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Resistance to the Whitefly Bemisia Tabaci (Gennadius) in Cotton Genotypes

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Resistance to the Whitefly Bemisia Tabaci (Gennadius) in Cotton Genotypes 20195--R Tamilselvan 27 June-2020 Indian Journal of Entomology Online published (Preview) DoI No.: RESISTANCE TO THE WHITEFLY BEMISIA TABACI (GENNADIUS) IN COTTON GENOTYPES R TAMILSELVAN*, C A MAHALINGAM, S MOHANKUMAR** AND K SENGUTTUVAN*** Department of Agricultural Entomology; **Department of Biotechnology; ***Department of Cotton, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003 *Email: [email protected] (corresponding author) ABSTRACT This study on the whiteflyBemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on cotton (Gossypium spp.) evaluates the resistant mechanisms viz., antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance under free-choice and no-choice conditions. Results reveal that the whiteflies select the host only after initial probing. The genotypes, LRA-5166 and DSC-1501 were the least preferred for oviposition under free-choice condition and reduced the nymphal survival (47.50 and 52.50 days), net reproductive rate (R0) (5.45 and 6.31/ female/ lifetime) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) (0.061 and 0.063) under no-choice condition, respectively. These exhibited antixenosis and antibiosis. The genotype CCH-4474 demonstrated tolerance with less reduction in the plant height (20.77%), number of internodes (15.27%) and chlorophyll content (13.44%). The high level of resistance in the genotypes LRA-5166 and DSC-1501 could be exploited for genetic improvement of resistant cotton cultivar. Key words: Gossypium hirsutum, Bemisia tabaci, antixenosis, antibiosis, tolerance, free choice, no choice, LRA 5166, DSC 1501, CCH 4474, oviposition, nymphal surivival, reproductive rate, Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: overlap each other. However, systematic studies on Aleyrodidae) is a highly polyphagous pest causing these aspects are lacking, and hence this study evaluated substantial losses and occur in more than 600 the antixenosis (ovipositional preference), antibiosis agricultural crops and ornamental plant species (fitness parameters) and overall tolerance capacity of (Vázquez et al., 1996). Whitefly contains species cotton genotypes to whitefly. complexes of 41 distinct populations distributed worldwide (Esterhuizen et al., 2013) with 24 biotypes MATERIALS AND METHODS (Perring, 2001). Furthermore, it is an efficient vector Sixty-three cotton genotypes belonging to G. of >100 plant viruses (Geminiviruses) for many hirsutum were initially screened under field condition. economically important crops and is the sole vector of From these the best performed 19 genotypes were begomoviruses (Gottlieb et al., 2006). India is the third selected for further screening in the glasshouse. Based largest producer of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and on the damage symptoms (Taggar et al., 2012) and B. tabaci causes an estimated 75% damage to cotton, whitefly count, six (Bunny, CCH-4474, GJHV-517, and its management relies on insecticides, leading to DSC-1501, LRA-5166 and TCH-1819) genotypes with resistance to a wide range of insecticides (Crowder et different level of resistance were selected for evaluating al., 2010). Moreover, chemical control affects non- the mechanisms of resistance. The seeds were procured target organisms and the entire ecosystem (He et al., from Department of Cotton, Tamil Nadu Agricultural 2011; Nash et al., 2010). One of the IPM practice is the University, Coimbatore. The study was conducted use of resistant varieties,Preview as it is environment friendly from November 2016 to April 2017 in the insectary, (Vieira et al., 2011). Plants are naturally having the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu resistance mechanisms viz., antixenosis, antibiosis Agricultural University, Coimbatore (11o00’58”N, and tolerance against the insect attack (Painter, 1951). 76o55’45”E), with B. tabaci collected from cotton Many studies have been conducted to identify resistant field at Coimbatore and the culture maintained on G. cotton genotypes against whitefly (Toscano et al., 2003) hirsutum) in the glasshouse (28± 1oC, 75-90%RH, light and these rely on the occurrence of antixenosis and photoperiod 12 hr) Old plants were replaced with new few on antibiosis (do Prado et al., 2016). Smith (2005) one, whenever needed. The whiteflies from this culture reported that antixenosis and antibiosis frequently were further used to conduct the experiments. 2 Indian Journal of Entomology Online published (Preview) Antixenosis mechanism of resistance was analysed For observing the tolerance, changes in plant from the ovipositional preference on the selected six phenology due to whitefly infestation was conducted genotypes under multiple choice test. The genotypes under no-choice condition. The plants of selected were grown in earthen pots (soil: farmyard manure: genotypes were raised in the pots. Two pots of each 1:1) up to a standard 14-leaf stage and placed in a treatment were arranged in greenhouse, out of which screen house to avoid any external infestation and the one served as control (uninfested) and replicated four plants watered daily (Jindal and Dhaliwal, 2009). One times. The plant height and number of nodes of each plant from each genotype represented one replication plant at standardized stage were recorded and the pots and there were four replications. In all, 24 pots (4 pots/ were caged (45x 25 cm dia). On one set of test genotype, genotype) were placed randomly in the greenhouse, @ 150 pairs of whitefly collected from test colonies ten pairs/ plant (240 pairs) were collected from main were released in each cage. Other set of genotypes colony with aspirator and released equidistantly in the served as control. After 45 days, the plant cages were greenhouse. The numbers of adults settled on lower removed, and the plant height and number of nodes surface of top three fully opened leaves were counted in each infested and uninfested plants were counted. after 6 hr of release by tilting the leaves without The chlorophyll content in infested and uninfested disturbing the whiteflies. After three days of release, plants were recorded using SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis eggs were counted on the top three leaves of each plant Development) chlorophyll meter. Data analysis was and subsequently at weekly intervals for 3 weeks. The performed by SPSS 21.0 software. The data were pots were tilted and total leaf areas were examined under subjected to ANOVA test and the means were compared a stereomicroscope (40x) to count the number of eggs using Duncan’s multiple range test after a significant laid on each genotypes. F-test (p = 0.05 The antibiosis in genotypes on whitefly biology, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION fecundity, survival and sex ratio was evaluated. The cotton plants were grown in the same stage as described above. In Plant species vary considerably in their suitability each treatment leaf cage was attached to the lower surface as hosts for arthropods. There are sequence of host of fully opened top leaf @ 1 cage/ plant on 4 cotton plants selection process by the insects which includes habitat as replications. In each leaf cage, three pairs of freshly location, host location, host acceptance, and host use emerged adults from colonies maintained separately in (Bernays and Chapman, 1994). Whiteflies use visual, the screenhouse were confined for egg laying. After 24 olfactory and gustative cues in host plant selection hr, adults were removed along with leaf cages. The leaf (Chermenskaya et al., 2009). portion under each leaf cage was marked and only 40 Antixenosis eggs (10 eggs/ replication) were selected and the rest were removed carefully with a needle and a fine brush. Again, In cotton, the antixenosis mechanism of host plant the leaf cages were attached to the leaves on the marked resistance was evaluated based on the oviposition area to prevent oviposition by B. tabaci from outside and preference of the whiteflies (Jindal and Dhaliwal, the duration and survival of various developmental stages, 2011; Toscano et al., 2003). In free-choice condition, i.e., eggs, nymphal instars, pupae and adult were recorded the settlement of B. tabaci after 6 hr after release and daily using stereomicroscope binocular (40x). ovipositional preference were observed (Table 1). The numbers of whiteflies settled on the lower leaf surface For observing the fecundity, longevity and life table of different cotton genotypes differed significantly. The parameters, a day after the adult emergence, females minimum number of whitefly adults settled on TCH-1819, were separated and confined in a micro cage, clipped to whereas the maximum was recorded on CCH-4474. the under surface of the leafPreview for oviposition. The number The genotypes, LRA-5166 and Bunny were at par with of eggs oviposited were recorded daily and the total life TCH-1819 and the remaining genotypes were at par span of the female observed to calculate their fecundity with CCH-4474. The oviposition preference of whitefly and longevity. Based on the procedures developed by showed significant differences among different genotypes. Birch (1948), and the lifetable parameters viz., gross The genotype DSC-1501 recorded lowest number of reproductive rate (GRR), net reproductive rate (R0), eggs laid during the three consecutive weeks after release intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (k), with strong antixenosis effect against whitefly whereas population doubling time (t), and mean generation time during the 1st week of release Bunny recorded the highest (T) were calculated. number of eggs and in 2nd and 3rd week TCH-1819 has Table 1. Performance of B. tabaci in cotton genotypes-Oviposition
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