Escola De Comunicação, Artes E Design - Famecos Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação Social Mestrado Em Comunicação Social

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Escola De Comunicação, Artes E Design - Famecos Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação Social Mestrado Em Comunicação Social ESCOLA DE COMUNICAÇÃO, ARTES E DESIGN - FAMECOS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO SOCIAL MESTRADO EM COMUNICAÇÃO SOCIAL GIANCARLO BACKES COUTO FRAGMENTOS DA MORAL CRISTÃ NO CINEMA DE HORROR DE JOSÉ MOJICA MARINS Porto Alegre 2020 1 GIANCARLO BACKES COUTO FRAGMENTOS DA MORAL CRISTÃ NO CINEMA DE HORROR DE JOSÉ MOJICA MARINS Dissertação apresentada como requisito para a obtenção do título de Mestre pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Orientador Prof. Dr. Carlos Gerbase Porto Alegre 2020 2 3 GIANCARLO BACKES COUTO FRAGMENTOS DA MORAL CRISTÃ NO CINEMA DE HORROR DE JOSÉ MOJICA MARINS Dissertação apresentada como requisito para a obtenção do título de Mestre pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Aprovada em: 30 de março de 2020. BANCA EXAMINADORA: _________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Carlos Gerbase – PUCRS __________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Charles Monteiro – PUCRS __________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Cristiane Freitas Gutfreind – PUCRS Porto Alegre 2020 4 Agradecimentos Ao meu orientador, Carlos Gerbase, por todo aprendizado, pelas conversas e pela paciência. Ao meu professor da graduação, André Conti Silva, o primeiro a apostar nesse projeto. Aos professores da PUCRS que passaram por meu caminho e contribuíram com meus estudos e aprendizado. Aos colegas de Kinepoliticom e Cinesofia, por suas contribuições inestimáveis. A Suziane e Sandra, pelo amor e apoio. Aos amigos Daniel Zagotta, Gabriel Gonçalves, Guilherme Petro, Gustavo da Costa, Hector Mota, Luan Barbosa e Lucas de Marchi, pelas conversas. Esta dissertação foi realizada com o incentivo de bolsa do Ministério da Educação, concedida pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Fundação CAPES. 5 Resumo Esta pesquisa tem, como proposta, investigar a moral cristã no cinema de horror de José Mojica Marins. Sendo assim, pergunta-se: em quais aspectos a filmografia do diretor carrega elementos da moral cristã? Em quais pontos os filmes reafirmam essa moral e em quais eles a negam? Parte-se da hipótese de que há aqui uma relação extremamente complexa e ambígua em relação à moral, que foge da simples prerrogativa de que Mojica a atacava ou, indiretamente, a reafirmava. Para trabalhar tal tema, foram escolhidos alguns aspectos a serem abordados, bem como fragmentos da filmografia do diretor que expõem o assunto. Sendo assim, o trabalho foi norteado pelo exame das relações entre pureza e impureza e entre blasfêmia e Barroco dentro da filmografia do cineasta, relacionando tais conceitos tanto com os filmes abordados quanto com outras obras artísticas que também os contenham. A metodologia utilizada atua em dois movimentos, num primeiro combinando os conceitos de “fragmento” e “imagem dialética” em Benjamin (1984; 2012; 2017) para, num segundo momento, abordar as mentalidades (SORLIN, 1985) que emergem dessas imagens. Além do objetivo geral já explicitado, esta pesquisa ainda contém alguns objetivos específicos, sendo eles: examinar conteúdo e forma dos objetos, estudando como determinados aspectos da moral cristã se apresentam; questionar como o objeto se relaciona com seu tempo, além de carregar reminiscências de outros períodos históricos; comparar os fragmentos da filmografia de Mojica com demais obras artísticas, tanto do cinema como de outros campos, a fim de entender semelhanças e diferenças na constituição dessas obras e suas relações com os respectivos períodos históricos e a moral cristã em si; e entender a relação do objeto com a sociedade que o produziu através das mentalidades encontradas nos fragmentos. Cada capítulo, por investigar diferentes aspectos, contou com distintos aportes teóricos. No exame sobre pureza e impureza, partiu-se do conceito de mancha em Ricoeur (1982), bem como das relações entre pureza e impureza e ordem e desordem em Douglas (2014), relacionando tais conceitos dentro do horror (CARROLL, 1999). No que toca à blasfêmia, Nash (2007) e Pieroni (2000; 2002) foram os principais consultados. Na análise do Barroco, utilizou-se principalmente as concepções sobre violência e erótico de Bataille (2014). As conclusões desta pesquisa versam sobre como a moral cristã se modificou através dos tempos, aparecendo de variados modos em diferentes obras artísticas. No cinema de José Mojica Marins, tais aspectos da moral ora são reafirmados, ora são refutados. Palavras-Chave: Horror. Moral Cristã. José Mojica Marins. Fragmentos. Mentalidades. 6 Abstract This study attempts to investigate Christian morality in José Mojica Marin’s horror cinema. Our starting question was: in which aspect does the director’s oeuvre carry elements of Christian morality? At which points of the movies are these mores reaffirmed and when are they denied? The starting hypothesis here is that there is an extremely complex and ambiguous relationship with morality, which escapes the mere prerogative of whether Mojica would attack it or indirectly reaffirm it. In order to work with the subject, some main aspects were chosen for discussion, as well as fragments in the director’s oeuvre that deal with the subject. As such, this work was guided by the examination of the relationships between purity and impurity, as well as between blasphemy and the baroque within the filmmaker’s work, relating said concepts both with the movies under discussion and with other works of art that contain them. The methodology employed works in two fashions: first, by combining the concepts of “fragment” and “dialectical image” in Benjamin (1984; 2012; 2017) and, then, by approaching the mentalities (SORLIN, 1985) that emerge from these images. Besides the aforementioned general goal, this study also had specific goals, to wit: examining the content and form of the objects, investigating how specific aspects of Christian morality present themselves; questioning the way in which the object relates to its time, as well as how it carries reminiscences from other historical periods; comparing fragments in Mojica’s film work with other works of art, both in Cinema and elsewhere, so as to understand similarities and differences in the establishment of these works and their relationships with their respective historical periods and Christian morality itself; and understanding the relationship of the object with the society that produced it through the mentalities found in the fragments. Each chapter, in view of the investigation of different aspects, was supported by different sources of theory. In examining the purity/impurity dichotomy, the concept of stain in Ricoeur (1982) was employed, along with the relations between purity and impurity and between order and disorder in Douglas (2014), relating said concepts within horror (CARROLL, 1999). In regards to blasphemy, Nash (2007) and Pieroni (2000; 2002) were the main authors used. When analyzing the baroque, Bataille’s concepts of violence and erotica (2014) were especially used. The conclusions in this study discuss the way in which Christian morality changed over time, appearing in different ways in different works of art. In the films of José Mojica Marins, said aspects of that morality are at times reaffirmed, and other times rejected. Key-words: Horror. Christian Morality. José Mojica Marins. Fragments. Mentalities. 7 Lista de Figuras Figura 1 - Entrada da Igreja de St. Trophime, em Arles ......................................................... 74 Figura 2 - Os amaldiçoados acorrentados e de costas para Cristo .......................................... 75 Figura 3 - O Juízo Final, de Michelangelo Buonarroti .......................................................... 76 Figura 4 - As trouxas ensanguentadas, de Artur Barrio .......................................................... 80 Figura 5 - Os gryllesde Mojica ............................................................................................... 82 Figura 6 - Os teromorfos de O Ritual dos Sádicos ................................................................. 83 Figura 7 - Detalhe da pintura O Juízo Final, de Hieronymus Bosch ..................................... 85 Figura 8 - Cobras e lagartos se misturam ............................................................................... 90 Figura 9 - O Banquete antropofágico ..................................................................................... 91 Figura 10 - Saló ou os 120 Dias de Sodoma, de Pier Paolo Pasolini ..................................... 92 Figura 11 - Saturno Devorando seu Filho, de Goya .............................................................. 93 Figura 12 - Saturno, de Rubens .............................................................................................. 93 Figura 13 - A cachoeira de sangue em O Som ao Redor......................................................... 95 Figura 14 - A mancha em Trabalhar Cansa ........................................................................... 96 Figura 15 - A mancha em O Animal Cordial ......................................................................... 96 Figura 16 - A mancha em Morto Não Fala ............................................................................ 96 Figura 17 - Sara se alimenta como o Saturno de Goya ........................................................... 97 Figura 18 - Paradise (to go), de Cecily Brown ...................................................................... 98 Figura
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