Pre-Installation Assessment Checklist Had Been Prepared to Cover the Minimum Requirements Provided in the Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF)

Initial Environmental Examination

February 2018

Maritime and Waterways and Safety Project

Pre-Installation Assessment Report for Navaids package 3

Prepared by National Maritime Safety Authority for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

This Initial Environmental Examination (or Pre-Installation Assessment) is a document of the Borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’ Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgements as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Project Number: 44375-13 Loan Number: 2978-PNG

February 2018

Papua New Guinea: Maritime and Waterways Safety Project

Pre-Installation Assessment Report for Contract Package No.3 (West Sepik, East Sepik, Madang, Morobe, Oro and Milne Bay Provinces).

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. The Government of Papua New Guinea (the Government) has requested the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to provide further assistance in the maritime sector through replacement of existing or previously evident coastal navigational aids (navaids) as well as the installation of new navaids. The project was initially scoped to include 132 navaids including replacement (99) and new navaids (33), and for which site surveys and assessments are being undertaken to refine requirements and suitability. The Maritime and Waterways Safety Project was prepared in 2012 with the project executing agency and implementing agency being the PNG National Maritime Safety Authority (NMSA).

2. It was initially anticipated by the PIU that the navaid project will be undertaken through four (4) separate contract packages. Contract Package 1 will involve a total number of 48 navaid installations in Milne Bay and Central Provinces distributed over eight (8) sites. Contract Package 2 will involve a total number of 20 navaid installation in the New Guinea Islands Region.

3. Contract Package 3 navaid locations will involve a total of 36 navaid installations across the New Guinea mainland coastline covering the Sepik, Madang, Morobe, Oro and Milne Bay provinces. Initially there were 45 navaid installations proposed for this package however 8 of the sites have been removed due to land dispute issues and will be implemented at a later date by NMSA.

4. Contract Package 4 was recently added to the project to include 15 navaid installations in the Port Moresby Harbour. The package was later removed again from the project when it was decided that it would come under NMSA funding. Contract Package 4 will now be implemented separately and at a later time. Separate PIA’s for navaid locations under contract packages 1, 2 and 3 are required to be prepared and submitted after the conduct of pre-installation site assessments. Contract Packages 1 and 2 have already been previously prepared and submitted. Hence the preparation of this PIA is for Contract Package 3.

5. The Pre-installation Assessment (PIA) addressed navaid locational requirements for engineering and marine safety, and environmental protection perspectives; habitat and bottom type identification for navaid installation and for the setting of anchors to determine specific locations to minimize environmental damage; and pre-installation community awareness. This activity for Contract Package 3 navaids locations took place intermittently from November 03, 2016 to March 09, 2017.

6. A Pre-Installation Assessment Checklist had been prepared to cover the minimum requirements provided in the Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF). The habitat and bottom type identification involved diving and underwater photography, subject to safe sea and environmental conditions.

7. The pre-installation community awareness preparations have been based on the NMSA’s Community Engagement Program but followed the PIU’s process ultimately, including particularly the FPIC process that also involved representatives from the Provincial Government, Districts, and the Department of Lands staff.

8. Community awareness meetings resulted in signed FPIC forms that are considered significant outcomes under this PIA because it confirms community agreement and acceptance of the project and permission by the community for the installation of the navaids in advance of the finalization of an appropriate mode of land acquisition (purchase or lease agreement).

9. Majority of the proposed navaids under Contract Package 3 will be monopile type installations and driven into the substrate extending a focal plane height of 6-7m above mean sea

2 level (msl). Signal light, solar power panels, radar reflectors as necessary and day or top marks and related devices will be installed atop the pile which may be wrapped or otherwise protected in order to extend their useful life in the harsh seawater environment. A program of inspections and maintenance will be developed.

10. Throughout the Sepik, Madang, Morobe, Oro and Milne Bay provinces, environmentally sensitive areas that may be jeopardized by installation operations include corals and seagrass beds which abound in some identified sites. There are 4 marine protected areas in the Madang Province, particularly in the Madang Lagoon that have been nationally proclaimed in 2006 and now are locally-managed, one of which called the TAB Wildlife Management Area (WMA) will be near two proposed installation sites at the Rasch Passage about 6.5 km NNE of Madang. The others marine protected areas are found further away from the sites. Nevertheless, navaids in marine protected areas would be important support facilities for environmental protection since these will avert incidences of grounding and destruction of important marine habitats in these sensitive areas.

11. For the most part, however, there are either always available hard pavements or sandy patches within these habitats that present opportunities from which to place the navaids or purely sand and hard reef pavements that were previously navaids installation locations (in the case of navaids replacements). In addition, there are hard rock bottoms or soils on selected navaids options to be located on land with minimal terrestrial vegetation cover. Where there are options assessed to affect significant clearing of terrestrial vegetation, the option adopted is on adjoining reef with bare coral communities.

12. Nevertheless, it is important to adhere to precautionary principles and Navaid Installation Contractor (NIC) will be required to prepare a work method statement and installation environmental management plan during installation. No mangroves will be directly affected by the navaid installations.

13. The PIA indicates that the installation of the new navaids in the Sepik, Madang, Morobe, Oro and Milne Bay Provinces will result in unavoidable and permanent loss of very small areas of habitat during their lifetime. This physical loss, however, will be offset by the monopoles in water becoming habitats themselves for various marine organisms.

14. In addition, this physical loss will be offset by the avoidance of vessels running aground on reefs with the potential of extensive environmental damage (oil spill and physical destruction of habitat), as well as loss of human lives. Where sea conditions allow for safe underwater inspections, the PIU managed to inspect and identify most underwater substrates to be either sand, sandy patches in coral areas, hard reef pavements, rubbles and hard rocks. On a few number of installations (i.e. Star Reefs), sensitive habitats, especially vigorous coral reefs, were identified but will be further assessed during NIC pre-installation works to ensure these will not be significantly impacted.

15. The NIC will be required to prepare work method statement, and installation environmental management plan (IEMP) to properly manage the required pre-installation and installation processes and ensuring the avoidance or minimization of negative environmental impacts to the navaid locations. The Navaid Installation Contractor (NIC) is expected to provide a Marine Ecologist, and a Terrestrial Ecologist (in a few land-based installations) in its installation team to address potential issues and concerns of both water-based, and land-based installations.

16. The PIA concludes that potential adverse environmental impacts arising from replacement of existing or previously evident coastal navigational aids, and installation of new navaids in these provinces can be minimized to insignificant levels by selecting a NIC that will fully comply with the environmental requirements of the project.

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 2 ACRONYMS ...... 6 List of Tables and Figures ...... 7 I. INTRODUCTION ...... 8 A. Project Overview ...... 8 A.1 Scope of the Pre-installation Assessment ...... 9 A.2 Structure of the Report ...... 10 A.3 Schedule ...... 11 A.4 Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA) Team ...... 11 B. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 12 B.1 ADB Environmental Safeguards ...... 12 B.2 PNG Requirements ...... 12 B.3 The National Maritime Safety Authority ...... 14 B.4 Other PNG Legislation ...... 14 B.5 International Agreements ...... 15 II. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ...... 16 A. Physical Environment ...... 16 A.1 Physical Geography of PNG Mainland Coast ...... 16 A.2 Climatic Conditions of PNG Mainland Coast ...... 17 B. Biological environmental condition of the navaid locations observed during PIAs ...... 20 B.1 Momase (Northern) Region Navaids Locations ...... 20 B.2 South-East Region Navaids Location ...... 30 C. Marine Protected and Environmentally Sensitive Areas ...... 38 D. Socio-economic Environment ...... 40 D.1 West Sepik Province ...... 40 D.2 Wuvulu Island ...... 41 D.3 East Sepik Province ...... 41 D.4 Madang Province ...... 42 D.5 Morobe Province ...... 43 D.6 Oro Province ...... 44 D.7 Milne Bay Province ...... 45 III. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE INSTALLATION ACTIVITIES AND MITIGATION MEASURES46 A. Anticipated Impacts on the Physical Environment ...... 46 A.1 Meteorology and Climate ...... 46 A.2 Noise ...... 47 A.3 Flashing Lights ...... 47 A.4 Aesthetics ...... 47

B. Anticipated Impacts on the Biological Environment during Installation ...... 48 B.1 Anticipated Impacts on Rare and Endangered Species ...... 49 B.2 Barging Positioning and Stabilization ...... 49 C. Anticipated Impacts on the Socio-Economic Environment ...... 50 IV. CONSULTATIONS WITH THE PROVINCIAL LEVEL- AND LOCAL LEVEL GOVERNMENTS AND COMMUNITIES ...... 51 A. Stakeholder Consultation ...... 51 A.1 Field Trip Programme ...... 51 A.2 Gender ...... 51 A.3 Land Acquisition and Resettlement (LAR) ...... 52 V. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 52 A.1 During construction ...... 52 A.2 During Operation ...... 55 VI. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 55 A. Institutional arrangements and responsibilities for EMP implementation ...... 56 B. Pre-Installation Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 57 C. Community Consultation and Land Acquisition ...... 58 C.1 Community Consultation and Interaction ...... 58 D. Pre-Installation Assessment and Reporting ...... 58 E. Installation Phase Activities and Mitigation Measures ...... 59 E.1 Manoeuvring and Stabilizing the Work Barge ...... 60 E.2 Pile Installation ...... 60 E.3 Debris Removal and Clean up ...... 61 E.4 Management of Waste and Hazardous Substances ...... 61 E.5. Post installation inspection and audits ...... 62 F. Operations Phase Activities ...... 62 VII. MONITORING AND REPORTING ...... 62 VII. LESSONS LEARNT ...... 78 VIII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 79 IX. LIST OF ANNEXES ...... 81 ANNEX 1: PIA CHECKLISTS (To be provided separately) ...... 81 ANNEX 2: UNDERWATER AND ABOVE WATER PHOTOGRAPHS (To be provided separately) ...... 81 ANNEX 3: SCHEDULE OF PENALTIES AS PER THE PNG ENVIRONMENT ACT OF 2000 ...... 82

ACRONYMS

ADB Asian Development Bank CAM Community Awareness Meeting CAMM Community Awareness Meeting Minutes CDD Community Development Department (within NMSA) CLC Community Lighthouse Committee CLCO Community and Lands Coordinator CP2 Contract Package 2 CSMA Community Security and Monitoring Agreement CEPA Conservation and Environment Protection Authority EA Executing Agency EARF Environmental Assessment and Review Framework EMP Environmental Management Plan EO Environmental Officer (of NMSA’s PIU) EP Environmental Permit ES Environmental Specialist (International) of NMSA’s PIU FPIC Free, Prior and Informed Consent GCLS Gender, Community and Lands Specialist GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism IEMP Installation environmental management plan IERM Installation Environmental Management Report LIR Land Investigation report NMSA National Marine Safety Authority NPW Notification of Preparatory Work NIC Navaid Installation Contractor NGI New Guinea Islands NNE North-northeast PIA Pre-Installation Assessment PIAR Pre-Installation Assessment Report PIU Project Implementation Unit PLC Provincial Lighthouse Committee PM PIU Project Manager PNG Papua New Guinea QPR Quarterly Progress Report SPS ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) TL Team Leader of NMSA’s PIU WMA Wildlife Management Area

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

(As of 15 February 2018) Currency unit – kina (K) K1.00 = $0.31 $1.00 = K3.20

NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.

List of Tables and Figures

Tables

Table 1 Distribution of Sites and Navaid Locations for Contract Package 3 ...... 8 Table 2 Pre-installation Assessment (PIA) Schedule - Contract Package 3 ...... 11 Table 3 Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA) Team for Contract Package 3 ...... 11 Table 4 Climate table/historical weather data for Vanimo ...... 17 Table 5 Climate table/historical weather data for Wewak ...... 18 Table 6 Average precipitation - Madang ...... 18 Table 7 Average temperatures - Madang ...... 18 Table 8 Climate table/historical weather data for Lae ...... 19 Table 9 Climate table/historical weather data for Popondetta ...... 19 Table 10 Climate table/historical weather data for Alotau ...... 20 Table 11 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in the Momase Region ...... 20 Table 12 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in the South East Coastal waters of PNG mainland .... 30 Table 13 Responsibilities for EARF Implementation…………………………………………….…………..…62 Table 14 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (Near-shore/off-shore Navaids Installations) ...... 65 Table 15 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (Land-based Navaids Installations) ...... 71

Figures

Figure 1 Location of Navaid at the Vanimo Point...... 22 Figure 2 Location of Navaid at Wuvulu Island...... 23 Figure 3 Location of Navaid at the Vokeo Island...... 24 Figure 4 Location of Navaid at the Biam Island...... 25 Figure 5 Location of Navaids in Madang Lagoon...... 26 Figure 6 Location of Navaids in the Madang Port...... 27 Figure 7 Location of Navaids at Umboi Island...... 28 Figure 8 Location of the Navaids at Nessup Channel...... 29 Figure 9 Location of Navaid at Kaide Reef...... 30 Figure 10 Location of Navaids at the Eleanor and Claire Shoals...... 32 Figure 11 Location of Navaid at Rainu Reef No.1...... 33 Figure 12 Location of Navaids at the Rainu and Wanigela Reefs sites...... 33 Figure 13 Location of Navaids at Collingwood Bay...... 34 Figure 14 Location of Navaids at Verau Island...... 35 Figure 15 Location of Navaids at the Star Reefs...... 36 Figure 16 Location of Navaids at the Star Reefs...... 36 Figure 17 Location of the Navaids at the Sydney Islands...... 37 Figure 18 Location of the Navaids at the Sydney Islands...... 38 Figure 19 The four WMAs of the Madang Lagoon...... 39 Figure 20 District Profile for Vanimo...... 41 Figure 21 District Profile for Wewak...... 42 Figure 22 District Profile for Madang...... 43 Figure 23 District Profile for Tewai-Siassi...... 44 Figure 24 District Profile for Ijivitari...... 45 Figure 25 District profile for Alotau...... 46 Figure 26 Flow Chart Outlining Grievance Redress Mechanism...... 54

I.INTRODUCTION

A. Project Overview

2. It is now anticipated by the PIU that the navaid project will be undertaken through three (3) separate contract packages. Contract Package 1 will involve a total number of 48 navaids installations in Milne Bay Province and Central Province. Contract Package 2 will involve a total number of 20 navaids installations in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville (ARB), New Ireland, East New Britain and West New Britain Provinces.

3. Contract Package 3 will involve 36 navaids installations across the PNG mainland coast covering the Sepik, Madang, Morobe, Oro and Milne Bay Provinces respectively and including one of the outer islands of Manus Province. The 36 navaids are distributed over the following sites1 as shown in Table 1:

Table 1 Distribution of Sites and Navaid Locations for Contract Package 3 Province and Site No. of Replacement New Total No. of Navaid Sites Installations Installations Locations Wuvulu Island (Manus) 1 0 1 1 East Sepik 1 0 1 1 West Sepik 1 0 1 1 Madang 2 1 7 8 Morobe 3 2 3 5 Oro 4 0 14 14 Milne Bay 1 0 6 6 Total 13 3 33 36 Source: PIU-NMSA

4. Of these total number, there will be 3 replacement installations and 33 new installations. Where practical the replacement installations will be placed within the same 10-15m radius from the identified GPS coordinates to minimize negative environmental impacts both for land-based and on water.

5. Majority of the proposed navaids under Contract Package 3 will be monopile type installations and driven into the substrate extending a focal plane height of 6-7m above mean sea level (msl). Signal light, solar power panels, radar reflectors as necessary and day or top marks and related devices will be installed atop the pile which may be wrapped or otherwise protected in order to extend their useful life in the harsh seawater environment. A program of inspections and maintenance will be developed.

6. Contract Packages 1 and 2 have already been previously approved and had been tendered.

7. The preparation of this PIA is for Contract Package 3.

1 Under the Project, ‘sites’ refer to the general area in which navaids will be located/installed, several navaids can be clustered or located within one site. For sector project purposes a site is a subproject and can include up to 30 navaid locations (EARF). 8

A.1 Scope of the Pre-installation Assessment

8. The Pre-installation Assessment (PIA) addressed navaid locational requirements for engineering and maritime safety, and environmental protection perspectives. This included pre- installation community awareness and identification of the type of seabed material for both navaid installation and anchor points to determine specific locations that will minimize environmental damage.

9. During the inspections, handheld GPS was used to determine accurate site location coordinates for plotting in the charts. Post inspection, plotting of the identified positions was undertaken and corrected, with the NMSA Senior Geographical Information Officer. In the Navigation Aids Review and Site Investigation Report and Recommendations, the type and light characteristics are made in accordance with the IALA Maritime Buoyage System Region A (please refer to separate report).

10. A Pre-Installation Assessment Checklist had been prepared to cover the minimum requirements provided in the Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF). Duly accomplished and signed PIA Checklists for each of the navaid locations form part of this report (Please refer to Annex 1). Community awareness activities; and land acquisition and resettlement screening including documentation for Free Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) was also conducted during the PIA activities (please refer to separate CD team report). Similarly with Contract Package 1 and 2, the signed FPIC forms for Contract Package 3 are considered significant outcomes under this PIA because it confirms community agreement and acceptance of the project, and permission by the community for the installation of the navaids in advance of the finalization of an appropriate mode of land acquisition (purchase or lease agreement).

11. The habitat and bottom type identification involved diving and underwater photography, subject to safe sea and environmental conditions. There had been variabilities of the sea conditions during the journeys to the sites and individual navigational aid locations ranging from relative calmness to presence of large swells and currents. Safety of the team was of utmost consideration during the assessment. This was given emphasis and importance where each member of the PIA Team was given a briefing on CARDNO’s Project HSEQ Plan and associated Safe Work Method Statements for the field trip and diving activity.

12. The proposed navaid locations assessed are the most suitable locations based on the following considerations:

• The locations and proposed aids to navigation provide the safest outcome for passing marine traffic, both large vessels and those of the workboat and dinghy fleets. • The locations and proposed aids to navigation direct marine traffic away from areas of danger such as outlying reefs and shoal areas. • The locations and proposed aids to navigation provide the best arc of visibility for marine traffic passing the aid in either direction. • Particular attention was paid to aids to navigation to be sited on corners in open water channels whereby the corner would be well marked for marine traffic traveling in each direction passing the aids to navigation. • Ease of access to ongoing maintenance. • Distance from the low water mark on the shore was also considered with a view to the prevention of vandalism. • Material types for pitching and driving of piled navaids. • Engineering purposes (i.e. lower wave energy where possible, shallower areas to reduce the need for larger beacons. • Avoidance and/or minimization of impacts to terrestrial vegetation/habitats.

13. More justifications are provided in the report on Navigation Aids Review and Site Investigation Report & Recommendations (see separate report).

14. The pre-installation community awareness preparations followed NMSA’s Community Engagement Program but followed the PIU’s process ultimately, including particularly the FPIC process that also involved representatives from the Provincial Government, Districts, and the Department of Lands staff. This is fully described in a separate report.

A.2 Structure of the Report

15. The preparation of this PIA Report is guided by the requirements contained in the Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) agreed between the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the National Maritime Safety Authority (NMSA) in May 2015. To the extent possible, information provided complies with the EARF if these are readily available from site assessments and secondary sources. Otherwise, these are indicated as gaps requiring further work before actual installation activities by the NIC.

16. The PIA Report includes the following:

I. Introduction. This provides brief information about the project, scope of the pre- installation assessment and schedule, identification of the Team, and the description of the structure of this report.

II. Baseline Environmental Condition. This provides the general description of the sites and detailed description of the proposed navaid locations which incorporate engineering and marine safety locational assessment; and secondary information from various sources and attributed as appropriate.

III. Anticipated Impacts of the Installation Activities at each location. This identifies the anticipated impacts to the physical and biological environment of the sites based on information gathered during the assessment as well as secondary information.

IV. Consultations with the Community. This incorporates results of community engagement and consultations during the community awareness meetings conducted for each of the communities that were visited.

V. Grievance Redress Mechanism.

VI. Environmental Management Plan. This discusses the mitigation and management measures to be taken during project implementation prepared as the IEMP based on the template provided in the EARF and updated accordingly by being less prescriptive to allow NIC the flexibility to use appropriate equipment and work methodology that will achieve the desired positive environmental outcomes.

VII. Monitoring, Reporting and Disclosure Requirements.

VIII. Conclusion and Recommendations.

IX. Annexes. These pertain to the PIA Checklists, and Photographs (Underwater and above water). 17. The report structure generally responds to the EARF requirements and builds on secondary information readily obtainable from the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) which was prepared for two sites under the PPTA. This secondary information includes physical and

10 biological environments, environmental management plan, and much more relevant information required for the pre-installation assessment. These are used generously with editing where appropriate and updated with location-specific baseline environmental conditions.

A.3 Schedule

18. The assessment of the proposed navaid locations in East Sepik, West Sepik, Madang, Morobe, Oro and Milne Bay Provinces were conducted on the following actual dates:

Table 2 Pre-installation Assessment (PIA) Schedule - Contract Package 3 Province Dates East Sepik / Wuvulu Island November 3-9, 2017

West Sepik February 21-25, 2017 Madang March 7-9, 2017 Morobe November 27-28, 2017 March 30, 2017 Oro March 30- April 7, 2017 Milne Bay April 4-5, 2017 Source: PIU-NMSA.

A.4 Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA) Team

19. The PIA Team is composed of both International and National Specialists of the PIU- NMSA as shown in the table below:

Table 3 Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA) Team for Contract Package 3 Province Dates Members of the PIU-NMSA Assessment Team East Sepik/ November 3-9, Marion Kila - Community and Lands Coordinator Wuvulu 2016 Fabiola Atbo – Community and Lands Coordinator Island Priscilla Piandi – Environment Officer Elvie Penelen – Economics officer West Sepik February 21-25, Eric Petrus – PIU Project Manager 2017 Marion Kila - Community and Lands Coordinator

Priscilla Piandi – Environment Officer Fabiola Atbo – Community and Lands Coordinator. Madang March 7-9, 2017 Eric Petrus – PIU Project Manager

Fabiola Atbo – Community and Lands Coordinator Claudia Strier – Gender and Community Lands Specialist Marion Kila – Community and Lands Coordinator Priscilla Piandi – Environment Officer Morobe November 27-28, Eric Petrus – PIU Project Manager 2016 Priscilla Piandi – Environment Officer Fabiola Atbo – Community and Lands Coordinator March 30, 2017 Marion Kila – Community and Lands Coordinator

Oro/ Milne March 30 - April 7, John Ellyett – Maritime Specialist Bay 2017 Joselito P. Losaria – Environment Specialist Marion Kila – Community and Lands Coordinator Claudia Strier – Gender and Community Lands Specialist Fabiola Atbo – Community and Lands Coordinator Priscilla Piandi – Environment Officer Source: PIU-NMSA.

B. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

B.1 ADB Environmental Safeguards

20. This Pre-installation assessment builds on information from the IEE that has been previously carried out to ensure that potential adverse environmental impacts are addressed according to the SPS. The objectives of the SPS are to ensure the environmental soundness and sustainability of projects and to support the integration of environmental considerations into the project decision-making process. Environmental safeguards are triggered if a project is likely to have potential environmental risks and impacts.

21. ADB uses a classification system to reflect the significance of a project’s potential environmental impacts. A project’s category is determined by the category of its most sensitive component, including direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced impacts in the project’s area of influence. Each proposed project is scrutinized as to its type, location scale, and sensitivity and the magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. Projects are assigned to one of the following four categories:

o Category A. A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required.

o Category B. A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases, mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects. An initial environmental examination (IEE) is required.

o Category C. A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed.

o Category FI. A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves an investment of ADB funds or through an FI.

22. The purpose and objectives of the SPS have been applied to classify the subproject as a category B project, which requires the development of an IEE for identified subprojects, and the EARF to guide subprojects prepared during project implementation.

B.2 PNG Requirements

23. Environmental impact assessment and management in PNG is addressed by the Environment Act of 2000, the Environment (Amendment) Act of 2002, their accompanying regulatory instruments including the Environment (Prescribed Activities) Regulation of 2002, and the Guideline for Conduct of Environmental Impact Assessment and Preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement, 2004. These Acts and regulations are administered by the Conservation and Environment Protection Authority (CEPA), previously the Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC). CEPA was established under the Conservation and Environment Protection Act 2014 (CEPA Act) and takes over the role formerly undertaken by the DEC as PNG’s environmental regulator. The objective of the Environment Act and amendments is to enhance the sustainable management of biological and physical components of the land, air, and water resources of the country.

24. The CEPA is responsible for administration and enforcement of the Environment Act and its regulatory structure. As the government’s environmental management agency, the mission statement of CEPA is: “To ensure PNG’s natural resources are managed to sustain environmental quality, human well-being and support improved standards of living.” The department consists of three divisions:

• Environment Protection, responsible for environmental approvals; • Sustainable Environment Management; and • Policy Coordination and Evaluation

25. The Environment Protection Division is the government entity to which NMSA must submit Notifications of Preparatory Work (NPW) concerning the 42 new navaid locations to determine whether EPs will be required.

26. PNG’s Environmental (Prescribed Activities) Regulation of 2002 (Section 48) requires parties intending to carry out preparatory work in relation to Level-2 or Level-3 activities to register that intention with the Director of Environment. “Preparatory Work” is defined as work associated with:

• Undertaking a feasibility study, or • Carrying out other studies relevant to environmental issues, or • Applying for approval under the Investment Promotion Act 1992 to carry out an activity, or • Applying for an approval or a permit or license under another Act in relation to a proposed activity.

27. The NPW consists of 15 required components:

• Name of the proponent • Name of proponents authorized contact and spokesperson • Address of principal address in PNG DEC Corporate Plan 2009-2012. • Company registration details • Site address: address where the proposed activity will be conducted • Details of site ownership • Statement concerning whether the proponents have negotiated and signed an agreement with GoPNG in relation to the proposal • Other government departments or statutory bodies approached • Other formal government approvals that are required • Status of negotiations with relevant landowner/resource-owner groups • Estimated cost of works (in Kina) • Scope and description of the proposed activity or works • Description of project site • Applicant’s assessment of whether proposed activity is a Level 2 or Level 3 activity • Timeline or schedule for the proposed activity

28. While NPWs are generally required for only larger or more intrusive projects (defined as Level-2 and Level-3 Projects), as described by PNG Statutory Instrument No. 30 of 2002 (See References) which excludes the navaid program from inclusion in the more intrusive categories, the PIU previously sought a confirmation advise from Mr. Pawa Limu, Manager, Environment Protection Division, NMSA, as was previously recommended during the Technical Assistance for this project. The NMSA then submitted NPW for new construction locations under Contract Package 1 for which Contract Package 3 is similarly conditioned. The CEPA had responded to this submission in its letter of acknowledgment indicating that the works contemplated under this project are not a prescribed activity.

29. Despite the above procedures, the NMSA or the Contractor may require, depending upon the specific nature of their equipment, facilities and operational procedures, waste disposal permit(s) from the CEPA, which may include offshore disposal of collected sewage as well as land disposal of waste and scrap. The CEPA (then DEC) has issued several guidelines, including the Guideline for submission of an application for an environmental permit to discharge waste, GL Env/03/2004. The Contractor selected for this work will be required to obtain permits relevant to solid wastes, sewage, and gray water discharges, and other wastes the operation will be reasonably anticipated to generate.

30. CEPA operates at the national level from its office in Port Moresby. It does not have offices or personnel in the provinces. All environmental approval is currently centralized. As part of the GoPNG’s decentralization policy, it is incumbent on CEPA to work in close consultation with provincial governments through the respective provincial administrations to ensure implementation of environmental legislation at the provincial level. Some environmental management and monitoring functions are delegated to provincial administrations if and when they have adequate resources and capacity to conduct these activities.

31. The Environment (Prescribed Activities) Regulation of 2002 provides a protocol for determining whether a project must be classified as a Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 category. Levels 2 and 3 require an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Any activity not explicitly defined as Level 2 or Level 3 is by default categorized as Level 1, which requires no EIS. The Project is defined as a Level 1 activity and therefore does not require an EIS under PNG statutes and regulations. As per the requirements of the EARF any IEEs or in this case the Pre-installation assessment report prepared for sites will be submitted to CEPA, along with ADB, for review.

B.3 The National Maritime Safety Authority

32. The NMSA was established by an Act of the PNG Parliament in 2003, and it began operations in January 2006 as a not-for-profit public body on a self-sustaining basis, reporting to the NMSA Board and the Minister for Transport. The General Manager runs day-to-day operations through a corporate structure of divisions headed by Executive Managers, who report directly to him.

33. NMSA’s mandate is to ensure:

(i) Compliance with Maritime Safety Standards (ii) Marine Pollution Prevention and Coordination of Cleanups (iii) Maritime Search and Rescue Coordination

34. As a result of NMSA’s mandate to ensure that maritime safety risks are effectively monitored and controlled, NMSA will be the executing agency for this project. NMSA will be responsible for Contractor monitoring and assure compliance with the EMP.

B.4 Other PNG Legislation

35. The following legislation will also apply to the project:

(i) The Employment Act, 1978. An act relating to the employment of nationals and non- citizens. The act covers recruitment and conditions of employment, as well as health and safety issues. It is administered by the Department of Labor and Employment (DLE). Conditions of the Act are relevant to the health and safety of workers employed during construction.

(ii) The Public Health Act (1978) Chapter 368 protects the general public by regulating and controlling the unplanned disposal of any environmental contaminants such as domestic or industrial waste and/or refuse that has the potential to impact the lives of people.

(iii) Drinking water quality standards for both freshwater and marine aquatic life protection are provided in the Environment (Water Quality Criteria) Regulation 2002, and are listed in Table 1 of Act, Sec. 133(2); Reg., Sec. 2. Ranges of criteria are provided for some parameters including turbidity.

B.5 International Agreements

36. Papua New Guinea is a signatory to the following international agreements with environmental and conservation implications:

• International Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio de Janeiro, 1992 • UN Framework Convention on Climate Change • UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa • Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) • Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques • Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal • Convention to Ban the Importation into Forum Islands Countries of Hazardous Wastes and Radioactive Wastes and Control the Trans-Boundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within the South Pacific Region (Waigani Convention) • Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Waste and Other Matter (London Convention) • UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) • Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer • Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (MARPOL) • International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, Brussels, 1969 • RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially Waterfowl Habitat, 1971 • Convention on the World Cultural Heritage and Natural Heritage, 1972 • Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Fauna and Flora • International Convention on the Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific, Apia, 1972 • Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region and related Protocols (SPREP, 1986) • Protocol on Biosafety (Cartagena Protocol) • Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs Convention) • Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam Convention) • Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985)

II. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

37. The following discussion describes general baseline information of Sepik, Madang, Morobe, Oro and Milne Bay Provinces including one of the outer islands of Manus Province; followed by more specific baseline information for the sites and navaid locations based on pre-installation assessments conducted for the candidate locations.

38. In addition, site descriptions are supplemented with secondary information as applicable including the general description of the marine environment where the navaids may be located during its entire operational life. Also, whilst site- and location-specific socio-economic conditions are currently being undertaken as part of the second-round visits, secondary socio-economic conditions of the provinces from previous studies are described to supplement the primary information that will be made available following these current visits.

A. Physical Environment

A.1 Physical Geography of PNG Mainland Coast

39. Contract Package 3 covers six coastal provinces of the mainland New Guinea from the north to the south-east. The northern coast of Papua New Guinea slopes southeast from the Indonesian border to the outlets of the Sepik and Ramu Rivers. In the southeast, the Huon Peninsula protrudes above the Huon Gulf of the Morobe Province. Cape Ward Hunt extends southeast from the Huon Gulf, leading into the long arm of southeast New Guinea, formed by the Owen Stanley Range where the Oro and Milne Bay Provinces lie at its shores.

40. Several coastline types exhibit the mainland coast including rocky shoreline volcanic areas, raising coral reef forms, and extensive depositional areas associated with the deltaic or estuarine mouths of major rivers.

41. Fringing reefs occur along most rocky shorelines, despite their generally mountainous hinterlands which produce considerable runoffs and high sediment discharges (Loffler, 1977:120) as observed in Biam and Vokeo Islands of East Sepik Province.

42. Where large rivers empty out deltas, floodplains and mangrove swamps are common. Deltaic floodplains occur at the mouth of the Sepik and Ramu Rivers, which have outlets exiting the mainland at the northern coast. Floodplains are less important on the northern coastline where they constitute only 10 percent of the coastline. Most of the floodplains and wetlands are found on the southern coastline along the Gulf of Papua. Much of these floodplains are lined by mangrove swamp, succeeded inland by nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) in brackish waters. Large stands of sago palm are scattered farther inland, particularly along the valleys of the larger rivers in the north and along the deltas of the south coast.

43. Apart from the major extensive Papuan Barrier Reef system that runs along most of the south and eastern coast of Papua New Guinea much similar extensive but smaller reef systems exist across the mainland coast stretching north forming semi-closed and also closed sheltered lagoons and bays. The Madang Lagoon in the Madang Province is one of the biggest and diverse in the Asia-Pacific region supported by its many patch reefs, fringing reefs, and barrier reef systems. The PNG coastline is abundantly endowed with spectacular coral reefs, numerous reef- based low islands and raised reef and atoll islands all across PNG’s coastal waters neighboring the mainland.

A.2 Climatic Conditions of PNG Mainland Coast

44. Papua New Guinea lies wholly within the Tropics, and its climate is monsoonal. The climate is hot and humid throughout the year along the coasts and plains, while it's cool and progressively colder as you go up in altitude. In much of the country, covered with dense rainforest, there is not a dry season, while in some inland valleys and along the south coast, there is a relatively dry season from July to September.

45. The dominant weather patterns are related to the two monsoons, the north-western one from December to April, and the south-eastern one from May to October, which generally bring rains in the slopes exposed, while many areas receive rainfall from both. Rainfall varies typically from 2,000 to 4,000 millimetres (80 to 160 inches) per year, with some higher peaks on the exposed slopes, where it also reaches 7/8 metres (275/315 inches) per year, while it drops to 1,000/1,500 mm (40/60 in) in the southern coast, overlooking the Gulf of Papua and the Coral Sea.

46. The average temperature in PNG’s coastal areas ranges from 23°C to 32°C, though the highlands are significantly cooler, with temperatures ranging from 11°C to 25°C. Temperature is also influenced by latitude or distance from the equator. In PNG, the further away from the equator a place is located, the greater the range of temperatures during the year.

47. Although tropical, temperatures are not extreme. Most lowland, coastal, and inland areas have a daily average temperature of 27°C, and seasonal variations are slight. In the highlands, temperature varies with altitude. Lowland humidity is uniform with very little seasonal variation. Humidity fluctuates more in the highlands where temperatures are lower.

A.2.1 West Sepik Province

48. West Sepik (Sandaun) Province covers the northwestern corner of PNG, along with the border with West Papua in Indonesia. It is a large province with mountains in the interior, jungles in the lowlands, and beautiful tropical coastlines.

49. West Sepik Province has a tropical climate. Vanimo has a significant amount of rainfall during the year. This is true even for the driest month. The average annual temperature is 26.2 °C. About 2681 mm of precipitation falls annually. The least amount of rainfall occurs in August. The average in this month is 153 mm. With an average of 328 mm, the most precipitation falls in March. The temperatures are highest on average in May, at around 26.8 °C while February has the lowest average temperature of the year. It is 25.5 °C.

50. The variation in the precipitation between the driest and wettest months is 175 mm. During the year, the average temperatures vary by 1.3 °C.

Table 4 Climate table/historical weather data for Vanimo January February March April May June July August September October November December Avg. Temperature (°C) 25.8 25.5 26.2 26.6 26.8 26.2 26.1 26.4 26.5 26.4 26.3 25.7 Min. Temperature (°C) 22.3 21.9 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.3 22.3 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.4 22 Max. Temperature (°C) 29.4 29.1 29.9 30.5 30.9 30.2 29.9 30.4 30.5 30.3 30.3 29.5 Avg. Temperature (°F) 78.4 77.9 79.2 79.9 80.2 79.2 79.0 79.5 79.7 79.5 79.3 78.3 Min. Temperature (°F) 72.1 71.4 72.7 72.9 73.0 72.1 72.1 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.3 71.6 Max. Temperature (°F) 84.9 84.4 85.8 86.9 87.6 86.4 85.8 86.7 86.9 86.5 86.5 85.1 Precipitation / Rainfall 288 279 328 236 180 185 187 153 179 197 196 273 (mm) Source: PIU-NMSA Tabulation of information from http://en.climate-data.org

A.2.2 East Sepik Province

51. East Sepik Province is the second largest province in PNG. It shares a border with West Sepik and Madang following the north coastline down. East Sepik Province has a tropical climate. There is significant rainfall throughout the year in Wewak. Even the driest month still has a lot of rainfall. The temperature here averages 26.8 °C. About 2116 mm of precipitation falls annually. The driest month is January, with 143 mm of rainfall. Most precipitation falls in October, with an average of 216 mm. The warmest month of the year is May, with an average temperature of 27.1 °C. In March, the average temperature is 26.6 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year.

52. The difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is 73 mm. The average temperatures vary during the year by 0.5 °C.

Table 5 Climate table/historical weather data for Wewak January February March April May June July August September October November December Avg. Temperature (°C) 26.8 26.7 26.6 26.8 27.1 26.8 26.6 26.6 27 26.9 26.9 26.8 Min. Temperature (°C) 23 23 22.8 22.8 22.9 22.6 22.4 22.2 22.6 22.8 22.9 23 Max. Temperature (°C) 30.6 30.4 30.5 30.9 31.4 31 30.8 31.1 31.4 31.1 31 30.7 Avg. Temperature (°F) 80.2 80.1 79.9 80.2 80.8 80.2 79.9 79.9 80.6 80.4 80.4 80.2 Min. Temperature (°F) 73.4 73.4 73.0 73.0 73.2 72.7 72.3 72.0 72.7 73.0 73.2 73.4 Max. Temperature (°F) 87.1 86.7 86.9 87.6 88.5 87.8 87.4 88.0 88.5 88.0 87.8 87.3 Precipitation / Rainfall 143 144 165 181 208 191 166 161 177 216 207 157 (mm) Source: PIU-NMSA Tabulation of information from http://en.climate-data.org

A.2.3 Madang Province

53. Madang Province runs along the coast from the East Sepik Province. It stretches from the head of the Ramu River south to Saidor. Going inland, it covers the Ruboni, Adelbert, Schrader, Bismarck and Finisterre Ranges, and the Ramu, Sogeram and Golgol Valleys.

54. In Madang, on the north-eastern coast of New Guinea, rainfall is about 3,500 mm (138 in) per year, with a maximum of 430 mm (17 in) in April and a minimum of 120 mm (4.7 in) in August. In general, the rains are most abundant from December to April, but not everywhere: in Lee, facing south-east in the Huon Gulf, the rains are most abundant in July and August, when more than 500 mm (20 in) per month fall.

55. The temperatures are high and stable throughout the year in the north, around 30/32 °C (86/90 °F) during the day, while in the south, located farther from the equator, they decrease marginally in the wet season, from June to September. The average precipitation and temperature readings of Madang Province are shown in Tables 6 and 7 below.

Table 6 Average precipitation - Madang Madang Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Prec. (mm) 305 300 380 430 385 275 195 120 145 255 340 370 3500 Prec.(in) 12 11.8 15 16.9 15.2 10.8 7.7 4.7 5.7 10 13.4 14.6 137.8 Days 17 16 19 18 17 11 11 9 10 11 13 18 170 Source: PIU-NMSA Tabulation of information from http://en.climate-data.org

Table 7 Average temperatures - Madang Madang Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Min (°C) 23 23 23 23 23 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 Max (°C) 30 30 30 30 30 30 29 29 30 30 30 30 Min (°F) 73 73 73 73 73 72 72 72 72 72 73 73 Max (°F) 86 86 86 86 86 86 84 84 86 86 86 86 Source: PIU-NMSA Tabulation of information from http://en.climate-data.org

A.2.4 Morobe Province

56. Morobe Province occupies the eastern coast of the PNG mainland. It stretches from the Sarawaget Range in the north along the Huon Peninsula to the east and through the Markham Valley in the centre of the province. The province extends from the Owen Stanley Range northeast across two major fault valleys to the coastal ranges and offshore islands. The Bulolo and Watut Valleys run north-south, with the Ekuti and Owen Stanley Ranges in the south.

57. There is a great deal of rainfall in Lae, even in the driest month. The temperature here averages 26.4 °C. About 4313 mm of precipitation falls annually. Precipitation is the lowest in February, with an average of 246 mm. The greatest amount of precipitation occurs in July, with a monthly average of 484 mm.

58. At an average temperature of 27.5 °C, February is the hottest month of the year. The lowest average temperatures in the year occur in July when it is around 25.1 °C. Between the driest and wettest months, the difference in precipitation is 238 mm. The variation in temperatures throughout the year is 2.4 °C.

Table 8 Climate table/historical weather data for Lae January February March April May June July August September October November December Avg. Temperature (°C) 27.3 27.5 27.1 26.8 26.4 25.7 25.1 25.4 25.8 26.3 26.8 27.1 Min. Temperature (°C) 23 23 23 22.4 22.5 21.9 21.5 21.6 21.9 22.2 22.5 22.9 Max. Temperature (°C) 31.6 32 31.3 31.2 30.4 29.5 28.8 29.3 29.8 30.4 31.2 31.4 Avg. Temperature (°F) 81.1 81.5 80.8 80.2 79.5 78.3 77.2 77.7 78.4 79.3 80.2 80.8 Min. Temperature (°F) 73.4 73.4 73.4 72.3 72.5 71.4 70.7 70.9 71.4 72.0 72.5 73.2 Max. Temperature (°F) 88.9 89.6 88.3 88.2 86.7 85.1 83.8 84.7 85.6 86.7 88.2 88.5 Precipitation / Rainfall 275 246 318 371 384 390 484 473 380 381 288 323 (mm) Source: PIU-NMSA Tabulation of information from http://en.climate-data.org

A.2.5 Oro Province

59. Oro Province covers the northern side of the Owen Stanley Ranges and a stretch of coastline from Cape Ward Hunt in the north to Collingwood Bay in the south-east part of Papua New Guinea mainland. It includes the village of Kokoda near the eastern border with Central Province, as well as Cape Nelson and the coastal fjords near Tufi on the coast.

60. The climate is tropical in Popondetta. There is a great deal of rainfall in Popondetta, even in the driest month. The average temperature in Popondetta is 26.1 °C. Annual precipitation here averages 2700 mm. The driest month is July. There is 100 mm of precipitation in July. The greatest amount of precipitation occurs in December, with an average of 365 mm.

61. With an average of 27.0 °C, January is the warmest month. The lowest average temperatures in the year occur in July when it is around 25.0 °C. The precipitation varies 265 mm between the driest month and the wettest month. The variation in temperatures throughout the year is 2.0 °C. Table 9 Climate table/historical weather data for Popondetta January February March April May June July August September October November December Avg. Temperature (°C) 27 26.8 26.6 26.4 26 25.5 25 25.3 25.7 26 26.4 26.7 Min. Temperature (°C) 22.2 22 22.1 21.8 21.7 21.1 20.5 20.7 21.1 21.3 21.6 21.9 Max. Temperature (°C) 31.8 31.7 31.2 31 30.4 29.9 29.6 30 30.4 30.8 31.3 31.5 Avg. Temperature (°F) 80.6 80.2 79.9 79.5 78.8 77.9 77.0 77.5 78.3 78.8 79.5 80.1 Min. Temperature (°F) 72.0 71.6 71.8 71.2 71.1 70.0 68.9 69.3 70.0 70.3 70.9 71.4 Max. Temperature (°F) 89.2 89.1 88.2 87.8 86.7 85.8 85.3 86.0 86.7 87.4 88.3 88.7 Precipitation / Rainfall 313 285 285 248 201 120 100 110 165 203 305 365 (mm) Source: PIU-NMSA Tabulation of information from http://en.climate-data.org

A.2.6 Milne Bay Province

62. Milne Bay Province covers the south-eastern tip of Papua New Guinea's mainland, from the end of the Owen Stanley Ranges to the coastal plains, as well as many small and large island groups in the Coral and Solomon Seas. The furthest islands are over 300 km from the main town of Alotau border.

63. The province main town is Alotau. Alotau is a town with significant rainfall. Even in the driest month, there is a lot of rain. The temperature here averages 26.4 °C. The rainfall here averages 3055 mm annually.

64. The least amount of rainfall occurs in December. The average in this month is 141 mm. Most of the precipitation here falls in May, averaging 369 mm. The temperatures are highest on average in February, at around 27.6 °C. July is the coolest month, with temperatures averaging 25.1 °C.

65. The variation in the precipitation between the driest and wettest months is 228 mm. Throughout the year, temperatures vary by 2.5 °C.

Table 10 Climate table/historical weather data for Alotau January February March April May June July August September October November December Avg. Temperature (°C) 27.5 27.6 27.3 26.7 26.2 25.5 25.1 25.1 25.5 26.1 26.7 27.2 Min. Temperature (°C) 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.3 23.2 22.6 22.2 22.1 22.3 22.8 23.1 23.5 Max. Temperature (°C) 31.2 31.5 30.9 30.1 29.3 28.5 28 28.2 28.8 29.5 30.4 31 Avg. Temperature (°F) 81.5 81.7 81.1 80.1 79.2 77.9 77.2 77.2 77.9 79.0 80.1 81.0 Min. Temperature (°F) 74.8 74.8 74.8 73.9 73.8 72.7 72.0 71.8 72.1 73.0 73.6 74.3 Max. Temperature (°F) 88.2 88.7 87.6 86.2 84.7 83.3 82.4 82.8 83.8 85.1 86.7 87.8 Precipitation / Rainfall 163 179 186 285 369 341 308 291 346 282 164 141 (mm) Source: PIU-NMSA Tabulation of information from http://en.climate-data.org

B. Biological environmental condition of the navaid locations observed during the pre-installation assessments

B.1 Momase (Northern) Region Navaids Locations

66. The Momase Region covers provinces from the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea to its eastern shores. This includes East and West Sepik, the Madang and the Morobe Provinces. A total of sixteen (16) navaids are proposed to be installed along the Momase coast with the exception of Wuvulu Island being part of Manus Province but its closeness to the mainland coast allowed for it to be assessed together with the sites in this package.

67. Their individual locations and general characteristics, and light requirements are presented in Table 11 and indicated in Figures 1 to 9. Underwater and above water photographs are provided for reference in Annex 2.

Table 11 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in the Momase Region Province Site S.N Location Name Water Substrate type AtoN Description /Island Name . Depth Vanimo 1 Vanimo Point 5.0 – 6.0 m Mixture of hard reef Stbd lateral, green, West Point pavement (dry reef at 5 nm Sepik low water) and rock East Vokeo 2 Vatmare Rock On-land Rocky White landfall Sepik Island Manus Wuvulu 3 Hafohaina Reef 1.5 – 3 m at Pavement/hard reef White landfall, 10 Province Island low tide with sandy patches nm

4 Rasch Passage 5.0- 6.0 m Mixture of sand and Port lateral, red, 2 East coral nm Madang 5 Rasch Passage 5.0 – 6.0 m Mixture of sand and Stbd lateral, green, Lagoon West coral 2 nm 6 Rasch Passage 4.0 m Sand Monopile in water, Shoal 4 nm Lt, White 7 Madang Resort – 3.0 – 4.0 m Mixture of sand and Port lateral, red, 1 Madang Jetty Point coral/ hard reef nm Province 8 MTS Jetties 4.0 – 6.0 m Mixture of sand and Port lateral, red, 1 Point coral nm Madang 9 Niu Timin Island 3.0 – 4.0 m Sand Stbd lateral, green, Port 1 nm 10 Nui Island 3.0 – 4.0 m Mixture of sand and Stbd lateral, green coral 1 nm 11 Biliau Island S- 3.0 – 4.0 m Mixture of sand and Stbd lateral, green, End coral 1 nm 12 Umboi Island 4.0 m Mixture of sand and Port lateral, green, Umboi Port/ Kaskas coral 5 nm Island 13 Umboi Island 4.0 m Mixture of sand and Stbd lateral, green, Starboard/Yoryor coral 5 nm 14 Nessup Channel N/A N/A Port lateral, red, 5 Morobe Nessup North West nm Channel 15 Nessup Channel N/A N/A Stbd lateral, green, South East 5 nm Kaide 16 Kaide Reef 4.0 – 5.0 m A mixture of sand and Isolated danger Reef dead corals. mark Source: PIU Pre-installation Assessment, February to April 2016.

B.1.1 Vanimo Point Navaid Location

68. Vanimo point is located at the North end of Vanimo Bay in West Sepik Province. This huge stretch of the bay has clear sandy shores with coconut, pandanas, and mangroves lining the coast. The main road also runs along the coast from the town at the south end of the bay to Vanimo Point and then continues further north to the Indonesian border.

69. The site is located about 0.5-0.6 km from the nearest shore at a depth of 6 metres. It is near to an area known to be a surf zone because of the large waves that occur year round at the site. A large reef zone extends from the shore to the point where the waves break. The nearest beachfront zone is occupied by coconuts, pandanus, shrubs and some mangrove species. Also on the beachfront there is washed up household rubbish from the adjacent Vanimo township area and debris from the logging activities nearby.

70. Due to the big swells and waves experienced during the time of the survey the team was not able to do a closer underwater inspection of the site. However above water observations of the sites pre-determined the substrate to be of sand and hard reef substrate.

Figure 1 Location of Navaid at the Vanimo Point. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

71. The above water and underwater photos of the site are presented in Annex 2.

B.1.2 Wuvulu Island Navaid Location

72. Wuvulu Island is the most western of the islands off Papua New Guinea's north coast, collectively known to be part of the Bismarck Archipelago. It is one of the furthest outer islands of the Manus Province and is located about 400km west of Manus and about 170km from the Sandaun coastline. The island is flat, nowhere rising above 2 m. Houses on the island are built on stilts to maximize the flow of the breeze. Wuvulu is completely encircled by a coral reef and there is no natural harbor.

73. The light will be situated at the south-west tip of the island where it will be able to provide position fixing for vessels traveling from both the west and south. The site is about 0.6 metres from shore with a depth of 1.5-3 m at low water. The reef’s exposure to open ocean currents, and extremities such as total dry reefs during extreme low tides have reduced coral growth on the reef flat zone. However, there are a few coral reef patches adjacent to sheltered areas that provide a good habitat for reef fishes and wandering predators such as juvenile sharks’ and groupers. There were two juvenile sharks observed in sea waters around the site with also giant clams and bêche-de-mer.

74. Coconut palms and pandanus trees are the common vegetation on the shores near the site among others. Also evident on the island shores are debris of tree trunks and logs washed out from the Sepik River on the mainland and carried across by ocean currents to be deposited on the island shores.

Figure 2 Location of Navaid at Wuvulu Island. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

75. The above water and underwater photos of the site are presented in Annex 2.

B.1.3 Vekeo Island Navaid Location

76. Vokeo Island is one of the six Eastern Schouten Islands located about 55km from the East Sepik coastline. The island’s interior is mountainous and is heavily vegetated right to the shore. It has a small river that outlets to the sea about 2 km from the navaid site.

77. The site is located on a large rock outcrop with a narrow ridge just off the north end of the island facing the open sea. There is not much vegetation cover on the rock except for two pandanus trees. Big waves constantly break onto the rocky substrate and the sea is always rough at this site. A navaid at this site will guide vessels coming to the island from Wewak as well as other vessels voyaging from the north and east.

78. There is no barrier reef system surrounding the island. As a result, extreme wave actions are exerted on the island shores every day resulting in a rocky shoreline with no sand beaches. Coconut palms, pandanus and mangrove trees commonly grow on the island and behind the large rocky outcrop.

Figure 3 Location of Navaid at the Vokeo Island. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

B.1.4 Bam Island Navaid Location

79. Bam or Biam Island is also one of the Schouten Islands located about 40km north of the East Sepik coastline. There is a mountain on the island that is known to be a dormant volcano. The light will be situated at the northeastern tip of the island where it will be able to provide position fixing for vessels traveling from both the north and east via the major shipping channel.

80. The navaid site is located on the reef about 30-40 m from shore. It has a sandy and rocky substrate with very few patches of live corals observed all around. There is no barrier reef system surrounding the small island. Extreme wave actions are prone to this island shores resulting in a rocky shoreline all around with no sandy beaches.

81. The influx of freshwater runoff from the Sepik River at the mainland allows for poor visibility which also affects the growth and abundance of corals around the reefs. Towards the seaward side, strong winds cause wave movements and erosion on the adjacent headlands. The sea is always rough and murky at the site. Coconut and pandanus trees are common along the rocky shores. Several local houses are also located on the adjacent shores near the point.

82. Given the close proximity of the light to the nearby hamlet, proper measures will be included in the EMP to limit light disturbances that may affect the surrounding community as well as awareness and consultations to be carried out before installation.

83. The site at Biam Island was later removed from the project when disputes were raised by the communities over site ownership. It is no longer to be included in the project.

Figure 4 Location of Navaid at the Biam Island. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment, February to April 2016.

84. The above water and underwater photos of the site are presented in Annex 2.

B.1.5 Madang Lagoon Navaids Location

85. Madang Lagoon is located in the Madang Province on the northern coast of the PNG mainland. The lagoon is four km wide and 16 km long (Jenkins 2002) and is considered the biggest in the country and one of the biggest in the South East Asia region. The Madang Lagoon is bordered on the seaward edge by a thin barrier reef that drops to 400 m depth within 1 km of the reef. There are six major channels that connect the open sea to the lagoon.

86. The coral habitat diversity of Madang Lagoon ranges from fringing reefs, shallow and deep patch reefs, barrier reefs and coral rubble islands. Within the lagoon, the bottom is a constant 30 – 40 m depth apart from numerous patch reefs and coral islands that slope steeply (20o –30o) to the lagoon floor. The inner coastline contains several deep harbors and fringing reefs from between 10 – 50 m wide (MLMMA, 2002).

87. Madang Lagoon’s mangroves are concentrated around the mouths of the Miero, Sek, Nagada and Biges Rivers. Most inlets and harbours also contain sparse mangroves within their inner reaches. The highest concentration of mangroves is around the mouths of the Sek and Biges Rivers on the northern mainland edge of the Lagoon.

88. Seagrasses recorded in Madang Lagoon are Cymodocea serrulata, Halodule uninervis, Halophila ovalis, Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichi. These seagrass beds support a diverse holothurian fauna (18 species) (Pearse, 1988). Seagrass beds appear most commonly on the lee side of inner lagoon islands and also within the calmer inlets and harbours (MLMMA, 2002).

89. Within the lagoon, there are several small island groups. All of these islands are located very close to the mainland, most of them have hamlets while few appear to be unoccupied. Also within the Madang Lagoon are four established Wildlife Management Areas (WMA) covering some of the small Islands. The WMAs represent areas of high biodiversity in marine and terrestrial wildlife. These WMAs were gazetted in 2006, one of which is the Tab WMA which is located close

25 to the Rasch Passage. The other three WMAs are located further away from any of the proposed navaid locations of the Madang Lagoon.

90. There were initially six new navaid locations proposed for the Madang Lagoon; three sites along the Rasch Passage and three towards the north of Sek Island. The three sites towards the north of the Sek Island were later removed due to land ownership disputes.

B.1.5.1 Rasch Passage Navaids Location

91. The Rasch Passage lies in the middle of a barrier reef system that encloses the Madang Lagoon. This reef is commonly referred to as the Labekmal or Labek Reefs by the locals. The two proposed Rasch Passage East Beacon and the Pasch Passage West Beacon will be located at opposite ends of the main passageway (Rasch Passage) into the lagoon. The passage is situated about 10 minutes boat ride from the Riwo community on the mainland. Distance from the sites to the nearest surrounding Island is about 1km. The islands are also part of the thin barrier reef system that borders the lagoon from the sea. Substrate conditions of the selected sites vary between sand, coral, and rubble with suitable sandy patches identified and selected for both sites. The sites have water depths of about 5-6 metres.

92. Rasch Passage Shoal Beacon will be located on a shoal patch about 0.8 km from the passage and 1km from nearest shore. The light put here will replace an old existing pile. Remnants from the old structure are still visible from above water though it is not functional anymore (Refer to photo attachments). The old structure will be removed and the proposed new light put in its place. This location also has a water depths of about 4-5 metres.

93. The Rasch Passage East Beacon and the Shoal Beacon will be located close to the boundary of the Tab WMAs. Both selected sites were closely inspected to be mostly of sand substrates and free of corals. The Rasch Passage Shoal Beacon will be entirely on a sandy patch void of coral cover though sparse singular corals do exists along with coral rubbles. The beacon proposed for the eastern end of the Rasch Passage though located on a sandy substrate is surrounded by a vibrant reef that extends from the shores of Tab Island to this point. Prior assessments of the locations have to be carried out by the NIC to plan for proper movement and stabilization of the work barge during installation to avoid damage to the surrounding reefs.

Figure 5 Location of Navaids in Madang Lagoon. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

94. The above water and underwater photos of the sites are presented in Annex 2.

B.1.6 Madang Port Navaids Location

95. Five sites are proposed for the Madang Port Zone. All the sites are located within close proximity to their adjacent surrounding shores about 15-20 metres. Substrate conditions also varied between sandy, rocky and sparse coral cover for all five sites with similar water depths ranging from 4-5 metres.

96. Given the close proximity of the lights to the nearby land areas, proper measures will be included in the EMP to limit/address light disturbances that may result in surrounding communities as well as awareness and consultations to be carried out with appropriate communities involved.

Figure 6 Location of Navaids in the Madang Port. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

97. The above water and underwater photos of the sites are presented in Annex 2.

B.1.7 Umboi Island and Nessup Channel Navaid Locations

98. Umboi (also named Siassi) is a volcanic island between the mainland of Papua New Guinea and the island of New Britain. It is separated from New Britain by Dampier Strait and Huon Peninsula on the New Guinea mainland by Vitiaz Strait. Umboi is a Holocene complex volcano with no historic eruptions. The island is part of Morobe Province and lies to the east of mainland Papua New Guinea. The island will have two lights installed at the eastern end to mark a passage leading to the main wharf on the island.

99. Umboi Island Starboard Light will be located on the right side of the channel at the end of the reef protruding into the channel about 300 metres from the nearest shore. A wide reef flat zone extends across the site at the point inward into the bay. Adjacent to the reef is the channel which is to be marked by the proposed navaid.

100. The reef top becomes very shallow during neap low tides and completely exposed during spring low tides. Vegetation cover on the shores include mangroves, pandanus, coconuts and coastal shrubs. There is a small river outlet on one side of the bay and a jetty located on the other end. Seagrass beds are found all along the inner shallow waters of the bay.

101. Umboi Island Port Light will be located on the reef opposite the Starboard Light to mark safe waters to the right as vessels enter the harbour. The site is located about 200 metres from the nearest shore where the jetty is. A wide reef flat zone also extends across the site from the point and inward to the shore where the jetty is.

102. The reef top at this side of the bay also becomes very shallow during neap low tides to completely expose during spring low tides. Vegetation cover on the adjacent shores also include mangroves, pandanus, coconuts and coastal shrubs. Seagrass beds are found all along the inner shallow waters of the bay where the jetty is located.

Figure 7 Location of Navaids at Umboi Island. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

103. Nessup Channel Navaids Location. Further south of the Umboi Islands are the two smaller Morobean Islands called Tuam Island and Malai Island.There are two existing floating beacons or buoys located between these Islands and the Umboi Island. The buoys mark a passage that connects with the bigger Dampier Strait called the Nessup Channel. There are also many small reef islands and underwater shoals found along the Nessup Channel. The two existing buoys will be replaced under this contract package with permanent pile installations. These buoy sites are located on a reef patch located several kilometres from the nearest Island communities.

Figure 8 Location of the Navaids at Nessup Channel. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

104. The above water photos of the sites are presented in Annex 2.

B.1.8 Kaide Reef Navaid Location

105. The Kaide Reef is located to the south of Morobe Province almost at the border of Oro Province. The location is about 3.2 km from shore on a submerged reef of between 4 to 5m deep with patches of sand, and sparse coral cover and rubble over the generally butterfly-shaped reef zone. The Kaide River outlets into the adjacent mainland coast which greatly impacts on the turbidity and visibility of the surrounding waters near to shore. There is also poor visibility at the reef where the site is located.

106. Several vessel groundings on the reef have occurred in the past. There is a need for a marker to be put at the reef to warn passing vessels of the reef patch nearby.

Figure 9 Location of Navaid at Kaide Reef. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

107. The above water and underwater photos of the site are presented in Annex 2.

B.2 South-East Region Navaids Locations

108. The South East Coastal Region of the PNG mainland covers the Oro and the Milne Bay provinces. Together with Central, Gulf and Western Provinces form the Southern Region of PNG. A total of twenty (20) navaids are proposed to be installed in the south-east Oro and Milne May provinces; 14 navaids in the Oro Province and 6 navaids in the Milne Bay Province.

109. Their individual locations and general characteristics, and light requirements are presented in Table 12 and indicated in Figures 10 to 18. Underwater and above water photographs are provided for reference in Annex 2.

Table 12 List of Navigational Aids for Installation in the South East Coastal waters of PNG mainland Province Site Name S.N Location Water Substrate type AtoN Description /Island . Name Depth Rainu Reef 1 Siwasiv 3.0 m at Sand and coral All round white, 3nm No.4 low tide Rainu Reef 2 Wapat Reef 2.0–3.0 m Mixture of sand, All round white light, 3 No.3 at low tide rubble and live coral nm Rainu Reef 3 Wabad 1.0- 2.0 m Mixture of sand and All round white light, 3 No.2 at low tide live coral nm Wanigela 4 Rifok 5.0– 6.0 m Mixture of sand, coral Isolated danger, 3 nm Reef (No 18) rubble, and live coral

Collingwood 5 Arabanua 1.0- 2.0 m Mixture of sand, coral Port hand lateral, red, 3 Bay No.4 at low tide rubble, and live coral nm Collingwood 6 Wapat Reef 4.0 – 5.0 m Mixture of sand, coral Starboard hand lateral. Bay No.3 rubble, and live coral Green, 3 nm Collingwood 7 Karagowan 3.0 – 4.0 m Mixture of sand, coral Port Lateral, red, 3 nm Bay No.2 Reef rubble, and live coral Collingwood 8 Garandi 2.0- 3.0 m Mixture of sand, coral Stbd Lateral, green, 3 nm Bay No.1 Reef at low tide rubble, and live coral

9 Suhail Reef 4.0 – 5.0 m Mixture of sand and Stbd lateral, green, 3 nm coral 10 Enif Reef 4.0 – 5.5 m Mixture of sand and Port lateral, red, 3 nm coral 11 Arcturus 3.5 – 6 m Mixture of sand and Stbd lateral, green, 3 nm Star Reefs Reef S-end coral 12 Arcturus 3.0 – 5.0 m Mixture of sand and Stbd lateral, green 3 nm Reef N-end coral 13 Menkar Reef 9.0 – 10 m Mixture of sand and Stbd lateral, green 3 nm N-end coral 14 Vega Reef 7.0 – 9.0 m Mixture of sand and Stbd lateral, green, 3 nm coral 15 Sidney 6.0 – 7.0 m Mixture of Sand, Stbd lateral, green, 3 nm Islands Reef rubble and coral No.4 cover 16 Jabbering 7.0 – 8.0 m Sand and coral rubble Port Lateral, red, 3 nm Reef North 17 Sidney 6.0 – 7.0 m Mixture of Sand and Stbd lateral, green, 3 nm Islands Reef coral cover Milne Sidney No.3 Bay Islands 18 Jabbering N/A Mixture of sand, coral Stbd lateral, green, 3 nm Reef South rubble, and live coral 19 Sidney 5.0 – 6.0 m Mixture of sand, coral Port lateral, red, 3 nm Islands Reef rubble, and live coral No.2 20 Sidney 4.0 – 5.0 m Mixture of Sand, Stbd lateral, green, 3 nm Islands Reef rubble and coral No.1 cover Source: PIU Pre-installation Assessment, February to April 2016.

B.2.1 Oro Province Navaid Locations

B.2.1.1 Claire and Eleanor Shoal Navaids Location

110. The Eleanor and Claire shoals are located further offshore with great distances from the mainland. Eleanor shoal is located about 5-6 km from the nearest community at the shore. Claire Shoal is located on the other side of the main channel and is twice the distance covered to reach Eleanor Shoal. Claire shoal is located about 10.2 km from the nearest mainland shore. The Eleanor shoal is actually a reef patch while the Claire shoal is located next to a reef patch. Both have similar substrate conditions of mostly sand with very little coral cover with depths greater than 7 metres. Greater water depths would also indicate less coral growth as observed for the two sites.

111. The Claire and Eleanor shoals were later removed from the project when the two sites could not be visited by the Project Community and Lands team due to security concerns of sea piracy within the area.

Figure 10 Location of Navaids at the Eleanor and Claire Shoals. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

112. The above water and underwater photos of the sites are presented in Annex 2.

B.2.1.2 The Rainu and Wanigela Reefs Navaids Location

113. There are five lights proposed for this area and they are all located within Tufi, all within shallow reef waters close to shore. The distances from shore vary for each site from about 0.5 to 2 km. All sites are also located close to each other except for Rainu Reef No.1 which is approximately 20 km NNE of the other Rainu Reef sites. Rainu Reef No.1 is exceptionally well formed with diverse lifeforms. Colourful corals were seen all around the reef with sightings of plenty small reef fish and a turtle. The site is located almost at the end of an extensive fringing reef about 1.8 km from shore. Several other fringing reefs and patch reefs are found all across the shores of Tufi. On a clear sunny day, the water appears crystal clear over these reefs making them ideal diving sites. Tourists have been known to visit the adjacent community to dive and explore their marine environment and reefs nearby.

114. The other four locations are all within the same site. Rainu Reef No.2 and No.3 are located on the opposite ends of the same wide stretched reef while Rainu Reef No.4 and Wanigela Reef No.18 are located on different smaller reef patches nearby. Some of these proposed lights will be replacements of pre-existing piles which are no longer evident today. Most of the sites have similar substrate conditions of sand and live coral with Rainu Reef No.3 and Wanigela No.18 also having the presence of dead coral rubbles at the selected sites. The depths range from 3-5 metres for the four sites while the site at Rainu Reef No.1 has a depth of 6-7 metres.

During the visits to the communities by the Project Community and Lands team to carry out community consultations and awareness about the project it was discovered that the site at Rainu Reef No.1 is under dispute over site ownership and is currently before the Lands Court for mediation. Therefore the site at Rainu Reef No.1 was later removed from the project.

Figure 11 Location of Navaid at Rainu Reef No.1. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

Figure 12 Location of Navaids at the Rainu and Wanigela Reefs sites. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

115. Above water photos of the navaid, Locations are presented in Annex 2.

B.2.1.3 Collingwood Bay and Varau Island Navaids Location

116. There are six lights proposed for Collingwood Bay. The lights will be put in place to warn vessels using the main channel of the nearby reefs. A lot of underwater reefs lie parallel to the channel that can easily be overlooked thereby imposing great danger for vessels using the channel particularly as some of the reefs have depths of more than six metres making them less

33 visible from afar. The lights will all be located on or near reef patches along the channel. Most have similar substrate conditions as indicated in Table 12 however the depths vary for each location. Varau Island Reef East is the only location close to shore with a distance of 1.2km, all the other locations are further offshore at distances greater than 6km.

117. The coral reefs around Varau Island are well established with different types of corals densely populating the reef. A wide variety, including tabular, boulders, bushes and branching thickets were seen all across the reef, mostly from the genera Acropora. Collingwood Bay No.4 and No.2 also showed similar reef conditions. The inspection also concluded that within the reefs exists very good sandy substrate among the coral beds that were selected for the pile installation. These reefs also had indications of coral bleaching. Consequently, there were dead coral rubbles present in all sites inspected. Due care must be given to ensure no harm is done to the surrounding reef environment.

118. The two Verau Island sites were later removed from the project when disputes were raised by the communities concerning ownership rights over these sites.

Figure 13 Location of Navaids at Collingwood Bay. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

Figure 14 Location of Navaids at Verau Island. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), Feb to April 2016.

119. Above water photos of the navaid, Locations are presented in Annex 2.

B.2.1.4 Star Reefs Navaid Locations

120. The Star Reefs are a group of extensive coral reefs lying in Oro Province but located toward the border of the Trobriand Islands in Milne Bay Province. The distance from the nearest Tufi station and Tufi Resort is about 82 km. The area is largely unsurveyed but thought to be highly productive reef systems. The clustering of many reefs makes it one of the most diverse and abundant in terms of marine life. The reefs provide sustainable habitats for hawksbill, turtle, bêche-de-mer, giant clams, green sea turtles, coral reef fishes, and invertebrates. A variety of different kinds of fish can be found in this waters alone. Groups of tuna, marlins, trevallies and diverse reef fishes of all sizes and shapes are found here making the waters around this area an ideal site for fishing as well. Even sharks are common in these waters. There are no associated low lying islands nearby, the closest Island is Kava Island in Milne Bay Province which is located more than 50kms away.

121. A total of six lights will be installed along the Star Reefs marking safe waterways nearby where vessels will follow. Given most of the waters around the Star Reefs are uncharted these lights are essential in aiding vessels to navigate through these waters. The substrate conditions for all six sites are similar consisting of sand and coral cover. All the sites were also of similar depths ranging from 4-5 m as indicated in Table 12.

Figure 15 Location of Navaids at the Star Reefs. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

Figure 16 Location of Navaids at the Star Reefs. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

122. Above water photos of the navaid location are presented in Annex 2.

B.2.2 Sidney Islands Navaids Location

123. The Sidney Islands are located in Milne Bay Province towards the north of the East Cape. A total of six lights are proposed for this site. The lights will mark reef patches along the main channel. Sidney Islands Reef No.1, No.3 and Jabbering Reef South locations are at the side of the channel that is towards the coast with average distances of 2-3 km from the shore, whereas the other three lights will be located further offshore on the other side of the channel that faces the open sea with greater distances of 4-5 km. Figures 17 and 18 shows locations proposed for each light. All sites had a mixture of sand, sparse coral and coral rubble substrates that are true for all sites.

Figure 17 Location of the Navaids at the Sidney Islands. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

Figure 18 Location of the Navaids at the Sidney Islands. Source: Chartlet – NMSA GIS; AtoN locations: PIU Pre-Installation Assessment (PIA), February to April 2016.

124. Above water and underwater photos of Sidney Island navaid location are presented in Annex 2.

C. Marine Protected and Environmentally Sensitive Areas

125. Throughout the Contract Package 3 sites, environmentally sensitive areas that may be jeopardized by installation operations either directly or indirectly include corals and seagrass beds which abound in some identified sites.

126. However, there are always available sandy patches within the 10-15 m radius from the identified GPS coordinates that present opportunity from which to place the navaids, and for which even in this case, will still need to adhere to precautionary principles and judiciously implement an environmental management plan. There are no mangroves that will be directly affected by the installation operations because all except one of the proposed navaids are located in off-shore locations away from these habitats.

127. Of all the sites in CP3, only two will be located close to a Marine Protected Area. The Tab Wildlife Management Area (WMA) is one of four MPAs in the Madang Lagoon. The communities living around Madang Lagoon have come together to form a network of Locally Managed Marine Areas (MMA) called the Madang Lagoon Managed Marine Areas (MLMMA). The network was locally initiated and developed over six years with technical assistance from Wetlands International Oceania until it was recognized and legally protected as a WMA in 2006. Each WMA has a committee comprising community representatives formed to oversee and monitor activities taking place in and around the WMA.

128. The biodiversity of reef fish fauna within the network is of exceptional global, national and local importance. To date, 652 species of reef fishes have been recorded on the fringing reefs of the network sites to about 30 metres depth. This constitutes about 76% of the reef fish fauna of Madang Lagoon (858), 61% of Papua New Guinea’s fauna (1494), 24% of the Indo-west/Central

Pacific (3764) and around 11% of the worlds (approx. 6000) known reef fish species to about 50 metres depth (MLMMA Network, 2002).

129. MLMMA network sites contains at least 3 of the 18 (16.7%) known coral reef fish endemic to PNG including the Blackstripe blenny (Meiacanthus vittatus), Collette’s blenny (Ecsenius 3 ollettei) and the Whitespot damselfish (Pomacentrus albimaculatus) and at least three globally endangered fishes including the Humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus), the Giant grouper (Epinephalus lanceolatus) and transient schools of Bigeye Tuna (Thunnus obesus) (MLMMA Network, 2002).

130. The two proposed beacons, one along the Rasch Passage and the other on the nearby shoal will be located close to the boundary of the Tab Island WMA. Tab Wildlife Management Area is strategically the most important network site in terms of fish stock replenishment for Madang Lagoon. It is centrally located, is a year-round spawning aggregation site and will supply both northern and southern regions of the lagoon as surface currents seasonally reverse direction. It is also the most important site in terms of international dive tourism (MLMMA Network, 2002).

Figure 19 The four WMAs of the Madang Lagoon. Source: Chartlet – MLMMA Network, 2002.

131. Consultations with Conservation and Environment Protection Authority (CEPA) resulted in the understanding that though the WMA’s were supported and endorsed by the government in 2006 much of the management and caretaking of the WMA’s rely solely on the communities

39 themselves. CEPA does not have defined boundaries set for the WMAs and rely mostly on information provided by conservation NGOs and WMA committee members on the ground. The WMA concept recognizes customary land ownership, places landowners in direct control and is the primary form of the legal protected area in Papua New Guinea. The WMA committee representatives that met with the protect team were welcoming of the project as they understood that the lights would also serve the purpose of protecting their WMAs.

132. There are also active NGO’s in the province like the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the National Fisheries Authority (NFA) that are implementing conservation initiatives/programs for the lagoon areas including the WMA’s. One such initiative is the Integrated Fish Aggregating Device (IFAD) which has been installed in the waters near the Tab WMA. The device is used to attract fish back into the lagoon as it has become less stocked than previous years. According to the locals, this reduction in fish stock is due to the high disturbances to the water by the frequent passing of vessels coming into and out of the lagoon including local traffic as well.

133. But even these WMA’s will benefit from the light installations which will complement conservation activities of the communities and NGO’s by marking these sensitive areas for vessels coming too close when using Rasch Passage. Thus limiting the dangers of vessels coming aground resulting in negative impacts of oil spills.

134. Sea cucumber (bêche-de-mer), turtle nesting sites and pods of dolphins were observed in the waters of the provinces under this contract package. The habitats will not be directly affected by navaid installations but seasonal occurrences and community concerns will be strictly observed, and installation works planned accordingly in consultation with the local communities.

D. Socio-economic Environment

135. Whilst site and location specific socio-economic conditions are currently being assessed as part of the second round visits, secondary socio-economic conditions of the provincial districts for which these sites fall under were taken from previous studies and are described here to supplement the primary information that will be made available following these current visits. The information in this section was derived from the following two reports;

1. Papua New Guinea District and Provincial Profiles, National Research Institute. 2. Papua New Guinea Rural Development Handbook, Australian National University.

D.1 West Sepik Province

136. The proposed navaid site in the province is located on the coast of the Vanimo-Green District, one of the four district of West Sepik Province. The estimated rural population of the Vanimo-Green District in the year 2000 was 35,000 with the highest population densities occurring on the coastal plains around Vanimo where there are 84 persons/km2.

137. Sandaun Province is comparatively very poor. Income-earning opportunities are low across the province, as is the potential for agricultural development, with the exception of some small areas around Lumi. Some wages and royalties can be earned from forest industries. Some incomes are derived from the importation and sale of goods from Indonesia and from the royalties. Incomes are low on the Vanimo coastal plains and are derived from the sale of betel nut and fresh food. People in the remainder of the district earn very low incomes from minor sales of betel nut, fresh food, rubber, and tobacco.

138. Despite the low agricultural developments in the province sago is the most important food in the Vanimo-Green District and is supplemented by low intensity mixed staple cultivation. There is one planting before a fallow period of more than 15 years. People on the coastal plains around

Vanimo cultivate low intensity mixed staple gardens. In this area, sago and coconut are also important foods.

Figure 20 District Profile for Vanimo. Source: Report on PNG District and Provincial Profiles.

D.2 Wuvulu Island

139. Wuvulu is the most western of the islands off Papua New Guinea's north coast, collectively known to be part of the Bismarck Archipelago. It is one of the furthest outer islands of the Manus Province. It has a 12-mile circumference, with a surface area of 1,400 ha. The island is flat, nowhere rising above 2m. The population of around 1000 depend on sweet potato, taro, and cassava as staples, plus coconut, cabbage and lots of fish. They live in two main villages and build wooden houses on stilts to maximize the flow of the breeze. Wuvulu is completely encircled by a coral reef and there is no natural harbor.

140. The island is located closer to East Sepik Province than it is to Manus Province. The nearest main service centres include the towns of Wewak and Vanimo on the mainland of PNG. As such the site assessment and community consultations for the island of Wuvulu was done together with the outer islands of the New Guinea mainland and it is included in this Contract Package.

D.3 East Sepik Province

141. There are six districts in East Sepik Province. Wewak District runs along the strip of land on the northern coast of East Sepik Province on the north side of the Alexander Range. It also includes the islands close to the coast of which Mushu and Kairiru are the largest, as well as the Schouten Islands further offshore including Vokeo and Biam Islands. Wage employment and a large market are available in Wewak town centre. Moderate incomes are available from the sale of copra, fish and fresh food on Schouten Islands but much of the rest of the district have low incomes. Sago is the most important food in the rest of the province, supported by low intensity mixed staple production of taro, yam, banana, sweet potato and Chinese taro.

142. The estimated rural population in the year 2000 was 30,000. The highest population densities are in the Schouten Islands with 60 persons/km2, while the inshore islands have 38 persons/km2. The coastal plains have densities of 14 persons/km2. People from both East Sepik and Sandaun provinces migrate to the peri-urban areas of Wewak in search of better access to services and wage employment. Those on the coastal plains and on the Schouten Islands require 4–8 hours’ travel to reach Wewak. Outboard motor boat and canoe travel are common in the coastal areas.

Figure 21 District Profile for Wewak. Source: Report on PNG District and Provincial Profiles.

D.4 Madang Province

143. The communities around Madang Lagoon where the navaids will be installed are located in Madang District, one of the six districts in Madang Province. Madang District surrounds Madang town and covers the mountains and hills of the Adelbert Range, the Gogol Valley, the upper Sogeram Valley and the coastal limestone plains. The estimated rural population of Madang District in the year 2000 wss 34,000. The coastal plains and Gogol Valley have high population densities of 68 persons/km2. The coastal hills have an average density of 14 persons/km2, while the Adelbert Range and upper Sogeram Valley are sparsely populated with 7 persons/km2. The coastal plains have significant in-migration, particularly the peri-urban area around Madang. People on the coastal plains require less than one hour’s travel to reach Madang town, while those in the coastal hills and further away have longer journey times.

144. High incomes can be earned on Karkar Island and along the coast from the sale of cocoa, betel nut, copra, and food. The rest of the province has less access to markets and therefore earn mostly low incomes. Some wage-earning opportunities are available in Madang, with Ramu Sugar and with expanding mining and forestry operations. There is a coastal road from Bogia to Saidor, as well as within the Golgol Valley near Madang Town. A road also runs inland to Josephstaal and through the Ramu Valley towards Lae. Areas in the very west of the province, such as Simbai, are very remote. Water transport is also common along the coast, particularly to the offshore islands.

145. Agriculture in the province is diverse but the common crops include taro, Chinese taro, yam, banana, sweet potato, and coconut. Agriculture on the coastal plains is dominated by

42 moderate intensity taro and yam cultivation while most of the province is characterized by low- intensity sweet potato cultivation.

Figure 22 District Profile for Madang. Source: Report on PNG District and Provincial Profiles.

D.5 Morobe Province

146. Morobe Province has eight districts. Tewai-Siassi District is the one in which Umboi and Tuam Islands come under. Tewai-Siassi District includes both the mainland along the north coast of the Huon Peninsula, and the off-shore islands of Umboi, Tolokiwa, Sakar, Malai and Tuam. The north coast consists of mountain valleys, floodplains and raised coral terraces.

147. The estimated rural population of Tewai-Siassi District in the year 2000 was 30,000. Population densities are highest on Malai and Tuam Islands, near Umboi Island, with 430 persons/km2. These are some of the highest densities in PNG. The Sialum coastal plains, the south coast of Umboi Island and the Kabwum area have densities of 118 persons/km2. The remainder of the province has low to moderate population densities.

148. Cash incomes are very low throughout the district and are derived from sales of fresh food, fish, betel nut, cocoa, and coconut. Forestry operations on Umboi Island provide minor and transitory wage employment and royalties.

149. Agriculture in the inland valleys of the Huon Peninsula is characterized by low-intensity Chinese taro production. Agriculture on Sakar Island, and on the northwest coast and inland areas of Umboi Island, is characterized by low to moderate intensity sweet potato production. On the southwest coast of Umboi Island, sago is the most important food. People on Malai and Tuam islands cultivate very high-intensity gardens, dominated by cassava and sweet potato.

150. Small boat transport is common in all coastal areas, while Umboi Island is reached through passenger shipping services. Sea travel is dangerous during the wet season from December to March. The majority of people in the province are within four hours’ travel of the nearest service centre.

Figure 23 District Profile for Tewai-Siassi. Source: Report on PNG District and Provincial Profiles.

D.6 Oro Province

151. All the sites in Oro Province are located in the coastal region of the Ijivitari District. Ijivitari District stretches south-east of Popondetta and from the Owen Stanley Ranges in the west across the Managalas Plateau and Mt. Lamington to the Nelson Range in the east. The district continues down to the coastal fiords of Tufi and then further south to Collingwood Bay. Kaukau, coconut, and sago are important subsistence crops for the district but there are few opportunities for income from these activities. Oil palm is a high-income earner on the coast. The inland areas of Ijivitari have a high potential for agriculture but remain very isolated from services.

152. The estimated rural population of the district in the year 2000 was 47,000. The highest population densities occur on the northern coastal floodplains, on the Managalas Plateau and in the coastal areas of Collingwood Bay, which have an average of 25 persons/km2. The Moni Valley and floodplains of the Musa River have low densities of 10 persons/km2. Over half of the district consists of unoccupied swamps and mountains.

153. High incomes can be earned in the Kokoda Valley from oil palm, cocoa, and fresh food. More moderate incomes from oil palm are earned near the coast. Some wage employment is also available in Popondetta. Elsewhere in the province incomes are very low.

154. A road runs from Popondetta to Kokoda and another to Afore. Otherwise, there are very few roads in the province. Coastal communities rely on dinghy and canoe transport. Very remote communities in this province must walk long distances over mountainous terrain to reach roads that continue to service population centres.

Figure 24 District Profile for Ijivitari. Source: Report on PNG District and Provincial Profiles.

D.7 Milne Bay Province

155. The Sidney Group of Islands are located on the north coast of Milne Bay. This group of islands also falls within the Alotau District of Milne Bay Province. Alotau District stretches from the mountains at the end of the Owen Stanley Ranges in the north to the coastal areas of the southeastern end of mainland New Guinea. The coastal areas are dominated by narrow plains and inland hills, while the interior of the district is mountainous.

156. The estimated rural population of Alotau District in the year 2000 was 60,000. The highest population densities are around Agaun with 120 persons/km2, while the coastal plains between Rabaraba and Wedau have 85 persons/km2.

157. While people near Alotau and in the Trobriand Islands can earn moderate incomes from fish, food and betel nut, the rest of the province earns low incomes. Oil palm provides some income, however, the closure of Misima Goldmine has reduced income earning opportunities.

158. The land potential is high in the south of the province, while the north experiences a long dry season and occasional droughts. Businesses in Alotau and oil palm enterprises provide some income-earning opportunities, as well as markets for the sale of fresh food, betel nut, and coconut.

159. Good roads service the provincial capital of Alotau and run to North and East Capes as well as inland to the oil palm plantations. However, areas on the southern and northern coasts of the mainland remain quite isolated. The islands rely predominantly on dinghy and canoe transport with some commercial and passenger shipping. Over a day’s travel is needed from the more remote islands to reach a service centre and dinghy or canoe are the only means of travel up the north coast to Oro Province or from Suau on the south coast to Alotau. .

Figure 25 District profile for Alotau. Source: Report on PNG District and Provincial Profiles.

III. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE INSTALLATION ACTIVITIES AND MITIGATION MEASURES

160. This identifies the anticipated impacts to the physical, biological and socio-economic environment of the navaid locations based on information gathered during the assessment as well as secondary information.

A. Anticipated Impacts on the Physical Environment

A.1 Meteorology and Climate

161. The Project (and all the proposed aids to navigation) that will be installed will have no impact on meteorology or climate. The navaids will, however, be subjected to meteorological and climatological variations from which the monopile and associated equipment to be installed will have sizes and focal heights among others considered in NIC’s design and installation requirements.

A.1.1 Rainfall

162. The Project (and all the proposed aids to navigation) will have no impact on rainfall patterns. The navaids will, however, be subjected to variations in rainfall for which the equipment will have to be designed to adapt to these variations.

A.1.2 Temperature

163. The Project (and all the proposed aids to navigation identified during the assessment) will not affect an area or regional temperatures. The navaids will, however, be subjected to variations in rainfall for which the equipment will have to be designed to adapt to these variations.

A.1.3 Climate Change

164. Impacts on this project caused by climate change are considered negligible. The navaids are designed for a 20-30 year lifetime. Sea level is forecasted to increase by 9 to 30 cm between now and year 2055. The monopiles will be installed to a focal plane height of 6-7m above mean sea level (msl), greatly exceeding the anticipated sea level rise. For land-based installation, no impact will be anticipated as these are all well above the sea level elevations atop the headlands.

165. Climate change is expected to decrease the number of cyclones in the country but will increase their intensities over this period. Monopiles proposed for this program are designed to withstand 100-year storms, incorporating safety factors exceeding conditions anticipated due to climate change (ADB. Feb 2012. Papua New Guinea: Community Water Transport Sector Project – Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment ADB TA Consultant Report, TA-6420).

A.1.4 Seismic Activity

166. The Project will have no effect on local or regional seismic or volcanic activity. However, seismic movement or volcanic eruptions could have a seriously destructive effect on installed navaids most especially for those located in Madang, East New Britain and West New Britain where seismic activity is greatest.

A.2 Noise

167. The only notable noise that will occur during construction will be driving the monopiles into the reefs or seabed and where rock is encountered, e.g. Vokeo Island, the noise from rotary drilling through the rock substrate The noise level from these activities is expected to be relatively high but should last less than one hour for each installation in most bottom types.

168. If the Contractor uses a vibratory hammer, the noise generated will be far less than with impact type hammers. Once installed and functioning the navaids will not have any bells, whistles, horns, or other noise generator although top marks could cause some wind noise with probably no more than communities already experience from palm fronds and the like.

A.3 Flashing Lights

169. Given the close proximity of the lights to some of the nearshore communities, flashing navaid lights may become a nuisance to these communities. The Contractor will need to put in place practical mitigation measures such as light shields to limit/address flashing light disturbances unto the surrounding communities. For CP3, several communities may be affected including the communities around Madang Port and the community at Biam Island in East Sepik Province.

A.4 Aesthetics

170. As previously reported during the PPTA, the Project is not expected to generate public disfavor regarding navaid appearance or other aesthetics. Public response to previous navaid installation programs in PNG has indicated overwhelming approval by the public and local communities. This is further confirmed during this pre-installation assessment where all communities given project awareness readily signed free and prior informed consent (FPIC) forms.

B. Anticipated Impacts on the Biological Environment during Installation

171. All navaid installations except one land-based installation at Vokeo Island will be in nearshore (Vanimo Point, Biam Island, and Rainu sites) and off-shore waters (the rest of the installations). No new shipping channels will be established and all installations will be placed to provide safer navigation of existing channels and shipping lanes.

172. The proposed monopile type of navaid will result in the loss of seabed habitat production when the hollow monopile is driven into the bottom substrate; and loss of terrestrial vegetation in land-based installations albeit varying in severity. This will be unavoidable and permanent for the life of the navaid structure, albeit the pile itself will provide a new substrate for reef and/or other marine habitat to attach; and may be perching and nesting habitats for birds in the case of land- based installations (Vatmare rock, Vokeo Island).

173. For purposes of this assessment, the larger diameter is assumed as per the precautionary principle. The area of a 1.0m diameter circle is 0.8m2; therefore the unavoidable impact imposed by each pile will be as much as the 0.8m2 loss of bottom habitat in leased areas of 400 square metres (20m x 20 m on water; and 100 square metres (10m x 10m) on land.

174. The other primary potential for loss of bottom habitat is damage from anchors which are not yet known at this time but which will depend on the NIC vessel type. Most barge operators would probably use four (4) anchors for stability purposes, or perhaps with an additional two (2) spuds anchors. In actual practice, the stern anchor should be set well into the deeper channel where extensive vigorous coral growth is unlikely so actual damage from this anchor should be minimal. The NIC shall be required to provide information about its anchoring procedures through its work method statement and in the installation environmental management report.

175. The bow anchor also has potential to inflict bottom habitat damage, and this anchor must be set following NIC’s work method statement and installation environmental management plan, and in the appropriate water depth that can provide stable anchoring, closer to the actual navaid installation point. This may or may not cause serious damage albeit should be duly given the appropriate attention. There are sand and coral rubble areas that can be identified in the areas assessed to set this anchor. The negative environmental impact may, therefore, be minimal. Whilst there are also coral areas (for example the Rainu sites in the Tufi area, and in other locations (according to local sources, and secondary information) that had not been inspected due to swell conditions); and few locations with seagrass beds identified, NIC shall apply precautionary principles to ensure minimization of the impacts to these habitats.

176. Throughout the Contract Package 3 Provinces, environmentally sensitive areas that may be jeopardized by installation operations either directly or indirectly include corals and seagrass beds which abound in some identified sites. However, within these habitats are available sandy patches or dead corals or a combination of non-vigorous coral substrates or non-seagrass beds within the radius of identified locations that present opportunities from which to place the navaids. Nevertheless, the NIC is expected to adhere to precautionary principles, conduct more thorough pre-installation investigations and judiciously implement its environmental management plan.

177. Sea cucumber (bêche-de-mer), edible seaweeds, turtle nesting sites, and pods of dolphins were observed in the waters of the provinces under this contract package. The habitats will not be directly affected by navaid installations but seasonal occurrences and community concerns will be strictly observed, and installation works planned accordingly in consultation with the local communities.

178. Migratory or mobile species like fishes, dolphins, and turtles are less likely to be affected by installation activities. Noise disturbances from pile installation will be limited only to the

48 installation period which should last no longer than one hour per navaid. Reef-associated mobile species can easily repopulate the habitat after the pile has been installed.

179. In a few locations, mangroves exist but no mangrove vegetation will be directly affected by the installation operations because most navaids are located off-shore away from these habitats. For the land-based installations mangroves will not be affected because the navaids will be installed on headlands and will be therefore only affect terrestrial vegetation.

180. It is recognized that the potential for serious impact exists. These impacts can be mitigated by ensuring the NIC strictly follows it’s approved work method statement and installation environmental management plan which will address concerns about the approach, placement, and anchoring of the work barge at each location. This stage is influenced by numerous factors, including water currents, wind, waves, and water depth, visibility, and operator competence. However, positive impacts of the program leading to improved shipping safety, fewer shipping accidents and spills and potential habitat destruction caused by groundings, and loss of human life greatly outweigh the potential impacts of navaid facility installation.

181. The potential for environmental impact is created by materials utilized and waste produced by the work barge and crew. These potential impacts are manageable and shall be addressed in the NIC’s work method statement and installation environmental management plan. These are addressed in this EMP for NIC to address during the tendering and actual installation processes.

B.1 Anticipated Impacts on Rare and Endangered Species

182. Although no rare or endangered species were encountered within the immediate pile locations that were assessed and identified by community residents, the PPTA advised that it is incumbent to assume that rare and endangered species are present and to operate with appropriate care. If these are encountered at the project sites they will be logged by the NIC’s onboard Marine Ecologist and reported. These endangered species when identified shall not be harmed or captured for food by NIC crews and workers. The NIC shall conduct awareness raising of this concern as part of the pre-employment requirements. The list of these endangered species may be referred to the PPTA Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) from time to time where necessary. Better yet, the NIC shall have access to reference material to identify these species once they are sighted in the vicinity of the installation areas. These sightings shall be recorded in the installation environmental management reports to be submitted to the PIU.

B.2 Barging Positioning and Stabilization

183. Barge positioning and stabilization presents significant risk during the installation process when not properly done and managed due to its impact on the marine environment. Improper barge positioning and stabilization may disturb the surrounding substrates that may result in disturbance creating high water turbidity (albeit maybe only for a short while during manoeuvering), and migration of the suspended materials into surrounding coral habitats due to sustained propeller movement.

184. There are no location-specific barging positioning and stabilization recommended for any of the navaid locations at this time of the assessment. Barging positioning and stabilization will be left to the NIC to manage as it sees appropriate based on actual weather conditions such as wind, tidal height and streams, and swell conditions during each installation. In addition, these weather conditions will be taken into consideration together with the barge type and size, and its pile equipment configuration.

185. It is, however, strongly recommended that the NIC implements its installation environmental management plan keeping in mind avoidance or minimization of environmental

49 impacts to the reef or their nearby surrounding areas, most especially in locations where there are known conservation concerns to be considered such as those in Madang Lagoon.

186. Once the work barge is positioned and stabilized, pile installation in near-shore and offshore areas will be straightforward and negative impact is minimal but will be managed by the NIC. However, for land-based installations at Vatmare Rock on Vokeo Island, there will be additional requirements for deliveries of construction materials and equipment including the work personnel. Repeated shore landings shall be minimized and managed accordingly in accordance with safe work method/occupational safety and health requirements.

187. The NIC is expected to provide a qualified Marine Ecologist on board to assist selection of anchor points, and pre and post-installation assessment regarding any and all impacts. These requirements will be provided in the tender documents for NIC compliance.

C. Anticipated Impacts on the Socio-Economic Environment

188. The Project imposes very little to no direct negative social and economic impacts. All the navaids are located either underwater, on reefs or on dry exposed areas on cliffs and as such no resettlement issues will arise from the project. The Project will not have a direct impact on the people, their land, properties, and homes. Social issues regarding site ownership and boundaries may arise during the initial community awareness and consultation stage of the project but are always dealt with by the Project CD team during community consultations. If a consensual agreement is not reached by concerned parties, the site is excluded from the Project.

189. During the construction period, there may be minor temporary disturbances to the fishing and hunting grounds of the communities but these disturbances to the waterbed column are limited only to the actual installation location which should only last for about 3-4 hours. Soon after installation, the site will recover and so too will its marine life and the local fishermen will regain their fishing grounds. All these are clearly explained to the communities during community consultations.

190. It was noted from previous installations that light emitted from navaids attracts fish at night and also the area of the pile below water provides additional surface area for algal growth. Thus, attracting more fish to the area and allowing for more catch by the fishermen for their consumption and for sale at the market.

191. The Project could also have some short term economic benefits through the sale of produce by the local community to the barge crew.

192. The Project may have indirect negative social and economic impacts on the community. According to a Poverty and Social Assessment Report done for some selected project sites, the risks most commonly identified are from outside influences, through the visits by the navaid construction crews and higher volumes of people traveling through ports of call, could expose young people particularly, to alcohol, teenage pregnancies, and STIs. Transport systems and infrastructure development are recognized internationally as contributing to increased HIV transmission.

193. This risk will be mitigated by the Project through training and awareness raising for both the contractor’s installation crews and the recipient communities. HIV/Aids awareness will be carried out in the communities by the Project CD team as part of their Community Engagement Program. The project as part of its EMP guidelines will require the NIC to outline in their IEMP’s ways in which the contractors will mitigate these issues.

194. Other issues that may also arise are due to land rent payments and community payments which typically occur if community awareness and consultations are not properly undertaken. For each of the communities in the project sites, ample time is always given to the PIU’s CD team to carry out full community awareness activities/programs intended for the landowners and the community as a whole. Any community or land ownership issues/disagreements that cannot be resolved at the time triggers the exclusion of the proposed site from the project.

IV. CONSULTATIONS WITH THE PROVINCIAL LEVEL- AND LOCAL LEVEL GOVERNMENTS AND COMMUNITIES

195. This section reports on some of the findings as presented by the PIU CD team in their reports on the consultations done for the Mainland New Guinea Provinces in Contract Package 3 since it’s commencement in November 2016. The full report (see separate report; Consultation) also covers awareness activities and programs implemented for each community by the PIU CD team through its Community Engagement Programs.

A. Stakeholder Consultation

196. A vital element of the project visibility is stakeholders’ consultation. Stakeholders for each site and navaid location were consulted during the PIA activities. There have been courtesy visits to all six Provincial Administrations by the Project Management prior to the first field visits to the communities. The main aim of these visits was to introduce the project to the Provincial Administrator (PA), Governor and respective officers, Land, Law and Justice, Planning and Local Level Government. All visits received a positive response and support was given by the respective administrations. The crucial part was to first get in contact with the Lands Division to receive initial information about communities, which are in the vicinity of the proposed navaid sites. Some of the locations are very remote and often Provincial Lands Officers were new to the villages. A few islands do not have mobile network coverage or radio connection which made advance contact difficult.

A.1 Field Trip Programme

197. The same programme that was prepared and used for the other Contract Packages was used for Contract Package 3.

198. Whilst the engineering and environment team left for inspection of the navaid site during the PIA visits, the community team started with the awareness process. The communities were informed about the benefits of the project, for safety and environment protection. Posters and photos were shown to illustrate the types of navaids which will be installed. It was also made clear then that for appropriate land acquisition, identification of landowners and training of CLC members, the team would return for a second visit. The FPIC form was read out and translated whenever necessary. Time was allocated for people to ask questions and/or express their concern. After satisfactorily resolving any concerns the FPIC form was signed.

A.2 Gender

199. In compliance with the Project´s Gender Action Plan women were involved throughout the consultation in the communities. Matrilineal societies like the Milne Bay communities allow women to be landowners and inherit land to their daughters; however, for land negotiations, uncles and brothers are officially leading the discussions. The CD PIU team made sure to have at least one female landowner or representative signing the Free Prior and Informed Consent; this was all accepted by community members. For the second visit, women will be encouraged

51 to become members in the Community Lighthouse Committees and take over more responsible tasks.

A.3 Land Acquisition and Resettlement (LAR)

200. The project does not have direct impacts on people for moving residential properties as all navaids are positioned either underwater, on reefs or rocks or on exposed areas on exposed areas on a cliff. To document that there is no resettlement needed, the team fills the Land Acquisition and Resettlement (LAR) checklist, which includes (i) a short description of the site (ii) type of land acquisition of customary land (mostly lease agreements) initiated in the second consultation visit and (iii) a short due diligence report. This is signed by the Gender, Community and Lands Specialists, the Team Leader and the Project Manager (See separate report).

201. The area underwater which is relevant for land acquisition, is 20 x 20m. The area for land acquisition on land is 10m x 10 m. If there is additional compensation envisaged for example removal of some vegetation, then the Valuer remarks this in the respective valuation report for each site.

202. Out of the 45 sites that have been inspected and assessed, only one will be on land while the rest are underwater.

V. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

203. The grievance redress mechanism (GRM) provided here updates the version presented in the IEE during the PPTA which reportedly had been established, based on existing conflict resolution practices and traditions in PNG, for the project. The GRM will address any issues or complaints raised during project implementation. From an environment safeguards perspective, it is possible that people may have concerns with the project’s environmental performance including the implementation of the EMP. Issues may occur during installation and again during operation. Any concerns will need to be addressed quickly and transparently, and without retribution to the affected persons (APs) or persons who raised the issue.

204. The following process is to be used and commences with an attempt to sort out the problem directly at sub-project level. If this cannot be resolved then the grievance moves to the resolution process outlined in Section 87 of the Environment Act 2000. The process is also shown as a flowchart in Figure 18.

A.1 During construction

205. Most complaints arising during installation works are expected to be minor complaints that should be resolved quite easily and acted upon immediately at the work-site level by the PIU Staff who will consult with the NIC’s assigned focal person on board the work barge. This focal person shall be identified by the NIC in its IEMP. Where the complaint is of a more serious nature the PIU Staff has up to two weeks to resolve the complaint.

I. All complaints arriving at the NIC’s Office (whether at the work barge or in its regular offices on land) are to be entered in a Register that is kept at the site by date, name, contact address and the reason for the complaint. A duplicate copy of the entry is given to the complainant AP for their record at the time of registering the complaint. The Register will show who has been directed to deal with the complaint and the date when this was made together with the date when the AP was informed of the decision and how the decision was conveyed to the AP.

II. The Register is then signed off by the person responsible for the decision and dated. The Register is to be kept at the work barge until its return to the port where the PIU and NIC maintain their regular offices. The Register shall be treated as a public document. The duplicate copy given to the AP will also show the procedure that will be followed in assessing the complaint, together with a statement affirming the rights of the AP to make a complaint. For anybody making a complaint, no costs will be charged to the AP.

III. The PIU Staff will consider the complaint and within a maximum of two weeks will convey a decision to the AP. The AP or the Ward Councilor may if so desired to discuss the complaint directly with the PIU Staff or his representative. Prior to the dismissal of a complaint, the PIU Staff will present the case to the PM at the PIU for review. Should the PIU concur that the complaint is dismissed, the AP will be informed of their rights in taking it to the next step. A copy of this decision is to recorded in the database held at the PIU

IV. Should the AP not be satisfied the AP may take the complaint to the CEPA and continue the grievance in accordance with Section 87 of the Environment Act 2000. Procedure for dealing with compensation claims for environmental impacts. The procedure is shown in Figure 26.

Figure 26 Flow Chart Outlining Grievance Redress Mechanism.

Complaints to be actioned in Person Making Complaint

2 Weeks On-Site Project Engineer or PIU Staff

Complaint Yes Approved

90 days CEPA PIU Staff arranges to rectify complaint

Complaint Yes Approved

As Required Judicial System

Directs NMSA to Complaint Yes Approved instruct PIU Staff to Rectify Complaint

V. Affected party (AP) meets with the PIU Staff or NIC focal person to formally register concern over the impact and seek redress. A copy of the alleged impact is submitted to the CEPA.

VI. The PIU Staff and NIC focal person has to determine whether the impact has occurred due to the installation activities.

VII. If the NIC through its focal person accepts responsibility for the impact, it can negotiate a mutually acceptable settlement with AP within 90 days.

VIII. If NIC rejects responsibility for the impact, AP can request CEPA to carry out a verification investigation.

IX. If CEPA confirms that the impact has occurred, he/she will advise the NIC and AP to negotiate a settlement within 90 days.

X. If a negotiated settlement is not reached under either Step 3 or 5, the NIC or AP can request the CEPA to formulate a determination. Once this request is made, CEPA will have 90 days to reach a determination.

XI. If either party is dissatisfied with the determination, it can appeal to the National Court.

XII. The CEPA will have four weeks to consider the complaint. The CEPA will arrange for any complaint to be dealt with under the same procedure i.e. there will be no charge made to the AP for making a complaint.

XIII. Should the AP not be satisfied with the ruling of the CEPA, the AP may at their discretion take the grievance to the PNG judicial system. This will be at the APs cost but if the court shows that the CEPA or the administration have been negligent in making their determination, the AP will be able to seek costs.

A.2 During Operation

206. The same procedure is followed except that the complaint is now directed to the NMSA Manager/PIU to rectify. During operation the same conditions apply; i.e. there are no fees attached to the AP for making a complaint, the complainant is free to make the complaint which will be treated in a transparent manner and the AP will not be subject to retribution for making the complaint.

VI. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

207. This section discusses the mitigation and management measures to avoid, reduce, mitigate or compensate for adverse environmental impacts during project implementation. It is prepared as the IEMP based on the template provided in the EARF and updated accordingly by being less prescriptive to allow NIC the flexibility to use appropriate equipment and work methodology that will achieve the desired positive environmental outcomes.

208. This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) identifies the potential project environmental impacts and defines mitigation measures and monitoring requirements for the pre-installation, installation, and operational stages of the project. It also defines the institutional arrangements and mechanisms, the roles and responsibilities of the different organizations identified for the project, and budget for implementation of the EMP. The EMP seeks to ensure environmental protection activities throughout the project stages and continuously improve in order to prevent, reduce, or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and risks. The EMP draws on the findings of

55 the Pre-installation Assessment (PIA); builds from the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) during the Project Preparation Technical Assistance (PPTA) previously prepared for the project; and on the Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) discussed and agreed with the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

209. This EMP is based on the pre-installation assessment activities of the PIU and will also be included as a separate annex in all bidding and contract documents. The NIC will be informed of its obligations to implement the EMP and to include EMP implementation costs in their bids for installation works. The EMP includes an environmental monitoring program. The monitoring results will be used to evaluate (i) the extent and severity of actual environmental impacts against the predicted impacts, (ii) the performance of the environmental protection measures and compliance with relevant laws and regulations.

A. Institutional arrangements and responsibilities for EMP implementation

210. National Maritime Safety Authority. The National Maritime Safety Authority is the Executing Agency (EA) of the Maritime and Waterways Safety Project (MWSP). NMSA will be responsible for the overall implementation and compliance with loan assurances, the PIA and the EMP (including Environmental Monitoring Plan).

211. Project Implementation Unit (PIU). The NMSA has established a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) led by a Project Manager (and assisted by a team of specialists from a consultancy firm) who will be responsible, on behalf of the NMSA, for the day-to-day management of the project. The PIU will have the overall responsibility to supervise the implementation of environmental mitigation and monitoring measures, ensure the contractors' compliance with environmental management requirements, and coordinate the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) and report to ADB. The PIU has one full-time Environmental Officer on its staff to coordinate and manage EMP implementation. Furthermore, the PIU will be responsible for installation supervision and quality control.

212. PIU Environmental Staff. The PIU Environmental Staff (Environmental Officer assisted by an International Environment Specialist) prepares and submits on behalf of the PIU, the Notice of Preparatory Works (NPW) for new navaid locations; prepare a pre-installation checklist to guide the collection of data and preparation of pre-installation assessment (PIA) reports; coordinate with GLCS and CLCO as required to undertake public consultations during PIA and during implementation as per the IEMP and agreed method statement; prepare site-specific PIAs and IEMPs for each site; submit PIA and IEMP to ADB for clearance; submit PIAs for sites with new navaid locations to CEPA and confirm with CEPA whether EPs (with or without conditions will be required for any identified sites; ensure all relevant IEMP measures are included in tender documents for each contract package; submit copies of IEMRs to CEPA for their information; assist the NIC, as required, to prepare the method statements to comply with the IEMP; monitor grievances and performance of the GRM and reporting serious problems to the Project Manager; monitor NIC implementation of the IEMPs; support actions to address non-compliance with IEMPs; supervise preparation of IEMRs (including CAMMs) for each navaid site and provide to PIU and ADB for clearance; report on IEMP progress and prepare quarterly summary for PIU to assist preparation of PIUs QPR for submission to ADB; conduct training of PIU and NIC Staff as required; and arrange for an independent post-installation audit to be undertaken by an international organization with specific marine ecology experience.

213. Navaid Installation Contractors (NICs) will be responsible for responding to IEMP information in bid documents for this contract package, prepare method statements for implementation at each site; implement the site IEMP for all navaid installation activities; prepare monthly IEMP reports for submission to the PIU as part of the progress reports including monthly accident report and measures undertaken to address any non-compliance issues identified by

56 the PIU or CEPA; and prepare and submit installation environmental management reports to PIU and ADB after completion of navaid installation at the sites. NIC(s) will have on-board a Marine Ecologist or similarly qualified specialist to conduct pre-installation surveys and submit reports to PIU for review and approval.

214. Independent Post-installation Environmental Auditor. As provided for in the EARF, an independent post-installation environment audit will be conducted to independently confirm NIC compliance to environmental requirements and enforcement criteria within the NIC contract terms. This will be based on a sample of not less than 15% of all navaid installation sites. The responsibilities of the Independent Post-installation Environmental Auditor include the following: a) assist PIU in the confirmation of NIC compliance to environmental requirements and enforcement criteria within the NIC contract terms especially on the assessment of environmental damage around navaid installations; b) prepare audit report of NIC compliance based on not less than 15% of all navaid installation sites; and c) provide recommendations for future guidance in the improvement of installation activities and penalties as may be applicable consistent with the PNG Environment Act of 2000 and strict enforcement of conditions in the NIC contract terms.

215. Conservation and Environment Protection Authority (CEPA). The CEPA is PNGs environment regulator and administers and enforces the Environment Act 2000 and regulations. Based on submissions of Notice of Preparatory Works (NPW) and other required documentation by the NMSA, it will review and determine whether Environment Permits (EPs) with or without conditions will be required for any identified sites of the project; undertake monitoring of compliance with the Installation Environmental Management Plan (IEMP) as required; and administers NIC waste disposal permit applications and performance.

216. Asian Development Bank. The ADB will have the following responsibilities over the project: review and clear PIA and IEMPs; review QPR which include IEMR and identifies any issues to be addressed; assist with corrective actions as required; and review post-installation audits and recommendations.

B. Pre-Installation Impacts and Mitigation Measures

217. The several pre-installation tasks required under the project include the following:

I. Community awareness/consultation and interaction which were conducted during the PIU Pre-installation assessment but which shall continue through with the NIC activities; II. Conduct of PIU-NMSA pre-installation assessments (PIA); III. Preparation of PIU-NMSA PIA Report, and NIC PIS as part of the installation environmental management reports; IV. Identification of landowners or custodians to be facilitated by the PIU in coordination with the Department of Lands and Physical Planning on an on-going basis; V. Initiate the land acquisition process (either lease agreements or outright purchase) which will be an on-going activity to be facilitated only by the PIU (actual negotiation will have to be done and concluded by the CDD of the NMSA; VI. Clarification of the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) which was explained to each of the communities during the PIU pre-installation assessment activities but which will be reiterated when a NIC is selected and mobilizes to the locations; VII. Inclusion of EMP conditions in bid documents; VIII. Selection of navaid installation Contractor NIC); IX. Pre-installation orientation meetings between PIU and NIC; and X. Preparation of Work Method Statement, and Installation Environmental Management Plan by the NIC.

218. With the exception of the PIAs of the PIU, and the PISs of the NIC as part of its installation activities, all of these activities are exclusively administrative tasks that will have no direct negative impact on the physical and biological environment around the navaid locations. The PIU PIA and NIC PISs as part of its pre-installation work consist of swimming/diving surveys to characterize environments at several individual installation locations. No environmental damage has occurred (during the PIA) or is anticipated to occur (PISs) during these surveys.

C. Community Consultation and Land Acquisition

219. The PIA and community awareness activities of the PIU confirm that there are no previously negotiated and executed lease agreements for all the navaid locations identified in Bougainville, New Ireland, Manus, East New Britain and West New Britain Provinces. Any landowner claims will go through the NMSA office.

220. Prior to any construction or installation, the communities have to give their consent (signing of FPIC) for the installation of the navaid, which establishes an easement providing access to the site for NMSA and its agents ( e.g. contractor); further the PIU GCLS and CLCOs will support Land Officers of the Department of Lands and Physical Planning, in the initiation of land acquisition for each navaid installation The CDD-NMSA will formally finalize a Lease Agreement to be signed by the NMSA Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the appropriate customary landowners), as per the PNG Land Act (1982) provisions for “customary right of use” specifications with the assistance and cooperation of the PIU GCLS and CLCOs. This Agreement will:

• Establish a 20-30 year agreement between the customary landowners of the navaid location and the NMSA; • Specify the area to be leased as 400m2 per light at sea or 100m2 on land; and • Specify the annual rental fee.

C.1 Community Consultation and Interaction

221. Community awareness was conducted during the PIU PIA which resulted in the signing of FPIC forms as discussed above. Although this had been done, the NIC must still meet with the community officials and landowners to confirm respective responsibilities concerning navaid construction and maintenance, and present details of construction as well as construction schedules and access to nearshore waters in locations where local communities have Customary Use rights.

222. This shall be done prior to initiation of any work on the identified navaid locations. The meetings will also provide an opportunity to negotiate with local communities concerning on-site fishing for personal crew consumption; no such fishing will occur without community permissions. Minutes of this or these meetings will be taken and included as an annex to the installation environmental management report (IEMR) since this will be done on arrival to each location as part of the NIC pre-installation activities.

223. If practicable, the ES/EO or GCLS/CLCs should participate in these meetings.

D. Pre-Installation Assessment and Reporting

224. PIA and community awareness meetings were conducted by the PIU at each navaid location as required. The PIU Team consisted variously of the following PIU Staff: Project Manager (PM), PIU Project Accountant, Team Leader (TL), Maritime Safety Specialist (MSS), Environment Specialist (ES), Environment Officer (EO), Gender and Community Lands Specialist

(GCLS), and Community and Lands Coordinators (CLS). The PIU Team was supported by National Government and Provincial Government Staff during the field activities most especially during the community awareness meetings.

225. The PIU PIA characterized the bottom types of each navaid location following the hierarchy of preferred bottom types. The NIC will be required to conduct pre-installation surveys, prepare work method statements to properly manage the installation process and ensure the avoidance or minimization of environmental impacts to the navaid locations.

E. Installation Phase Activities and Mitigation Measures

226. There will be two types of installation environments involved under this contract package. These are (i) land-based installations and (ii) near-shore and off-shore installations. Generally, the same pre-installation activities will be required for both. However, there are additional activities for land-based installations that need special attention as follows:

227. Site preparation for the foundation works. The NIC shall prepare an appropriate work method statement for this work following a detailed inspection of the site conditions. Under this environment, clearing of trees and other vegetation will typically be required albeit not similar in severity for all sites (some sites may require several trees and undergrowth to be removed, while others will require little vegetation removal). There will be also handling and management of construction materials and equipment from ship to shore and the NIC shall be required to exercise due diligence based on its work method statement and installation environmental management plan.

228. In addition, the NIC shall be required to engage a Terrestrial Ecologist or Biologist (whichever specialists are available in the country) to identify and count the number of trees that will be affected (it is anticipated that trees along the headlands are smaller in diameter) for all land-based navaids installations.

229. The NIC shall be required to (i) limit the cutting of trees and removal of undergrowth to the minimum and preferably confined within the 100 sq. m. area that will be acquired; (ii) limit excavation works according to technical/design considerations that may be required to be proposed during the tender process; and (iii) minimize land disturbance outside of the 100 sq. m. leased areas.

230. Should additional areas be required during the installation to accommodate materials and equipment, rental compensation for the areas utilized as construction yard (although it is anticipated that most of the materials will be prepared/pre-fabricated on-board the barge and delivered to each land-based sites) shall be paid to the landowners.

231. Compensation for trees cut may be required or replanting of the required number may be effected based on community consultations or agreement with the community or affected landowners.

232. All NIC workers hired off-site shall be provided board and lodging accommodation on the work barge rather than in the community. This will avoid providing housing and sanitation facilities at the work site. Labor requirements may be also sourced from the community during the site preparation activities as a gesture of goodwill and to facilitate cooperation of the community over the long term.

233. Construction materials and equipment deliveries. It is anticipated that there will be a transfer of materials and equipment to the work site through the safest and nearest shore landing

59 locations. The NIC shall provide work method statement to address these shore landing requirements.

234. The NIC shall be required to select the best route to shore that will avoid or minimize reef damage where these are likely to be encountered such as at the Rainu Reef sites, and Star Reefs. In addition, NIC shall properly plan construction and equipment deliveries to minimize unnecessarily repeated landings, and occupational safety issues associated with the vessel to shore movements. It is also expected to properly adhere to occupational health and safety requirements.

E.1 Maneuvering and Stabilizing the Work Barge

235. The NIC will be required to engage a Marine Ecologist as part of its team. In addition, due to the necessity of locating navaids on land, a Terrestrial Ecologist or Biologist will be required on short and intermittent basis to be provided by the NIC to further characterize the affected habitats and prepare and monitor compliance with the NIC’s installation environmental management plan. Additional activities that may have potential impacts to the general land and anchoring areas are provided in this report for further guidance and validation during pre- installation and installation works.

236. Maneuvering and stabilizing the work barge entails the greatest potential for environmental impact and risk and must be conducted carefully with sufficient attention to detail. Potential causes of problematic approach include water currents, wind, waves, water depth and visibility. Accordingly, no barge positioning should be undertaken when weather and sea state conditions impose inappropriate risk. These factors must be evaluated prior to approaching any installation site, and the NIC will make their own determination of the best way to undertake the required activity based on site conditions including meteorological, as well as equipment type and size.

237. Water depth limitations for each of the navaid locations have been described in the PIA. Further evaluation of local bathymetry should result in NIC planning the best approach of the barge to the installation site. Anchors have great potential for damaging coral reefs. Therefore, the NIC should determine the most appropriate types of anchors based on navaid location conditions and in order to avoid or minimize damage.

238. Before and after underwater photographs will be taken of all anchoring and pile locations.

239. All of these shall be addressed in the NICs work method statement and installation environmental management plan.

E.2 Pile Installation

240. Once the work barge is in position and stabilized, the pile driving process for near-shore and off-shore installation will be relatively straightforward. The NIC shall prepare a work method statement for carrying out this activity.

241. However for land-based installations (Vatmare Rock, Vokeo Island), temporary unnecessary community disturbance may be felt (only in locations near populated communities) in the form of elevated noise levels; localized dust generation (anticipated to be nil to minimal notwithstanding during dry weather days); and localized erosion and turbidity of surrounding waters during inclement weather. The NIC will be required to a prepare work method statement and installation environmental management plan.

242. As part of the pre-installation activities, the NIC shall engage with the community to follow up on consent earlier taken during the PIU PIA activities. Noise disturbance shall be minimized

60 with the use of appropriate construction technology and equipment. In land-based installation locations, the NIC will manage excavations and bare ground surfaces to the minimum as necessary and shall take note of weather conditions in the area during construction planning and implementation and adopt measures consistent with the work method statement to minimize negative impacts and unnecessary exposure.

E.3 Debris Removal and Clean up

243. Debris Removal and site cleanup will include the marine environment of the navaid installation site and surroundings used during the barging and shore landing operations, and the entire 100m2 land area to be acquired or leased for the land-based installations. For land-based installation, attention is required to ensure that all construction equipment, excess materials, and waste materials are removed from the construction site and loaded back to the work barge for proper disposal at a NIC approved/designated waste disposal site.

244. When navaid installation results in replacement of a pre-existing navaid, the old navaid structure will be removed for appropriate disposal or recycling when it is evaluated as a potential boating or environmental hazard. When old structures are removed, all due care must be taken to minimize environmental damage. If possible, old structures still embedded in the seabed will be removed using appropriate equipment to loosen and pull them from the substrate. If the structures break off underwater, the Contractor must consider appropriate techniques and document the removal process and any disturbance as part of the installation completion report. Appropriate debris removal techniques shall be also described in the NIC’s method statement.

245. Upon completion of all other activities, all materials/wastes associated with construction shall be removed. These materials will be stored on the construction barge until they can be disposed of at the NICs facility or recycled.

E.4 Management of Waste and Hazardous Substances

246. The NIC shall use appropriate methods to minimize loss of any hazardous substances into the water or substrate (i.e. oil containment booms and skirts, absorbent pads, and other spill control equipment, etc.) which will be stored in easily accessible locations for rapid deployment. All crew shall be trained in their use prior to departing the barge’s home docking facility.

247. Fuels and lubricants will be contained in spill-proof containers or tanks. All fuel storage and refueling areas aboard the work barge will be adequately bunded to contain accidental spillage.

248. Sewage and Grey Waters shall be stored in on-board sullage tanks until they can be discharged either into port reception facilities as a best practice, and/or managed to conform or in accordance with MARPOL Annex IV – Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from ships. PNG is a signatory to the MARPOL (The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocols of 1978 and 1997 Relating Hereto).

249. Inorganic and Solid Waste that will not degrade will be stored aboard the work barge or another work vessel for later appropriate disposal at approved municipal facilities. Specifically, the NIC shall conform with “The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocols of 1978 and 1997 Relating Hereto”, MARPOL and its Annexes as follows:

• Annex I: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil (October 1983). • Annex II: Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk (April 1987).

• Annex III: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried at Sea in Packaged Form • Annex V: Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Garbage from Ships (December 1998).

E.5. Post installation inspection and audits

250. The inspection shall be made of each entire installation area by the NIC to determine the presence of debris, even if unrelated to navaid installation. Corrective actions shall be immediately set in place prior to departure from the installation site.

251. Separate post-installation audits shall be conducted by the PIU following completion of installation works through an independent organization, educational institution or Non- Government Organizations (NGOs) involved in conservation work under the Melanesian context. The post-installation audits will determine requirements for compensation or penalties for non- compliant works and/or environmental damages beyond area of concern (i.e. 100 m2 land to be acquired; 400 m2 for marine areas; barging positions; shore landing areas) following applicable provisions of the PNG Environment Act of 2000 for each level of non-compliance. The schedule of penalties extracted from the PNG Environment Act of 2000 is appended to this document as Annex C.

F. Operations Phase Activities

252. Operational activities related to navaids consist of periodic inspection, maintenance and repair; and replacement of stolen or vandalized equipment. These tasks will form part of the NIC contract for a set period of time, likely several years (i.e. until alignment with a future external maintenance contract through NMSA) likely be contracted by NMSA to either the installation contractor or to another qualified private firm.

253. The potential for minor environmental impacts exists when infrastructure is being painted, hydrocarbons are used for any reason, or the boat accidentally spills fuel. Monitoring of these activities should nevertheless be conducted to be sure procedures are not abused and serious errors made. This shall be managed by the NIC following its IEMP.

254. The NIC will prepare a maintenance activity checklist (MAC) to comply with EMP requirements that are relevant to the planned maintenance activity. The Contractor shall be required to complete this checklist at each navaid location and to sign each with his legal signature.

255. The NMSA and/or PIU may accompany or otherwise audit maintenance activities of the Contractor to enable inspection of actual maintenance operation conducted.

VII. MONITORING AND REPORTING

256. Monitoring of Contractor activities will largely be the responsibility of the PIU Staff that will be present during some of the typical installation activities that will be undertaken by the NIC. While the Contractor shall prepare and submit all required reports following contractual requirements, the PIU shall be responsible for either rejecting or signing off on the reports. If a report is rejected, noncompliance issues shall be identified and corrected.

257. The following reports shall be required to be prepared by the NIC:

(i) Pre-installation Community Awareness Meeting (CAM) minutes will be provided for each meeting;

(ii) PISRs shall be prepared for each location surveyed and included as part of the installation environmental management plan (IEMP);

(iii) Vessel Operation Reports shall be prepared weekly and included as part of the Installation Environmental Management Report (IEMR) to assure that waste is being stored appropriately, waste is being disposed of at only approved municipal facilities, all fuel containers are in good condition and refueling is being conducted properly, accidental discharges if any, are to be reported and corrective actions undertaken, and discharge of sullage tanks is made to port reception facilities as best practice. NIC shall conform with “The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocols of 1978 and 1997 Relating Hereto”, MARPOL and its Annexes as follows:

• Annex I: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil (October 1983). • Annex II: Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk (April 1987). • Annex III: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried at Sea in Packaged Form • Annex IV: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships (September 2003). • Annex V: Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Garbage from Ships (December 1998). • Annex VI: Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships (May 2005).

(iv) Installation Environmental Management Reports (IEMRs) will be prepared for each site noting that piles are installed in positions selected during the PIU PIA and recording accurate GPS coordinates, that the construction barge and other vessels were maneuvered and stabilized properly, shore landing locations identified, oil containment gears are easily accessible for rapid deployment, the installation sites inspected by NIC divers and certified as clean, before and after pile photographs are provided; and detailed reporting of habitat loss assessment, reef or other damage are documented;

(v) Incident reports shall be prepared as incidents occur, indicating details of environmental issues, accidents, or other significant events either non-compliance or otherwise determined significantly by the Contractor and/or PIU monitoring representative. Corrective actions shall be emphasized.

258. The NMSA PIU is required to prepare and submit to ADB quarterly progress reports describing progress with implementation of the Project. The quarterly progress report (QPR) and safeguards monitoring reports will set out safeguard activities, IEMP and compliance issues and corrective actions. CEPA will also be informed and provided with copies of the submissions.

259. Important organizations involved in the monitoring and implementation of the Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) of the project are shown in Table 13 below. Table 13 Responsibilities for EARF Implementation Organization EARF Implementation Responsibilities NMSA • Submit to CEPA, on behalf of PIU, the NPW for the new navaid locations Environmental • Prepare site specific PIAs and IEMPs for each site Officer (EO) and • Submit PIA and IEMP to ADB for clearance. International • Submit PIAs for sites with new navaids locations to CEPA and confirm with CEPA whether Environmental EPs required for any identified site. Specialist (IES) • Submit copies of PIA and IEMRs to CEPA for their information. • Support actions to address non-compliance of IEMP.

• Supervise preparation of IEMRs (including CAMMs) for each navaid site and provide to PIU and ADB for clearance. • Report on IEMP progress and prepare quarterly summary for PIU to assist preparation of PIU’s QPR for submission to ADB. • Arrange for an independent post-installation audit to be undertaken by an international organization with specific marine ecology expertise. Navaid Installation • Responding to the IEMP information in bid document for a contract package, prepare Contractor (NIC) method statement for IEMP implementation at each site. • Implement the site IEMP for all rehabilitation or new navaid installation activities. • Prepare monthly IEMP reports as part of progress reports and submit to PIU. The report will also include the monthly accident report and measures undertaken to address any non-compliance issues identified by the PIU or CEPA. • On completion of navaid installations at a site, prepare and submit the IENR to PIU and ADB. Conservation and • Identify whether EPs required for any identified sites. Environment • Review NPW and other documentation submitted as required. Protection Authority • Undertake monitoring of compliance with IEMP as required. (CEPA) • Administer Contractor Waste Disposal permit applications and performance. Independent Post- • Assist PIU in the confirmation of NIC compliance to environmental requirements and Installation enforcement criteria within the NIC contract terms especially on the assessment of Environmental environmentally damage around navaid installations. Auditor. • Prepare audit reports for NIC compliances based on not less than 15% of all navaid installation sites. • Provide recommendations for future guidance in the improvement of installation activities; and penalties as may be applicable consistent with the PNG Environment Act of 2000 and strict enforcement of conditions in the NIC contract terms. ADB • Review and clear PIAs and IEMPs • Review and QPRs which include IEMR and identifies any issues to be addressed. • Assist with corrective action as required • Review post-installation audits and recommendation,

Table 14 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (Near-shore/off-shore Navaids Installations) IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmental Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence PRE-INSTALLATION ACTIVITIES

Community Local Project Meeting with local communities; confirm lease PIU GCLS, and PIU Concurrent with PIAs and awareness communities awareness, and conditions; review GRM procedures; identify CLCO the PIAR submitted to meetings, and community local cultural issues to be respected; identify ADB for clearance; consultation, landowners/ca acceptance; mutual performance expectations. Documented by NIC in the and Interaction retakers Confirms good IEMR during its pre- faith installation activities and agreements, submitted to PIU solidifying partnership between landowners and NMSA Pre-Installation PIU Locate actual Visit each navaid sites and locations PIU PM/TL EO/ES PIU/ADB PIAR provided to ADB for Assessment navaid locations concurrently with the community awareness Clearance; copy provided (PIA) and identify meetings; dive on site to evaluate bottom to CEPA for information bottom types to habitat characteristics and identify bottom minimize types following the hierarchy of preferred environmental location (sand is highly preferred while impacts vigorous coral growth the least preferred) & record with accurate GPS coordinates. Preparation of PIU Assures that Provide a formal report of PIA results and PIU ES/EO PIU/ADB PIA Report provided to Pre-Installation advance recommendations. Includes surface ADB for Clearance; copy Assessment planning will be photography characterizing the area and together with NPW Reports (PIAR) preserved as underwater photography indicating benthic provided to CEPA for reference for habitat types and other relevant features, as review to see if EPs are future actions well as the specific recommended navaid required and Project installation site. The report must also include evaluation, minutes from local community meetings. preserving environmental integrity of Project

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmental Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence Identify Each navaid Determine Identify stakeholders with whom to properly PIU CLCO and PIU during the Progress report to PIU landowners or location proper negotiate lease GCLS initiating the project life; and during the project life; and custodians stewardship process with the NMSA post- NMSA-CDD follow up roles Department of project work post-project Lands and Physical Planning (DLPP), and the Provincial Government Levels Initiate Each navaid Provides navaid - Establishes long-term lease agreement of NMSA, Provincial PIU during the Monitoring report to PIU facilitation of location security and specific area; and National project life; and during the project life; and land acquisition local - Creates easement for construction and Department for NMSA post- NMSA-CDD follow up process (either compensation maintenance as provided for in the signed Lands and project work post-project lease opportunity, FPIC; Physical Planning agreements or avoiding social - Establishes rental fees and local revenue outright disaffection stream; purchase) - Provides for local protection of navaid facility through the signed CLCs Clarify All landowners Provides clarity Explain GRM and introduce key participants. PIU GCLS and PIU EO Verbally during CAMs Grievance & stakeholders and local CLCO during the Redress confidence community Mechanism awareness meetings; Navaids Installation Contractor (NIC) concurrently with installation works. EMP Conditions Bid and Loss of Assure that EMP provisions are adequately PIU ES/EO in PIU/ADB Pre-bid release; PIU draft included in bid Contract environmental covered in bid documents, Contractor coordination with to ADB documents documents values and proposals, and contract documents. PIU Procurement project Specialist sustainability (PS)/Procurement Officer (PO)

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmental Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence Selection of PIU Selection of Evaluate each bid for the environmental PIU PM, TL, and PIU/ADB After bid evaluation; Contractor(s) competent competence of Contractor. Rank bids and ES/EO in decision submitted to ADB Contractor advise bid evaluation panel. coordination with for review assures PIU Procurement environmental Specialist integrity of (PS)/Procurement Project is Officer (PO) maintained Preconstruction NIC, and PIU Communicates Conduct post-contract award meetings to PIU PM/TL, PIU After Contract Execution; Orientation expectations review environmental, social and cultural ES/EO, and minutes to file and to ADB, Meeting(s) concerning issues to assure Contractor understanding GCLS/CLCO signed by PIU and environmental and commitment to compliance. Contractor Representative compliance and care Preparation of NIC Maintains The contractor prepares method statement NIC PIU ES/EO During the tender process Work Method environmental based on IEMP and reviewed as part of tender after PIU PIAs Statement integrity of assessment and award process, establishing Project Contractor’s management and compliance requirements. Must be reviewed and approved by ES/EO and PM/TL prior to work proceeding.

INSTALLATION ACTIVITIES Establishment of NICs Work Avoids site Assure appropriate anchoring capability, NIC, Reviewed PIU EO Site presence, Contractor’s barge and damage/ sewage and grey water containment, and approved by Verification/ Compliance to Method facilities associated pollution by hazardous materials and waste handling, PIU PM/TL and Inspection Statement; vessels assuring well availability of spill control equipment, ES/EO prior to Verification/Monitoring planned and adequate bunding to contain spills aboard, onset of works Report; Review of IEMRs adequate appropriate personnel safety provision, etc. facilities and equipment Storage and NICs Work Accidental spills Fuel to be stored in properly sealed containers NIC PIU EO Site presence, handling of fuel barge and resulting in water in the adequately bunded area of minimum Verification/ Compliance to Method and lubricants associated pollution or 110% capacity. Inspection Statement; vessels habitat damage Verification/Monitoring Report; Review of IEMRs

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmental Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence Contractor to carry sufficient spill and emergency response equipment on board the barge. Contractor required to develop an emergency response plan (as part of CEMP), and train all personnel in use of spill control equipment. Use of NICs Work Health dangers Contractor to provide a list of all HAZCHEM NIC PIU EO Site presence, hazardous barge and to workers and products carried or planned for use on work Verification/ Compliance to Method materials associated the environment vessels, if any. Inspection Statement; vessels Contractor to display MSDS sheets in work Verification/Monitoring areas. Report; Review of IEMRs Workplace NICs Work Workplace No drugs or alcohol allowed on-site. NIC PIU EO Site presence, health and barge and accidents and All workers to be provided with safety Verification/ Compliance to Method safety associated health of equipment appropriate for tasks in which they Inspection Statement; vessels workers; loss of are employed, including personal floatation Verification/Monitoring productivity devices. Report; Review of IEMRs

Sufficient potable water and sanitary toilet facilities to be provided on the barge. Medical and first aid facilities to be provided together with a person qualified in first aid. Sewage NICs Work Spillage Sewage and grey waters shall be stored in on- NIC PIU EO Site presence, Management barge and resulting in water board sullage tanks until they can be Verification/ Compliance to Method associated pollution discharged into port reception facilities as a Inspection Statement; vessels best practice, or in accordance with MARPOL Verification/Monitoring Annex IV – Regulations for the Prevention of Report; Review of IEMRs Pollution by Sewage from ships. PNG is a signatory to the MARPOL (The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocols of 1978 and 1997 Relating Hereto) Inorganic and NICs Work Prohibition of Inorganic and solid waste that will not degrade NIC PIU EO Site presence, solid waste barge and dumping to will be stored aboard work barge or another Verification/ Compliance to Method disposal associated maintain work vessel for later appropriate disposal at Inspection Statement; vessels environmental approved municipal facilities. Verification/Monitoring values Report; Review of IEMRs

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmental Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence Manoeuvring NICs Work Significant - The contractor will be required to engage a NIC PIU EO Site presence, and stabilizing barge at physical habitat Marine Ecologist as part of the team. Verification/ Compliance to Method work barge navaid damage - The contractor must use great care in Inspection Statement; installation site possible if approaching each navaid installation site. Verification/Monitoring improperly - NIC required to exercise due diligence Report; Review of IEMRs conducted based on its work method statement and installation environmental management plan. Pile Installation Navaid Unnecessary Noise and bottom disturbance should be NIC, observed by PIU EO Site presence, installation site bottom minimized. The NICs Marine Ecologist will ES/EO and/or PM Verification/ Compliance to Method community guide accurate placement to areas of least Inspection Statement; disturbance or environmental impact, as decided beforehand Verification/Monitoring destruction based on the PIA, as well as the NICs work Report; Review of IEMRs method statement and installation environmental management plan.

Part of the lights that directly impacts the line Nuisance of of sight towards the communities shall be flashing lights of provided with a shield to minimize the installed navaids nuisance of flashing lights. These are the to nearshore communities living around Madang Harbour communities (Biliau and Nui Islands) and Biam Island.

NIC to require pre-employment medical HIV/AIDS examinations to its crew and workers; provide transmission HIV/AIDS awareness raising. from workers and boat crew members

NIC to avoid conflict by asking permission Conflict with when fishing on community fishing ground, community and paying correct amount for the goods and members services requested; also by respecting community customs and tradition.

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmental Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence Debris Removal Navaid Maintains or Old navaid structures will be removed and NIC with EO and PIU EO Site presence, installation site even improves transported to an agreed location for PM consultation Verification/ Compliance to Method and environs, environmental appropriate disposal or recycling. Inspection Statement; including entire integrity of local All construction equipment and waste Verification/Monitoring 400m2 lease habitats and materials shall be removed from the site. Report; Review of IEMRs area on water; ecosystems 2 or 100m on A diver survey shall be made of each entire land lease area to determine the presence of debris, even if unrelated to navaid installation. Post-installation At least 15% of Ensure Recommendations on compensation and/or Independent PIU Audit Reports audit navaid compliance with penalties for non-compliant works and/or organization CEPA locations Environment Act environmental damages (Specialist in Marine Ecology) OPERATIONS PHASE Develop MAC NIC Prevent Assure compliance with safety measures EO PM As Needed; Environmental Communication between Impairment EO and PM On-site audits EO Prevent Assure compliance with safety measures EO PM As needed; Environmental Checklist review, personal Impairment observation, Memos to file; action on non- compliance issues

Replacement of NMSA Loss of navaids Follow up strengthening of community NMSA-CDD NMSA Engineers As needed and as stolen/vandalize lighting due to involvement in the protection of the installed reported by the CLCs d equipment vandalism and facilities; sustain engagement with the theft Community Lighthouse Committees (CLCs) and regularly pay agreed annual rent and its adjustments.

Table 135 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (Land-based Navaids Installations) IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmental Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence PRE-INSTALLATION ACTIVITIES

Community Local Project Meeting with local communities; confirm lease PIU GCLS, and PIU Concurrent with PIAs and the awareness communities awareness, and conditions; review GRM procedures; identify CLCO PIAR submitted to ADB for meetings, and community local cultural issues to be respected; identify clearance; Documented by consultation, landowners/ca acceptance; mutual performance expectations NIC in the IEMR during its and Interaction retakers Confirms good pre-installation activities and faith submitted to PIU agreements, solidifying partnership between landowners and NMSA Pre-Installation PIU Locate actual Visit each navaid sites and locations PIU PM/TL EO/ES PIU/ADB PIA Report provided to ADB Assessment navaid locations concurrently with the community awareness for Clearance; copy provided (PIA) and identify meetings; inspect the on-land site to identify to CEPA for information bottom types to substrate type and evaluate habitat minimize characteristics & record with accurate GPS environmental coordinates. impacts Preparation of PIU Assures that Provide a formal report of PIA results and PIU ES/EO PIU/ADB PIA Report provided to ADB Pre-Installation advance recommendations. Includes surface for Clearance; copy together Assessment planning will be photography characterizing the area and other with NPW provided to CEPA Reports (PIAR) preserved as relevant features, as well as the specific for review to see if EPs are reference for recommended navaid installation site. The required future actions report must also include minutes from local and Project community meetings. evaluation, preserving environmental integrity of Project Identify Each navaid Determine Identify stakeholders with whom to properly PIU CLCO and PIU during the Progress report to PIU during landowners or location proper negotiate a lease. GCLS initiating the project life; and the project life; and NMSA- custodians process with the

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmental Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence stewardship Department of NMSA post- CDD follow up work post- roles Lands and project project Physical Planning (DLPP), and the Provincial Government Levels Initiate Each navaid Provides navaid - Establishes long-term lease agreement of NMSA, Provincial PIU during the Monitoring report to PIU facilitation of location security and specific area; and National project life; and during the project life; and land acquisition local - Creates easement for construction and Departments for NMSA post- NMSA-CDD follow up work process (either compensation maintenance as provided for in the signed Lands and project post-project lease opportunity, FPIC; Physical Planning agreements or avoiding social - Establishes rental fees and local revenue outright disaffection stream; purchase) - Provides for local protection of navaid facility through the signed CLCs Clarify All landowners Provides clarity Explain GRM and introduce key participants. PIU GCLS and PIU EO Verbally during CAMs Grievance & stakeholders and local CLCO during the Redress confidence community Mechanism awareness meetings; Navaids Installation Contractor (NIC) concurrently with installation works. EMP Conditions Bid and Loss of Assure that EMP provisions are adequately PIU ES/EO in PIU/ADB Pre-bid release; PIU draft to included in bid Contract environmental covered in bid documents, Contractor coordination with ADB documents documents values and proposals, and contract documents. PIU Procurement project Specialist sustainability (PS)/Procurement Officer (PO) Selection of PIU Selection of Evaluate each bid for the environmental PIU PM, TL, and PIU/ADB After bid evaluation; decision Contractor(s) competent competence of Contractor. Rank bids and ES/EO in submitted to ADB for review Contractor advise bid evaluation panel. coordination with assures PIU Procurement environmental Specialist integrity of

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmental Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence Project is (PS)/Procurement maintained Officer (PO) Preconstruction NIC, and PIU Communicates Conduct post-contract award meetings to PIU PM/TL, PIU After Contract Execution; Orientation expectations review environmental, social and cultural ES/EO, and minutes to file and to ADB, Meeting(s) concerning issues to assure Contractor understanding GCLS/CLCO signed by PIU and Contractor environmental and commitment to compliance. Representative compliance and care Preparation of NIC Maintains The contractor prepares method statement NIC PIU ES/EO During the tender process Work Method environmental based on IEMP and reviewed as part of tender after PIU PIAs Statement integrity of assessment and award process, establishing Project Contractor’s management and compliance requirements. Must be reviewed and approved by ES/EO and PM/TL prior to work proceeding. INSTALLATION ACTIVITIES Establishment of NICs Work Avoids site Assure appropriate anchoring capability, NIC, Reviewed PIU EO Site presence, Compliance to Contractor’s barge and damage/ sewage and grey water containment, and approved by Verification/ Method Statement; facilities associated pollution by hazardous materials and waste handling, PIU PM/TL and Inspection Verification/Monitoring vessels assuring well availability of spill control equipment, ES/EO prior to Report; Review of IEMRs planned and adequate bunding to contain spills aboard, onset of works adequate appropriate personnel safety provision, etc. facilities and equipment Storage and NICs Work Accidental spills Fuel to be stored in properly sealed containers NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance to handling of fuel barge and resulting in water in the adequately bunded area of minimum Verification/ Method Statement; and lubricants associated pollution or 110% capacity. Inspection Verification/Monitoring vessels habitat damage Contractor to carry sufficient spill and Report; Review of IEMRs emergency response equipment on board the barge. Contractor required to develop an emergency response plan (as part of CEMP), and train all personnel in use of spill control equipment. Use of NICs Work Health dangers Contractor to provide a list of all HAZCHEM NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance to hazardous barge and to workers and products carried or planned for use on work Verification/ Method Statement; materials the environment vessels, if any. Inspection

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmental Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence associated Contractor to display MSDS sheets in work Verification/Monitoring vessels areas. Report; Review of IEMRs Workplace NICs Work Workplace No drugs or alcohol allowed on-site. NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance to health and barge and accidents and All workers to be provided with safety Verification/ Method Statement; safety associated health of equipment appropriate for tasks in which they Inspection Verification/Monitoring vessels workers; loss of are employed, including personal floatation Report; Review of IEMRs productivity devices.

Sufficient potable water and sanitary toilet facilities to be provided.

Medical and first aid facilities to be provided together with a person qualified in first aid. Sewage NICs Work Spillage Sewage and grey waters shall be stored in on- NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance to Management barge and resulting in water board sullage tanks until they can be Verification/ Method Statement; associated pollution discharged into port reception facilities as a Inspection Verification/Monitoring vessels best practice, or in accordance with MARPOL Report; Review of IEMRs Annex IV – Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from ships. PNG is a signatory to the MARPOL (The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocols of 1978 and 1997 Relating Hereto) Inorganic and NICs Work Prohibition of Inorganic and solid waste that will not degrade NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance to solid waste barge and dumping to will be stored aboard work barge or another Verification/ Method Statement; disposal associated maintain work vessel for later appropriate disposal at Inspection Verification/Monitoring vessels environmental approved municipal facilities. Report; Review of IEMRs values Manoeuvering NICs Work Significant - NIC required to exercise due diligence in NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance to and stabilizing barge with physical habitat identifying suitable barge locations based Verification/ Method Statement; work barge respect to damage on its work method statement and Inspection Verification/Monitoring shore landing possible if installation environmental management Report; Review of IEMRs requirements improperly plan. as discussed conducted - NIC will be required to engage a below. Marine/Terrestrial Ecologist or Biologist, and certified divers as part of the team to

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmental Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence properly position the work barge away from sensitive marine habitats (strictly no anchoring in live coral areas). - NIC must use great care in identifying safe approach routes to shore landing locations. - NIC must properly plan for a construction schedule that will avoid an extended period of work barge anchoring in open waters. - NIC to use appropriate anchoring methods Site preparation NICs Work Clearing of trees - NIC required to exercise due diligence NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance to Method and other based on its work method statement and Verification/ Method Statement; Statement; vegetation; installation environmental management Inspection Verification/Monitoring and work site handling and plan. Report; Review of IEMRs management of - NIC to engage a Terrestrial Ecologist or construction Biologist to identify and count the number materials and of trees that will be affected (it is anticipated equipment; that trees along the headlands are smaller in diameter). - Limit cutting of trees to the minimum and confined within the 100 m2 area; limit excavation works according to technical/design considerations that may be required to be proposed during the tender process. - Minimize land disturbance outside of the 100 m2; rental compensation for areas that may be utilized as construction yard if over this area (although it is anticipated that most of the materials will be prepared/pre- fabricated on-board the barge and delivered to each land-based sites). - Provide compensation for or replace cut trees with the number that will be agreed with the community. - All NIC workers hired off-site shall be provided board and lodging in the work barge rather than in the community to avoid

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmental Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence providing housing and sanitation in the community itself. Construction Shore landing - NIC to provide method statement to NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance to materials and locations address shore landing requirements. Verification/ Method Statement; equipment - NIC to select the best route to shore that will Inspection Verification/Monitoring deliveries avoid or minimize reef damage where these Report; Review of IEMRs may be encountered in some locations. - NIC to properly plan construction and equipment deliveries to minimize unnecessarily repeated landings, and occupational safety issues associated with the vessel to shore movements. - NIC to properly adhere to occupational health and safety requirements. Pile Installation Navaid Unnecessary - NICs to prepare work method statement NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance to installation community and installation environmental Verification/ Method Statement; locations disturbance; management plan. Inspection Verification/Monitoring elevated noise - Engage with the community to follow up on Report; Review of IEMRs levels; localized consent earlier taken during the PIU PIA dust generation activities. (anticipated to - Noise disturbance shall be minimized with be nil to minimal use of appropriate construction technology notwithstanding) and equipment; during dry - Manage excavations and bare ground weather days; surfaces to the minimum as necessary. localized erosion and turbidity of - Take note of weather changes occurring in surrounding the area in construction implementation waters during planning and adopt measures consistent inclement with the work method statement to weather. minimize negative impacts. Debris Removal Navaid Maintains or - All construction equipment, excess NIC PIU EO Site presence, Compliance to and site cleanup installation site improves materials, and waste materials shall be Verification/ Method Statement; and environs, environmental removed from the site and loaded back to Inspection Verification/Monitoring including an integrity of the the work barge for proper disposal in NIC Report; Review of IEMRs entire 100m2 local habitats approved/designated waste disposal site. land area to be and ecosystems

IMPACT MITIGATION MONITORING Potential Applies Monitoring Project Environmental Implementation to Proposed Mitigation Measure Responsibility Timing & How Reported Activity Impact &/or Responsibility

Consequence acquired or - The inspection shall be made of each entire leased. lease area to determine the presence of debris, even if unrelated to navaid installation. Post-installation At least 15% of Ensure - Recommendations on compensation Independent PIU Audit Reports audit navaid compliance with and/or penalties for non-compliant works organization, CEPA locations on Environment Act and/or environmental damages beyond the educational land area of concern (100 sq. m. land to be institution or Non- acquired). Government - Apply applicable provisions of the PNG Organizations Environment Act of 2000 for each level of (NGOs) involved non-compliance. in conservation work under the Melanesian context. OPERATIONS PHASE Develop MAC NIC Prevent Assure compliance with safety measures EO PM As Needed; Environmental Communication between EO Impairment and PM On-site audits EO Prevent Assure compliance with environment and EO PM As needed; environmental safety measures. Checklist review, personal impairment observation, Memos to file; action on non-compliance issues

Replacement of NMSA Loss of navaids Follow up strengthening of community NMSA-CDD NMSA Engineers As needed and as reported by stolen lighting due to involvement in the protection of the installed the CLCs equipment vandalism and facilities; sustain engagement with the theft Community Lighthouse Committees (CLCs) and regularly pay agreed annual rent and its adjustments.

VII. LESSONS LEARNED

260. Some lessons were learnt over the course of the Pre-Installation Phase of the project and are discussed below:

I. Due consideration must be given to the weather when planning trips to the sites especially at the outer islands. Some sites in the Milne Bay Province were not properly surveyed in the first instance because the team encountered rough sea conditions. The rough sea conditions may have been brought about by the south-easterly winds that were prevalent at the time of survey (August-September). The unsurveyed sites were later surveyed during the second trip when the team re-visited the sites earlier in the calendar year for community awareness and consultations when sea conditions were more favourable.

II. Some locations proved difficult to assess and secondary data sourcing was required to confirm substrate conditions. Some sites were too deep for the team to identify the substrate such as the sites within Port Moresby Harbour where depths are greater than 12 meters; some sites such as Biam Island and Marshall Lagoon had murky or turbid water conditions influenced by nearby river outlets, while other sites had dense encrusting coral cover that made locating sandy substrates very difficult such as those at the Deboyne Islands. For such conditions, more time could have been planned and given to carry out the site assessments.

III. Most of the issues and concerns identified during the PIA phase involve the Community Engagement Program (CEP) which are captured in the reports by the Community and Land’s team. Important lessons learnt under the CEP program as outlined in these reports are provided below:

• The most unpredictable component in the community engagement programme is the land acquisition as landownership is a main cultural identity; families and clans in communities sometimes follow different interests, which have to be treated sensitively. • Although land mediation strategies are initiated where disputes arise, some problems cannot be solved during project implementation. Sites with land disputes were removed from the project to ensure no undue delays which might otherwise prompt NICs to claim for contract variation payments. • Packages 1 and 2 may be re-tendered and the list of proposed navaids might be changed over disputed sites thus to provide an appropriate basis for a contractor to address communities and start with installations of navaids. • During all community and public consultation processes, the Project and its planned outputs was highly appreciated as it benefits the public directly through its community engagement programme and land lease payments to landowners. Also the minimization of risks of sea accidents and vessel groundings from both national and international shipping was communicated by the Project team to the community who recognised the importance these navaids will have.

IV. The PIA Team worked closely together to ensure the proposed navaids are in the most suitable locations based on the following considerations:

• The locations and proposed aids to navigation provide the best arc of visibility for marine traffic passing the aid in either direction.

• Particular attention was paid to aids to navigation to be sited on corners in open water channels whereby the corner would be well marked for marine traffic traveling in each direction passing the aids to navigation. • Ease of access to ongoing maintenance. • Distance from the low water mark on the shore was also considered with a view to the prevention of vandalism. • Material types for pitching and driving of piled navaids. • Engineering purposes (i.e. lower wave energy where possible, shallower areas to reduce the need for larger beacons. • Avoidance and/or minimization of impacts to terrestrial vegetation/habitats.

261. The above considerations were not available from the PPTA and had to evolve during the PIA (only the hierarchy of substrate selection or bottom types was available from the PPTA).

VIII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

260. Throughout the Contract Package 3 Provinces, environmentally sensitive areas that may be jeopardized by in water installation operations include corals and seagrass beds which abound in some identified sites. However, there are always available sandy patches and hard pavements within the radius from the identified GPS coordinates that present opportunity from which to place the navaids. Nevertheless, it is important to adhere to precautionary principles and judiciously implement an environmental management plan during installation.

261. Of the total number of assessed sites and navaid locations, only two navaids will be located within one of the Marine Protected Areas (Madang Lagoon) identified in these provinces.

262. The PIA indicates that the installation of the replacement and new navaids in these Provinces will result in unavoidable and permanent loss of small areas of habitats during their lifetime. However, this physical loss will be offset by the monopiles becoming habitats themselves for various marine organisms. In addition, this loss will be offset by the avoidance of ships and boats running aground on unmarked reefs with the potential of extensive environmental damage, as well as loss of human lives.

263. Community awareness meetings resulted in signed FPIC forms that are considered significant outcomes under this PIA because it implied community acceptance of the project and permission by the community for the installation of the navaids. However, there will be further initiating and facilitating activities to be done by the PIU throughout this project in support of NMSA actually negotiating and concluding lease agreements with customary landowners in locations where navaids will be installed.

264. The PIA concludes that adverse environmental impacts arising from replacement of existing and installation of replacement or new navaids in these provinces can be minimized to insignificant levels by selecting a NIC that will fully comply with the environmental requirements of the project.

REFERENCE

A.P. Jenkins. Madang Locally Managed Marine Area Network. April 2002.

Environmental Assessment Review Framework (EARF)--Maritime and Waterways Safety Project. The PNG Government, Port Moresby. 2005.

L.W. Hanson, B.J. Allen, R.M. Bourke, and T.J. McCarthy. Papua New Guinea Rural Development Handbook. Australian National University, Canberra. 2001.

Papua New Guinea District and Provincial Profiles. The National Research Institute, March 2010.

PNG Marine Program on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security, 2010-2013: National Plan of Action. Department of Environment and Conservation-CTI. Port Moresby, 2013.

Safeguard Policy Statement, Asian Development Bank, Manila. 2009.

State of the Coral Triangle: Papua New Guinea. ADB-GEF-Coral Triangle Initiative. Philippines, 2014.

Technical Assistance Consultant’ Report: Papua New Guinea: Preparing the Maritime and Waterways Safety Project. ADB. 2012.

Vulnerability, Risk Reduction, and Adaptation to Climate Change – Papua New Guinea, World Bank-GFDRR-Climate Investment Funds-Climate Change Team/Envm., April 2011.

IX. LIST OF ANNEXES

ANNEX 1: PIA CHECKLISTS (To be provided separately) ANNEX 2: UNDERWATER AND ABOVE WATER PHOTOGRAPHS (To be provided separately)

ANNEX 3: SCHEDULE OF PENALTIES AS PER THE PNG ENVIRONMENT ACT OF 2000

SL Clause Description Reference for Penalties No. Validations

1 11. Causing Serious Environmental Harm PNG Penalty: Where the person Environment convicted of an offence is – (1) A person who unlawfully causes a Act, 2000 serious environmental harm is guilty of an (Excerpts) (a) a Corporation - a fine not offence. exceeding K250,000.00; and

(2) In proceedings for an offence against (b) Other than a Corporation - a Subsection (1), there is no requirement to fine not exceeding K125, prove that the person intended to cause the 000.00 or imprisonment for a serious environmental harm. term not exceeding five years, or both.

Default penalty: A fine not exceeding K15, 000.00.

2 12. Causing Material Environmental Harm PNG Penalty: Where the person Environment convicted of an offence is – (1) A person who unlawfully causes a Act, 2000 material environmental harm is guilty of an (Excerpts) (a) a Corporation – a fine not offence. exceeding K100,000.00; and

(2) In proceedings for an offence against (b) other than a Corporation – a Subsection (1), there is no requirement to fine not exceeding K50,000.00 prove that the person intended to cause the or imprisonment for a term not material environmental harm. exceeding two years, or both

Default penalty: A fine not exceeding K5, 000.00.

3 13. Causing Environmental Harm PNG Penalty: A fine not exceeding Environment K20,000.00 (1) A person who unlawfully causes an Act, 2000 environmental harm by – (Excerpts) Default penalty: A fine not exceeding K2, 000.00. (a) noise, dust, odour or electro-magnetism or litter; or

(b) an unhealthy, offensive or unsightly condition because of a contaminant; or

(2) In proceedings for an offence against Subsection (1), there is no requirement to prove that the person intended to cause the unlawful environmental harm.”

4 8.Duty to Notify Unlawful Environmental PNG Penalty: Where the person Harm Environment convicted of an offence is –

(1) A person who becomes aware that Act, 2000 (a) a Corporation - a fine not unlawful serious environmental harm or (Excerpts) exceeding K100,000.00; and unlawful material environmental harm is caused or threatened in the course of an (b) Other than a Corporation - a activity carried out by that person, or over fine not exceeding K50, 000.00 which that person has effective control, shall or imprisonment for a term not as soon as practicable give written notice to exceeding two years, or both. the Director of the circumstances in which

the harm or risk of harm arose.

(2) A person who fails to comply with Subsection (1) is guilty of an offence.

(3) It is not reasonable excuse for a person to fail to give notice to the Director of the circumstances involving the harm on the ground that the notice, or the giving of the notice, might tend to incriminate the person.

(4) A notice given by a person under Subsection (1) is not admissible in evidence against that person, or any other person carrying out the relevant activity, in any legal proceedings.

(5) Subsection (4) does not prevent other evidence obtained because of the notice, or the giving of the notice, being admitted in any legal proceeding against the person.

Source: PNG Environment Act, 2000