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(Cal-EPE) Hub Product Category Overview Dynamic Glazing Sy Product Characterization Report California Energy Product Evaluation (Cal-EPE) Hub Technology Sector Windows Product Category Dynamic Glazing Last Updated 12/14/2018 Figure 1: Electrochromic windows with sub-pane zoning. The upper part of the windows is tinted in order to provide glare control; the lower part of the windows is clear in order to provide daylight (source: LBNL). Product Category Overview Dynamic glazing systems have glass panes with variable solar-optical properties. In the case of electrochromic glazing, solar-optical properties vary according to an applied electrical potential; in the case of thermochromic glazing, solar-optical properties vary according to the temperature of the glass. Electrochromic windows can be actively controlled, either by an automated system or by the building occupants using wall switches or mobile apps; thermochromic windows operate passively based on ambient conditions. Laboratory and field tests show that, when appropriately controlled, dynamic windows can provide solar and glare control without obstructing the view through the window. In addition, they have the potential to provide greater occupant comfort and satisfaction while enabling other energy-saving measures such as daylight harvesting. To gather the most benefits from this technology, care must be taken to tailor dynamic window control settings to the location and application. Characterization at a Glance Thermochromic Windows: Electrochromic Windows: Product Characterization Report California Energy Product Evaluation (Cal-EPE) Hub Product Category Characterization Energy Benefits Through their ability to vary solar-optical properties according to environmental conditions, dynamic windows have the potential to control solar gains while enabling daylight harvesting, thus reducing HVAC and lighting energy consumption. For example, dynamic windows can allow light and heat when desired by going to a lighter state, and block light and heat when not desired by going to a darker state. The ability to reduce glare by going to a darker state can enable daylight harvesting strategies by reducing the need for manually operated shading, which may stay deployed for long periods even when not needed. Electrochromic windows have the advantage of high flexibility in how they are controlled, and have the greatest potential for energy savings. However, in situations where the window control algorithm for electrochomic windows is not correctly tailored to local conditions, or takes an excessively conservative approach to glare or solar heat gain control, lighting energy use can increase relative to a window with static solar-optical properties. Thermochromic windows operate passively based on ambient temperature and solar gains and are not actively controlled. Solar-optical switching properties of the window material can be tuned for the specific application but cannot be adjusted after installation as is the case with electrochromic windows. Non-Energy Benefits Dynamic windows can provide additional benefits besides lower energy consumption. Their ability to control glare and solar heat gains can increase visual and thermal comfort in the space and, by reducing the need for operable shading, provide greater periods of unobstructed view to the outside. When controlling dynamic glazing, care must be taken to balance the need for glare and solar heat gain control with the need for view. Product Category Differentiation Dynamic windows covered in this document comprise two different product categories: • Electrochromic windows. These windows can vary their tint based on an electric potential applied to the glazing. Control can be automatic or manual. Some manufacturers offer windows that are divided in zones that tint independently from each other. • Thermochromic windows. These windows passively vary their tint based on ambient thermal conditions. Installation Pathway and Dependencies Dynamic windows can be used in both new construction and retrofit. Thermochromic windows do not require additional components and the economics are similar to other types of window retrofits. Besides the windows themselves, an electrochromic window installation requires several additional components: (1) wiring to provide power to the windows and for the manual override (usually a wall switch placed in an adjacent wall), (2) control hardware, both local to each window or group of windows and a central controller that controls windows throughout a building, (3) sensors placed indoors, on the façade or on the roof of the building and, for certain installations, (4) communications hardware that allows the manufacturer or other appropriate parties to access the control system remotely. These additional requirements can make electrochromic windows more competitive in new construction applications than in retrofits. Product Characterization Report California Energy Product Evaluation (Cal-EPE) Hub List of Products Table 1: Summary of manufacturers and products for the product category. Manufacturer Model Type Differentiating Feature SageGlass • 4 tint levels. SageGlass • Daylight mode, glare override, manual override SageGlass Lightzone Electrochromic operating modes. • Sub-pane tinting (SageGlass Lightzone). • Sub-pane tinting with spatial gradient (SageGlass SageGlass Harmony – available in 2019). Harmony • View dynamic 4 tint levels. View Electrochromic • glass Glare mode, daylight maximization mode, solar control mode, manual override operating modes. • 4 tint levels. Kinestral Halio Electrochromic • Automatic or manual override mode. • Faster tinting/untinting (<3 minutes claimed). Suntuitive Pleotint Thermochromic • dynamic glass Thermochromic layer integrated into laminate. • RavenWindow RavenWindow Thermochromic Thermochromic layer positioned on the gap- facing surface of insulated glass unit glass pane. Quantification of Performance A literature search was conducted and a sample of published study results are summarized in Table 2. Table 2: Summary of results from literature review Location Application Results Reference Thermocromics: projected 22% annual HVAC energy Field test, office reduction, 47% reduction in peak cooling load, 21% Denver, setting reduction in heating gas use when used in conjunction Colorado, Thermochromics with low-e glass. [1] USA Electrochromics Electrochromics: 22% reduction in cooling energy use, 45% reduction in peak cooling load, when using no manual override. 36% annual lighting energy savings due to daylight; 2% Field Test, office reduction in south zone VAV summer cooling load in Portland, setting normal operating mode; 57% reduction in weekend [2] Oregon, USA Electrochromics VAV summer cooling load when in setback mode with fully tinted electrochromics window . Daily HVAC load reduced by 29-65% (0.43-3.48 Wh/ft2); Sacramento, Field test, office peak HVAC load reduced by 25-58% (1.15-5.63 W/ft2), California, setting 62% increase in lighting energy use (probably due to [3] USA Electrochromics issues specific to this demonstration and not attributable to electrochromics technology as a whole). Miramar, Field test, office 29% reduction in HVAC energy use, 62% reduction in California, setting lighting energy use, total building energy savings of [4] USA Electrochromics 28%. Berkeley, Laboratory test 19-26% annual peak cooling load reductions, 48%-67% California, [5] Electrochromics lighting energy use savings. USA Product Characterization Report California Energy Product Evaluation (Cal-EPE) Hub References [1] E. Lee, L. Fernandes, C. Goudey, C. Jonsson, D. Curcija, X. Pang, D. DiBartolomeo and S. Hoffmann, "A Pilot Demonstration of Electrochromic and Thermochromic Windows in the Denver Federal Center, Building 41,Denver, Colorado," General Services Administration, 2013. [2] E. Lee, L. Fernandes, S. Touzani, A. Thanachareonkit, X. Pang and D. Dickerhoff, "Electrochromic Window Demonstration at the 911 Federal Building, 911 Northeast 11th Avenue, Portland, Oregon," General Services Administration, 2016. [3] L. Fernandes, E. Lee, D. Dickerhoff, A. Thanachareonkit, T. Wang and C. Gehbauer, "Electrochromic Window Demonstration at the John E. Moss Federal Building, 650 Capitol Mall, Sacramento, California," General Services Administration, 2018. [4] B. Tinianov, "Demonstration Program for Low-Cost, High-Energy-Saving Dynamic Windows," ESTCP Project EW-201252. [5] E. Lee, S. Selkowitz, R. Clear, D. DiBartolomeo, J. Klems, L. Fernandes, G. Ward, V. Inkarojrit and M. Yazdanian, "Advancement of Electrochromic Windows," California Energy Commission report no. CEC-500-2006-052, 2006. Product Characterization Report California Energy Product Evaluation (Cal-EPE) Hub Technology Sector Windows Product Category Exterior Shading Last Updated 12/14/2018 Figure 1: Exterior shading mounted on a full-scale laboratory testbed (source: LBNL) Product Category Overview Exterior window shading controls solar heat gains by preventing direct solar radiation from reaching the window. Exterior shading technologies can include attachments like louvers, awnings, and architectural/landscaping features such as overhangs or vegetation. Attachments can be static or dynamic, and dynamic attachments can be automated or operated manually. In cooling-dominated climates, exterior shading can be very cost-effective in reducing cooling energy consumption and is suitable for both new construction and retrofits. Characterization at a Glance Product Category Characterization Energy Benefits The main energy benefit is shielding the building from solar heat gains, therefore
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