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Shatskyi Biosphere Reserve – Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation

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Shatskyi Biosphere Reserve – Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Biosphere Reserves and Climate Adaptation Volume 2 – Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Svitiaz, 2021 Shatskyi Biosphere Reserve – Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Climate enables life – life influences climate Man-made climate change poses a particular challenge for ecosystems and people living in them. In the worst-case sce- nario, sharp changes in temperature and precipitation pat- terns will necessitate a restructuring of the ecosystem as im- portant flora and fauna species become extinct or replaced. This has happened several times in the history of the earth. However, such restructuring has often been accompanied by significant and abrupt losses in functionality. Furthermore, the current change is extremely rapid. Advantageously, ecosystems have important properties and functions which humans can use to adapt to climate change: they catch wa- ter, store and retain it in the landscape and thereby cool it, reduce wind speeds, and buffer extreme weather events of all kinds. Yet, if we continue to unsustainably utilise natural resources, e.g. solely for the production of biomass as in in- tensive agriculture or forestry, many of these properties will be lost. The ecosystem-based sustainable development ap- 1 proach aims at a balanced use of as many ecosystem services as possible without destroying the functional efficiency and (1) Damaged car after heavy storm self-healing powers of nature. (cc4.0) Ukrainian State Emergency Service Ecosystem services (ES): Outputs, conditions, or processes of natural systems that directly or indirectly benefit humans or enhance social welfare. Citation: R.J. Johnston, Britannica They can be subdivided into three categories: Regulating: Air and water purification, soil formation, pollination, decomposition, erosion and flood control (e.g. through soil- and plant water retention), carbon storage, and climate regulation. Provisioning: Goods (biomass and genetic materials) ‒ e.g. food (fish, fruit and vegetables, etc.), seeds, clean air and water, timber (e.g. as construction material), and fuel materials (firewood). Cultural: Aesthetic, spiritual, and cultural values; physical and intellectual interaction in education, research, and art. Also, space and conditions for recreational and sports activities. Based on: Common Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) developed by Haines-Young & Potschin Edited by Under the auspices of the Climate Change The biggest challenge for humanity Global temperature change (1860–2019) Climate change is not a scenario anymore. Humans are increasingly influencing the climate system by burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests, and practising increasingly intensive and large-scale agriculture. These harmful activities add enormous amounts of greenhouse gases to those naturally oc- 1 curring in the atmosphere, leading, with a time lag, to Surface air temperature anomaly for September 2019 to August 2020 1860 1890 1920 1950 1980 2010 global warming and other climate changes. 3 (Reference period: 1981-2010) Planet Earth is unique. The interplay of produces our food, and thus forms the layer. But it is only in the last 150 years seen the most rapid transformation of biodiversity through land-use changes. pollution of air, water and soil, and the its properties allows water to exist on its basis of our existence. The composi- that technological and social develop- the human relationship with the natu- The effects of these changes can be spread of invasive species. These im- surface in liquid form, which is an essen- tion of the atmosphere surrounding it ments have led to the incomparably ral world. This escalating trend of en- even more damaging than the direct pacts will further reduce the resilience tial condition for life. The globe of ap- and the global greenhouse effect are rapid growth of a wide variety of fac- vironmental problems, which has thus impacts due to their scale, intensity, of ecosystems to climate change as proximately 12,700 km thickness is sur- also significantly influenced by the bio- tors, which have significantly changed become a symbol of our world today, and speed. They include habitat frag- well as the capacity to deliver essential rounded by the biosphere as if it were sphere. the state of both the biosphere and causes not only the climate but also the mentation and loss, over-exploitation, ecosystem services to humans. a macroscopic biofilm. This fragmented atmosphere (the small graphs show ex- global change affecting a wide range of and delicate film, which even in the ar- The Great Acceleration amples of some of the most important different levels and sectors. (3) The map depicts global and European surface air temperature anomaly for September 2019 to For several hundred thousand years, August 2020 relative to the average for 1981-2010. It does not show absolute temperatures; eas of the mightiest forests corresponds exponential developments). It becomes The year 2019 was the second warmest instead, it shows how much warmer or cooler each region of the Earth was compared to that to less than 0.0005% of the earth’s di- humans have been just some of the nu- clear that, in the history of humankind, year in the 140-year record, with glob- baseline average. ameter, contains all known forms of life, merous actors in this delicate biosphere the last 50 years have without a doubt al land surface temperature deviating Data source: ERA5. Credit: Copernicus Climate Change Service/ECMWF from the average by +1.44°C. This val- (4) Drought in European Groundwater (1) Warming stripes of the globe The map shows shallow groundwater storage in Europe as of June 22, 2020, as measured by © Ed Hawkins (University of Reading). ue is 0.11°C less than the record-value the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow ON (GRACE-FO) satellites. The colours Data: Berkeley Earth, NOAA, UK Met Office, of +1.55°C set in 2016 and only 0.01°C depict the wetness percentile; that is, how the levels of groundwater compare to long-term MeteoSwiss, DWD, SMHI, UoR, Meteo France & records for the month. Blue areas have more abundant water than usual, and orange and red ZAMG higher than the third-highest value areas have less. The darkest reds represent dry conditions that should occur only 2 percent of (2) The Great Acceleration Graphs set in 2017 and 2015 (1.43°C). The five the time (about once every 50 years). Updated version by Will Steffen et al. “The trajec- warmest years in the 1880–2019 record NASA Earth Observatory image by Lauren Dauphin, using GRACE data from the National Drought Mitigation tory of the Anthropocene: The Great Accelera- Center. tion.” The Anthropocene Review, March 2015 have occurred since 2015, while nine of the 10 warmest years have occurred since 2005. Citation: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Climate at a Glance: Global Time Series, pub- Greenhouse gases lished June 2020, retrieved on June 30, CO2 is the greenhouse gas most 2020, from https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ commonly produced by human cag/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/ activities and responsible for 64% of man-made global warming. Its Climate impacts are happening on concentration in the atmosphere all continents and in many sectors is currently 40% higher than at Research on future scenarios predicts the beginning of industrialisation. that climate change will have a dra- As populations, economies, and matic effect on natural environments, standards of living grow, so does plants, and animals. Direct impacts the cumulative level of green- include changes in phenology, species house gas emissions. abundance and distribution, communi- ty composition, habitat structure, and ecosystem processes. Climate change 4 2 is also leading to indirect impacts on 2 3 (1) Warming stripes of Ukraine © Ed Hawkins (University of Reading) Data: Berke- ley Earth, NOAA, UK Met Office, MeteoSwiss, Climate and its development DWD, SMHI, UoR, Meteo France & ZAMG (2) Evaporation and cooling function of a forest after rainfall in Shatskyi Region © P. Ibisch (3) Monthly means of air temperature for the current period (1991-2018) vs. the period of climatological normal (1961-1990) in the Shatskyi BR (Svitiaz weather station) Temperature change in Ukraine since 1901 © A. Smaliychuk 3 The Shatskyi Biosphere Reserve occupies the most (4) Average sum of monthly precipitation for the modern period (1991-2018) vs. period of north-western part of the Polesie ecoregion represent- climatological normal (1961-1990) in Shats- kiy BR (Svitiaz weather station) ed by mixed forests with the domination of pine forest © A. Smaliychuk stands and admixture of oak. Also, this part of Polesie is famous for the large number of lakes formed after the last glaciation in the Pleistocene. Like elsewhere across Polesie, the natural hydrological regime here 1 was changed by a drainage network, which influenced microclimate conditions as well. 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 4 Climate observations in the Shatskyi be more than 2.5oC in February, March, month, with the longest consecutive Biosphere Reserve have been conducted August, and December. It was partic- period of 25 days observed in August since 1945 at the Svitiaz weather station ularly hot in August 2015 and July of 2015. The highest one-day precipitation located next to Svitiaz – the largest lake 2014, when the average air temperature usually falls in May-July and Septem- in the region. Overall, the local climate reached 21.9 and 21.2oC, respectively, due ber-October with an average amount is formed by westerlies, which bring to extreme heatwaves in those summer of 15-25 mm over 24 hours. Its absolute about most of the annual precipitation seasons. These values correspond to the monthly maximum was recorded in May from the west. Moreover, due to a large past long-term average of Central-East- 2014 and July 2018 with more than 130 number of lakes, the microclimate of the ern Ukraine within the steppe zone. In mm, which constituted more than 20 % Biosphere Reserve also features higher 2018, the summer days (with a maximum of annual precipitation in those years.
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