Marco Perino (editor) Foreword This report resumes and presents the activity done in Subtask A of IEA-ECBCS Annex 44 “Integrating Environmentally Responsive Elements in Buildings” concerning the state of the art review of Responsive Building Elements. It is based on the contributions from the participating countries. The publication is an internal Annex report. With a focus on innovative building elements that dynamically respond to changes in climate and user demands, the report describes materials, components and systems that have been tested in laboratories and buildings around the world. This report is aimed at researchers in the field and gives an overview of how these elements work together with available performance data. It is hoped, that this report will be helpful for researchers in their search for new solutions to the problem of designing and constructing sustainable buildings. Marco Perino Editor 2 Acknowledgments The material presented in this publication has been collected and developed within an Annex of the IEA Implementing Agreement Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems, Annex 44 “Integrating Environmentally Responsive Elements in Buildings”. The report is the result of an international joint effort conducted in 14 countries. All those who have contributed to the project are gratefully acknowledged. In particular the following researchers actively contributed in collecting information, drafting and editing the State-Of-The-Art Report: Chapter 2 - AIF - editors: Fernando Marques da Silva and Jennifer Gosselin Chapter 2 - AIF - contributors: Inger Andresen, Øyvind Aschehoug, Teshome Edae Jiru, Matthias Haase, Fariborz Haghighat, Per Heiselberg, Jennifer Gosselin, Riccardo Issoglio, Japan National Committee, Fernando Marques da Silva, Marco Perino, Valentina Serra, Fabio Zanghirella. Chapter 3 - TM editor: Jakub Kolarik Chapter 3 - TM contributors: Nikolai Artmann, Jan Babiak, Jakub Kolarik, Bjarne Olesen, Mats Sandberg, Dietrich Schmidt, Eva-Lotta Wentzel, Asa Wahlstrom, Yang Lina, Yuguo Li, Pengcheng Xu Chapter 4 - EC editors: Fariborz Haghighat Chapter 4 - EC contributors: Inger Andresen, Tor Helge Dokka, Fariborz Haghighat, Ryozo Ooka, Jian Zhang Chapter 5 - DIW editors: Fariborz Haghighat Chapter 5 - DIW contributors: Gérard Guarracino, Fariborz Haghighat, Mohammed Imbabi, Kai Qiu Chapter 6 - PCM editor: Paolo Principi Chapter 6 - PCM contributors: Marian Hopkowicz, Roberto Fioretti, Paolo Principi 3 International Energy Agency The International Energy Agency (IEA) was established in 1974 within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to implement an international energy programme. A basic aim of the IEA is to foster co-operation among the twenty-four IEA participating countries and to increase energy security through energy conservation, development of alternative energy sources and energy research, development and demonstration (RD&D). Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems The IEA sponsors research and development in a number of areas related to energy. The mission of one of those areas, the ECBCS - Energy Conservation for Building and Community Systems Programme, is to facilitate and accelerate the introduction of energy conservation, and environmentally sustainable technologies into healthy buildings and community systems, through innovation and research in decision-making, building assemblies and systems, and commercialisation. The objectives of collaborative work within the ECBCS R&D program are directly derived from the on-going energy and environmental challenges facing IEA countries in the area of construction, energy market and research. ECBCS addresses major challenges and takes advantage of opportunities in the following areas: • exploitation of innovation and information technology; • impact of energy measures on indoor health and usability; • integration of building energy measures and tools to changes in lifestyles, work environment alternatives, and business environment. The Executive Committee Overall control of the program is maintained by an Executive Committee, which not only monitors existing projects but also identifies new areas where collaborative effort may be beneficial. To date the following projects have been initiated by the executive committee on Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems (completed projects are identified by (*) ): Annex 1: Load Energy Determination of Buildings (*) Annex 2: Ekistics and Advanced Community Energy Systems (*) Annex 3: Energy Conservation in Residential Buildings (*) Annex 4: Glasgow Commercial Building Monitoring (*) Annex 5: Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Annex 6: Energy Systems and Design of Communities (*) Annex 7: Local Government Energy Planning (*) Annex 8: Inhabitants Behaviour with Regard to Ventilation (*) Annex 9: Minimum Ventilation Rates (*) Annex 10: Building HVAC System Simulation (*) Annex 11: Energy Auditing (*) Annex 12: Windows and Fenestration (*) Annex 13: Energy Management in Hospitals (*) Annex 14: Condensation and Energy (*) Annex 15: Energy Efficiency in Schools (*) Annex 16: BEMS 1- User Interfaces and System Integration (*) Annex 17: BEMS 2- Evaluation and Emulation Techniques (*) Annex 18: Demand Controlled Ventilation Systems (*) 4 Annex 19: Low Slope Roof Systems (*) Annex 20: Air Flow Patterns within Buildings (*) Annex 21: Thermal Modelling (*) Annex 22: Energy Efficient Communities (*) Annex 23: Multi Zone Air Flow Modelling (COMIS) (*) Annex 24: Heat, Air and Moisture Transfer in Envelopes (*) Annex 25: Real time HEVAC Simulation (*) Annex 26: Energy Efficient Ventilation of Large Enclosures (*) Annex 27: Evaluation and Demonstration of Domestic Ventilation Systems (*) Annex 28: Low Energy Cooling Systems (*) Annex 29: Daylight in Buildings (*) Annex 30: Bringing Simulation to Application (*) Annex 31: Energy-Related Environmental Impact of Buildings (*) Annex 32: Integral Building Envelope Performance Assessment (*) Annex 33: Advanced Local Energy Planning (*) Annex 34: Computer-Aided Evaluation of HVAC System Performance (*) Annex 35: Design of Energy Efficient Hybrid Ventilation (HYBVENT) (*) Annex 36: Retrofitting of Educational Buildings (*) Annex 37: Low-exergy Systems for Heating and Cooling of Buildings (LowEx) (*) Annex 38: Solar Sustainable Housing (*) Annex 39: High Performance Insulation Systems (*) Annex 40: Building Commissioning to Improve Energy Performance (*) Annex 41: Whole Building Heat, Air and Moisture Response (MOIST-ENG) Annex 42: The Simulation of Building-Integrated Fuel Cell and Other Cogeneration Systems (FC+COGEN-SIM) Annex 43: Testing and Validation of Building Energy Simulation Tools Annex 44: Integrating Environmentally Responsive Elements in Buildings Annex 45: Energy Efficient Electric Lighting for Buildings Annex 46: Holistic Assessment Tool-kit on Energy Efficient Retrofit Measures for Government Buildings (EnERGo) Annex 47: Cost-Effective Commissioning for Existing and Low Energy Buildings Annex 48: Heat Pumping and Reversible Air Conditioning Annex 49: Low Exergy Systems for High Performance Built Environments and Communities Annex 50: Prefabricated Systems for Low Energy / High Comfort Building Renewal Working Group - Energy Efficiency in Educational Buildings (*) Working Group - Indicators of Energy Efficiency in Cold Climate Buildings (*) Working Group - Annex 36 Extension: The Energy Concept Adviser (*) (*) - Completed 5 Participants Austria AEE INTEC Ernst Blümel Phone: + 43 3112 5886 25 E-mail: [email protected] Canada Concordia University Fariborz Haghighat Phone: + 1 514 848 2424 E-mail: [email protected] China The University of Hong Kong, Dep. of Mech. Eng. Yuguo Li Phone: + 852 2859 2625 E-mail: [email protected] The University of Hong Kong, Dep. of Architecture Matthias Haase Phone: + 852 2241 5839 E-mail: [email protected] Denmark, Operating Agent Aalborg University Per Heiselberg Phone: + 45 9635 8541 E-mail: [email protected] Technical University of Denmark Bjarne W. Olesen Phone: + 45 45 25 41 17 E-mail: [email protected] France ENTPE-LASH Gérard Guarracino Phone: + 33 4 74 04 70 27 E-mail: [email protected] INES - Savoie Technolac Etienne Wurtz Phone: +33 479 44 4554 E-mail: [email protected] 6 LEPTAB - Université de La Rochelle Laurent Mora Phone: + 33 5 46457265 E-mail: [email protected] CSTB Faure Xavier Phone: + 33 0476762574 E-mail: [email protected] Italy, Leader of subtask A DENER Marco Perino Phone: + 39 011 5644423 E-mail: [email protected] Università Politecnica delle Marche Paolo Principi Phone: +39 (71) 2204773 E-mail: [email protected] Japan National Institute for Land and Infrastucture Management Takao Sawachi Phone: + 81 298 64 4356 E-mail: [email protected] Tokyo Polytechnic University Ryuichiro Yoshie Phone: + 81 (0) 46-242-9556 E-mail: [email protected] University of Tokyo Shinsuke Kato Phone: + 81 3 5452 6431 E-mail: [email protected] Building Research Institute Yuji Hori Phone: +81 (29) 864 6679 E-mail: [email protected] Ritsumeikan University Tomoyuki Chikamoto Phone: + 81 77 561 3029 E-mail: [email protected] 7 Kobe Design University Yuichiro Kodama Phone: +81 78 796 2571 E-mail: [email protected] Nikken Sekkei Ltd Tatsuya Hayashi or Takashi Yanai Phone: + 81-3-5226-3030 E-mail: [email protected] Misawa Homes Institute of Research and Development Co., Ltd. Isamu Ohta Phone: E-mail: [email protected] Tateyama Aluminum Industry Co.,Ltd. Yasuo Takahashi