(Dianthus Spp.) for Planting from Guatemala Into the United States and Territories

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Importation of dianthus (Dianthus spp.) for planting from Guatemala into the United States and Territories

A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment

Agency Contact Plant Pest Risk Analysis (PPRA) Science and Technology (S&T) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 1920 Main Campus Drive, Suite 400 Raleigh, NC 27606

August 17, 2021

Version 3 Executive Summary

The purpose of this report is to assess the pest risks associated with importing commercially produced unrooted cuttings with foliage of dianthus, Dianthus spp. (Caryophyllaceae), from Guatemala into the United States and Territories for planting.

Based on the market access request submitted by Guatemala, we considered the pathway to include the following processes and conditions: unrooted cuttings with no more than 10 leaves, to be imported year-round. The pest risk ratings depend on the application of all conditions of the pathway as described in this document. Dianthus cuttings without roots produced under different conditions were not evaluated and may pose a different pest risk.

We used scientific literature, port-of-entry pest interception data, and information from the government of Guatemala to develop a list of pests with quarantine significance for the United States and Territories. These are pests that occur in Guatemala on any host and are associated with the commodity plant species anywhere in the world.

The following organisms are candidates for pest risk management because they have met the threshold for unacceptable consequences of introduction.

Pest type Taxonomy Scientific name Likelihood of Introduction Arthropod Diptera: Agromyzidae Liriomyza huidobrensis Medium (Blanchard) Chromistan Pythiales: Pythiaceae Phytopythium vexans (de Bary) Medium Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque* Virus Bunyavirales: Tospoviridae Orthotospovirus Impatiens Medium necrotic spot virus** * This organism is a quarantine pest for U.S. Territories, only. ** This organism is a quarantine pest for Hawaii and U.S. Territories, only.

Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are addressed separately from this document. Table of Contents

1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1. Background ...... 1 1.2. Initiating event ...... 1 1.3. Potential weediness of the commodity ...... 1 1.4. Description of the pathway ...... 1 2. Pest List and Pest Categorization ...... 2 2.1. Pest list ...... 2 2.2. Pests considered but not included on the pest list ...... 4 2.3. Pests selected for further analysis or already regulated ...... 5 3. Assessing Pest Risk Potential ...... 5 3.1. Introduction ...... 5 3.2. Assessment ...... 6 4. Summary ...... 17 5. Literature Cited ...... 18 6. Appendix: Pests with non-quarantine status ...... 29 1. Introduction

1.1. Background The purpose of this report is to assess the pest risk associated with the importation of commercially produced, unrooted cuttings with no more than 10 leaves of Dianthus spp. for planting from Guatemala (referred to as the export area) into the United States and Territories1 (referred to as the pest risk analysis or PRA area).

This is a qualitative risk assessment. The likelihood of pest introduction is expressed as a qualitative rating rather than in numerical terms. This methodology is consistent with guidelines provided by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) in the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) No. 11, “Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests” (IPPC, 2017). The use of biological and phytosanitary terms is consistent with ISPM No. 5, “Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms” (IPPC, 2018b; 2019).

As defined in ISPM No. 11, this document comprises Stage 1 (Initiation) and Stage 2 (Risk Assessment) of risk analysis. Stage 3 (Risk Management) will be covered in a separate document.

1.2. Initiating event The importation of plants for planting into the United States is regulated under Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulation, Part 319 Subpart – Plants for Planting (7 CFR §319) and the Plants for Planting Manual (USDA PPQ, 2020). Under this regulation, the entry of Dianthus spp. from Guatemala into the PRA area is not authorized. This commodity risk assessment was initiated in response to a request by the Vice Ministry of Animal and Plant Health and Regulations (VISAR) to change the Federal Regulation to allow entry (Simao, 2019).

1.3. Potential weediness of the commodity In some cases, an imported commodity could become invasive in the PRA area. If warranted, we analyze the commodity for weed risk.

A weed risk analysis is not required when (a) the commodity is already enterable into the PRA area from other countries, (b) the commodity plant species is widely established or cultivated in the PRA area, or (c) the imported plant part(s) cannot easily propagate on its own or be propagated. We determined that the weed risk of Dianthus spp. does not need to be analyzed because this commodity is already enterable from other countries (USDA PPQ, 2020).

1.4. Description of the pathway A pathway is “any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest” (IPPC, 2018b; 2019). In the context of this document, the pathway is the commodity to be imported, together with all the processes the commodity undergoes from production through importation and distribution. The following description of this pathway focuses on the conditions and processes that may have an

1The PRA area includes all 50 states, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

1 impact on pest risk. Our assessment is therefore contingent on the application of all components of the pathway as described in this section.

1.4.1. Description of the commodity The specific pathway of concern is the importation of unrooted cuttings of Dianthus spp. for planting. The cuttings will have a maximum of ten (10) leaves.

1.4.2. Summary of the production, harvest, post-harvest, shipping, and storage conditions considered Production, harvesting, and post-harvesting procedures in the export area were not considered as part of this assessment. Shipping and storage conditions were also not evaluated as part of this assessment.

2. Pest List and Pest Categorization

The pest list is a compilation of plant pests of quarantine significance to the United States and Territories. This includes pests that are present in Guatemala on any host and known to be associated with Dianthus spp. anywhere in the world. Pests are considered to be of quarantine significance if they (a) are not present in the PRA area, (b) are actionable at U.S. ports of entry, (c) are regulated non-quarantine pests, (d) are under federal official control, or (e) require evaluation for regulatory action. Consistent with ISPM No. 5, pests that meet any of these definitions are considered “quarantine pests” and are candidates for analysis. Species with a reasonable likelihood of following the pathway into the PRA area are analyzed to determine their pest risk potential.

2.1. Pest list We developed the pest list based on the scientific literature, port-of-entry pest interception data, and information provided by the government of Guatemala. We listed the pests that are of quarantine significance to the PRA area in Table 1. For each pest, we provided evidence of the pest’s presence in Guatemala and its association with Dianthus spp. We also indicated the plant parts with which the pest is generally associated and provided information about the pest’s distribution in the United States, if any. Pests that are likely to remain associated with the harvested commodity in a viable form are indicated by shaded rows and are listed separately in Table 2.

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 2 Table 1. List of quarantine pests associated with Dianthus spp. (in any country) and present in Guatemala (on any host)

Pest name Presence in Host Plant part(s) 2 Considered further?3 Guatemala association ARTHOPODS Diptera: Agromyzidae Liriomyza Weintraub et Weintraub et Leaf Yes huidobrensis al., 2017 al., 2017 (Weintraub et al., This insect is a leaf (Blanchard) 2017) miner. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Copitarsia decolora Simmons and Pogue and Leaf No (Guenée) Pogue, 2004 Simmons, 2008 (Cortés P et al., External feeder 1972) FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS Phytopythium vexans CABI, 2021; French, 1989; Roots, stems Yes (de Bary) Abad, de Lodhi et al., Sharma and (Nakkeeran et al., This pest is present in the Cock, Bala, 2020 Sharma, 2008 2018; Sharma and continental United States Robideau, Lodhi & Sharma, 2008) (Hendrix and Campbell, Lévesque syn.: 1970; Ivors et al., 2008; Pythium vexans de Parkunan et al., 2014) Bary and Hawaii (Kleijunas and Ko, 1975; Raabe et al., 1981). It may qualify as a quarantine pest for Puerto Rico as we found no evidence of this pest occurring there. VIRUSES AND VIROIDS Orthotospovirus Barriento Roggero et al., Leaves, stems Yes Impatiens necrotic Equite, 2006; 1999; (Roggero et al., This pest is present in the spot virus Barrios, 2006 Shahraeen et 1999) continental United States al., 2002 (Kuo et al., 2014; Tzanetakis et al., 2009). However, it may qualify as a quarantine pest for Hawaii or Puerto Rico because we found no evidence of this pest occurring there.

2 The plant part(s) listed are those for the plant species under analysis. If the information has been extrapolated, such as from plant part association on other plant species, we note that. 3 “Yes” indicates simply that the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the harvested commodity; the level of pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (low, medium, or high) is qualitatively assessed as part of the Likelihood of Introduction assessment (section 3).

3 2.2. Pests considered but not included on the pest list 2.2.1. Organisms with non-quarantine status We found evidence of organisms that are associated with Dianthus spp., and are present in the export area, but are not of quarantine significance for the PRA area. These organisms are listed in the Appendix.

2.2.2. Quarantine pests considered but not included on the pest list We found a single, 35-year-old record of Eyrsiphe buhrii U. Braun (syn.: Oidium dianthi Jacz.) in Guatemala and Erysiphe pisi var. pisi DC. [syn.: Eyrsiphe communis (Wallr.: Fr.) Schltdl.] on Dianthus spp. (Amano (Hirata), 1986). As the author of these records stated they were unreliable, we did not include them on the pest list.

2.3.3. Organisms identified only to the genus level

In commodity risk assessments, the taxonomic unit for pests selected for evaluation beyond the pest categorization stage is usually the species (IPPC, 2013). Generally, we do not assess risk for organisms identified only to the genus level, especially if the genus is reported in the PRA area. Many genera contain multiple species, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs or is regulated in the PRA area. Because the organism has not been fully identified, we cannot properly assess the likelihood and consequences of its introduction. However, if the genus is absent from the PRA area or is actionable at U.S. ports of entry, the genus can be regulated as a quarantine pest.

There have been 50 interceptions of quarantine arthropod taxa on Dianthus from Guatemala since 2016 (Table 2).

Table 2. Quarantine arthropods considered but not included on the pest list

Where Imported Number of Material For Pest Intercepted As Interceptions Permit Cargo 38 Consumption Cut Flower 37 Frankliniella sp. (Thysanoptera: 12 Thripidae) Noctuidae sp. (Lepidoptera) 7 Copitarsia sp. (Lepidoptera: 3 Noctuidae) Phyllophaga sp. (Coleoptera: 3 Scarabaeidae) Agromyzidae sp. (Diptera) 2 Thripidae sp. (Thysanoptera) 2 Tortricidae sp. (Lepidoptera) 2 Aphididae sp. (Hemiptera) 1 Helicoverpa sp. (Lepidoptera: 1 Noctuidae) Hoplia sp. (Coleoptera: 1 Scarabaeidae) Nodonota sp. (Coleoptera: 1 Chrysomelidae)

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 4 Platynota sp. (Lepidoptera: 1 Tortricidae) Thysanoptera sp. 1 Propagation Cut Noctuidae sp. (Lepidoptera) 1 Flower Baggage Consumption Cut 9 Flower Noctuidae sp. (Lepidoptera) 5 Frankliniella sp. (Thysanoptera: 1 Thripidae) Geometridae sp. (Lepidoptera) 1 Miridae sp. (Hemiptera) 1 Phlaeothripidae sp. 1 (Thysanoptera) General Consumption Cut Frankliniella sp. (Thysanoptera: 3 Cargo Flower Thripidae)

We have provided basic information about the quarantine taxa identified to genus-level to help risk managers determine if measures beyond those intended to mitigate fully identified pests are warranted.

• Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Nodonota sp. infests fruit, leaves (Stear, 1920), and flowers (Jolivet, 1987), • Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Phyllophaga sp. and Hoplia sp. infest foliage, fruit, and roots (CABI, 2021), • Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Copitarsia sp. infest flower, fruit, leaf (Díaz et al., 2012), and Helicoverpa sp. infest buds, fruit, and foliage (CABI, 2021), • Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Platynota sp. infest foliage and fruit (CABI, 2021), • Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Frankliniella sp. infest leaves and flowers (CABI, 2021).

2.3. Pests selected for further analysis or already regulated We identified three quarantine pests for further analysis (Table 3).

Table 3. Pests selected for further analysis

Pest type Taxonomy Scientific name Arthropod Diptera: Agromyzidae Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) Chromistan Pythiales: Pythiaceae Phytopythium vexans (de Bary) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque Virus Tospoviridae Orthotospovirus Impatiens necrotic spot virus

3. Assessing Pest Risk Potential

3.1. Introduction We estimated the risk potential of each pest selected for further analysis. Risk is described by the likelihood of an adverse event, the potential consequences, and the uncertainty associated with these parameters. For each pest, we determined if an endangered area exists within the United

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 5 States and Territories. The endangered area is defined as the portion of the PRA area where ecological factors favor the pest’s establishment and where the pest’s presence will likely result in economically important impacts. If a pest causes an unacceptable impact (i.e., is a threshold pest), this means it could adversely affect agricultural production by causing a yield loss of 10 percent or greater, by increasing U.S. production costs, or by impacting an environmentally important host or international trade. After the endangered area is defined, we assessed the pest’s likelihood of introduction into that area on the imported commodity.

The likelihood of introduction is based on the potential entry and establishment of a pest. We qualitatively assess this risk using the ratings: Low, Medium, and High. The risk elements comprising the likelihood of introduction are interdependent; therefore, the model is multiplicative rather than additive. We defined the risk ratings as follows: High: This outcome is highly likely to occur. Medium: This outcome is possible; but for that to happen, the exact combination of required events needs to occur. Low: This outcome is unlikely to occur because one or more of the required events are unlikely to happen, or because the full combination of required events is unlikely to align properly in time and space. We address uncertainty associated with each risk element as follows: Negligible: Additional or more reliable evidence is very unlikely to change the rating. Low: Additional or more reliable evidence probably will not change rating. Moderate: Additional or more reliable evidence may or may not change rating. High: Reliable evidence is not available.

3.2. Assessment

3.2.1. Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Liriomyza huidobrensis is a polyphagous leafminer with multiple hosts, including greenhouse ornamentals and field crops (Spencer, 1973). It is highly fecund, producing as many as 288 eggs per female (Neder de Román and Arce de Hamity, 1984), and has four to five generations annually (Serantes de Gonzalez, 1973). Adult flight capacity is limited; dispersal over long distances is facilitated by the movement of propagative host material and cut flowers (Smith et al., 1997).

The endangered area for Liriomyza huidobrensis within the United States and Territories Climatic suitability Liriomyza huidobrensis has a broad geographic distribution. It has been reported from Africa: Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Réunion, Seychelles, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe; Asia: China (Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Hubei, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Tibet, Xinjiang, Yunnan), Georgia, India (Manipur, Uttar

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 6 Pradesh), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Israel, Japan (Aomori, Hokkaido, Miyagi, Yamaguchi), Jordan, Lebanon, Malaysia (Peninsular), North Korea, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam, Yemen; Europe: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece (including Crete), Hungary, Italy (Piedmont, Liguria, Sicily), Malta, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland; Caribbean: Guadeloupe; Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; North America: Canada (Ontario); Oceania: Australia (New South Wales) Guam; South America: Argentina, Brazil (Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo), Chile (including Easter Island), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela (CABI, 2021, Glavendekic, 2012; Munyuli et al., 2017; Okonya and Kroschel, 2016; Partsvaniya and Loladze, 2011; Spencer, 1973; Takano et al., 2008; Wang et al., 1998).

Thermotolerance plays an important role in determining seasonal abundance and geographic distribution of L. huidobrensis. A temperature range of 18° to 24°C is considered best for overall population growth and optimal survival occurred at 20° to 25° (Mujica et al., 2017). Liriomyza huidobrensis pupae can survive up to 30 frost days at minimum temperatures of -11.5˚C in the Netherlands (van der Linden, 1993) and - 20.6˚C in China (Chen and Kang, 2004) and can survive at elevations of up to 3200 meters (Chen and Kang, 2002). However, L. huidobrensis is intolerant of high temperatures (Kang et al., 2009; Mujica et al., 2012) with development compromised at temperatures above 28° to 29°C (MacVean, 1999; Mujica et al., 2017; Rodríguez-Castañeda et al., 2017). Based on these ecophysiological adaptations, the geographic distribution, L. huidobrensis could potentially establish in the United States in Plant Hardiness Zones 6 -12 (USDA ARS, 2012). We were able to refine the Endangered Area using the niche modelling algorithm MaxEnt (version 3.4.1; Phillips et al., 2006) (Fig. 1). We considered the pest’s temperature tolerances, its occurrence data found in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (http://data.gbif.org) and via Google Earth Pro, along with 19 bioclimatic variables data layers acquired from the WorldClim dataset (http://www.worldclim.org/) at 2.5 arc-minutes spatial resolution. Hosts in PRA area Hosts in the PRA area include Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus caudatus; Apiaceae: Apium graveolens, Coriandrum sativum, Daucus carota, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides; Asteraceae: Arctium lappa, Artemisia annua, Bellis perennis, Bidens pilosa, Calendula officinalis, Callistephus chinensis, Carduus nutans, Chrysanthemum × morifolium, Cichorium intybus, Conyza bonariensis, Crepis pulchra, Cynara scolymus, Emilia sonchifolia, Gerbera jamesonii, Helianthus annuus, Lactuca sativa, Leucanthemum vulgare, Sonchus oleraceus, Taraxacum officinale,

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 7 Zinnia violacea; Brassicaceae: Brassica juncea, B. oleracea, B. rapa, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Nasturtium officinale, Raphanus sativus; Cannabaceae: Cannabis sativa, Humulus japonicus; Caryophyllaceae: Gypsophila elegans; Chenopodiaceae: Beta vulgaris, Chenopodium album, Dysphania ambrosioides, Spinacia oleracea; Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas; Cucurbitaceae: Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita maxima, C. moschata, C. pepo, Luffa aegyptiaca, Momordica charantia; Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia marginata; Fabaceae: Cicer arietinum, Glycine max, Lablab purpureus, Lathyrus latifolius, Medicago sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Trifolium repens, Vicia faba; Liliaceae: Allium cepa, A. sativum, Asparagus officinalis; Linaceae: Linum usitatissimum; Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus, Hibiscus trionum; Onagraceae: Clarkia amoena; Papaveraceae: Papaver rhoeas; Plantaginaceae: Plantago major; Poaceae: Hordeum vulgare, Setaria viridis, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays; Polemoniaceae: Phlox drummondii; Portulacaceae: Portulaca oleracea; Ranunculaceae: Ranunculus sceleratus; Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum, Datura quercifolia, Nicotiana tabacum, Solanum lycopersicum, S. melongena, S. tuberosum; Tropaeolaceae: Tropaeolum majus; Violaceae: Viola tricolor (CABI, 2021; Larraín et al., 2013; Spencer, 1973; USDA NRCS, 2021; Weintraub et al., 2017). Economically Economically important hosts include Apium graveolens (celery), important hosts at Daucus carota (carrot), Cynara scolymus (artichoke), Helianthus annuus riska (sunflower), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Brassica juncea (mustard), B. oleracea (cabbage), Raphanus sativus (radish), Beta vulgaris (beet), Spinacia oleracea (spinach), Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato), Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Cucumis melo (cantaloupe), C. sativus (cucumber), Cucurbita pepo (squash), Glycine max (soybean), Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Phaseolus vulgaris (bean), Vicia faba (fava bean), Pisum sativum (pea), Allium cepa (onion), A. sativum (garlic), Asparagus officinalis (asparagus), Hordeum vulgare (barley), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Zea mays (maize), Capsicum annuum (bell pepper), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), S. melongena (eggplant), and S. tuberosum (potato) (USDA-NASS, 2021). Potential Liriomyza huidobrensis larvae feed within the leaf mesophyll, and adults consequences on puncture leaves for feeding and oviposition. This damage can result in economically leaf wilting and death (Smith et al., 1997; Weintraub et al., 2017). important hosts at Liriomyza huidobrensis is a major pest of potato, fava bean, beet, and risk garlic in South America (Spencer, 1973), and of chrysanthemums, Primula, Verbena, lettuces, Phaseolus, cucumber, celery, and Cucurbita pepo in the Europe (Smith et al., 1997). Yield losses may reach 70% or higher in green bean and potato, and 70 to 100% in cucumber; economic losses of 30% have been reported in flower production (Rauf et al., 2000). Thus, this species has the potential to cause unacceptable consequences if introduced into the United States.

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 8 Endangered Area The endangered area comprises those regions of the continental United States, in which L. huidobrensis is able to survive outdoors (estimated to be Plant Hardiness Zones 6-12) (Fig. 1). Cultivation of commercial hosts in greenhouses could expand the endangered area into regions outside of the projected Plant Hardiness Zones. a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non- market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2017).

The likelihood of introduction of Liriomyza huidobrensis into the endangered area via Dianthus spp. imported from Guatemala Risk Element Risk Uncertainty Evidence for rating (and other notes as Rating Rating necessary) Likelihood of Entry Pest prevalence on Medium Low Liriomyza huidobrensis has been reported to be the harvested an economic pest of Dianthus in Norway commodity (Weintraub et al., 2017), Netherlands (de Goffau, 1991), Argentina (Salvo and Valladares, 1997), Chile, China (Weintraub et al., 2017), Greece (Roditakis, 1994), Indonesia (Shepard and Braun, 1998), and Belgium (de Clercq and Casteels, 1992). Because L. huidobrensis larvae are leaf miners, there is a possibility that the insect will remain with the harvested commodity. Likelihood of Low Low Adults puncture abaxial and adaxial leaf surviving post- surfaces for feeding and oviposition, and larvae harvest processing mine the leaf parenchyma tissues (Weintraub et before shipment al., 2017), this damage can result in leaf wilting and death (Smith et al., 1997; Weintraub et al., 2017). Larval mines may coalesce to form broad, blotch-like galleries are obvious (Alford, 2012). Infestations thus should be readily detected and affected plants culled or treated. However, eggs and small mines may not be detected. The rating was reduced by one level.

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 9 Risk Element Risk Uncertainty Evidence for rating (and other notes as Rating Rating necessary) Likelihood of Low Low Information supplied by the Guatemala surviving transport Dirección de Sanidad Vegetal del and storage Viceministerio de Sanidad Agropecuaria y conditions of the Regulaciones stated that Dianthus will be grown consignment in greenhouses, and that temperatures in the production area range from 17.2°C to 26.5°C, which is within the range considered optimal for species survival (Mujica et al., 2017)). Therefore, conditions under which the Dianthus plants will be grown, stored, and transported will permit survival of eggs or larvae infesting plants that have escaped detection. Thus, the rating did not change. Overall Low Likelihood of Entry Likelihood of High Negligible The commodity to be imported comprises Establishment shipments of living unrooted cuttings of Dianthus for propagation. We assumed these cuttings will be sent to nurseries or greenhouses where they will be grown until they are ready for sale. The close proximity of other hosts under such conditions and the fact that several L. huidobrensis may be present in a single leaf (Lopes et al., 2019), could facilitate mating and oviposition and allow for pest establishment.

Additional pest hosts, such as artichoke, sunflower, lettuce, mustard greens, spinach, sweet potato, squash, onions, asparagus, garlic, bell pepper, tobacco, tomato, and eggplant, are widely grown as transplants for commercial sale. Such garden plants would also serve as colonization resources. Likelihood of Medium Introduction (combined likelihoods of entry and establishment)

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 10

Fig. 1. Projected potential distribution based on climatic suitability for L. huidobrensis.

3.2.2. Phytopythium vexans (Peronosporales: Pythiaceae) Phytopythium vexans is a soilborne pathogen (Scheck, 2014; Spies et al., 2011) that can disseminate through irrigation water and crop residue (Nakkeeran et al., 2018; Redekar et al., 2019). This pathogen causes diseases such as damping-off (Lodhi et al., 2020) and stem/root rot (Tao et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2016).

The endangered area for Phytopythium vexans within Puerto Rico Climatic suitability Phytopythium vexans is present in Africa: Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda; Asia: Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam; Europe: Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Spain (Canary Islands), United Kingdom; North America: Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, continental United States and Hawaii; Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Solomon Islands; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela (Adhikari et al., 2013; Benfradj et al., 2017; Briard et al., 1995; CABI, 2021; Davidson et al., 2000; de Jesus et al., 2016; Dubey et al., 2020; EPPO, 2021; Hernández et al., 2019; Hon-Hing et al., 2012; Jabiri et al., 2020; Langenhoven et al., 2018; Le, 2016; Mbaka, 2011; Newhook and Jackson, 1977; Noireung et al., 2020; Nzungize et al., 2011; Parkunan et al., 2014; Polat et al., 2017; Rao, 1963; Robertson, 1980; Rodriguez- Padron et al., 2018; Santoso et al., 2015; Steinrucken et al., 2017; Thao et al., 2020; Watanabe, 1992; Yu et al., 2016). These locations include Plant

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 11 Hardiness Zones 12 – 14, which encompass Puerto Rico (Takeuchi et al., 2018). Hosts in PRA area Host plants of P. vexans that are present in Puerto Rico include Araceae: Anthurium andraeanum (flamingo-lily), Colocasia esculenta (taro); Chenopodiaceae: Spinacia oleracea (spinach); Euphorbiaceae: Hevea brasiliensis (rubber); Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea (peanut), Glycine max (soybean), Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Parkinsonia aculeata (Jerusalem thorn), Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean); Lauraceae: Persea americana (avocado); Poaceae: Zea mays (corn); Proteaceae: Macadamia integrifolia (macadamia nut); Rosaceae: Malus domestica (apple); Rutaceae: Citrus reticulata (mandarin); Urticaceae: Boehmeria nivea (ramie); Zingiberaceae: Zingiber officinale (ginger) (Dervis et al., 2014; Feng et al., 2020; Hernández et al., 2019; Jabiri et al., 2020; Le, 2016; Mbaka, 2011; Munkvold and White, 2016; Noireung et al., 2020; Nzungize et al., 2011; Park et al., 2019; Steinrucken et al., 2017; van der Plaats-Niterink, 1981; Wheeler et al., 2005; Yu et al., 2016; Zeng et al., 2005). Economically Economically important hosts at risk in Puerto Rico include alfalfa, important hosts at apple, avocado, corn, ginger, kidney bean, macadamia nut, mandarin, riska peanut, ramie, rubber, soybean, spinach, and taro. Potential Phytopythium vexans is likely to cause unacceptable consequences. This consequences on pathogen can cause collar, corm, rhizome, root, and stem rot in many economically hosts (Nakkeeran et al., 2018; Dervis et al., 2014; Dohroo ). important hosts at Phytopythium vexans infection may lead to death and yield loss (Yu et risk al., 2016). In rubber trees, P. vexans causes patch canker disease, which is characterized by rotted bark wood and reduced latex flow (Zeng et al., 2005). Endangered Area The endangered area includes anywhere host plants are present in Puerto Rico. a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non-market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2017).

The likelihood of introduction of Phytopythium vexans into the endangered area via Dianthus spp. imported from Guatemala Risk Element Risk Uncertainty Evidence for rating (and other notes as Rating Rating necessary) Likelihood of Entry

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 12 Risk Element Risk Uncertainty Evidence for rating (and other notes as Rating Rating necessary) Pest prevalence on Medium High This pathogen is cosmopolitan (Lodhi et al., the harvested 2020) and listed under general references of commodity carnation diseases (Nakkeeran et al., 2018; Sharma and Sharma, 2008). We found one reference of this pathogen’s presence in Guatemala (Lodhi et al., 2020). In other areas, P. vexans was isolated from 16.7 percent of sampled field-grown grape (Spies et al., 2011) and found in 100 percent and 20 percent of durian and avocado farms surveyed, respectively (Rodriguez-Padron et al., 2018; Vawdrey et al., 2005).

Phytopythium vexans causes rot of carnation stems near the soil line (Nakkeeran et al., 2018). Because the exporter did not specify where on the plant the cuttings would be collected from, the cuttings may be taken from plants parts containing the pathogen. Because of this and the pathogen’s prevalence in other hosts, we began with a risk rating of “Medium.” Likelihood of Low Medium Infected cuttings may have discolored stems or surviving post- wilted leaves (Nakkeeran et al., 2018), which harvest processing would be visible. However, asymptomatic before shipment infections occur in some hosts (Ivors et al., 2008; Mircetich, 1971). The risk rating was reduced by one level. Likelihood of Low Negligible Transport and storage procedures in the surviving transport exporting area are not being considered as part and storage of this assessment. We did not change the conditions of the previous risk rating. consignment Overall Low Likelihood of Entry

Risk Element Risk Uncertainty Evidence for rating (and other notes as Rating Rating necessary)

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 13 Risk Element Risk Uncertainty Evidence for rating (and other notes as Rating Rating necessary) Likelihood of Medium If this pathogen were introduced to the area, it Establishment would be able to spread to nearby hosts through crop residues and through irrigation water (Nakkeeran et al., 2018; Redekar et al., 2019). Because of the presence of hosts in Puerto Rico and ability to spread if introduced into the environment, we chose a risk rating of “Medium.” Likelihood of Medium Introduction

3.2.3. Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) (Bunyavirales: Tospoviridae) Impatiens necrotic spot virus is transmitted by thrips: Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips), F. fusca (tobacco thrips), and F. intonsa (Naidu et al., 2001; Sakurai et al., 2004; Wijkamp and Peters, 1993). It has a wide host range encompassing both field and greenhouse crops (Daughtrey et al., 1997).

The endangered area for Impatiens necrotic spot virus within Hawaii and Puerto Rico Climatic Impatiens necrotic spot virus is present in Africa: Egypt, Uganda; Asia: China, suitability Iran, Japan; Europe: Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Serbian greenhouses, Slovenia, United Kingdom; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, continental United States; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand nurseries; South America: Chile, Colombia, Guatemala (Barriento Equite, 2006; Barrios, 2006; Beris et al., 2020; Dejuk Protti, 2015; Ding et al., 2011; El-Deen Abd El-Wahab et al., 2011; Elliott et al., 2009; EPPO, 2021; González-Pacheco and Silva-Rosales, 2013; IPPC, 2018a; Kondo et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2010; Muwanika et al., 2013; Sepúlveda et al., 2005; Shahraeen et al., 2002; Stanković et al., 2020; Tzanetakis et al., 2009; Vásquez and Angarita, 1997; Veerakone et al., 2015). These locations include Plant Hardiness Zones 11 - 13, which encompass Hawaii and Puerto Rico (Takeuchi et al., 2018). Hosts in PRA Host plants of INSV that are present in Hawaii and/or Puerto Rico include area Amaryllidaceae: Hymenocallis littoralis (spiderlily); Apocynaceae: Vinca sp. (periwinkle); Araceae: Spathiphyllum sp. (spathiphyllum), Zantedeschia aethiopica (calla lily); Asteraceae: Cichorium intybus (chicory), Dahlia sp. (dahlia), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Tagetes sp. (marigold), Xerochrysum bracteatum ( syn.: Bracteantha bracteata, Helichrysum bracteatum) (golden everlasting); Balsaminaceae: Impatiens walleriana (buzzy lizzy); Brassicaceae: Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse); Cactaceae: Opuntia microdasys (angel's-wings); Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation), D. chinensis (pink); Cyperaceae: Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge), C.

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 14 rotundus (purple nutsedge); Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea (peanut), Vicia faba (faba bean); Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea macrophylla (hortensia); Lamiaceae: Ocimum basilicum (basil), Salvia sp. (salvia); Liliaceae: Tulipa sp. (tulip); Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (China-rose), Malva parviflora (Egyptian mallow); Orchidaceae: Dendrobium sp. (dendrobium), Phalaenopsis sp. (moth orchid); Primulaceae: Lysimachia sp. (yellow loosestrife); Rosaceae: Schefflera actinophylla (Australian cabbagetree); Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides (Cape- jessamine); Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum (pepper), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Physalis peruviana (Cape-gooseberry), P. philadelphica (syn.: P. ixocarpa) (tomatillo), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), S. tuberosum (potato) (Beris et al., 2020; Blockley and Mumford, 2001; Eiras et al., 2012; Elliott et al., 2009; González-Pacheco and Silva-Rosales, 2013; Kuo et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2010; Louro, 1995; Martinez-Ochoa et al., 2003; Martinez-Ochoa et al., 2004; Materazzi and Triolo, 2001; Pappu et al., 1999; Pourrahim et al., 2012; Roggero et al., 1999; Rudzińska-Langwald and Kamińska, 1998; Stanković et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2010). Economically Economically important hosts at risk in Hawaii and/or Puerto Rico include both important agricultural and ornamental plants. Some agriculturally important crops include hosts at riska basil, bell pepper, chicory, faba bean, lettuce, peanut, potato, tobacco, tomatillo, and tomato. Ornamental plants include buzzy lizzy, calla lily, Cape-jessamine, dendrobium, hortensia, moth orchid, shoeblackplant, and spider lily. Potential INSV is likely to cause unacceptable consequences. INSV distorts foliage, consequences produces yellowing and dead areas on plant tissue, and stunts plants (Beris et al., on 2020; Koike et al., 2008; Kuo et al., 2014). The virus can inhibit fruit production economically in pepper and fruit that is produced ripens unevenly with dead, concentric green important rings (Naidu et al., 2005). Severely infected basil and lettuce are unmarketable hosts at risk due to leaf necrosis and stunting (Grausgruber-Gröger, 2012; Kuo et al., 2014). Infected spinach also have malformed leaves which may affect marketability (Liu et al., 2009). Disease incidence for INSV has been reported as 20 to 39 percent in field-grown spinach, 50 percent in greenhouse potato minitubers, 70 to 80 percent in greenhouse basil, and 40 percent for field-grown lettuce (Beris et al., 2020; Kuo et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2009; Grausgruber-Gröger, 2012; Crosslin and Hamlin, 2010). Endangered The endangered area includes anywhere host plants are present in Hawaii and Area Puerto Rico. a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non-market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2017).

The likelihood of introduction of Impatiens necrotic spot virus into the endangered area via Dianthus spp. imported from Guatemala Risk Element Risk Uncertainty Evidence for rating (and other notes as Rating Rating necessary) Likelihood of Entry

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 15 Risk Element Risk Uncertainty Evidence for rating (and other notes as Rating Rating necessary) Pest prevalence on High Medium Dianthus caryophyllus and D. chinensis were the harvested found infected with INSV (Roggero et al., 1999; commodity Shahraeen et al., 2002). INSV has been reported with an incidence of up to 40 percent in spinach and 50 percent in greenhouse-grown potato (Crosslin and Hamlin, 2010; Liu, 2009). Because of the high incidence in these hosts, we began with a risk rating of “High.” Likelihood of Medium Medium INSV causes symptoms such as leaf surviving post- malformation, necrosis, and ringspot in basil, harvest processing lettuce, and spinach (Grausgruber-Gröger, 2012; before shipment Kuo et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2009). While symptomatic D. chinensis may be culled, asymptomatic infections may also occur (Roggero et al., 1999; Martinez-Ochoa et al., 2003). We reduced the risk rating to “Medium.” Likelihood of Medium Negligible Transport and storage procedures in the surviving transport exporting area are not being considered as part and storage of this assessment. We did not change the conditions of the previous risk rating. consignment Overall Medium Likelihood of Entry

Risk Element Risk Uncertainty Evidence for rating (and other notes as Rating Rating necessary) Likelihood of High Low Hawaii and Puerto Rico have suitable hosts and Establishment the vectors Frankliniella occidentalis and F. fusca are present in both areas (Cho et al., 1987; Feliciano et al., 2008; GBIF, 2021; POWO, 2021; USDA NRCS, 2021; Yudin et al., 1987). Were INSV introduced to the area, it can spread to nearby hosts. Likelihood of Medium Introduction (combined likelihoods of entry and establishment)

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 16 4. Summary Of the organisms associated with Dianthus spp. in the export area and present worldwide, we identified three that are quarantine pests for the United States and Territories. These pests are likely to meet the threshold for unacceptable consequences in the PRA area (Table 3). Thus, these also have a reasonable likelihood of following the commodity pathway (Table 3). Thus, these pests are candidates for risk management. These results represent a baseline estimate of the risks associated with the import commodity pathway as described in section 1.4.

Table 4. Summary of pests that met the threshold for unacceptable consequences of introduction, have a reasonable likelihood of following the commodity pathway, and thus, are candidates for risk management.

Pest type Scientific name Likelihood of Uncertainty Introduction statement (optional)a Arthropod Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) Medium Chromistan Phytopythium vexans (de Bary) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Medium* Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque Virus Orthotospovirus Impatiens necrotic spot virus Medium** aThe uncertainty statement, if included, identifies the most important source(s) of uncertainty. * This organism is a quarantine pest for U.S. Territories only. ** This organism is a quarantine pest for Hawaii and U.S. Territories only.

Our assessment of risk is contingent on the application of all components of the pathway as described in section 1.4. Appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are addressed in a separate document.

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 17

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Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 28 6. Appendix: Pests with non-quarantine status

We found evidence that the organisms listed below are associated with Dianthus spp. and present in Guatemala. Since these organisms are not of quarantine significance for the United States and Territories (AQAS, 2021; or as defined by ISPM 5, IPPC, 2018b; 2019), we did not list them in Table 1, nor did we intensively evaluate their association with Dianthus spp. and their presence in Guatemala. Therefore, the organisms are considered to have only potential association with the commodity and presence in Guatemala.

We listed these organisms with the references supporting their potential presence in Guatemala, their presence in the United States and Territories (if applicable), and their potential association with Dianthus spp. If any of the organisms are not present in the United States and Territories, we also provided justification for their non-quarantine status. Unless otherwise noted, these organisms are non-actionable at U.S. ports of entry (AQAS, 2021).

Organism In Guatemala In U.S. Host Notes Association ARTHROPODS Acari: Tetranychidae Tetranychus urticae Koch Bolland et al., Bolland et al., Bolland et al., 1998 1998 1998 Diptera: Agromyzidae Liriomyza trifolii Burgess CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021 in Comstock Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Bemisia tabaci VISAR, 2019 CABI, 2021 VISAR, 2019 (Gennadius) Trialeurodes CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021 Mitrea et al., vaporariorum Westwood 2008 Hemiptera: Aphididae Aphis gossypii Glover CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021 Myzus persicae Sulzer VISAR, 2019 CABI, 2021 VISAR, 2019

Hemiptera: Asterolecaniidae Bambusaspis bambusae García García Morales et García Morales (Boisduval) Morales et al., al., 2016 et al., 2016 2016 Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes floridensis García García Morales et García Morales Comstock Morales et al., al., 2016 et al., 2016 2016 Coccus hesperidum (L.) García García Morales et García Morales Morales et al., al., 2016 et al., 2016 2016 Pulvinaria psidii Maskell García García Morales et García Morales Morales et al., al., 2016 et al., 2016 2016

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 29 Hemiptera: Diaspididae4 Aulacaspis rosae García García Morales et García Morales (Bouché) Morales et al., al., 2016 et al., 2016 2016 Pseudoparlatoria García García Morales et García Morales parlatorioides Morales et al., al., 2016 et al., 2016 (Comstock) 2016 Hemiptera: Margarodidae Icerya purchasi Maskell CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021 Klein Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Planococcus citri (Risso) VISAR, 2019 Garcia Morales, VISAR, 2019 2016 Pseudococcus viburni Garcia Garcia Morales, Garcia Morales, (Signoret) Morales, 2016 2016 2016 Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021 Klein Koch and Waterhouse, 2000 Peridroma saucia CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021 (Hübner) Spodoptera frugiperda J. CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021 E. Smith Thysanoptera: Thripidae Frankliniella occidentalis VISAR, 2019 CABI, 2021 VISAR, 2019 (Pergande) FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS Alternaria alternata (Fr. : Farr and Farr and Rossman, CABI, 2021; Fr.) Keissl. Rossman, 2021 Farr and 2021 Rossman, 2021 Alternaria brassicae CABI, 2021; Farr and Rossman, Farr and (Berk.) Sacc. Farr and 2021 Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 Alternaria dauci (J.G. CABI, 2021; CABI, 2021; Farr CABI, 2021; Kühn) J.W. Groves & Farr and and Rossman, 2021 Farr and Skolko Rossman, Rossman, 2021 2021 Armillaria mellea (Vahl : Farr and Baumgartner and Farr and The pest is Fr.) P. Kumm. Rossman, Rizzo, 2001; Rossman, 2021 established in the 2021; French, Travadon et al., United States and 1989 2012; Gardner, not under official 2003; FAO, 2009 control.

4 All armored scales (Diaspididae) are non-actionable at U.S. ports of entry on fruits and vegetables for consumption (NIS, 2008). Therefore, we did not need to determine whether they occur in the United States.

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 30 Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) CABI, 2021; Farr and Rossman, CABI, 2021; C.C. Tu & Kimbr. Farr and 2021 Farr and Rossman, Rossman, 2021 2021 Bipolaris maydis (Y. CABI, 2021; CABI, 2021; Farr Farr and Nisik. & Miyake) Farr and and Rossman, Rossman, 2021 Shoemaker syn.: Rossman, 2021; Sotomayor- Cochliobolus 2021 Rios, 1979 heterostrophus (Drechsler) Drechsler Botrytis cinerea Pers. : Fr. Farr and CABI, 2021; Farr CABI, 2021; syn.: Botryotinia Rossman, and Rossman, Farr and fuckeliana (de Bary) 2021 2021; Farr and Rossman, 2021 Whetzel Rossman, 2021 Cercospora apii Miura Farr and Farr and Rossman, Farr and Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 2021 Cladosporium herbarum Herrera et al., Farr and Rossman, Farr and (Pers. : Fr.) Link 2015 2021; Raabe et al., Rossman, 2021; 1981 USDA ARS, 1960 Colletotrichum dematium CABI, 2021; Farr and Rossman, CABI, 2021; (Pers. : Fr.) Grove Farr and 2021; Raabe et al., Farr and Rossman, 1981 Rossman, 2021 2021 Colletotrichum CABI, 2021; CABI, 2021; Farr Farr and gloeosporioides (Penz.) Farr and and Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 Penz. & Sacc. syn.: Rossman, Glomerella cingulata 2021 (Stonem.) Spauld. & Schrenk Colletotrichum truncatum CABI, 2021; CABI, 2021; Farr Farr and (Schwein.) Andrus & Farr and and Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 W.D. Moore Rossman, 2021 Fulvia fulva (Cooke) Cif. CABI, 2021; CABI, 2021; Farr Farr and The pest is syn.: Passalora fulva Farr and and Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 established in the (Cooke) U. Braun & Rossman, United States Crous 2021 where it is not under official control. Fusarium equiseti Farr and Farr and Rossman, Farr and (Corda) Sacc. Rossman, 2021; Dudley et al., Rossman, 2021 2021 2015; James, 2004; Vélez-Rodríguez and Rivera-Vargas, 2007 Fusarium graminearum Farr and CABI, 2021; Farr CABI, 2021; Schwabe syn.: Gibberella Rossman, and Rossman, 2021 Farr and zeae (Schwein.) Petch 2021 Rossman, 2021

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 31 Fusarium incarnatum Farr and Farr and Rossman, Farr and “Pest quarantine (Desm.) Sacc. Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 status needs to be 2021 evaluated when destined to Hawaii” (AQAS, 2021). Fusarium oxysporum Farr and CABI, 2021; Farr Farr and Schltdl. : Fr. Rossman, and Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 2021 Fusarium proliferatum Mendoza et Díaz Arias et al., Fattahi et al., The pest is (Matsush.) Nirenberg ex al., 2017 2011; du Toit et al., 2014; Zhang et established in the Gerlach & Nirenberg 2003; Minter et al., al., 2013 United States 2001; Swett and where it is not Uchida, 2015 under official control. Fusarium CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021; Farr Farr and sporotrichioides Sherb. and Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 Globisporangium Farr and CABI, 2021; Farr Farr and debaryanum (R. Hesse) Rossman, and Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. 2021 Globisporangium Nájera Farr and Rossman, Farr and ultimum (Trow) Bonilla, 2009; 2021 Rossman, 2021; Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. Porta Amaya, USDA ARS, syn.: Pythium ultimum 2009 1960 Trow Lasiodiplodia CABI, 2021; CABI, 2021; Farr Farr and theobromae (Pat.) Griffon Farr and and Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 & Maubl. Rossman, 2021 Neocosmospora Rodríguez, Farr and Rossman, CABI, 2021; haematococca (Berk. & 2009 2021; Mignucci et Farr and Broome) Samuels, Nalim al., 1985 Rossman, 2021 & Geiser syn.: Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman, Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome Phytophthora capsici CABI, 2021; CABI, 2021; Farr CABI, 2021; Leonian Farr and and Rossman, 2021 Farr and Rossman, Rossman, 2021 2021 Phytophthora CABI, 2021; CABI, 2021; Farr Farr and citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & Farr and and Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 E.H. Sm.) Leonian Rossman, 2021

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 32 Phytophthora nicotianae CABI, 2021; CABI, 2021; Farr Farr and Breda de Haan Farr and and Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 Phytophthora palmivora CABI, 2021; CABI, 2021; Farr Farr and (E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler Farr and and Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 Pythium aphanidermatum CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021; Farr CABI, 2021 (Edson) Fitzp. and Rossman, 2021 Rhizoctonia noxia (Donk) Farr and Farr and Rossman, Oberw., R. Bauer, Rossman, 2021; USDA ARS, Farr and Garnica & R. Kirschner 2021 1960 Rossman, 2021; syn.: Pellicularia USDA ARS, koleroga Cke. 1960 Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Farr and CABI, 2021; Farr Farr and Kühn syn.: Rossman, and Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 Thanatephorus cucumeris 2021 (Frank) Donk Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. Wellman, CABI, 2021; Wellman, 1977; & Broome) Sacc 1977; CABI, Rogers and Ju, CABI, 2021; 2021; Farr and 2012 Farr and Rossman, Rossman, 2021 2021 Rosellinia necatrix Prill. Williams and CABI, 2021; Farr CABI, 2021 Menegazzo, and Rossman, 2021 1987 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum CABI, 2021; Agüero et al., 2001; CABI, 2021; (Lib.) de Bary Farr and CABI, 2021; Farr Farr and Rossman, and Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 2021 Septoria dianthi Desm. Farr and Farr and Rossman, Farr and “Consider re- Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 evaluating pest 2021 quarantine status based on absence in Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands” (AQAS, 2021). Sphaerellopsis filum (Biv. Robles Farr and Rossman, Farr and : Fr.) B. Sutton syn.: Alfonso, 2016 2021 Rossman, 2021; Ascochyta dianthi USDA ARS, 1960 Stemphylium botryosum Farr and Farr and Rossman, Farr and Wallr. Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021 2021 Verticillium albo-atrum CABI, 2021; Farr and Rossman, Farr and Reinke & Berthold Farr and 2021 Rossman, 2021 Rossman, 2021

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 33 BACTERIA Dickeya chrysanthemi CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021; Raabe CABI, 2021 (Burkholder et al.) et al., 1981 Samson et al. syn.: Erwinia chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al.) Young et al. Rhizobium radiobacter Williams and CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021; (Beijerinck & van Delden Menegazzo, USDA ARS, 1902) Young et al. syn.: 1987 1960 Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Townsend) Conn Rhodococcus fascians CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021 CABI, 2021 “Needs pest (Tilford) Goodfellow categorization to determine quarantine status” (AQAS, 2021) VIRUS Cucumovirus Cucumber Dardon et al., CABI, 2021 Raj Aminuddin mosaic virus 1994 et al., 1993

Ver. 3 August 17, 2021 34