status (see “Special Plants - Watch List”) with the potential of becoming species of special concern and include 2 fern and fern allies, 54 dicots and 44 monocots. This list is designated for the primary purposes of : 1) in environmental assessments, “flagging” of sensitive species that may be negatively affected by proposed actions; 2) determination of protection priorities of natural areas that contain such species; and 3) determination of priorities of inventory and protection for these plants, including the proposed listing of species for federal protection. GLOBAL STATE FEDERAL SPECIES NAME COMMON NAME RANK RANK STATUS BRYOPSIDA Callicladium haldanianum Callicladium Moss G5 SNR Leptobryum pyriforme Leptobryum Moss G5 SNR Rhodobryum roseum Rose Moss G5 S1? Trachyxiphium heteroicum Trachyxiphium Moss G2? S1? EQUISETOPSIDA Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail G5 S1S2 FILICOPSIDA Adiantum capillus-veneris Southern Maidenhair-fern G5 S2 Asplenium
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Information Appendix Pliocene Reversal of Late Neogene
    1 Supporting Information Appendix 2 Pliocene reversal of late Neogene aridification 3 4 J.M.K. Sniderman, J. Woodhead, J. Hellstrom, G.J. Jordan, R.N. Drysdale, J.J. Tyler, N. 5 Porch 6 7 8 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS AND METHODS 9 10 Pollen analysis. We attempted to extract fossil pollen from 81 speleothems collected from 11 16 caves from the Western Australian portion of the Nullarbor Plain. Nullarbor speleothems 12 and caves are essentially “fossil” features that appear to have been preserved by very slow 13 rates of landscape change in a semi-arid landscape. Sample collection targeted fallen, well 14 preserved speleothems in multiple caves. U-Pb dates of these speleothems (Table S3) 15 ranged from late Miocene (8.19 Ma) to Middle Pleistocene (0.41 Ma), with an average age 16 of 4.11 Ma. 17 Fossil pollen typically is present in speleothems in very low concentrations, so pollen 18 processing techniques were developed to minimize contamination by modern pollen (1), but 19 also to maximize recovery, to accommodate the highly variable organic matter content of the 20 speleothems, and to remove a clay- to fine silt-sized mineral fraction present in many 21 samples, which was resistant to cold HF and which can become electrostatically attracted to 22 pollen grains, inhibiting their identification. Stalagmite and flowstone samples of 30-200 g 23 mass were first cut on a diamond rock saw in order to remove any obviously porous material. 24 All subsequent physical and chemical processes were carried out within a HEPA-filtered 25 exhausting clean air cabinet in an ISO Class 7 clean room.
    [Show full text]