Glass Innovation in the Grocery Store Plus: Annual Student Section

AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY

bullemerginge ceramicstin & glass technology JUNE/JULY 2019

Glass innovation in the grocery store Plus: Annual student section

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ACerS Anniversary Ad 2.indd 1 2/13/19 3:44 PM contents June/July 2019 • Vol. 98 No.5 feature articles

Glass innovation in the Composition fluctuations in 18 grocery store 34 silica glass containing water Glass containers safely package food The large effect of water on glass proper- and drink, as well as communicate ties has been observed, but the mecha- brand awareness. Sophisticated glass nism remains elusive. Three experiments science, innovation, and manufacturing help reveal the underlying process. makes possible these common house- by Emily M. Aaldenberg and hold items. Minoru Tomozawa by Scott Cooper and Dan Swiler cover story

Reimaging windows— Four-dimensional viscous flow 36 Innovations in glass with the 38 sintering of 3D-printed potential to transform the bioactive glass scaffolds built environment Bioglass products traditionally face a Next-generation windows offer many trade-off between good mechanical ways to increase occupant comfort and properties or bioactivity. Glass composition decrease building energy consumption. 13-93 may allow for both. by Karma Sawyer, Marc LaFrance, by Amy Nommeots-Nomm, Julian R. and Chioke Harris Jones, Peter D. Lee, and Gowsihan Poologasundarampillai

Chair’s update on PCSA activities Networks within research 26 and welcome to the student ACerS by Katelyn Kirchner Bulletin issue Stay bright while working on the by Scott McCormack dark side Congressional Visits Day 2019 Recap by By Xi Shi by Yolanda Natividad Unraveling the robust nature of The interdisciplinary nature of crys- bulk 2D materials and their intrinsic tal growth: Czochralski growth of properties by Archana Loganathan Nd:YAG and β-Ga2O3 ACerS Bulletin annual student section by Muad Saleh Student–written articles showcase the diversity and impact Teaming up to reach out: Inspiring the of research from students around the world. next generation of ceramists through collaborative outreach by Peter Meisenheimer

3rd Annual Energy Harvesting Society department meetings Meeting (EHS 2019)...... 44 News & Trends ...... 3 10th Advances in Cement-Based Materials Science and Spotlight...... 6 Materials ...... 41 Technology (MS&T19) ...... 45 Ceramics in Manufacturing . . . . 12 ACerS Structural Clay Products Research Briefs...... 14 Division & Southwest Section Meeting Ceramics in the Environment. . . . 17 in conjunction with the National Brick resources Research Center Meeting ...... 41 Calendar...... 40 GFMAT-2/Bio-4 ...... 42 Classified Advertising...... 46 Display Ad Index...... 48

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin online Editorial and Production www.ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 [email protected] June/July 2019 • Vol. 98 No.5 Lisa McDonald, Science Writer Michelle Martin, Production Editor Tess Speakman, Senior Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Darryl Butt, University of Utah http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss Michael Cinibulk, Air Force Research Laboratory Fei Chen, Wuhan University of Technology, China Thomas Fischer, University of Cologne, Germany Kang Lee, Chair NASA Glenn Research Center As seen on Ceramic Tech Today... Chunlei Wan, Tsinghua University, China Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Caffeine provides energy boost to Customer Service/Circulation humans and solar cells alike ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 [email protected] Scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles, found that adding caffeine to perovskite solar cells stabilizes their Advertising Sales power conversion efficiency, due to caffeine forming a National Sales “molecular lock” with lead ions in the solar cells. Mona Thiel, National Sales Director [email protected] ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar Credit: Marc Roseboro, California NanoSystems Institute [email protected] ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Read more at www.ceramics.org/caffeine Mark Mecklenborg, Executive Director and Publisher [email protected] Eileen De Guire, Director of Technical Publications and Communications Also see our ACerS journals... [email protected] Continuous forming of ultrathin glass by float process Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation By P . Shou, R . Hongcan, C . Sin, and Y . Yong [email protected] International Journal of Applied Glass Science Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations [email protected] Kinetics of ion-exchange-induced vitrification of glass-ceramics Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec . Assistant By A .A . Lipovskii, A .V . Redkov, A .A . Rtischeva, et al . [email protected] Andrea Ross, Director of Meetings and Marketing Journal of the American Ceramic Society [email protected] Kevin Thompson, Director of Membership Transparent niobate glass-ceramics for optical lining [email protected] By Z . Shi, N . Dong, D . Zhang, et al . Officers Journal of the American Ceramic Society Sylvia Johnson, President Tatsuki Ohji, President-Elect Numerical and experimental study of blow and blow for Michael Alexander, Past President perfume bottles to predict glass thickness and blank mold Stephen Houseman, Treasurer influence Mark Mecklenborg, Secretary By A . Biosca, S . Borrós, V . Pedret Clemente, et al . Board of Directors International Journal of Applied Glass Science Mario Affatigato, Director 2018–2021 Kevin Fox, Director 2017–2020 Dana Goski, Director 2016–2019 John Kieffer, Director 2018–2021 Lynnette Madsen, Director 2016–2019 Sanjay Mathur, Director 2017–2020 Martha Mecartney, Director 2017–2020 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015–2019 Jingyang Wang, Director 2018–2021 Read more at www.ceramics.org/journals Stephen Freiman, Parliamentarian

American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing . The American Ceramic Society is not responsible for the accuracy of information in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication . Readers should independently evaluate the accuracy of any statement in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication . American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No . 0002-7812) . ©2019 . Printed in the United States of America . ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a “dual-media” magazine in print and electronic formats (www .ceramics .org) . Editorial and Subscription Offices: 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045 . Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership . Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150 .* Rates include shipping charges . International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada . *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100 . Single issues, January–October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue . December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40 . Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item . POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045 . Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices . Allow six weeks for address changes . ACSBA7, Vol . 98, No . 5, pp 1– 48 . All feature articles are covered in Current Contents .

2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 news & trends

Multilayer ceramic capacitor shortage limits consumer electronic availability Despite all the high-tech components Paumanok Publications, in a 2018 within modern digital devices, the avail- article published by electronic compo- ability of some of today’s most in-demand nents distributor TTI, Inc. “They are devices comes down to a relatively low- used in large volumes in all electronic tech part that costs less than a penny— devices to provide energy on demand, multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). decoupling of signals and filtering of MLCCs are tiny components that noise and you cannot have an electron- regulate energy flow through a device. ic circuit without capacitance.” MLCCs are composed of alternating lay- To give an example of just how many ers of metallic electrodes and dielectric MLCCs are needed, consider that an ceramics, and they are found in nearly iPhone 6S contains some 500 MLCCs, Credit: Mike; Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0 every electronic device you can imagine. while an iPhone X contains about 1,000. Almost any modern electronic device “MLCC are considered the ‘work- With forecasts expecting 1.68 billion relies on multilayer ceramic capacitors horse’ of the electronics industry,” smartphones to be shipped by 2022, and to run smoothly. But despite being in explains Dennis M. Zogbi, president making a conservative estimate of 300 high demand, supply of MLCCs has not and CEO of market research company MLCCs per smartphone, that amounts been keeping pace.

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 3 news & trends

to 504 billion MLCCs required to serve according to an Electronic Products article. turn marked by ballooning inventories the smartphone industry alone—demon- “Scarcity became a sobering reality in and rock-bottom pricing. This contrib- strating just how huge demand for these 2017 as rising demand spread across uted to further supply constraints.” tiny components is becoming. industry sectors. But many component Part of the problem is just how inex- Although there is no problem with manufacturers questioned whether the pensive MLCCs are, despite their rela- demand, supply has not kept pace. uptick in demand was real, leading to tive importance. MLCCs are and have their reluctance to ramp up production been so low-cost (and hence low-profit) Supplying a shortage capacity. Component manufacturers that companies have stopped investing “The first rumblings of a components weren’t ready to invest in factories, fear- in their production over the past few shortage were heard in late 2016,” ing a repeat of the 2000 industry down- decades. Additionally, although the com-

Business news Mining NE, and CSU Chico. https://www. MARKET TRENDS glass-international.com/news PLANTS, CENTERS, AND FACILITIES Renewable energy accounts for one-third of world’s capacity Philippines opens two 3D printing Lockheed Martin, MIT launch fund to Renewable energy now forms one-third research facilities to remain competitive foster Israeli research partnerships of the world’s total energy capacity, within ASEAN Lockheed Martin and Massachusetts according to a new report by the The Philippines Department of Science Institute of Technology International Science International Renewable Energy Agency. and Technology established two new and Technology Initiatives announced The agency found 171 GW of renewable 3D printing research facilities to aid creation of the MIT-Lockheed Martin Seed energy was added to the global system Philippines development of additive Fund, promoting collaborations between in 2018, with an annual increase of manufacturing industry and overtake other MIT and universities and public research 7.9 percent. Two-thirds of new power countries implementing AM within the institutions in Israel. https://www.jpost.com/ generation capacity added in 2018 came Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Israel-News from renewables. https://www.power- https://3dprintingindustry.com/research technology.com/news Major European railways sign MOU NSG breaks ground on glass plant to identify applications for additive Self-healing concrete market to reach near Luckey manufacturing $1,375.08 bn, globally, by 2025 Officials of NSG Group began construction rd At the 3 Additive Manufacturing Forum in Allied Market Research recently on their company’s new float glass Berlin, railway company Deutsche Bahn, published a report that says the global plant that will supply glass to First Solar the Austrian Federal Railways, Italian self-healing concrete market generated Inc.’s expanding solar panel operations train operator Trenitalia, and government- $216.72 billion in 2017, and is expected in nearby Perrysburg Township, Ohio. owned Swedish railways company SJ to reach $1,375.08 billion by 2025, Besides the 150 new jobs the glass plant signed a Memorandum of Understanding growing at a CAGR of 26.4 percent from will produce, it will continue the Toledo signaling a pledge to collaborate in 2018 to 2025. https://www.prnewswire. area’s historic link to the glass industry. the working group RAILiability under com/news-releases https://www.toledoblade.com the Mobility goes Additive network. https://3dprintingindustry.com/transport Flat glass market to hit $150.40 billion ACQUISITIONS AND COLLABORATIONS by 2025 Siemens, Stratasys partner to The global flat glass market size is Glass recycling foundation launched incorporate additive manufacturing in anticipated to reach approximately in the US volume production US$150.40 billion by 2025, owing to The nonprofit Glass Recycling Foundation Stratasys and Siemens are working the growing demand from construction was formed to provide and raise funds together to integrate Siemens Digital and automotive sector. Favorable for localized and targeted assistance, Factory solutions with Stratasys additive characteristics related to glass and rising demonstration, and pilot projects that manufacturing solutions. The formal governmental norms to reduce carbon address gaps in the U.S. glass recycling partnership will help lay a foundation for footprint are key factors driving the supply chain. Board members include the integration of 3D printing in traditional demand of flat glass across the globe. Owens-Illinois, Diageo, Strategic Materials, manufacturing workflow. https://www. https://www.globenewswire.com n Inc., Northeast Recycling Council, Urban canadianmetalworking.com/news

4 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 ponents are inexpensive, manufacturing MLCCs requires expertise. Corporate Partner news These conditions have led to consoli- Nabertherm change of dation of the MLCC market. A handful the management board of major companies currently manufac- After 18 years of successful ture MLCCs—Murata Manufacturing, engagement as managing part- Samsung Electro-Mechanics, and Taiyo ner of Nabertherm GmbH, Yuden account for 60 percent of the Friedrich Wilhelm Wentrot market, according to a CNET article. (right) hands over the posi- TDK Corp. and Kyocera are also leading tion to his successor, Timm producers of MLCCs. Grotheer (left). Shortages have already led to price Under the leadership of increases, although the diminished sup- Wentrot, Nabertherm became ply problem does not seem to be resolv- one of the leading furnace ing too quickly. As of late 2018, Murata, manufacturers in the world one of the leading MLCC manufactur- with over 500 employees and ers, said it expected shortages to persist a turnover of more than into 2020. “Even though MLCC makers € 60.0 m (US$68.0 m). n have been boosting capacity, it would Credit: Nabertherm GmbH take time to meet a level of demand that we are seeing now,” says Tsuneo Murata, for an increase of at least another 10 demand projected for MLCCs,” accord- Murata Manufacturing’s chief executive, percent for the next year. The company ing to the Electronic Products article. “The in a Reuters article from October 2018. has said it will be investing 220 billion number of these devices per applica- Why will MLCC shortage last for yen ($1.96 billion) to boost capacity for tion—ranging from smartphones to so long? Because although companies MLCCs and batteries before the end of vehicles—are increasing, and there’s a like Murata are extending production, the current fiscal year in March 2019.” rise of new applications related to 5G, getting factories up and running takes That sort of investment seems to the internet of things (IoT), and the elec- time—and money. demonstrate that some players think the trification of vehicles.” The Reuters article continues, “Murata MLCC market has huge potential, even Based on all this information, MLCC Manufacturing has been adding produc- beyond the shortage. availability is likely to be a topic for tion capacity of about 10 percent every “In addition to alleviating the current some time. n year over the last decade, and plans shortage, manufacturers see tremendous

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 5 acers spotlight

SOCIETY, DIVISION, SECTION, AND CHAPTER NEWS

Welcome to our newest Meet the 2018-2019 Officers Individual Members and President-elect Professional experience and long- Corporate Partners! DANA G. GOSKI time personal involvement in our Vice president, research & ceramics community will allow me to ACerS extends a warm welcome to development listen to membership and serve the all of our new members. Please feel free Allied Mineral Products, Inc. Society with enthusiasm. to contact us with any questions you Columbus, Ohio mayCo haventra regardingct Mac hyourinin membership.g Service I was first intro- We are pleasedSince to19 welcome80 the fol- Goski duced to the Society in Directors lowing new Corporate Partners • Utmost Confidentiality graduate school and have been an active HELEN M. CHAN • Alumina to Zirconia member for over two decades. My pro- New Jersey Zinc Professor including MMC fessional involvement began with my Dept. Materials Science & • Exacting Tolerances local chapter, followed by member and Engineering • Complex shapes to slicing & dicing leadership roles in the Central Ohio Lehigh University • Fast & reliable Section, Refractory Ceramics Division, Bethlehem, Pa. sBomaservice Machine Specialties, Inc. and Meetings and Nominating com- Chan I have been a member mittees. I have served on the interna- of The American Ceramic Society since tional executive board for UNITECR 1984, which is practically my entire (Unified International Conference on professional career. I was appointed a 160 Goddard Memorial Dr. Worcester, MA 01603 USA Refractories), of which ACerS is the per- PremaTech Advanced Ceramics Fellow in 2005 and chaired the 2008 Tel:(508) 791-9549 • Fax:(508) 793-9814 manent secretariat, and I currently serve • E-mail:[email protected] Gordon Research Conference on Solid The ACerS• Web site :Corporatewww.PrematechA CPartnership.com on our Society’s Board of Directors. State Ceramics. As a junior researcher, Program offers member companies What defines the success of the the ceramics community welcomed me the benefits of individual member- Society is defined by the membership into its ranks, and the Annual Meetings ship, plus marketing, advertising, and the value they place on the services afforded me an invaluable opportunity recruiting, and cost-saving benefits the Society can provide. As an involved to learn from, and interact with, more for the company. For more details, industrial member in the Society, I am established colleagues. In later years, contact Kevin Thompson at 614-794- conscientious of the need to continually these meetings provided an ideal venue 5894 or [email protected]. n develop relevant and meaningful techni- for my students and post-docs to present cal and professional exchange oppor- their work and to network with other tunities in flexible modes, which best ceramics professionals. I have attended support industry, academia, government, every Annual Meeting except one. For Never pay dues again! student, and retired members. me, long-standing meeting traditions An ACerS Lifetime Membership The future of the Society requires include attending the Sosman lecture, allows members to avoid future dues us to continue with supportive engage- submitting an entry (or two) for the increases and maintain awards eligibil- ment of students and young profession- Ceramographic contest, and failing in an ity, while eliminating the need to renew als, provide networking opportunities epic fashion at the “football throw” at each year. The cost to become a Lifetime that connect industry to new technolo- the exhibition. Through my involvement Member is a one-time payment of gies, Industry 4.0 and manufacturing with the Journal of the American Ceramic $2,000. You can secure ACerS member methods, continually improve our high- Society and the Basic Science Division, I benefits for your entire lifetime when quality technical meetings and journal have had the opportunity to learn and you join the growing list of Lifetime publications, all with fiscal responsibil- grow professionally. The Society has Members. Contact Kevin Thompson, ity to our diverse and inclusive member- been good to me. membership director, at 614-794-5894 ship. To achieve these goals, we will I wish to be considered for board ser- for more information. n have to continue developing strategic vice to help the Society continue in its alliances and pay close attention to role in supporting the field of ceramics. emerging opportunities. As a board member, I would advocate

6 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 SOCIETY, DIVISION, SECTION, AND CHAPTER NEWS

for policies that cultivate greater inclusiv- been active at the Missouri University ed my goals of working with students ity in our membership and leadership. of Science and Technology even after since I became a member in 1991. I would also work to promote programs taking a position in industry at Missouri I would strive to increase ACerS to encourage and support newcomers Refractories in 2006. I maintain an involvement in student outreach. It is to the field and expand dissemination active involvement with the students and important to let youth know about the efforts to media and policymakers. I faculty. I serve The American Ceramic promising careers in our industry and humbly welcome this opportunity to give Society, ASTM International, The engineering in general at an early age. It back to the organization that has given Refractories Institute, and Association is even fun to go to a kindergarten class so much to me. for Iron & Steel Technology with the and cast bio-safe concrete hand plates goal of improving youth outreach from for them to take home. Imagine how the refractories industry. I have also that little nudge can change their life. MONICA FERRARIS served my local community as school One of the great joys of my life is when Full professor of science board member, football coach, and a university student comes up to me and technology of basketball coach over many years. I visit and remembers my day talking to them materials local and not-so-local elementary, middle from kindergarten. Politecnico di Torino, Italy and high schools to give presentations To students: “Join the Society and I like ACerS’ way of on careers in ceramic and material engi- attend the meetings! It’s the best way to Ferraris working: good ideas are neering, usually two or three per year find a job.” n accepted and supported no matter where since 2005. ACerS has strongly support- they come from. I'm a hardworking, committed person with a lot of ideas; maybe some of them can be useful for the ACerS Board of Directors. A world leader in bioactive and With the help of the ACerS Board of Directors, I would like to contribute to attracting more young professionals to custom glass solutions join ACerS, attend meetings, and participate in ACerS activities. I would also like to help convince young girls that they can have a career in Mo-Sci offers a wide variety of custom glass solutions STEM (and ceramics!). and will work with you to create tailored glass I could also contribute in attracting materials to match your application. more companies I am working with to join ACerS as corporate partners. Contact us today to discuss your Finally, and more personally, being next project. European and working with ACerS satisfies my need of an open-minded, mo-sci.com/contact inclusive, and diverse Society.

WILLIAM L. HEADRICK, JR. Ceramic engineer Missouri Refractories Pevely, Mo. @moscicorp

I am honored to be @MoSciCorp nominated for the ACerS www.mo-sci.com • 573.364.2338 Headrick linkedin.com/company/moscicorp Board of Directors. I love ISO 9001:2008 • AS9100C research and helping students. I have

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 7 acers spotlight

Society, division, section, and chapter news (cont.)

Names in the news and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and a Core Volunteer Spotlight Faculty Member of the Wyss Institute Eva Hemmer received her Eugene Olevsky will serve for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Ph.D. in materials science as dean of the College of was inducted into The National from Saarland University Engineering at San Diego Academy of Sciences on April 27, 2019. (Germany, 2008), where State University. Harry Tuller will receive she focused on the syn- for his accomplishments thesis of rare earth alkox- Hemmer Olevsky in electroceramics the ides and their decomposition to rare earth-containing inorganic The University of Thomas Egleston Medal nanomaterials. In winter 2016, Hemmer Connecticut Schools of from his alma mater, joined the University of Ottawa as an Engineering and Medicine Columbia University. n Tuller assistant professor to design and study are proud to announce the Materials Research Society novel multifunctional rare earth-based election of Cato Laurencin nanocarriers for biomedical and energy to the 239th class of the 2019 Fellows conversion applications. Laurencin American Academy of Arts Sudipta Seal, “For out- Since 2015, she has been a mem- and Sciences. Laurencin is currently the standing research on ber of the organizational teams of the only orthopedic surgeon in the Academy's and the application and Global Young Investigator Forum active member base. commercialization of multifunctional nano- at ICACC and several other ACerS Alicia Durán has been structured defect-engi- meetings. She has also been instrumen- named as the 49th recipi- Seal neered oxides, as well tal in organizing the ACerS Winter ent of the Phoenix Award as advancing graduate and undergrad- Workshop. As treasurer of the ACerS and Glass Person of the uate education in materials engineer- Canada Chapter, Hemmer contrib- Year 2019. ing and nanotechnology.” utes to promoting ACerS activities in Canada. She was awarded the 2014 Durán Haiyan Wang, “For inno- Global Young Investigator Award of Aleksandra Radli´nska, vative research on multi- the Engineering Ceramics Division assistant professor of civil functional ceramic nano- and the 2018 Du-Co Ceramics Young engineering at Penn composites, supercon- Professional Award. n State, was recently named ductors, solid oxide fuel chair of the Concrete cells and in situ TEM, Research Council (CRC) Wang and for inspired materi- Southwest Section offers Radli´nska for the American als science education and leadership.” two scholarships, due by Concrete Institute (ACI). Yimei Zhu, “For distin- June 1, 2019 Alexandra Navrotsky will guished contributions The Robert & Mary Buttle join Arizona State to the field of materials Scholarship Program University in October to characterization by Students of a recognized two- or lead a new Center for developing electron four-year program of ceramic engineer- Materials of the Universe microscopy instrumen- ing or ceramic materials science are after retiring from Zhu tation and techniques invited to apply for a grant from this Navrotsky University of California, to understand atomic, electronic, and fund, following successful comple- Davis, in September. She previously was spin structures and the physical behav- tion of their first year. Complete the at ASU from 1969–1985. ior of functional materials.” n application (qualifications are listed in Jennifer Lewis, the In memoriam order of priority) and enclose a recom- Hansjorg Wyss Professor mendation from the department head Paul Sutton of Biologically Inspired or advisor. Download application from Engineering at the Robert Herron Some detailed obituaries can also be found on http://bit.ly/2EbxaYt. Harvard John A. Paulson the ACerS website, School of Engineering www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. Lewis

8 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Society, division, section, and chapter news (cont.) AWARDS AND DEADLINES

The Forrest K. Pence Memorial Scholarship Deadlines for upcoming nominations Scholarship grants will be awarded to students working toward an undergraduate or graduate degree in a four-year program, July 1, 2019 although consideration will be given to those in a two-year degree/ Engineering Ceramics Division Jubilee Global Diversity Award certificate program, providing other criteria are met. Applicants Every year, three early/mid-career women and minor- must be sponsored by an active member of the Southwest Section ity professionals are selected for the ECD’s Jubilee Global of The American Ceramic Society. Download the application Diversity Award and are invited to present at the International from http://bit.ly/2YuSaB2. n Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Colorado Section offers June tour Composites in Daytona Beach, Fla. The awardees are encouraged to mentor students and promote society–related activities Join the Colorado Section for a tour of the NIST Boulder at their institutions. For more information, visit http://bit.ly/ Labs, on Monday, June 10, 2019, 3–5 p.m. Happy Hour and JubileeGlobalDiversity. networking will take place afterward at Southern Sun. Space will be limited to 15 people. A form will need to be completed ECD Mueller Award in advance to gain access to NIST. The form is more extensive The award recognizes long-term service to ECD and work in for non-U.S. citizens and must be returned at least 10 days the area of engineering ceramics that has resulted in significant prior to the visit. Due to space limitations, registrations are industrial, national, or academic impact. The award consists of accepted on a first-come, first-served basis according to when a memorial plaque, certificate, and an honorarium of $1,000. the completed forms are received. If you are interested in For information, contact Manabu Fukushima at attending, please contact Eric Marksz at [email protected]. [email protected]. Corporate Partners can post jobs for free Do you need job candidates with training in our field? If so, visit the online Ceramic and Glass Industry Career Center! Simply log in and create a free account to post a job position. Corporate Partners can obtain a coupon code which enables them to post a 30-day job listing for free. To obtain your coupon code, please contact Belinda Raines at [email protected]. n Germany Chapter co-hosts first Franco-German student forum Alumina Sapphire Quartz

High Purity Metallization Laser Powders Machining

Credit: ACerS German Chapter Http://www.advaluetech.com The first Franco-German Young Investigator Forum was jointly organized by the Germany Chapter of ACerS, the University of Cologne, and the University 7 Diderot, Paris, on April 15, 2019. Your Valuable Partner in Material Science The spirit of the event was to establish communications between final year Master's students and undergraduates, as well as Ph.D. students in the initial phase of their doctoral research. Tel: 1-520-514-1100, Fax: 1-520-747-4024 Email: [email protected] 3158 S. Chrysler Ave., Tucson, AZ 85713, U.S.A

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 9 acers spotlight

Awards and deadlines (continued)

ECD Bridge Building Award student research related to the mission sciences; through broad and productive The Bridge Building Award recognizes of the Nuclear and Environmental scholarship in ceramic science and tech- contributions to the field of engineer- Technology Division. The award nology, by conspicuous achievement in ing ceramics, including expansion of is open to U.S. and international ceramic industry or by outstanding ser- the knowledge base and commercial graduate and undergraduate students. vice to the Society.” use thereof, and contributions to the Applicants must have an accepted For hints on preparing a Fellows nom- visibility of the field and international abstract for MS&T19. It is strongly ination, visit http://bit.ly/Fellowshints advocacy. The award consists of a glass encouraged that undergraduate submis- Contact Erica Zimmerman at ezim- piece, certificate, and an honorarium of sions present extracurricular projects [email protected] with questions. $1,000. For information, contact Surojit only, i.e., research conducted outside Visit https://ceramics.org/awards/society- Gupta at [email protected]. the normal scope of one’s coursework. fellows to review the criteria and to down- Instructions, templates, and examples load the nomination form. ECD Global Young Investigator Award can be found at: https://ceramics. The Global Young Investigator Award org/?awards=outstanding-student- Complimentary registration for MS&T19 recognizes an outstanding scientist researcher-award. n ACerS is again offering complimentary conducting research in academia, indus- MS&T19 registration for Distinguished try, or government-funded laboratory. August 15, 2019 Life Members and reduced registra- Candidates must be ACerS members tion for Senior and Emeritus members. and 35 years of age or younger. Selection Engineering Ceramics Division These special offers are only available is based on scientific contributions and secretary nominations through ACerS, and are not offered on visibility of the field, and advocacy of the The ECD Nominating Committee the MS&T registration site. Registration global young investigator and profession- invites nominations for the incoming forms are available at https://ceramics. al scientific forum. The award consists of 2020–2021 Division secretary candidate. org/acers-spotlight/mst19-registrations- $1,000, a glass piece, and certificate. For Nominees will be presented for approval distinguished-life-emeritus-and-senior- information, contact Valerie Wiesner at at the ECD Annual Business meeting at members and should be submitted to [email protected]. n MS&T19 and included on the ACerS Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ spring 2020 Division officer ballot. ceramics.org. n July 15, 2019 Nominations and a short description of the candidate’s qualifications should be GEMS Award September 1, 2019 submitted to: Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Lectures If you submit an abstract at MS&T19 Mrityunjay Singh, Ohio Aerospace you may be eligible for the GEMS award. Institute, [email protected] (ECD Submit nominations for the two The Basic Science Division organizes Nominating Committee Chair), Darshana and Arun Varshneya the annual Graduate Excellence in Jingyang Wang, Institute of Metals Frontiers of Glass lectures that will Materials Science (GEMS) awards to Research, [email protected], or be presented at the Glass & Optical recognize the outstanding achievements Andy Ericks, University of California, Materials Division meeting, May 17–21, of graduate students in Materials Science Santa Barbara, [email protected] 2020, in New Orleans, La. and Engineering. The award is open to For more information, visit https:// The Frontiers of Glass Science and the all graduate students who are making an ceramics.org/divisions. Frontiers of Glass Technology lectures oral presentation in any symposium or are designed to encourage scientific and session at MS&T. Nominations for Fellows technical dialogue in glass topics of signif- In addition to their abstract sub- ACerS 2020 Class of Fellows are pre- icance that define new horizons, highlight mission, students must also submit a sented at MS&T20. Fellows should be new research concepts, or demonstrate nomination packet to the Basic Science “persons of good reputation who have the potential to develop products and Division chair-elect, John Blendell. For reached their 35th birthday and who processes for the benefit of humankind. further details, go to www.ceramics.org/ have been members of the Society for Please submit nominations for indi- gemsaward. n at least the past five years continuously viduals who have helped to define new at the nomination deadline date. They horizons in glass science and technology July 31, 2019 shall prove qualified for elevation to the to Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ Outstanding Student Researcher Award grade of Fellow by reason of outstand- ceramics.org. Additional information at ing contributions to the ceramic arts or www.bit.ly/VarshneyaLectures. n The award recognizes exemplary

10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Graduation gift from ACerS! ACerS offers a one year Associate Membership at no Awards and deadlines (continued) charge for recent graduates who have completed their terminal degree. ACerS is a truly global community and an Associate membership can connect you to more than 11,000 profession- ACerS 2019 Society award winners announced als from more than 70 countries. Visit www.ceramics.org/asso- Congratulations to the latest group of Society award winners. ciate to learn about this vibrant community and to join as an The 2019 award winners have been announced and the list of Associate Member. For more information or if you have any awardees is available at https://ceramics.org/awards. Biographies questions, please contact Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ and photos of the 2019 winners will be posted online over ceramics.org. n the next few months and the awardees will be featured in the September 2019 issue of the Bulletin. The awards will be presented September 30 at the ACerS Honors and Awards Banquet during ACerS Annual Meeting at MS&T19 in Portland, Ore. Fall 2019 Grant Proposals due August 23 Be sure to purchase your banquet tickets before the meeting. n Do you have an idea for a new We encourage you to submit a project or activity to foster ceramic proposal using the CGIF Call for ACerS/BSD Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition and glass education, training, or Proposals (https://foundation.ceram- This unique competition, to be held during ACerS Annual outreach? If so, The Ceramic and ics.org/cgif-news/fall-2019-grant- Meeting at MS&T19 in September in Portland, Ore., is an annual Glass Industry Foundation (CGIF) proposals-due-august-23/). Be poster exhibit that promotes the use of microscopy and microanal- would love to hear more about it! sure to read all of the submission ysis as tools in the scientific investigation of ceramic materials. The The CGIF is now accepting project instructions. Completed applications Roland B. Snow award is presented to the Best of Show winner of proposals that are directly related for support should be submitted the competition. Winning entries are featured on the back covers to introducing students to ceramic electronically to Belinda Raines, at of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Find out more about and glass science. [email protected] by August the rules of entry at http://ceramics.org/?awards=ceramographic- 23, 2019. n competition-and-roland-b-snow-award. n

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Research Video Contest Engineered Solutions The Cements Division of ACerS announces the Student FOR POWDER COMPACTION YouTube Research Video Contest in conjunction with the upcoming annual meeting, 10th Advances in Cement Based Materials (Cements 2019). To be eligible you will need to sub- CNC HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRIC PRESSES mit a YouTube video promoting your poster or presentation Easy to Setup and Flexible for at ACerS. There will be two cash prizes provided for the best Simple to Complex Parts videos. Videos need to be posted to your personal YouTube accounts and made public by June 3. Visit https://ceramics. org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/YouTube-contest-2019.pdf to view the contest rules and further details. n NEW PCSA Humanitarian Pitch Competition at HIGH SPEED PTX PRESSES Repeatable. Reliable. Precise. MS&T19 The President’s Council of Student Advisors is hosting the Humanitarian Pitch Competition for you to pitch ideas to a panel of judges about how to address a challenge that a com- COLD ISOSTATIC munity is experiencing. PRESSES You may put together a team of up to four participants to Featuring Dry Bag Pressing develop a solution to a real-world problem using materials science. Both undergraduate and graduate students are eligible. Review guidelines at www.ceramics.org/pitchcom and submit 814.371.3015 your abstracts by September 1. n [email protected] www.gasbarre.com POWDER COMPACTION SOLUTIONS

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 11 ceramics in manufacturing

Molten salt synthesis prevents oxygen present at the surface of the oxidation of materials in air raw powders (like titanium particles),” Guillon says. “We have to learn how to Researchers at Forschungszentrum deal with it, for example, which amount Jülich in Germany found when they of oxygen can be tolerated while guar- used potassium bromide as the salt in anteeing the targeted properties of the molten salt synthesis, they were able material? The answer of course depends to produce nonoxide ceramic powders on the material chosen.” without a protective atmosphere. In the future, the Jülich researchers To prevent oxidation, nonoxide ceram- hope to better understand the synthesis ics typically are synthesized in a vacuum mechanisms, in part by trying different or argon atmosphere to ensure no oxygen salt systems to optimize the process and disrupts the synthesis. But this synthesis Credit: Hiltrud Moitroux, Forschungszentrum Jülich also synthesizing other nonoxide materi- method leads to a new problem—the Researchers at Forschungszentrum Jülich found potassium bromide keeps nonox- als. Additionally, they aim to scale up resulting ceramic is a dense or porous the process and bridge the gap toward block, which must then be ground and ide ceramics from oxidizing when synthesized in normal air. They synthesized mul- commercialization and industry. milled into a fine powder for further pro- tiple nonoxide ceramics and also dense The paper, published in Nature cessing. Because nonoxide ceramics have (left) and porous (center) titanium. Materials, is “Molten salt shielded synthe- high strength and stiffness, grinding these sis of oxidation prone materials in air” With funding from the German ceramics into powder leads to high wear (DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0328-1) n and operating costs. Federal Ministry of Education and Molten salt synthesis is a method used Research, the researchers, led by Jesus to produce ceramic powders. In this Gonzalez-Julian, ACerS member and Two techniques for glass addi- method, adding a salt (commonly a chlo- head of the young investigator group tive manufacturing ride or sulfate) to reactants acts as a sepa- “Ceramic Matrix Composites,” tested Two recent papers from researchers in rating agent—the components no longer their method on various nonoxide the United Kingdom and Canada detail bond together, and they form a powder ceramics and titanium, but they were advances in additive manufacturing rather than a compact solid, thus avoid- particularly interested in testing the (AM) of glass. ing the need for energy-intensive milling. method on MAX phases. In a paper published in the Journal Additionally, the salt bath lowers the MAX phases have the positive proper- of the American Ceramic Society, research- temperature needed for synthesis, which ties of both ceramics and metals—they ers from the University of Nottingham further cuts energy and production costs. are heat-resistant and lightweight, yet less and a colleague from Glass Technology However, conventional molten salt brittle than ceramics, and can be plasti- Services Ltd (Sheffield, U.K.) looked at methods for synthesizing nonoxide cally deformed like metals. However, developing a laser powder bed fusion ceramics require a protective argon until this point, there have been no suit- approach to glass AM. atmosphere to prevent oxidation, able methods for producing MAX phases Powder bed fusion AM techniques increasing both complexity and produc- with high purity, which has limited their use energy sources like lasers and election costs. What the Jülich researchers use in industrial applications. tron beams to heat a bed of powdered discovered was that potassium bromide The researchers found their molten 3 material until it softens or melts. As the salt encapsulates materials so well, it can salt process (known as MS for “mol- material cools, it solidifies (fuses) to the prevent oxidation from taking place. ten salt shielded synthesis/sintering”) preceding layer. “Potassium bromide, the salt we use, lowered synthesis temperature by about In the JACerS paper, the researchers is special because when pressurized, it 100°C for MAX phases. Additionally, used the powder bed fusion technique becomes completely impermeable at room the resulting powders were more pure of selective laser melting to melt soda- temperature,” explains Apurv Dash, lead than powders produced through conven- lime-silica glass powder and resolidify author of the study and doctoral research- tional processing methods. it on high-purity alumina disk sub- er at Forschungszentrum Jülich, in a Jülich Some oxidation still took place, but strates. They found they could success- press release. “We have now demonstrated Olivier Guillon, ACerS member and fully produce cubic structures using that it is sufficient to encapsulate the raw director of the Institute of Energy and energy densities (ED) ranging between materials tightly enough in a salt pellet to Climate Research–Materials Synthesis and 80 ≤ ED ≤ 110 J/mm3, a range that prevent contact with oxygen—even before Processing, explains in an email that some holds regardless of particle size. the melting point of the salt is reached at level of oxidation is always expected. “Changes in particle size of the 735°C. A protective atmosphere is thus “It is difficult to eliminate completely feedstock material will not change the no longer necessary.” the oxidation, because of, for example,

12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Custom Designed Researchers Vacuum Furnaces for: in the United • CVD SiC Etch & RTP rings Kingdom pro- • CVD/CVI systems for CMC components duced glass • Sintering, Debind, Annealing cubic structures using selective laser melting.

Credit: Datsiou et al., Journal of the American Ceramic Societ y (CC BY 4.0) Unsurpassed thermal and deposition uniformity Each system custom designed to suit your specific requirements Laboratory to Production Researchers in Exceptional automated control systems providing improved Canada created product quality, consistency arsenic sulfide and monitoring glass filaments Worldwide commissioning, using fused fila- training and service ment fabrication.

Credit: Baudet et al., Optical Materials Express (CC BY 4.0) 100 Billerica Ave, required energy densities for material consolidation even when www.tevtechllc.com Billerica, MA 01862 different combinations of parameters will have to be selected to Tel. (978) 667-4557 Fax. (978) 667-4554 [email protected] accommodate the new layer thickness,” they explain. “However, different feedstock compositions and, therefore, material properties will lead to changes in the required energy density.” In Canada, researchers from the Centre d’Optique, Photonique et Laser (COPL) at Laval University, including ACerS member Younès Messaddeq, took a different approach to glass AM—fused filament fabrication. Fused filament fabrication (FFF; trademarked term is fused deposition modeling) is more difficult than other AM techniques for 3D printing glass, because most glasses have high melting temperatures. However, the researchers of this study performed FFF using chalcogenide glass. Chalcogenide glass contains one or more of the chalcogen elements sulfur, selenium, and tellurium, and they soften at relatively low temperatures compared to other glass. The researchers increased the maximum extruding temperature of a commercial 3D printer from about 260°C to 330°C. Then, they used it to produce arsenic sulfide glass filaments with dimensions similar to commercial plastic filaments. As Yannick Ledemi, COPL postdoctoral fellow, explains in The Optical Society press release, chalcogenide-based components would be useful as infrared thermal imaging devices for defense and security applications, so “This new method could potentially result in a breakthrough for efficient manufacturing of infrared optical components at a low cost.” The open-access paper on laser powder bed fusion, published in Journal of the American Ceramic Society, is “Additive manufacturing of glass with laser powder bed fusion” (DOI: 10.1111/jace.16440). The open-access paper on fused filament fabrication, published in Optical Materials Express, is “3D-printing of arsenic sulfide chalcogenide glasses” (DOI: 10.1364/OME.9.002307). n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 13 research briefs

Flexible glasses in bulk form: A look at sulfur–selenium glasses According to ACerS member Sabyasachi Sen, professor of materials science and engineering at the University of California, Davis, glasses in the sulfur–selenium (S–Se) system are the only examples of inorganic glass that could be flexible in bulk form. “To the best of our knowledge, this type of glasses are the only examples of inorganic glass (non-polymer) being flexible in the bulk form (not in 100 micron-thick sheets as in Corn- ing’s Willow glass),” Sen says in an email. He adds that also unlike Willow Glass, the S–Se glasses are transparent in the infrared rather than visible spectrum and would be used in different application areas. Sen says they discovered the glasses’ unique flexibility while preparing samples for a structural study last year (a paper on that study was published in The Journal of Physical Chemistry B).

In the structural study, they and researchers from the Credit: Sabyasachi Sen National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Corning Inc. Glasses in the binary sulfur–selenium system are likely the only found that tendencies evident in individual elements—amor- examples of inorganic glass that are flexible in bulk form.

phous sulfur is predominantly composed of S8 molecular rings, while amorphous selenium consists almost exclusively of poly- this challenge (in addition to mechanical measurements) will be the next step in their research. meric [Se]n chains—are mostly preserved in binary S–Se glasses, though there is mixing between sulfur and selenium in both “We have plans to extend this study to investigate if we chains and rings. could add a small amount of ‘something’ (such as a cross-link- Following the structural study, Sen and his UC Davis col- er) to stabilize these glasses at ambient [temperature] and still leagues made S–Se samples of varying compositions that were keep their flexibility,” Sen says. several inches long for mechanical measurements. They have The paper on these glasses’ structure, published in The Jour- not yet completed these measurements, but “just being able to nal of Physical Chemistry B, is “Structure and chemical order in n bend them between fingers showed how uniquely flexible they S–Se binary glasses” (DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10052). are!” Sen adds. One downside to S–Se binary glasses is that they are not Graphene foam retains elasticity at cryogenic very stable at room temperature because these glasses—particu- temperatures larly those with high sulfur concentration—have glass transi- Using a 3D cross-linked graphene foam they had previ- tion temperatures (T ) a few degrees below room temperature. g ously developed, researchers from Nankai University (Tianjin, When placed in environments above their T for extended g China) and Rice University showed graphene foam can retain periods, these glasses tend to crystallize. Sen says investigating its elasticity at deep cryogenic temperatures.

Research News

Adding rare-earth element to piezoelectric crystals dramatically Research team discovers perfectly imperfect twist on improves performance nanowire growth A team of researchers from China, the United States, and Australia found Researchers have been trying to find ways to grow optimal nanowires, that adding rare-earth element samarium to piezoelectric crystals can using crystals with perfectly aligned layers all along the wire. However, dramatically improve their performance. For a piezoelectric device to researchers at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln found that by allowing work, it must have a material inside of it that responds to vibrations—to for an imperfect stack of twisted layers, they could create germanium date, the best material for the job has been a perovskite oxide crystal sulfide nanowires that emit different colors of light at different points called PMN-PT. However, the researchers found that adding samarium along the wire, which makes it possible to tune the band gap and control to the mix as PMN-PT was grown (using a modified Bridgman approach) the energy of absorbed or emitted light. The researchers say their next resulted in a version of PMN-PT crystal that was dramatically better at step is understanding why the color of emitted light changes and possibly generating an electric charge—conventional PMN-PT crystals generate achieving similar results with other materials. For more information, visit 1,200–2,500 pC/N, while the enhanced version produced 3,400–4,100 https://news.unl.edu/newsrooms/today. n pC/N. For more information, visit https://phys.org/chemistry-news. n

14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Better ceramics with U.S. Borax Credit: Kai Zhao et al., Science Advances 5(4), 2019 (CC BY-NC 4.0) Many materials become brittle at cold temperatures, but researchers from Nankai and Rice universities found their 3D cross-linked graphene foam retained its elasticity at temperatures near absolute zero.

Previous studies have demonstrated 3D graphene materials can retain their ability for large and reversible deformation in liquid nitrogen. However, studies for these mechanical properties at deep cryogenic temperatures, i.e., in liquid helium borax.com (–270°C, or just above absolute zero), have not been conducted. The researchers investigated the mechanical properties of their graphene foam in liquid helium using a homemade in situ large-strain mechanical analysis system. Their system could continuously monitor material deformations from “deep cryogenic temperature at 4 K [–270°C] to a high temperature of 1,273 K [1,000°C]” without breaking the vacuum seal. They found almost no differences in mechanical properties between graphene foam in liquid helium compared to room temperature, including nearly fully reversible superelastic behavior of up to 90 percent strain (after being compressed to one-tenth its original thickness), unchanged Young’s modulus, near-zero Poisson’s ratio, and great cycle stability. “These unique behaviors have never been reported for any other material,” the researchers state. In their study, the researchers compared experimental results with simulated reactions to determine that these unprecedented behaviors are due to the foam’s unique cross- linked graphene network architecture and graphene’s temperature-independent mechanical properties. In the future, the researchers say that if similar bulk materials could be made from other 2D materials using the same assembly strategy, then “some unexpected and fascinating properties, not only the mechanical aspect, might be discovered.” The open-access paper, published in Science Advances, is “Super-elasticity of three-dimensionally cross-linked graphene materials all the way to deep cryogenic temperatures” (DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2589). n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 15 2019 FALL MEETING & EXHIBIT December 1–6, 2019 | Boston, Massachusetts Abstract Submission Opens May 13, 2019 Abstract Submission Closes CALL FOR PAPERS June 13, 2019 Fall Meeting registrations include MRS Membership January – December, 2020

BROADER IMPACT FABRICATION OF FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS AND NANOMATERIALS BI01 Materials Data Science—Transformations in Interdisciplinary Education FF01 Beyond Graphene 2D Materials—Synthesis, Properties and Device Applications FF02 2D Nanomaterials-Based Nanofluidics ELECTRONIC, PHOTONIC AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS FF03 Building Advanced Materials via Particle-Based Crystallization and Self-Assembly of EL01 Emerging Material Platforms and Approaches for Plasmonics, Molecules with Aggregation-Induced Emission Metamaterials and Metasurfaces FF04 Crystal Engineering of Functional Materials—Solution-Based Strategies EL02 Molecular and Organic Ferro- and Piezoelectrics—Science and Applications FF05 Advanced Atomic Layer Deposition and Chemical Vapor Deposition Techniques EL03 Multiferroics and Magnetoelectrics and Applications EL04 Emerging Chalcogenide Electronic Materials—From Theory to Applications FF06 Advances in the Fundamental Understanding and Functionalization EL05 Diamond and Diamond Heterojunctions— of Reactive Materials From Growth and Technology to Applications MATERIALS FOR QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT MQ01 Coherent and Correlated Magnetic Materials for Hybrid Quantum Interfaces EN01 Challenges in Battery Technologies for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles MQ02 Materials for Quantum Computing Applications and Grid Storage Applications MQ03 Predictive Synthesis and Advanced Characterization of Emerging Quantum Materials EN02 Materials for High-Energy and Safe Electrochemical Energy Storage EN03 Green Electrochemical Energy Storage Solutions—Materials, Processes and Devices MATERIALS THEORY, COMPUTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION EN04 Advanced Membranes for Energy-Efficient Molecular Separation and Ion Conduction MT01 Advanced Atomistic Algorithms in Materials Science EN05 Chemomechanical and Interfacial Challenges in Energy Storage and Conversion— MT02 Closing the Loop—Using Machine Learning in High-Throughput Batteries and Fuel Cells Discovery of New Materials EN06 Development in Catalytic Materials for Sustainable Energy— MT03 Automated and Data-Driven Approaches to Materials Development— Bridging the Homogeneous/Heterogeneous Divide Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Industry EN07 Materials Science for Efficient Water Splitting MT04 Advanced Materials Exploration with Neutrons EN08 Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications—Devices, Stability and Upscaling MT05 Emerging Prospects and Capabilities in Focused Ion-Beam Technologies EN09 Advances in the Fundamental Science of Halide Perovskite Optoelectronics and Applications EN10 Emerging Light-Emitting Materials and Devices— MT06 In Situ Characterization of Dynamic Phenomena During Materials Synthesis Perovskite Emitters, Quantum Dots and Other Low-Dimensional Nanoscale Emitters MT07 In Situ/Operando Studies of Dynamic Processes in Ferroelectric, EN11 Silicon for Photovoltaics Magnetic and Multiferroic Materials EN12 Structure–Function Relationships and Interfacial Processes in Organic Semiconductors for Optoelectronics MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR AND STRUCTURAL MATERIALS EN13 Flexible and Miniaturized Thermoelectric Devices Based on MS01 Extreme Mechanics Organic Semiconductors and Hybrid Materials MS02 Mechanically Coupled and Defect-Enabled Functionality in Atomically Thin Materials EN14 Thermoelectric Energy Conversion (TEC)— MS03 Mechanics of Nanocomposites and Hybrid Materials Complex Materials and Novel Theoretical Methods MS04 High-Entropy Alloys and Other Novel High-Temperature Structural Alloys EN15 Nanomaterials for Sensing and Control of Energy Systems— Processing, Characterization and Theory SOFT MATERIALS AND BIOMATERIALS EN16 Advanced Materials, Fabrication Routes and Devices for Environmental Monitoring SB01 Multifunctional Materials— From Conceptual Design to Application-Motivated Systems EN17 Structure–Property Processing Performance Relationships in SB02 Multiscale Materials Engineering Within Biological Systems Materials for Nuclear Technologies SB03 Smart Materials, Devices and Systems for Interface with Plants and Microorganisms SB04 Hydrogel Materials—From Theory to Applications via 3D and 4D Printing mrs.org/fall2019 SB05 Light–Matter Interactions at the Interface with Living Cells, Tissues and Organisms SB06 Bringing Mechanobiology to Materials— From Molecular Understanding to Biological Design Meeting Chairs SB07 Bioelectrical Interfaces Bryan D. Huey University of Connecticut SB08 Advanced Neural Materials and Devices Stéphanie P. Lacour École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne SB09 Interfacing Bio/Nano Materials with Cancer and the Immune System SB10 Electronic Textiles Conal E. Murray IBM T.J. Watson Research Center SB11 Multiphase Fluids for Materials Science—Droplets, Bubbles and Emulsions Jeffrey B. Neaton University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Iris Visoly-Fisher Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

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506 Keystone Drive • Warrendale, PA 15086 Tel 724.779.3003 • Fax 724.779.8313 16 [email protected] • mrs.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 ceramics in the environment Magnetic oxides provide alternative to clean up oil spills

In the future, magnetic oxides may provide an effective alternative to current methods of cleaning up oil spills. Credit: U.S. Air Force/Senior Airman Steven R. Doty To clean up oil spills, researchers from Friedrich–Alexander University Erlangen–Nürnberg (FAU) in Germany have pro- posed using iron oxide nanoparticles that can attract various types of hydrocarbons as sorbents. Sorbents are insoluble materials that are used to recover liquids through either absorption or adsorption, or both. Sorbents used to combat oil spills must be both oleophilic (oil-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repellent). However, current sorbents are somewhat limited. Because of challenges including poor reusability and cost efficiency, sorbents are used as sole cleanup only in small spills or as a way to remove final traces of oil after other oil-removing methods have been used. Sorbent materials that could be used for large-scale oil cleanups are not yet developed enough to be economically feasible. In their study published in February, the FAU researchers describe how superparamagnetic magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) combine several key parameters of sorbent materials meant CERAMIC ASSEMBLY COMPOUNDS …SINCE 1899 for large-scale use: they are inexpensive and easily available, they have a large surface-to-volume ratio (good for sorption rates), and Engineered for high temperature they can be easily collected and reused. and electrical applications in the However, magnetite NPs have a low affinity to hydrocarbons. To increase affinity, the researchers coated magnetite NPs with automotive, lighting, steel, electronic and aerospace hexadecylphosphonic acid (PAC16), a material that forms a self- assembled, hydrocarbon-adsorbing monolayer on the NP surface. industries.

A FAU press release describes how “… hydrocarbon molecules surround the very fine [magnetite] particles as if they are being  Lamp assembly sucked in and reach a volume that can grow to 14 times the size  Resistors of the core of the particle.”  Hot-surface igniters Due to their magnetic nature, the NPs were easily collected  Filters & catalysts from the water using a magnet. After the researchers removed  Heaters & heating elements hydrocarbons from the NPs, they repeated the process and were  Thermocouples able to show constant extraction rates over 10 consecutive extrac-  Furnace assembly tion cycles. The press release states the researchers are currently working Sauereisen cements are free of VOC’s with industry partners to scale-up manufacturing of their NPs and ideally transfer the concept to real-world cleanup operations. Call for consultation & sample.

The paper, published in Advanced Functional Materials, is “Superoleophilic magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for 412.963.0303 ▫ Sauereisen.com effective hydrocarbon removal from water” (DOI: 10.1002/ 160 Gamma Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15238 adfm.201805742). n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 17 bulletin cover story Glass innovation in the grocery store ncient Mesopotamian Aand Egyptian cultures made the first glass containers from melted strands of glass wrapped around clay cores. By Scott Cooper and Dan Swiler Around 3,500 years ago, these Glass containers safely package food artisans produced small ves- and drink, as well as communicate sels to hold ointments and brand awareness. Sophisticated glass cosmetics, which can now be 1 science, innovation, and manufactur- seen in museum collections. ing makes possible these common Nearly 2,000 years ago, household items. artisans invented glassblowing. Using air pressure from a blowpipe, glassblowers could form bottles without an inter- nal clay form. They even used molds and tools to decorate the outside surface of bottles. Glassblowing allowed containers to be functional for pre- serving foods and liquids. The aesthetics of glass containers developed over many centuries, largely in Europe. In the 13th to 16th centuries,

Credit: Used with permission of Owens-Illinois Murano, Italy, became the center of glass technology, with artisans improving the clarity of glass (cristallo) and developing new decorative skills. These containers were symbols of prestige, wealth, and the value of their contents.1 Hand blowing, typically with a manu- ally operated mold, was the only method to produce glass containers into the turn

18 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Capsule summary IDEAL AND INERT CAREFULLY CRAFTED MANUFACTURING MARVEL Not only have glass containers improved food Although glass containers’ soda-lime-silica com- Despite glass’s material properties, glass safety, but they also provide food and beverage position has changed little in the past century, container manufacturing itself is constantly brands with prestige and recognition. Glass commercial container glass must meet dozens developing. From the integration of cullet to containers are an often-overlooked piece of of continually monitored quality requirements increase sustainability, the complexities of how technology—so what actually goes into the and specific design tolerances to be functional. glass composition impacts color, the engineer- modern manufacturing of glass containers? Today’s challenge is to consistently deliver glass ing of modern glass furnaces, to recent compu- with consumer appeal in the most environmen- tational advances in glassmaking technology, tally friendly way possible. glass containers are more high-tech than you might expect. of the 20th century. At this time, a shop of six men could produce about 2,000– 3,000 bottles a day at a cost of $1.80 per gross (in 1900 currency, not adjusted for inflation). While the Industrial Revolution saw a wave of automation in manufacturing, the complex and manual steps required to blow glass into a bottle eluded mechanization. Michael Owens, a self-trained engineer working for Libbey Glass, took on this challenge. With his trademark phrase—“It can be done”—he drove a team of engineers to create the first automated, commercial machine to make glass bottles. The first bottle-making machine could produce nearly 10 times as many bottles in one day as a shop of six men. This was a breakthrough for the scale and economics of making glass bottles, reducing the price of bottles by an order of magnitude. This price reduction enabled glass to expand the use of containers from special, high-value items (e.g., whiskey flasks, drugs, and vials) into everyday products, such as beer, milk, soda, and food.2 The ability to provide food and bever- ages in clear, sealed, stable, and low-cost packages, combined with the 1906 Pure Credit: Used with permission of Owens-Illinois Food and Drug Act (which banned adul- Figure 1. Diagram of a glass container, showing markings that allow the bottle to be terated or mislabeled food, drugs, and traced to the manufacturer, plant, year, mold, and cavity where it was manufactured. other consumables and spurred creation of the United States Food and Drug Owens-Illinois Inc. (O-I), founded by sively for the U.S. market. This year, it Administration), significantly improved Michael Owens, is the world’s largest will become the largest glass container food safety. Companies such as Coca- manufacturer of glass packaging, produc- factory in the world with the comple- Cola and Heinz began to put their prod- ing approximately 12 million tonnes of tion of its fifth furnace—melting about ucts in glass containers featuring unique glass per year. O-I operates 78 plants in 2,000 tonnes of glass per day, which shapes that remain iconic to this day. 23 countries, which its glass containers equates to daily production of up to Today, glass remains a timeless sub- can be traced back to from markings 9.8 million bottles. stance that provides food and beverage stamped in the glass (Figure 1). brands with beauty, durability, prestige, As an example of scale, the Industria Modern glass manufacturing and sustainability. A single modern Vidriera de Coahuila plant located in The composition of glass for con- production line can make up to 600,000 Nava, Mexico (a joint venture between sumer packaging has changed surpris- bottles per day, with one factory contain- O-I and Constellation Brands), produc- ingly little in the 110 years since the ing 2–15 production lines. es Corona and Modello bottles exclu- breakthrough of the automated forming

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 19 Glass innovation in the grocery store

of organic contaminants, such as labels and residual food. For these reasons, the glass container industry generally seeks to use as much quality recycled cullet as the market will bear (Figure 2). In 2018, O-I used an average of 37 percent post-consumer recycled glass globally. The amount of cullet used varies widely based upon color and production site. In Europe, as much as 80 percent of the glass in a container comes from post-consumer material, whereas rates are lower in the Americas. This is driven by local recycling practices, which are shaped by consumer habits, governmental regula- tions, and logistics to handle and clean materials in the recycling stream. A recent review of glass recycling in the Credit: Used with permission of Owens-Illinois Figure 2. Example of post-consumer cullet that has been color-sorted into flint and is U.S. stressed the importance of consumer ready for reuse in a glass container furnace. collection methods on the likelihood of glass being remelted and made into machine. Container glass has a similar tain geographies, transported to process- another bottle.3 In the U.S., if glass is sep- formula to window glass within the soda- ing facilities, significantly refined to pre- arated from other materials at the point lime-silica family (Table 1). pare a pure feedstock, and later shaped of collection, it has a 90 percent chance of Soda-lime-silica strikes a balance in into packaging by secondary processors. being recycled into glass. However, if glass availability of materials, cost, durabil- Because the raw materials for glass are so is recycled in a single stream with other ity, and ease of manufacture. The most ubiquitous, glass can be converted from materials such as paper and metal, only 40 notable difference in container glass mined minerals into a container within percent is converted back into glass. composition over the last several decades the same factory. Composition and color is that formulas now contain less sodium Utilizing cullet, or post-consumer recy- Commercial glass must meet dozens oxide to match the faster speeds of cur- cled bottles, is a major focus for industrial of quality requirements that are con- rent bottle-making machines. glassmaking. The recyclability of glass is tinually monitored. The glass must be The focus in container manufacturing one of its most unique and beneficial char- homogeneous, free of bubbles, have no today is to prepare a soda-lime-silica glass acteristics from a sustainability perspective. inclusions, and be within a specified formula with minimal impact to the Cullet is desirable because its use low- color range. The container must have environment and at a competitive price. ers melting temperature, reducing energy the correct weight, volume, and shape Glass is unique from other packaging use (up to a maximum of about 25 per- and be free of cracks or other flaws. materials in that the major raw materi- cent versus mined materials). Cullet also For this reason, metals and ceramics als used for glass, such as sand and reduces CO emissions due to the lower 2 cannot be present in cullet and must be limestone (Table 1), are widely available melting energy and because it contains no removed during the cleaning process. throughout the globe and require mini- carbonates (versus limestone or soda ash). Metals such as copper or aluminum also mal processing from the mine. Cullet is 100 percent recoverable melt at glass melting temperatures and This is in contrast to plastic and alu- upon remelting, with no degradation form metallic droplets in the glass. These minum, which are extracted from the of properties. Further, the high melting droplets sink to the bottom of the melt, earth as petroleum or bauxite ore in cer- temperature burns off small amounts corroding the furnace’s refractory and Table 1. Generic soda-lime-silica glass compositions for container glass producing bubbles in the glass. Oxide(s) Approximate Primary source Purpose Ceramics such as pottery, porcelain, concentration and glass-ceramic cookware (such as ® SiO 73% Sand Primary glass network; mechanical and chemical durability Visionware ) also must be eliminated 2 from the cullet stream because they do Na O 13% Soda ash Lower melting temperature; longer forming time 2 not melt in soda-lime-silica glass furnaces CaO 11% Limestone Lower viscosity at high temperature; chemical durability and pass through as crystalline inclu- Al O 2% Feldspathic minerals, 2 3 sions in the final product. Paper and sands, or slag Chemical durability other organics in the cullet must be Fe O , Cr O , CoO, CuO <1% Commodity oxides Color 2 3 2 3 measured and tracked because they can SO <0.5% Saltcake Removing bubbles; color 3 change a key property called “redox.”

20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Redox—the balance of oxidation/ reduction states of transition metals in the glass—is an essential factor to control glass chemistry at an industrial scale. Glasses that are “oxidized” have a higher concentration of oxygen than glasses that are “reduced.” Compounds that release oxygen upon heating, most commonly Na2SO4 or

CaSO4, oxidize the glass. Carbon or other compounds that strip oxygen from the surrounding atmosphere and glass melt Credit: Used with permission of Owens-Illinois Figure 3. A selection of typical commercial glass colors. Many additional colors are reduce the glass. Redox is fundamental also possible and controlled by composition and redox. for two key quality parameters: removing bubbles and achieving the proper color.4 In amber glass, sulfur needs to be Industrial container glass furnaces typi- Sodium and calcium sulfates are used in the reduced state. The interaction cally range in production capacities from 2- 3+ to remove bubbles from molten glass, a of S with Fe in the glass produces a 180–500 tonnes per day, with a melting 2 2 process called fining and refining. These chromophore that strongly absorbs ultra- area of 60–120 m (650–1,300 ft ). These 2- violet, violet, and blue light—producing furnaces typically feed several lines of form- compounds yield either SO3 in oxidized glasses or S2- in reduced glasses. a reddish-brown color. Blocking these ing machines, each line able to make a As glass moves through a furnace, the wavelengths of light is advantageous for different container shape. Glass furnaces temperature increases toward a maximum many food and beverage products, such operate at temperatures above 1,500°C temperature of about 1,500°C (2,732°F). as beer, which have flavor compounds (2,732°F). At these temperatures, molten Above temperatures of about 1,200°C that break down when exposed to these glass is extremely corrosive and necessitates (2,192°F), sulfur becomes less soluble wavelengths of light. the use of fused cast alumina-zirconia-silica and exsolves out of the glass into any While flint glass is typically perceived (AZS) refractory blocks in the furnace. remaining bubbles, which become larger to have no color, this property is care- Variables that affect melting opera- and more buoyant, eventually rising and fully managed by glass scientists using tions include batch mixing, raw material being released from the molten glass.5 redox and color mixing. Iron and particle size, use of cullet, fining addi- Oxidizing and reducing conditions chrome are common impurities in raw tives, and size and shape of raw material must be controlled to make different materials and cullet and introduce a piles and cullet that float on the surface colors of glass.6 For example, flint (clear) green hue to the glass. For premium of molten glass. emerald green (e.g., bright green beer products such as liquor bottles, the cul- Some furnaces are “boosted” with elec- bottles), and Georgia green are oxidized let used must be carefully cleaned to trodes inserted into the molten glass. The colors. Reduced colors include amber remove pieces of amber glass (which purpose of these electrodes is to locally (brown) and earthy greens such as cham- contributes Fe2O3 impurities ) and green heat the glass and establish a convection pagne used for wine products (Figure 3). glass (which contributes Cr2O3). current within the molten glass that pro- Within a given color, such as amber, the Low-iron raw materials are often used vides longer residence time and proper darkness of the color can be controlled to further reduce impurity levels. It is mixing. Usually the average residence with both redox and glass composition. preferable to have any remaining iron in time in a furnace is around 24 hours. The transition metals present in the the oxidized, ferric state because it is a A key process parameter in the fur- glass, their concentration, and oxidation weaker colorant in the visible wavelength nace is depth (or level) of glass in the state, are essential in establishing the range. To balance the slight yellow/green tank. Molten glass is typically about perceived glass color. color of these impurities, red colorants 1.4-m (4.6-ft) deep and controlled to a In particular, the role of iron in glass are added at a parts per million level. fixed level within millimeters. The reason color cannot be understated. Iron can The result is a glass that has a “neutral” for this precision is to ensure glass enter- 7 be present in either the oxidized ferric perceptible color. ing the forming process is consistent. (Fe3+) state, which has a straw yellow Glass furnace Glass depth impacts the head pres- color, or the reduced ferrous (Fe2+) state, The furnace is the engine of the glass sure downstream, where the molten which has a light blue color. Both oxida- factory (Figure 3). The furnace melts raw glass passes through a ceramic plate with tion states are typically present, which is materials and cullet into homogenous holes. The glass stream is then cut into why most clear glass has a slight green molten glass that can later be molded discrete pieces called gobs before enter- tint when viewed from the side. For very into various shapes. Glass melting is a ing the forming machine. clear glass, such as that used for high-end continuous process, and furnaces gener- Fluctuation in molten glass level pro- spirits, the total iron content should be ally remain in operation and at high duces fluctuation in container weight, as low as possible. temperature during their entire lifetime. which needs to be controlled within a tight

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 21 Glass innovation in the grocery store Credit: Used with permission of Owens-Illinois Figure 4. Schematic of a side-port, regenerative furnace. In this design, raw material and cullet enter in the rear, and combus- tion of air and natural gas takes place from left or right sides (alternating every 20–30 minutes). Note the person at left as a reference for scale. range to produce an accurate shape. For example, a narrow-neck 12-oz/355-mL beer bottle is controlled to within +/– 1 gram. Credit: Used with permission of Owens-Illinois Automated process control adjusts feeding of raw materials into Figure 5. Parisons entering the final blow mold of a forming the furnace based on sensors that continually measure glass level. machine. This is a quad machine, meaning that four bottles (from The gob of glass then enters the forming machine, which per- four gobs) are simultaneously made in one section of the machine. forms two functions. First, it puts the glass in the correct geometry to make a container. Second, it acts as a heat exchanger Advances in technology to cool and stiffen the glass. Timing and tolerances within this For glass packaging to be functional, it must meet very specific process are tightly controlled. In approximately 5 seconds, the design tolerances. Mold equipment is designed using computer- forming machine converts that flowing gob of glass, which has a aided design (CAD) tools and specified to within a few microns viscosity of about 103 Pa∙s, into a container stiff enough to stand (thousandths of an inch) to ensure that the glass container has up on its own with a viscosity of about 107 Pa∙s. During this even wall thickness, that caps and lids fit properly, and that bever- short time, the glass cools by about 500°C (930°F).8,9 ages fill to the same level within the vessel. For example, the inter- The forming process happens in two major stages. The first nal volume of a 12-oz/355-mL beer bottle typically varies by no step is to shape a preform called a parison, either by pressing or more than 0.05 oz/1.5 mL (or about 25 drops of liquid). blowing glass into a mold called a blank. The mouth or opening Computer modelling is used to design new containers of the container (also called the finish) is created in this first step. and molds. Finite element analysis is used to evaluate bottle The parison is then inverted into the blow mold, where com- designs to optimize weight of containers, predict how they will pressed air expands the glass into its final shape. Depending on bear weight while sitting on a pallet, and predict stresses they the size of the container and specific process, up to four gobs will experience once filled with a carbonated product. A lighter can be processed within the same cycle of the forming machine weight bottle can save shipping costs and emissions. (Figure 4). The dramatic change in temperature and viscosity Computer modeling is also used to evaluate new furnace requires precise timing of the forming process. designs. For example, computational fluid dynamics is used to Forming machine developments in the past several decades ensure that glass will flow properly through the melter without have focused largely on operator safety, quality, productivity, “shortcuts” that would cause unmelted sand or bubbles to pass and container lightweighting. For example, the narrow-neck downstream into the forming process. press and blow-forming process widely implemented in the lat- Glass container production has been automated for more than ter part of the last century provided precision that allowed one- a century. Throughout the decades, incremental improvements way containers to become lighter weight and thin-walled.8 have increased productivity of the glass factory, optimized speed The speed of bottle production is closely tied to weight of and weight of making bottles, extended life of refractories, and the glassware. Smaller containers, such as baby food jars, are gained a better understanding of how to melt and refine glass. produced several times faster than larger shapes, such as wine Today’s challenge is to consistently deliver glass with con- bottles. The difference is due to the forming machine’s role as sumer appeal in the most environmentally friendly way possible. a heat exchanger. Larger masses of hot glass introduce more Cullet, which is fully recyclable and infinitely reusable, is key heat, which must be removed by cooling through contact with to increasing the sustainability of container glass. Balancing the the cooled mold. For this reason, lightweight, thin-walled con- chemistry between cullet and mined raw materials is a continual tainers are advantageous because they can be produced faster. focus for industrial glass scientists.

22 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Innovation at our core In addition to playing a leading role in the development of modern-day glass manufacturing, O-I is setting the course for future innovations. In 2013, O-I built the Innovation Center, a 25 tonne/day pilot plant in Per- rysburg, Ohio. This state-of-the-art pilot production facility provides several unique advantages. First, it serves as a training ground for safe manufacturing operations. Second, it allows faster evaluation and sampling of new container designs for customers. And third, it enables testing of new glass processing concepts at a pilot scale without interrupting commercial production. The Innovation Center has been used to evaluate new equipment, bottle designs, raw materials, and glass recipes. Two case studies illustrate Figure 6. Foil-sealed glass Yoplait yogurt how a focus on innovation led to unique new glass container products jars (left) and a 12-oz commercial red that help brands stand out in the marketplace. glass bottle (right). Both products were piloted in O-I’s Innovation Center prior to Case study: Yogurt jars with direct-to-glass foil seal commercial launch.

Glass packaging has a unique ability to differentiate products from Credit: Used with permission of Owens-Illinois the competition on the store shelf. Yogurt is one example of a colloidal metal nanoparticles in the glassy matrix. Glass containing competitive, crowded market. When O-I was approached by Yoplait metal colloids scatters incident light at a sharp, well-defined wave- to make a new, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly yogurt length to produce a pure, ruby red color. container out of glass, there were several challenges—the biggest of Laboratory melting was sufficient to define the range of composi- which was how to effectively seal a glass jar. tions that could create a brilliant red color. The next challenge was A peel-off foil lid is familiar to consumers of single-serving yogurt. to translate that formula to full-scale, conventional glass melting But a peel-off foil lid on a glass container requires understanding how and manufacturing processes. The Innovation Center allowed O-I to to make a reliable seal between the glass and foil—a very different focus efforts to optimize the formulation and heat treatment profile to challenge than for plastic containers. The surface of glass presents produce a vibrant red glass. different chemical species that, untreated, are difficult to adhere to. A key scale-up factor from lab to pilot plant is the relationship This necessitated development of a proper glass pretreatment and between thermal history and geometry of the glass. In the lab, it is foil layer combination to form an adequate bond to the glass.10 O-I’s common to melt glass and pour it into forms 10–20 mm thick. But Innovation Center was the testbed for glass scientists and packag- when glass is molded into a bottle shape, it is 1–3 mm thick. The ing engineers to optimize glass surface treatments. These treatment thermal history of glass can be significantly driven by thickness of its processes were then scaled-up and replicated into production plants form (faster cooling rates when the glass is thin). If thermal history to produce glass jars for Yoplait, which can be found in supermarkets is important in ceramic processing, it is essential for glasses that in the U.S. and Europe today (Figure 5). develop color via striking. Case study: Red glass bottles Within weeks, the Innovation Center optimized formulation and heat treatment profiles to obtain the right size and number of colloids to One recent example of new color development is red glass for create a beautiful, ruby red bottle (Figure 5). In 2016, the process commercial containers. Historically, alchemists were fascinated was transferred to one of O-I’s plants in Brazil to commercialize and by red glass as a way to create false rubies. In glass science, a fulfill a need for innovation from a large beverage brand. The produc- brilliant red color can be developed by a heat treatment process tion plant then fine-tuned glass process parameters to quickly yield known as “striking.”11 stable red glass, without putting valuable production assets at risk During this process, when glass is heated above its transition during experimentation. ■ temperature, electrons transfer between transition metals to produce

About the authors the US,” C&E News, February 11, 29–32 8M. Cable, “A century of developments in Scott Cooper is global glass and mate- (2019). glassmelting research,” Trans. Newcomen. Soc., rials science group leader in R&D at 4M. Cable, “A century of developments in 73, 1–31 (2001–2002). Owens-Illinois Inc. (Perrysburg, Ohio). glassmelting research,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 9F.V. Tooley, Handbook of Glass Manufacture, Contact Scott at [email protected]. 81 (5), 1083–1094 (1998). Books for Industry Inc. (1974). Dan Swiler is senior glass scientist in 5R. Beerkens, “Redox and sulfur reactions in 10U.S. Patent Application 2016/0264270, R&D at Owens-Illinois Inc. glass melting furnaces,” Ceramics–Silikaty, “Sealing foil liners to containers,” Owens- 43 (3), 123–131 (1999). Brockway Glass Container Inc. (2016). References: 6J.M. Parker, “Inorganic glasses and their 11U.S. Patent 9,725,354, “Color-strikable 1Toledo Museum of Art. interactions with light,” Rev. Prog. Color., glass containers,” Owens-Brockway Glass 34 (2004). Container Inc. (2012). ■ 2Q.R. Skrabec, Glass in Northwest Ohio, 7 Arcadia Publishing (2007). C.R. Bamford, Colour Generation and Control in Glass, Elsevier (1977). 3M. Jacoby, “The state of glass recycling in

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 23 Kazuo Inamori School of Engineering Programs

Alfred University is dedicated to student - centered education, where our students’ Graduate personal and professional development is our #1 priority.

Our research groups are small, meaning that you’ll be part of a close-knit, supportive community where your ideas and aspirations are valued. We have outstanding, state-of-the art facilities and strong, world-wide connections to enhance your educational experience.

BS Programs Biomaterials Engineering Ceramic Engineering Glass Engineering Science Materials Science and Engineering Mechanical Engineering Renewable Energy Engineering

MS Programs Biomaterials Engineering Ceramic Engineering Electrical Engineering Glass Science Materials Science and Engineering Mechanical Engineering PhD Programs Ceramics Glass Science Materials Science and Engineering

Alfred University Office of Graduate Admissions Alumni Hall 1 Saxon Drive Alfred, NY 14802 Ph: 800.541.9229 Fx: 607.871.2198 [email protected] www.alfred.edu/academics/colleges-schools/engineering/index.cfm 24 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Kazuo Inamori School of Engineering

Our group is interested in My research interest is the development of a wide located in operation, range of glass, ceramic, security and economics polymeric, and composite of electric power systems, materials for a variety of and load analysis, load biomedical applications, forecasting, anomalies including bone void-ﬁ lling, detection based on cancer therapy, infection machine learning and resistance, and the design integration renewable and synthesis of 3-D printed, patient-speciﬁ c energy into power systems. biomedical materials. Additionally, our group is experienced in the study of glass corrosion Dan Lu, Assistant Professor in the Renewable and the subsequent development of corrosion- Energy Engineering program at Alfred resistant coatings for a wide range of applications. University

Dr. Timothy Keenan, Assistant Professor of Biomaterials Engineering

Our group focuses on the fundamental research of We focus on structure materials for advanced property correlations of all nuclear ﬁ ssion and fusion types of glasses utilizing energy applications. most of the We specializes in the periodic table. Applications development of advanced range from photonics structural materials, the and telecommunications effects of neutron and ion (luminescent, non-linear, irradiation on the microstructure and mechanical and magneto-optical properties of metals and ceramics, and multi- materials), to safety, energy, medicine, and art/ scale electron microscopy characterizations. In design. We closely cooperate with the School of particular, we are currently interested in the 3D Art and Design of Alfred University to explore printing of metal/ceramic/composite used in coloring and luminescence effects and study advanced nuclear reactors, with emphasis on the projects in the ﬁ eld of archaeometry. processing parameters/microstructure/properties relationships. Dr. Doris Möncke, Associate Professor for Glass Science and Engineering Kun Wang, Assistant Professor of Materials Science and Engineering

Ofﬁ ce of Graduate Admissions Alumni Hall 1 Saxon Drive, Alfred, NY 14802 Ph: 800.541.9229 Fx: 607.871.2198 [email protected] www.alfred.edu/academics/colleges-schools/engineering/index.cfm American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 25 Student perspectives bulletin annual student section Chair’s update on PCSA activities and welcome to the student ACerS Bulletin issue

By Scott McCormack, PCSA Chair

n the following I pages, readers will find a diverse range of interesting and exciting articles related to ceramic engineering and science. PCSA business meeting at the PCSA annual meeting at MS&T18 in Columbus, Ohio. These articles range from Credit: ACerS PCSA ment is achieved through multiple PCSA academia and industry. This program sustainable, fatigue-resis- projects that target students at varying has proven very successful so far for both tant, lead-free piezoceramics age groups. These projects include: (i) mentees and mentors. Many new bonds to educational outreach for developing educational tools, (ii) student have been formed, strengthening the competitions, (iii) mentoring programs, ceramics community. next generation ceramists. and (iv) a symposia initiative. The symposia initiative is where These articles highlight efforts The educational tools being devel- PCSA is currently hard at work develop- that are important to The American oped for outreach missions target a ing and leading new student-organized Ceramic Society (ACerS) and particular- broad age range: K–12, undergraduates symposia at future MS&T conferences, ly to the President’s Council of Student and graduates, and young post-graduates. targeting undergraduates, graduates, and Advisors (PCSA). PCSA currently con- These educational tools include: (i) les- young professionals. sists of 46 student delegates from 30 son plans, (ii) educational posters, and PCSA believes that the implementa- universities in eight different countries (iii) animated videos. tion of these projects within the commu- who are all extremely passionate about The student competitions are nity is essential for the growth and devel- ceramic materials and ceramics process- aimed at challenging undergraduate opment of next generation ceramic leading. PCSA’s objective is to engage and and graduate level students to inspire ers. As you explore these articles, I hope excite these students to become active creativity in ceramic engineering and that you see the passion, excitement, long-term leaders within the ACerS science. The competitions developed and scientific contributions that PCSA community. The PCSA delegates are and implemented thus far include: (i) brings to the ceramic’s community. dedicated to using their positions to SIFT (Student and Industry Forensic support ACerS mission in “advancing Trials) Competition, held at ICACC, Scott J. McCormack is a Ph.D. stu- the study, understanding, and use of (ii) Shot Glass Competition, which dent in materials science and engineering ceramic and glass materials for the ben- is also held at ICACC, (iii) Next Top at the University of Illinois at Urbana- efits of modern society.” Demo Competition, (iv) Creativity Champaign. He is chair of the 2018–2019 Delegates in PCSA are constantly and µ-Story Competitions, and (v) PCSA and is particularly passionate about finding new, collaborative, and innova- the Humanitarian Project Pitch expanding the role of educational outreach tive ways to contribute to the scientific Competition, held at MS&T. efforts within PCSA. ■ community. One key goal of PCSA is to The mentoring program is cur- engage and excite future scientists and rently in its second year and is aimed engineers in ceramics, and then integrate at establishing strong personal links them into the ACerS community so that between undergraduate and graduate they can grow into leaders. This engage- level students with professionals in both

26 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Congressional Visits Day 2019 Recap (Credit for all photos: ACerS.)

By Yolanda Natividad ACerS liaison to the Material Advantage Student Program

he Material Advantage Student Program’s TCongressional Visits Day (CVD) was held on April 1–2, 2019, in Washington, D.C. The CVD annual event gives students an opportunity to visit Washington to educate Material Advantage CVD 2019 participants at the event’s opening reception Congressional decision makers about and training. the importance of funding for basic sci- The Material Advantage CVD event ence, engineering, and technology. was well-attended this year with a total The CVD experience began with of 38 students and faculty from the fol- an opening reception on April 1, fea- lowing universities: turing informative and entertaining – California State Polytechnic talks by David Parkes of the American University, Pomona Association for the Advancement of – Case Western Reserve University Science (AAAS); Kei Koizumi, also of – Colorado School of Mines AAAS; and Michele Bustamante, the – Iowa State University 2018/2019 TMS/MRS Congressional – Michigan Technological University Science and Engineering Fellow. After – Northwestern University the talks concluded, students were pre- – Purdue University The California State Polytechnic University, sented with some role-play in advance of – University of Tennessee, Knoxville Pomona group – (left to right) Ho Lun their appointments on the following day. – University of Michigan Chan, Ahmon Brooks-Starks, and Mariah Carray, a legislative assistant with the – Washington State University office of Norma J. Torres (D-California). Continued thanks to David Bahr, professor and head of materials engineering If you are a student and did not get a at Purdue University, and Iver Anderson, chance to participate this year, make senior metallurgist at Ames Laboratory sure that you plan to register EARLY and adjunct professor in the Materials for the 2020 event! Or if you are a pro- Science and Engineering department fessor/faculty advisor, plan to gather a at Iowa State University, for instructing group from your university. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville students on how to visit with legislators Visit the Material Advantage website group – (left to right) Max Neveau, and for their assistance over the years for future updates at www.materialad- Darby Ker, Eli Darby, Melanie Buziak, in helping to vantage.org. It and Merilee Rogers, a staff representa- coordinate is an opportu- tive from the office of Congressman “This was my first time going and I had an amazing time CVD. Bahr nity that you Steve Cohen (D-Tennessee). talking with representatives about materials science. I and Anderson will not want will definitely be recommending CVD to other students!” both serve on to miss! n As always, the students worked hard the Material – Eric McDonald, Iowa State University to schedule congressional visits with Advantage legislators and staffers on April 2, with Committee, an some groups scheduling up to seven con- advisory committee that gressional visits. provides recommenda- The Washington D.C. Chapter of tions and feedback about ASM International and the Washington the program to the four DC/Maryland/Northern Virginia Section partnering organization’s of The American Ceramic Society leadership. cohosted a dinner, which gave students This year we received an opportunity to network and share an overwhelming num- The Colorado School of Mines group met with their CVD experiences. Additionally, the ber of applications, and Representative Ed Perlmutter (D-Colorado) (center): (left group was given the opportunity to tour were not able to accom- to right) Elizabeth Palmiotti, Michael Thuis, Emily Mitchell, the labs at the National Transportation modate all that applied. Casey Gilliams, and Alexandria Mares. Safety Board (NTSB).

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 27 Student perspectives

The interdisciplinary nature of crystal growth: Czochralski growth of Nd:YAG and β-Ga2O3 By Muad Saleh Single crystals are useful in many applications and in fundamental scientific studies because, compared to polycrystals, they have no grain boundaries and fewer extended defects, which makes them typically have superior electrical and optical properties. However, there are numerous known and unknown parameters that make growing a Saleh single crystal, both theoretically and experi- mentally, a complex and difficult process. Pull rate, rotation speed, and temperature of the seed and crucible are just a few of the numerous parameters that affect a grown crystal’s properties, composition, purity, and perfection, and modeling such a process requires significant simplifications. In some ways, the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of knowledge involved in crystal growth makes it more of an “art” than a “science.” I am very lucky to be involved in crystal growth research, as there are few United States universities with the capability to do bulk single crystal growth. In my research, I grow crystals using the Czochralski (CZ) method. The CZ method is widely used industrially to produce single-crystal materials, such as sil- Credit: Muad Saleh (Left) The general steps of creating Nd:YAG crystals with the CZ icon, germanium, and sapphire (Al2O3), for optical, electronic, and optoelectronic applications. The CZ method, as shown method, from top to bottom: pressed material, melting, seeding, pulling and growing. (Top right) a CZ furnace in use; (bottom) in Figure 1, consists of melting the raw materials, followed by examples of grown crystals. dipping a seed crystal in the melt to start nucleation, then pulling the seed up slowly at less than 1–2 mm/hr (up to 10 mm/ ment over the past few years. This project is part of a project hr for some materials). After the crystal is grown to the desired funded by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) size, it is separated from the melt. The growth rate (and diam- under a Multi-University Research Initiative (MURI) in col- eter of the crystal) can be controlled by the pull rate, the tem- laboration with The University of Utah. In this project, I grow perature of the melt, and the temperature of the crystal. β-Ga2O3 crystals to understand the effect of growth conditions Growing various crystal systems using a widely-used indus- on dopants and defects, and on electrical and optical proper- trial process not only gave me tremendous diverse knowledge ties. Crystal growth capability is important in this project, as on crystal growth, but growing our own crystals holds other one of the main advantages of β-Ga2O3 over other materials tremendous advantages as well. Due to the possible system and of similar interest is the ability to grow it in bulk form. There process variations with CZ, there can be variations within com- are, however, several challenges to growing β-Ga2O3. This crys- mercial samples, part of which are due to impurities and dop- tal has a tendency to grow spirally (i.e., a spring shape) if no ants segregation. Segregation is an undesirable phenomenon appropriate control over the thermal gradient and insulation common in crystals grown from a melt and is usually treated design selection is achieved. β-Ga2O3 also decomposes below as an unavoidable effect. its melting temperature and requires an oxygen-rich environ- Reducing the effect of segregation in CZ-grown single crys- ment to reduce the decomposition. However, oxygen corrodes tals was the topic of my first project as a Ph.D. student. The the iridium crucible, making for yet another challenge. material was neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet Growth of every crystal system has its own challenges and (Nd:YAG), which is one of the most frequently used solid complexities, and trial and error experiments are needed to gain state laser host materials. Nd:YAG is grown in large crystals up experience with the system in order to overcome the challenges to 100–150 mm in length, then rods are cut from the crystal and produce consistent, high-quality single crystals. I am hon- along the growth axis. Due to segregation, neodymium con- ored that my research can contribute to this understanding. centration varies along the Nd:YAG rods, which affects their performance. We were able to reduce and effectively control Muad Saleh is a fourth-year Ph.D. candidate in the materials sci- the neodymium concentration by modifying the flow of the ence and engineering program at Washington State University. Saleh molten material in the crucible. is a PCSA delegate in the Communications Committee. He works The second CZ crystal system that I am working on is on crystal growth and electrical/optical characterization of ceramics. n β-Ga2O3, which is an emerging transparent semiconducting Outside of work, Saleh enjoys swimming and reading. oxide material that has seen significant interest and develop-

28 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Teaming up to reach out: Inspiring the next generation of ceramists through collaborative outreach By Peter Meisenheimer Today, materials scientists and engineers play a critical role in the technological evolution of our society, from using advanced computational mod- Meisenheimer eling to guide the

development of lighter and stronger Credit: Peter Meisenheimer University of Michigan students at the Michigan Science Center running stations metal alloys, to synthesizing self-assem- showing thermal shock, glass formation, and heat resistance. In this environment, it is bled nanostructures for energy efficient important to give visitors a simple message and to make the experiment interactive. optoelectronics. The trouble is, unlike mechanical or electrical engineering, grate materials science education into team has started running training ses- students are usually not exposed to their curricula. The materials science sions for museum guides, and they have materials science until well into higher (MSE) outreach program, along with developed signs to attach to exhibits education, and oftentimes never truly the Center for Engineering Diversity & that explain the science taking place, learn what it is. Outreach (CEDO) and the macromo- for example, why the sword on display Since 2017, University of Michigan lecular engineering department, orga- is so corroded. These opportunities to (UM) materials science graduate students nizes REACT,2 an event at UM that interact with the community outside of have been teaming up with engineer- pulls teachers from all over the state the classroom are particularly exciting, ing diversity and educational outreach of Michigan to run lab tours, develop allowing for new points-of-view and new experts, physical science education demos, provide materials, and work on challenges to overcome. specialists, museum curators, and local helping educators utilize state-of-the Collaboration is key to running a teachers to develop and implement art science to get their students excited successful program, and the UM team materials science curriculum and dem- about careers in STEM. To do this, les- would not be what it is now without onstrations targeting K–12 classes. The sons need to be modular, inexpensive, the help of professionals from both edu- purpose of these events is to get young and easy to understand and teach, cation and other disciplines, facilitating scholars thinking about the world in but still satisfy the Michigan science development, feedback, and logistics, as terms of length scales and atoms and standards. Thankfully, candy makes an well as teaching about their own audi- how these things affect what we can see exciting analog to many aspects of mate- ences and what they want to get out of and feel. With outreach, we are trying to rials science, from chocolate bar frac- the outreach program. instill scientific critical thinking skills to tography to making optical waveguides promote life-long learning. using Jolly Ranchers. Collaboration References To make the outreach program with local teachers not only allows them 1“Michigan | Next Generation Science successful, we work with UM physi- to bring materials science to the class- Standards,” Retrieved from https://www. cal science education specialist Tim room, but allows the outreach team to nextgenscience.org/michigan, n.d. Accessed Chambers to create a curriculum that understand what teachers need for a les- 17 April 2019. not only introduces materials and physi- son plan to be successful. 2“Details & Application – Macromolecular cal science concepts, but is tailored to It is important to remember that out- Science & Engineering Program,” Retrieved the Michigan science standards,1 which reach does not stop at the classroom. from https://macro.engin.umich.edu/react- require teachers to hit certain yearly We work with individuals outside as workshop, n.d. Accessed 17 April 2019. milestones in their classrooms. The well, partnering with the UM Museum 3“University of Michigan Museum of Art,” team travels to the same K–12 schools of Art3 (UMMA) to show people how Retrieved from https://www.umma.umich. several times a year to build rapport materials science is part of everyday edu, n.d. Accessed 17 April 2019. with students and to provide teachers life. UMMA exhibit managers often with lectures, worksheets, and supplies get questions like “Why does copper Peter Meisenheimer is a Ph.D. candidate that were all developed through collabo- rust green?” or “Why are some pottery in materials science at the University of ration at UM. glazes shiny and others matte?” The Michigan, working on novel magnetic mate- But one group of students, no matter goal of this collaboration is to provide rials and spintronic devices. Peter is a co- how dedicated, can only do so much. exhibit guides with the tools to answer founder of the UM MSE outreach program, n Therefore, we also trained teachers to these questions, and to make resources as well as an avid painter and drummer. run these demos themselves and to inte- available to the public. To this end, the

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 29 Student perspectives

Networks within research By Katelyn Kirchner in the presence of stress. Results con- What is a network? firmed that the presence of topological In a broad sense, a fluctuations is a mechanism enabling network is a system atomic self-organization. In future work, of interconnected I plan to continue quantifying topologi- objects that allows cal fluctuations to help explain observed for the transfer of macroscopic responses, which can then movement (like be optimized by modifying glass compo- transportation net- sition and thermal history. Kirchner works) or communi- While studying these glass networks is cation (like computer networks). In fun- significant and exciting, there is another damental materials science research, type of network in my research that I many scientists explore the networks find equally important—the people net- between atoms to better understand the work of other scientists, mentors, and observed macroscopic properties. peers. Through research I have had the In my research, I focus on atomic privilege to work with some great minds,

networks within glass-forming systems. both at my university and within the Credit: Katelyn Kirchner When researching complex networks Unlike a crystal, where atomic positions global network of glass researchers. Their are clearly defined, glass-forming sys- in materials, it is important to build a influence on how I view not only glass strong people network as well to help tems are topologically disordered mate- science, but research in general, cannot support you during times of frustration rials requiring statistical distributions to be overstated. With their help, I have and self-doubt. fully describe their atomic network. Due published two first-author articles and to configurational entropy, glasses have presented at three conferences over the fidence in their knowledge level, remain local variations or fluctuations inherent past two years of my undergraduate stud- productive, and better handle research in their structure, bonding configura- ies. These accomplishments are thanks setbacks along the way. tions, and network topology. These to my supportive network of friends, A researcher’s performance is evalu- localized fluctuations directly impact the mentors, and advisors. ated based on conference presentations performance of glass-forming systems. Listing accomplishments such as or the impact and number of publica- For example, the attenuation in low-loss publications, presentations, or achieved tions. However, we cannot forget that optical fibers is dominated by Rayleigh results easily masks the failures, stress, to achieve those accomplishments, we scattering, which is a function of density and long, frustrating hours. Research is must first and foremost provide a sup- fluctuations. Relaxation modes directly inherently frustrating at times, and this portive network and environment in relate to atomic scale fluctuations. frustration is amplified when struggling which to investigate the complex molec- Nucleation, phase separation, and crack with self-doubt. One in two graduate stu- ular networks within materials. propagation are governed by localized dents report mental distress, which can bonding fluctuations. lead to an increased risk of anxiety and Despite the scientific and technologi- depression.1 For many researchers these References cal importance of compositional and disorders manifest as imposter syndrome, 1K. Levecque, F. Anseel, A. De Beuckelaer, topological fluctuations in glasses, very which is the persistent feeling that one J. Van der Heyden, L. Gisle, “Work organi- few studies have been conducted to elu- does not belong, i.e., the fear of being zation and mental health problems in PhD cidate this subject. To date, most stud- revealed as a fraud. These struggles with students,” Res. Policy., 46, 868-879 (2017). ies focus on mean-field descriptions, i.e., mental health are why people networks averaging over the fluctuational effects. in science are just as important as mate- Katelyn “Katie” Kirchner is a junior My research objective is to understand rial networks. When people experience undergraduate student at The Pennsylvania and quantify the topological fluctua- anxiety, depression, and/or imposter State University studying materials science and tions within glassy networks. More spe- syndrome, they can have reduced pro- engineering. Her research focuses on glass sci- cifically, I have created a model linking ductivity and may feel discouraged from ence, specifically modeling fluctuations in the statistical mechanics and topological completing their program. Mentors and structure and topology of glass-forming systems. constraint theory to quantify topological peers can immensely help combat these Outside of the classroom her passions include fluctuations as a function of composi- self-doubts by fostering open and hon- woodwork and rowing as a student athlete on tion and temperature. I then formed est environments. Encouragement from Penn State’s crew team. n a secondary model to investigate glass- friends, mentors, or research advisors forming systems’ ability to self-organize allow budding scientists to develop con-

30 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Stay bright while working on the dark side By Xi Shi ics under different Ferroelectric ceram- stimuli and envi- ics have witnessed ronments (Figure extensive applica- 1). We first devel- tions in actuators oped the electric- and sensors, span- field–temperature ning across automo- phase diagrams to bile industries, bio- obtain knowledge medical diagnostic, about phase transi- Shi and microelectron- tions in ergodic ics. Amongst them, Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3 relaxor (nonpolar, (NBT) based ceramics have received con- exists above a siderable attention as they are relatively defined critical eco-friendly compared to widely-used temperature Tf), PbZr1/2Ti1/2O3 (PZT), and they have nonergodic relaxor appreciable properties (e.g., large piezo- (nonpolar, exists

electric strain, high piezoelectric con- Credit: Xi Shi below Tf) and fer- stant). Furthermore, their properties can roelectric (polar) Figure 1. A laser beam and reflecting mirror used to measure be tuned to suit requirements by doping piezoceramics. On piezoelectric strain. They are part of a TF Analyzer 2000, a device for analyzing electroceramic materials and devices. with various compounds, including the basis of this

BaTiO3, KNa1/2Nb1/2O3, or aliovalent phase diagram, we and long-lasting curiosity; I got to know point defects. evaluated their fatigue behavior under people working on less popular topics All these merits of NBT-based systems different conditions such as temperature, while doing brilliant research in a few triggered a global interest in studying field amplitude, and frequency. years’ time and having a bright smile these materials, and they were found to While currently my project is pro- on their faces. These inspiring examples be fundamentally different than classi- gressing smoothly, this was not the case have gradually changed my life. I am cal ferroelectrics. With much smaller when I started the project two years ago. now able to stay neutral and calm during domains scaling in nanometers, NBT- As mentioned before, I am essentially laboratory work, acknowledging that fail- based ceramics generally behave as relax- working on “failure” of ceramics. The ure is a big part of research experiments ors, a class of disordered ferroelectrics experiments are tedious due to frequent and experiments are not meant to always known for having high electrostriction sample breakdown and sample vari- proceed in a pleasant way. Moreover, I (they change shape under application of ability under harsh fatigue conditions. I am more motivated doing research when an electric field). The reason for a relax- felt absolutely lost on whether I should I make “understanding materials” my or’s peculiar properties is believed to lie expect them to fail or not after setting starting point instead of “completing in compositional disorder originating up each fatigue test—was it acceptable tasks.” Additionally, working in student from homovalent or heterovalent cations for me to face failure so many times? associations like PSCA offers a break sitting at equivalent atomic sites of the Working on property degradation, the from rigorous research and boosts com- crystal structure. Advanced techniques “dark” side of materials, really made me munication skills. In my case, the col- such as synchrotron XRD, neutron dif- wonder about the value of time input laboration between research and PSCA fraction, and electron microscopy have and the significance of my project. cultivates my love of and insights into helped develop a much clearer picture I reached a turning point when I the materials field as an early researcher. of NBT structure in the past decade. became a part of ACerS President’s Furthermore, structural phase transitions Council of Student Advisors (PSCA) Xi Shi is a third-year Ph.D. candidate in the under electric field lead to giant strain in 2018. Since then, I have worked School of Materials Science & Engineering at output for NBT-based ceramics, which with students from all over the world the University of New South Wales (Sydney, has undoubtedly opened a broader path studying a variety of ceramic topics. By Australia). She is currently the women’s officer of implementing “lead-free” devices. viewing ceramics research on this global in the Postgraduate Council and the postgradu- Device sustainability and stability are level, I have seen broader possibilities ate representative of equity, diversity, inclusion. of utmost importance to ensure reli- of my materials and, more importantly, She enjoys sketching, baking, and long distance able operation and long service life for excellent research habits and attitudes running—she is ready for her first full marathon piezoceramics. Part of my Ph.D. work is adopted by ACerS researchers. I met in 2019. n focused on investigating electrical fatigue prestigious materials scientists during “failure” behavior of NBT-based ceram- conferences who are full of enthusiasm

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 31 Student perspectives

Unraveling the robust nature of bulk 2D materials and their intrinsic properties By Archana Loganathan Two-dimensional nanomaterials are one group of advanced nanostructured materials that have garnered significant attention since the advent of graphene, the world’s first 2D material. Since the serendipitous discovery of graphene, a 2D layer of carbon atoms, by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov in 2004,1 graphene has helped Loganathan to revolutionize numerous cutting-edge devices in electrical, mechanical, optical, and thermal applica-

tions. No wonder graphene is also referred to as a “wonder Credit: Archana Loganathan material” for its impressive array of unique physical, mechani- Figure 1. Schematic representation of scalable bulk nanostructured cal, and chemical properties. material constructed using single- or multilayer 2D nanomaterials. The quest for better materials has pushed the research community to look beyond graphene to address new challenges. damaging the 2D nanosheets. Due to this preferred orienta- As a result, other 2D nanomaterials such as boron nitride tion, we were able to unravel the mechanical and tribological nanosheets (BNNS), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs; properties of the bulk 2D nanomaterials as a function of e.g., WS2, MoS2, NbS2), and ternary boron-carbon-nitride their orientation; specifically, we found the top surface of the (BCN) are being developed and added to the 2D material bulk 3D structure (out-of-plane) has higher hardness, supe- library. A recent addition to the family of 2D materials are rior wear resistance, and low friction compared to the cross- 4 MXenes (Mn+1Xn), which are the 2D transition metal carbides, section of the bulk 3D structure (in-plane). nitrides, or carbonitrides. With the help of my advisor Professor Agarwal, I was able Predominantly, the research and properties of 2D nano- to collaborate with Professor Suwas’s team at the Indian materials are explored in terms of single-layer or multilayered Institute of Science in Bengaluru, India. We explored the nanosheets, with thicknesses ranging from a few nanometers crystallographic texture and interfacial bonding between to 100 nm. When I started my research, I was curious to know nanosheets in the bulk 3D structure using a transmission if it would be possible to construct a stable superstructure electron microscope. This investigation contributed to the or bulk nanostructure by layering single- or multilayered 2D better understanding of individual nanosheet arrangement in nanomaterials together. Would a bulk nanostructure con- the bulk structure. Such collaborative and collective research structed this way retain or outpace the properties and perfor- efforts will help us to move forward in engineering the scalabil- mance of individual 2D nanosheets? ity and robustness of 2D nanomaterials in 3D architecture. Previous studies from our research group have demonstrated successful consolidation of multilayered graphene References nanosheets in bulk three-dimensional (3D) structure using 1K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, … A.A. Firsov. (2004). spark plasma sintering.2,3 In this process, a pulsed direct elec- “Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films.” Science, 306, tric current is passed through the sample, and the intrinsic 666–669. anisotropy of 2D materials allows the basal planes of 2D 2A. Nieto, D. Lahiri, A. Agarwal. (2012). “Synthesis and properties of layered nanosheets to assemble perpendicular to the loading bulk graphene nanoplatelets consolidated by spark plasma sintering.” direction during consolidation. Carbon, 50(11), 4068–4077. My research primarily focuses on the preparation of 3C. Rudolf, B. Boesl, A. Agarwal. (2015). “In situ indentation behav- monolithic 2D nanomaterials by spark plasma sintering. ior of bulk multilayer graphene flakes with respect to orientation.” Density above 90 percent was achieved for these sintered bulk Carbon, 94, 872–878. nanostructured materials, and the initial structure and micro- 4A. Loganathan, A. Sharma, C. Rudolf, … A. Agarwal. (2017). “In-situ structure of the 2D nanosheets was retained despite a harsh deformation mechanism and orientation effects in sintered 2D boron sintering temperature above 1,500°C and pressure above 50 nitride nanosheets.” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 708, 440. MPa. These observations were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy analysis of bulk BNNS fracture surface, where Archana Loganathan is a Ph.D. candidate in materials science and atomically thin BN nanosheets were stacked layer-by-layer with engineering at Florida International University (FIU) in Miami. She a preferred orientation of the basal (0002) planes.4 works in FIU’s Plasma Forming Laboratory under the supervision of One of the challenges I have addressed in this process of Arvind Agarwal and Benjamin Boesl. She likes traveling, painting, and consolidation was achieving dense 3D architecture without reading novels related to science fiction, history, and culinary arts. n

32 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 SAVE THE DATE!

Pan American Ceramics Congress JULY 20 23, 2020 | PANAMA CITY, PANAMA

CC Organized by: Pan American Ceramics Congress

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 33 rise to stress relaxation behavior. The relaxation bulletin kreidl award abstract strength of the glass becomes large as composition fluctuations increase approaching the spinodal temperature.13 Here, the presence of composition fluctuations in the silica glass-water system was examined through three experiments: the memory effect, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and the formation of Composition bubbles at low temperature. Memory effect The memory effect in glass, where glass “remembers fluctuations in its past thermal history,” takes place when glass has multiple relaxation times resulting from composition fluctuations.14 This effect can be demonstrated through silica glass the crossover experiment in which glass is cooled from its equilibrium fictive temperature Tf=T1 toward a tem-

perature T2. When the glass Tf reaches the crossover temperature T , where T

34 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 (a) I (0) (Arbitrary units) Fictive temperature (°C) Fictive

(b) Credit: Emily M. Aaldenberg and Minoru Tomozawa Time (min) Credit: Emily M. Aaldenberg and Minoru Tomozawa Tf (K)

Figure 1. Time dependent Tf after cross- Figure 2. SAXS intensity as a function of over to Tx. Data fit (solid line) estimated the glass fictive temperature for two silica from a model of two relaxation times. glasses. contained 1,000 wt. ppm chlorine and damage, which represents closed cracks <0.1 wt. ppm OH; the other contained below the glass surface, is caused by drag-

800–1,000 wt. ppm OH. The addition ging blunt ceria particles across the sur- Credit: Emily M. Aaldenberg and Minoru Tomozawa of chlorine was found to have no effect face and is only revealed by etching.22,23 Figure 3. (a) Optical microscope image of on the scattered intensity.20 I(0) was cal- Fluctuations and phase separation in the bubbles formed after heat treatment of silica o culated from a linear fit of the measured silica-water system at low temperatures at 250 C saturated water vapor pressure. (b) Subsurface damage revealed by etching. region q=0.05–0.15 Å-1. For a constant are especially important because the T , the glass containing OH has a greater crack growth and relaxation processes f 6Tomozawa M., Kim D.L., Agarwal A., Davis K.M. scattering intensity (Figure 2). This is con- are typically studied at low temperatures, J Non-Cryst Solids. 2001; 288:73–80. sistent with the hypothesis that the OH in where molecular H2O is present. 7Lezzi P.J., Xiao Q.R., Tomozawa M., Blanchet the glass causes composition fluctuations. T.A., Kurkjian C.R. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2013; Acknowledgements 379:95–106. 8 Low temperature bubble formation Davis K.M., Tomozawa M. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1995; This research was supported by 185:203–220. The previous two experiments NSF DMR-1265100 and NSF DMR- 9Doremus R.H. Diffusion of reactive molecules in involved composition fluctuations for 1713670. Aaldenberg’s graduate study solids and melts. New York: John Wiley & Sons, silica glass containing predominantly is supported by Corning, Inc. 2002; p. 85. reacted water, ≡Si-OH formed at high 10Tomozawa M., Aaldenberg E.M. Phys Chem Glasses: temperatures. This third study involves About the authors Eur J Glass Sci Technol B. 2017; 58(4):156–164. the diffusion of water at low tempera- Emily M. Aaldenberg completed her 11Zarzycki J. The “middle-range order” in glasses. tures, where molecular H O is present. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Glass; 2 Ph.D. this spring under the advisement A silica sample with a final polish of 1974 July 8; Kyoto, Japan. The Ceramic Society of of Minoru Tomozawa in the materials Japan; 1974. p. 28–39. cerium oxide was found to contain bub- science and engineering department at 12Reinsch S., Müller R., Deubener J., Behrens H. J bles beneath the glass surface (Figure 3a), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Contact following a six-day water diffusion treat- Chem Phys. 2013; 139(17):174506. Aaldenberg at [email protected]. 13 ment in 250oC saturated water vapor Zener C. Elasticity and anelasticity of metals. New York: University of Chicago Press, 2002; p. 97–100. pressure (29,800 Torr). The sample is 14 estimated to have OH and H O diffusion Editor's note Macedo P.B., Napolitano A. J Res Natl Bur Stand. 2 1967; 71A:231–238. depths of about 14 µm.21 Subsurface Aaldenberg will present the 2019 Kreidl Award Lecture at the Glass and Optical 15Koike A., Ryu S.R., Tomozawa M. J Non-Cryst damage was revealed by etching the sur- Solids. 2005; 351:3797–3803. Materials Division Annual Meeting in face layer of a separate polished sample in 16 Boston, Mass., on June 11, 2019. Koike A., Tomozawa M. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2008; an HF solution (Figure 3b). 354:3246–3253. The formation of bubbles typically 17Bhatia A.B., Thornton D.E. Phys Rev B. 1970; occurs at temperatures above the glass References 2(8):3004–3012. 18 transition temperature, Tg. It is surpris- 1Proctor B.A., Whitney I., Johnson J.W. Proc R Soc A. Golubkov V.V., Vasilevskaya T.N., Porai-Koshits ing, then, that silica glass was able to 1967; 297:534–557. E.A. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1980; 38:99–104. form bubbles at temperatures so far 2Wiederhorn S.M. J Am Ceram Soc. 1967; 19Watanabe T., Saito K., Ikushima A.J. J Appl Phys. below Tg. Bubbles form as a result of 50(8):407–414. 2004; 95:2432–2435. supersaturation of diffused water in glass. 3Tomozawa M., Han W.T., Lanford W.A. J Am 20Kakiuchida H., Sekiya E.H., Saito K., Ikushima The subsurface damage may serve as a Ceram Soc. 1991; 74(10):2573–2576. A.J. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2003; 42:L1526–L1528. nucleation site for the bubbles (phase 4Lechenault F., Rountree C.L., Cousin F., 21Oehler A., Tomozawa M. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2004; separated regions) to form because Bouchaud J.P., Ponson L., Bouchaud E. Phys Rev 347:211–219. Lett. 2011; 106(16):165504. without any subsurface damage present, 22Preston F.W. Trans Opt Soc. 1922; 23(3):141–164. 5Hirao K., Tomozawa M. J Am Ceram Soc. 1987; no bubbles formed after the same heat- 23Suratwala T., Wong L., Miller P., ... Walmer D. J 70(7):497–502. treatment. This type of polishing-induced Non-Cryst Solids. 2006; 352:5601–5617. n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 35 Reimaging windows— Innovations in glass with the potential to transform the built environment

esidential and commercial buildings Raccount for more than 40 percent of the nation’s total energy demand and 70 percent of electricity use, resulting in an annual national energy bill totaling more than $380 billion.1,2 The United States Department of Energy (DOE) Building Technologies Office (BTO) is working in partnership with indus-

By Karma Sawyer, Marc LaFrance, and Chioke Harris try, academia, national laboratories, and other stakeholders to develop innovative, cost-effective, energy-saving technologies that could lead to a significant reduction in building energy use and enable sophisticated interactions between buildings and the electric grid. BTO’s goal is to Next-generation windows offer many ways to reduce aggregate building energy use intensity increase occupant comfort and decrease building by 45 percent by 2030, relative to 2010 energy- energy consumption. efficient technologies. The rapid development of next-generation building technologies, such as windows, are vital to advancing building systems and components that are cost-competitive in the market, meeting BTO’s building energy use reduction goals, and leading to the creation of new business and industries. Windows are our connections to the outdoors and their thermal and optical performance directly impacts occupant comfort and building energy consumption. Next-generation window technologies can substantially reduce heat transfer compared to typical double- pane, low-E insulating glazing units (IGUs), improving occupant comfort and decreasing the need for heating and cooling in the perimeter zone. The development of thin glass (<1 mm) for electronic displays has enabled the creation of “thin-triple” IGUs, which incorporate a

Extended abstract from International Congress on Glass. Presentation is scheduled for June 13 at 8 a.m. More details at https://ceramics.org/icg2019

36 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 ICG extended abstract thin glass center lite along with low-cost krypton into a double-pane IGU form factor, surpassing triple-pane IGU performance but with substantially reduced weight and thickness. Vacuum insulated glazing (VIG) have been available for decades, but performance has been lackluster and designs have required rigid edge seals and tempered glass to withstand stresses from thermal expansion. Newly intro- duced products in the U.S. and China have improved thermal performance. Current early-stage research is exploring solutions that use annealed glass and are compatible with typical glass processing Credit: Sawyer, LaFrance, and Harris systems to reduce unit costs. VIGs can Figure 1. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s advanced thermochromic/PV be combined with an outer lite (“hybrid” project. Electron micrograph of a metal halide perovskite (blue) layer deposited on systems), maintaining a double-pane metal oxide blocking (orange) and transport layers (red) in an interdigitated back contact pattern on glass (scale bar = 1 micron). IGU form factor but achieving thermal performance far exceeding the walls of their dynamic range. Technologies that tomorrow’s windows not only have the most existing U.S. buildings. allow independent control over attenu- potential to outperform today’s walls, Instead of evacuating the space ation of near-infrared and visible light but can fundamentally transform the net between the panes of an IGU, it can be wavelengths could increase energy sav- energy impact of windows in buildings filled with another material to reduce ings and offer superior occupant satisfac- by being energy positive. heat transfer. That material must be tion. DOE continues to sponsor new transparent and low haze, have very research to address these opportunities About the authors low thermal conductivity, and be stable and facilitate competition that will lead Karma Sawyer is program man- in the environment inside an IGU. A to more affordable products. ager and Marc LaFrance is win- range of aerogels and other nanostruc- Photovoltaic (PV) glazing can facilitate dows technology manager for the tured porous materials are currently electricity generation at the façade; static Emerging Technologies program in being researched in an attempt to find semi-transparent and transparent PV the Department of Energy’s Building a formulation that meets those perfor- glazing are available today. Switchable Technologies Office. Chioke Harris is mance requirements and can be readily PV glazing materials currently being research engineer at the DOE National integrated into glass and IGU produc- researched have the potential to deliver Renewable Energy Laboratory. Contact tion processes. much higher power conversion efficien- LaFrance at [email protected]. Beyond highly-insulating windows, cies than transparent and semi-transpar- other technologies have the potential to ent PV glazing while also incorporating References transition windows from being a driver dynamic control over visible transmit- 1U.S. Energy Information Administration. of energy use to being energy neutral or tance (Tvis)—darkening to generate elec- Natural Gas Summary from 2012–2017. even generating electricity in some appli- tricity from incident solar radiation and Washington, DC: U.S. Department of cations. Dynamic glazing technologies— thus also controlling glare and solar heat Energy, Release date: July 31, 2018. Accessed electrochromics, thermochromics, and gain.3 PV glazing materials could be used April 18, 2019: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ others—can improve occupant visual and to provide power to the building or the ng/ng_sum_lsum_dcu_nus_a.htm thermal comfort and reduce energy use electric grid. Novel PV glazing formula- 2 U.S. Energy Information Administration. Electric Power Monthly with Data for December by actively tuning light levels and solar tions that offer high (or dynamic) Tvis heat gain. DOE catalyzed early-stage could find application in high-rise build- 2016. Washington, DC: U.S. Department dynamic glazing research that has led to ings that have substantial glazed area but of Energy, February 2017. Accessed April 18, 2019: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/ more than $2 billion in private-sector minimal roof area suitable for traditional monthly/archive/february2017.pdf investment. In the future, the adoption rooftop solar PV. of active dynamic glazing can be acceler- DOE continues to invest in materi- 3 Wheeler, L.M., Moore, D.T., Ihly, R., et al. (2017). Switchable photovoltaic windows ated with increased switching speeds that als discovery and technology R&D to enabled by reversible photothermal complex dis- provide better glare control, improved achieve affordable technologies with sociation from methylammonium lead iodide. (and proven) long-term durability, and increased performance and superior ther- Nature Communication, 8(1), 1–9. https:// neutral (gray) coloration throughout mal and optical properties. Ultimately, dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01842-4 n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 37 Four-dimensional viscous flow sintering of 3D-printed bioactive glass scaffolds

also, a surfactant, space holder, or polymer foam acts as a template. By Amy Nommeots-Nomm, Julian R. Jones, Peter D. Lee, The mixture is then heated, removing the organic binder and fusing and Gowsihan Poologasundarampillai the glass particles together by sintering. Bioglass products have not been produced in this manner because when glass is subjected to the Bioglass products traditionally face a trade-off between sintering heating cycle, it crystallizes. This crystallization affects how glass behaves in biological environments, resulting in a reduction of good mechanical properties or bioactivity. Glass compo- its bioactivity.1 Therefore, a compromise needs to be made—either sition 13-93 may allow for both. the produced scaffold is well sintered, giving it good mechanical properties but losing some of its bioactivity; or, the scaffold has poor mechanical properties but optimum bioactivity. Over recent years, a host of different bioactive glass compositions have been investigated by changing glass-forming chemistry: from silica to borates or phosphates, to adding different therapeutic ® ions, such as silver, copper, and cobalt to stimulate different bio- ioglass is a leading synthetic logical effects. Other elements have been added that can modify Bbone graft material as it can temperature behaviours of the glass network, such as magnesium and potassium, resulting in changes to crystallization kinetics. One help regenerate damaged or diseased glass that has good resistance to crystallization while maintaining bone. Invented in the 1970s, its success bioactivity is the composition 13–93, developed in Finland in has been limited to powder or granular 1997. Thermographs of 13–93 glass show a distinct gap between the nucleation and growth domains, allowing sintering to occur forms. Granular Bioglass has been revo- while resisting detectable crystallization. lutionary in non-load bearing defects; Glass sintering can be described as the merging and coalescing of particles above the glass transition onset temperature. This process however, to repair and regenerate bone results in a reduction of surface area and in turn reduces overall in loaded defects, a 3D scaffold is porosity between particles. Traditional sintering theories, starting required to support and guide the bone with Frenkel’s original theory, are based upon uniformly packed, spherical particles, and their sintering evolution is understood in through repair. 2D. This, however, is unrepresentative of melt-derived bioactive To form a 3D construct from glass materials, the tra- glass powders produced in the lab, which are nonspherical and ditional processing methods use an organic binder mixed have wide particle size distributions with a broad number and size with glass to create a green body of the desired shape; of intersecting particle junctions.2

Extended abstract from International Congress on Glass. Presentation is scheduled for June 11 at 8 a.m. More details at https://ceramics.org/icg2019

38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 ICG extended abstract

In this work3 we produced 3D scaffolds suitable for bone repair from the 13–93 composition via the 3D printing technique of robocasting. Robocasting is a layer-by-layer extrusion of an organic ink loaded with glass particles. This process allows production of bioactive scaffolds with bespoke geometries, and designed macro- and microporosi- ties. The scaffolds were then sintered while simultaneously conducting continuous 3D tomographic imaging in situ at the U.K. Diamond Light Source (Figure 1a). We present novel insight into the sintering process of nonspherical particles from both a local (particle-particle) and global (scaffold) perspective (Figure 1). Our work presents the global evolution of sintering with respect to change in surface area of both the glass and the ‘pore’ phase present within the scaffolds. We track density changes in the glassy scaffold as sintering progresses (Figure 1c) and evaluate how strut surface mor- Credit: Nommeots–Nomm, Jones, Lee, and Poologasundarampillai phology evolves from a rough particle-particle shape, to Figure 1: (a) a schematic of the experimental set up used at i13 beam- a smooth surface with a reduction in cross-sectional area line at the Diamond Light Source U.K.; (b) a 3D render of a presintered with densification, and finally strut growth, or coarsening, robocast (printed) bioactive glass scaffold; (c) graphical representation of the sintering progression with respect to scaffold densification with due to overall scaffold shrinkage (Figure 1b and d). time and temperature; (d) a 3D render of the scaffold post-sintering. Finally, we evaluate the particle-particle progression during the sintering cycle. We see particle neck forma- 3 tion and densification occurring. Pores form within the struts A. Nommeots-Nomm, C. Ligorio, A. J Bodey, B. Cai, J. R. Jones, P. D. Lee, G. Poologasundarampillai, ‘4D Imaging and quantifica- themselves due to gaps that remain between glass particles tion of viscous flow sintering within a 3D-printed bioactive glass after organic binders are burnt away. The heating process aims scaffold using synchrotron X-ray tomography,’ Materials Today to remove these spaces during the sintering cycle. Our work Advances, in press. n shows that pore shape is the key factor affecting their ability to be removed during this process. We track pore changes using the Wadell ‘shape factor,’ which is a measure of their spheric- ity; showing in 3D that once a pore has become spherical, the driving force for its removal is too great, and therefore it can remain as residual porosity within the scaffold. This work is the first to combine in situ sintering with X-ray tomography of bioactive glass scaffolds. It moves away from H He our theoretical understanding of perfect systems, of spherical Li Be B C N O F Ne particle-particle interactions with perfect packing; it highlights Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar the complexities of faceted nonspherical particles, and multi- K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr particle-particle interactions on sintering in 3D constructs. Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe About the authors Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Amy Nommeots-Nomm is postdoctoral fellow in the Mining Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og and Materials Engineering Department at McGill University. Julian R. Jones is professor of biomaterials at Imperial College Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu London. Peter D. Lee is professor of materials science at Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr University College London and acting director of the Research Complex at Harwell (U.K.). Gowsihan Poologasundarampillai TM is fellow in biomaterials and bioimaging at University of Birmingham. Contact Nommeots-Nom at [email protected] Now Invent. References 1Jones, J.R., Review of bioactive glass: from Hench to hybrids. Acta Biomater, 2013. 9(1): p. 4457-86. www.americanelements.com 2Oscar Prado, M., E. Dutra Zanotto, and R. Müller, Model for sintering polydispersed glass particles. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2001. 279(2): p. 169-178. ©2001-2019. Ameirican Elements is a U.S. Registered Trademark.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 39 resources

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June 2019 4–6 3rd Annual Energy Harvesting January 2020 Society Meeting (EHS19) – Falls 9–14 th 22–24 25 Int’l Congress on Glass – Church Marriott Fairview Park, Falls EMA2020: Electronic Materials Boston Park Plaza Hotel and Towers, Church, Va.; and Applications – DoubleTree by Hilton Boston, Mass.; www.ceramics.org/ehs2019 Orlando at Sea World Conference www.ceramics.org/icg2019 Hotel, Orlando, Fla.; 22–27 HTCMC10: 10th Int’l www.ceramics.org/ema2020 16–18 th 10 Advances in Cement- Conference on High-Temperature 26–31 th Based Materials – University of Illinois Ceramic-Matrix Composites – Palais ICACC20: 44 Int’l Conference at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Ill.; des Congrès, Bordeaux, France; and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and www.ceramics.org/cements2019 www.ht-cmc10.org Composites – Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org/icacc20 24–27 ACerS Structural Clay Products 23–25 Annual conference of the April 2020 Division & Southwest Section Meeting Serbian Ceramic Society – Belgrade, in conjunction with the National Brick Serbia; www.serbianceramicsociety.rs/ 13–17 2020 MRS Spring Meeting & Research Center Meeting – Omni index.htm Severin Hotel, Indianapolis, Ind.; Exhibit – Phoenix, Ariz.; www.mrs.org/spring2020 www.ceramics.org/scpd2019 29–Oct. 3 MS&T19 combined with July 2019 the ACerS 121st Annual Meeting – May 2020 Portland, Ore.; www.matscitech.org 10–11 17–21 2020 Glass and Optical Ceramics UK colocated with October 2019 The Advanced Materials Show – The Materials Division Annual Meeting – International Centre, Telford, UK; 13–16 Hotel Monteleone, New Orleans, La.; UNITECR 2019: United Int’l www.ceramics.org/gomd2020 www.ceramics-uk.com Technical Conference on Refractories – Pacifico Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan; 21–26 th June 2020 4 Int’l Conference on www.unitecr2019.org Innovations in Biomaterials, 7–10 Ultra-high Temperature Biomanufacturing, and Biotechnologies 27–31 th Ceramics: Materials for Extreme nd PACRIM 13: 13 Pacific (Bio-4), combined with the 2 Global Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Environment Applications V – The Forum on Advanced Materials Technology – Okinawa Convention Lodge at Snowbird, Snowbird, Utah; and Technologies for Sustainable Center, Ginowan City, Okinawa, Japan; http://bit.ly/5thUHTC Development (GFMAT-2) – Toronto www.ceramics.org/pacrim13 Marriott Downtown Eaton Centre August 2020 Hotel, Toronto, Canada; 28–31 80th Conference on 2–7 www.ceramics.org/gfmat-2-and-bio-4 Glass Problems – Greater Columbus Solid State Studies in Ceramics, Gordon Research August 2019 Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org Conference; Mount Holyoke College; 19–23 South Hadley, Mass.; https://www.grc. Materials Challenges in November 2019 org/solid-state-studies-in-ceramics- Alternative & Renewable Energy 2019 conference/2020 (MCARE2019) – Lotte Hotel, Jeju 18–20 Indian Minerals & Markets Island, Republic of Korea; Forum 2019 – JW Marriott Mumbai www.mcare2019.org Juhu, Mumbai, India; http://imformed. Dates in RED denote new entry in September 2019 com/get-imformed/forums/india- this issue. minerals-markets-forum-2019 2–6 Entries in BLUE denote ACerS Materials Research Society of December 2019 events. Serbia Annual Conference YUCOMAT th denotes meetings that ACerS 2019 and 11 IISS World Round Table 1–6 2019 MRS Fall Meeting – Hynes cosponsors, endorses, or other- Conference on Sintering – Herceg Novi, Convention Center, Boston, Mass.; wise cooperates in organizing. Montenegro; www.mrs-serbia.org.rs www.mrs.org/fall2019 Ceram an i ic c r S e o m ✯ ✯ ✯ c A i e

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SOLVING SOCIETY’S CHALLENGES GFMAT-2 Plenary Speakers IN TWO IMPORTANT MEETINGS Claude Delmas, CNRS research director at the Bordeaux Is sustainability integrated into your research? Institute of Condensed-Matter Chemistry, University of Bordeaux 1, France Are you working on energy-efficient and eco-friendly Title: From Volta to Solar Impulse: A battery journey technologies? Are you studying biomaterials for health-related Delmas applications? Mrityunjay Singh, chief scientist, Ohio Aerospace Institute, USA GFMAT-2/Bio-4 brings together researchers and subject matter experts to address the societal challenges of popula- Title: Fourth Industrial Revolution and its impact on sustainable tion growth and the opportunities they present for creating societal development sustainable solutions for energy and health care applications.

As the population increases, the goal of sustainability be- Singh comes more important as we continue to deplete our natural resources, produce more waste, and discharge additional BIO-4 Plenary Speakers toxic emissions into the environment. If you are interested Robert M. Pilliar, professor emeritus, Faculty of Dentistry and in cutting-edge research that addresses these environmen- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University tal challenges, you will want to attend GFMAT-2. of Toronto, Canada Title: Porous calcium polyphosphates—Biodegradable bone GFMAT-2 symposia include topics like green manufacturing substitutes and beyond technologies, energy storage applications, and advanced ceramics and composites for energy and environmental Pilliar applications, to name a few. Serena M. Best, professor, Materials Science, University of If you want to hear about the latest advancements and Cambridge, United Kingdom product developments for the health care industry, includ- Title: Optimizing bioactive scaffolds: Cellular response to calci- ing orthopedic, dental, and maxillofacial applications; or um phosphate composition and architecture manufacturing technologies, nanomedicine, sensors, and diagnostic devices, plan to attend Bio-4. Best Bio-4 also includes topics on advanced materials and devices Xingdong Zhang, professor, National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, China for brain disorder treatments, material needs for medical devices, and nanotechnology in medicine. Title: Biofunctionalization—A new direction for bioceramics research Mark your calendar now and plan to attend GFMAT-2/Bio-4. Zhang

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 47 Call for Book ADINDEX JUNE-JULY 2019 Authors and ‡Find us in ceramicSOURCE 2018 Buyer’s Guide AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin Editors CerS-Wiley seeks new authors or volume editors A for textbooks, handbooks, or reference books on ceramics and DISPLAY ADVERTISER glass related topics. Example topics AdValue Technology‡ www.advaluetech.com 9 include, and are not limited to: ox- Alfred University www.alfred.edu/academics/colleges-schools/engineering/index.cfm ides, nonoxides, composites, envi- 24, 25 ronmental and energy issues; fuel American Elements‡ www.americanelements.com 39, Outside back cover cells; ceramic armor; nanotechnol- Deltech Furnaces‡ www.deltechfurnaces.com 3 ogy; glass and optical materials; Gasbarre Products‡ www.gasbarre.com 11 electronic/functional ceramic tech- Harrop Industries Inc.‡ www.harropusa.com Inside Front Cover nology and applications; advanced Ingredient Masters Inc.‡ ingredientmasters.com 5 ceramic materials; bioceramics; Innovacera www.innovacera.com 17 ceramic engineering, manufactur- I-Squared R Element‡ www.isquaredrelement.com 13 ing, processing, and usage; ceramic Materials Research Society mrs.org/fall2019 16 design and properties; and health Mo-Sci Corporation‡ www.mo-sci.com 7 and safety. Nutec Bickley www.nutecbickley.com 15 Authors and editors of new, origi- Sauereisen‡ www.sauereisen.com 17 nal books receive royalties on TevTech‡ www.tevtechllc.com 13 worldwide sales of their books, The American Ceramic Society‡ www.ceramics.org Inside back cover, 33, 48 while editors of proceedings vol- U.S. Borax www.Borax.com 15 umes receive complimentary cop- ies of their books. In addition, all authors and editors are entitled to a discount on Wiley books. To learn more or to share an idea, CLASSIFIED & BUSINESS SERVICES ADVERTISER please contact: Advanced Ceramic Technology www.advancedceramictech.com 46 Bomas Machine Specialties Inc. www.bomas.com 46 Michael Leventhal Centorr/Vacuum Industries Inc.‡ www.centorr.com 47 Sponsoring Editor John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Detroit Process Machinery www.detroitprocessmachinery.com 47 111 River Street Edward Orton Ceramic Foundation www.ortonceramic.com/testing 47 Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 Harrop Industries Inc.‡ www.harropusa.com 46, 47 Tel: 201-748-6980 Mohr Corp.‡ www.mohrcorp.com 47 Fax: 201-748-8888 PremaTech Advanced Ceramic www.prematechac.com 46 E-mail: [email protected] PPT - Powder Processing & www.pptechnology.com 46 Technology LLC Greg Geiger ‡ Technical Content Manager Quality Executive Search Inc. www.qualityexec.com 46 The American Ceramic Society Rauschert Technical Ceramics Inc.‡ www.rauschert.com 46 600 N. Cleveland Ave., Suite 210 Specialty Glass Inc. www.sgiglass.com 47 Westerville, Ohio 43082 Spectrochemical Laboratories www.spectrochemicalme.com 47 Tel: 614-794-5858 Zircar Ceramics Inc. www.zircarceramics.com 46 Fax: 614-794-5882 Zircar Zirconia Inc. www.zircarzirconia.com 46 E-mail: [email protected]

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48 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 44TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON CALL ADVANCED FOR PAPERS CERAMICS AND ABSTRACTS DUE COMPOSITES JULY 29, 2019

January 26 – 31, 2020 HILTON DAYTONA BEACH RESORT AND OCEAN CENTER Daytona Beach, Florida, USA Organized by the Engineering Ceramics Division of The American Ceramic Society ceramics.org/icacc2020 yttrium iron garnet glassy carbon photonics fused quartz beamsplitters piezoceramics europium phosphors additive manufacturing III-IV semiconductors ITO 1 1 2 2 H He 1.00794 4.002602 Hydrogen transparent conductive oxides sol-gel process bioimplants Helium YSZ 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012182 10.811 12.0107 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984032 20.1797 zeolites Lithium Beryllium raman substrates barium uoride Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen FluorinenanoNeon ribbons 11 2 12 2 13 2 14 2 15 2 16 2 17 2 18 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.98976928 24.305 26.9815386 28.0855 30.973762 32.065 35.453 39.948 anode Sodium Magnesium sapphire windows anti-ballistic ceramicsAluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon silicates

19 2 20 2 21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2 25 2 26 2 27 2 28 2 29 2 30 2 31 2 32 2 33 2 34 2 35 2 36 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 K 1 Ca 2 Sc 2 Ti 2 V 2 Cr 1 Mn 2 Fe 2 Co 2 Ni 2 Cu 1 Zn 2 Ga 3 Ge 4 As 5 Se 6 Br 7 Kr 8 39.0983 40.078 44.955912 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.938045 55.845 58.933195 58.6934 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.64 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.798 oxides Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton cermet 37 2 38 2 39 2 40 2 41 2 42 2 43 2 44 2 45 2 46 2 47 2 48 2 49 2 50 2 51 2 52 2 53 2 54 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 8 8 9 10 12 13 13 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Rb 1 Sr 2 Y 2 Zr 2 Nb 1 Mo 1 Tc 2 Ru 1 Rh 1 Pd Ag 1 Cd 2 In 3 Sn 4 Sb 5 Te 6 I 7 Xe 8 85.4678 87.62 88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.96 (98.0) 101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.71 121.76 127.6 126.90447 131.293 Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon

TiCN 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 h-BN 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Cs 1 Ba 2 La 2 Hf 2 Ta 2 W 2 Re 2 Os 2 Ir 2 Pt 1 Au 1 Hg 2 Tl 3 Pb 4 Bi 5 Po 6 At 7 Rn 8 132.9054 137.327 138.90547 178.48 180.9488 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.966569 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.9804 (209) (210) (222) Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

87 2 88 2 89 2 104 2 105 2 106 2 107 2 108 2 109 2 110 2 111 2 112 2 113 2 114 2 115 2 116 2 117 2 118 2 ZnS 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 InGaAs 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 18 Nh 18 18 Mc 18 18 Ts 18 Og 18 Fr 1 Ra 2 Ac 2 Rf 2 Db 2 Sg 2 Bh 2 Hs 2 Mt 2 Ds 1 Rg 1 Cn 2 3 Fl 4 5 Lv 6 7 8 (223) (226) (227) (267) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294) Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Si3N4 epitaxial crystal growth cerium oxide polishing powder rutile 58 2 59 2 60 2 61 2 62 2 63 2 64 2 65 2 66 2 67 2 68 2 69 2 70 2 71 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 9 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 Ce 2 Pr 2 Nd 2 Pm 2 Sm 2 Eu 2 Gd 2 Tb 2 Dy 2 Ho 2 Er 2 Tm 2 Yb 2 Lu 2 140.116 140.90765 144.242 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.92535 162.5 164.93032 167.259 168.93421 173.054 174.9668 quantum dots Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium spintronics 90 2 91 2 92 2 93 2 94 2 95 2 96 2 97 2 98 2 99 2 100 2 101 2 102 2 103 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 18 20 21 22 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 10 9 9 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Th 2 Pa 2 U 2 Np 2 Pu 2 Am 2 Cm 2 Bk 2 Cf 2 Es 2 Fm 2 Md 2 No 2 Lr 3 SiALON 232.03806 231.03588 238.02891 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) YBCO Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium GDC transparent ceramics chalcogenides nanodispersions perovskites alumina substrates superconductors fuel cell materials laser crystals sputtering targets TM CVD precursors deposition slugs Now Invent. silicon carbide MBE grade materials beta-barium borate scintillation Ce:YAG solar energy The Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs lithium niobate photovoltaics Over 15,000 certi ed high purity laboratory chemicals, metals, & advanced materials and a magnesia state-of-the-art Research Center. Printable GHS-compliant Safety Data Sheets. Thousands of ber optics new products. And much more. All on a secure multi-language "Mobile Responsive” platform. thin lm MgF2 dialectric coatings ultra high purity materials borosilicate glass metamaterials

American Elements opens a world of possibilities so you can Now Invent! superconductors www.americanelements.com indium tin oxide