The Popularity of Karinding Among Bandung Society

The Popularity of Karinding among Bandung Society

Hinhin Agung Daryana Institut Seni Budaya Indonesia (ISBI) Bandung Jalan Buah Batu No. 212 Bandung

ABSTRACT

The study focuses on the impact of the karinding popularity on Bandung society. In trying to understand its focus, the study uses interdisciplinary approaches including sociology and anthropology. It employs qualitative research method including data collection from oral and wri en sources. Since being played by a band called Karinding A ack, karinding became popular in Bandung. Further, the popularity of karinding gave some impacts on Bandung people, both its practitioners and its audience. Some programs and activities considered as the result of the popularity of karinding include multiple activities such as tourism activities, networking development, educational activities, revitalization of traditional arts other than karinding, music development, literacy development, and the development of the creative economy.

Keywords: impact, popularity, karinding, Bandung, interdisciplinary approach

INTRODUCTION karinding can be used as an educational Karinding is a musical instrument which medium to teach moral values to the com- originally served as a personal entertain- munity. The local wisdom contained in its ment, then later developed to have multiple simple form can serve as a way of life for functions in West Java. At fi rst, karinding was the people. known by Sundanese people as a means of Traditional music that was considered ge ing rid of pests in the rice fi eld. Today, out of date by the youths now is in contrary it has gone through various developments. point of view when karinding began to de- The best moment happened in 2008, when velop in Bandung. They have realized to there was an encounter between a commu- preserve karinding and Sundanese culture nity named Bandung Death Metal Syndi- in general. Moreover, karinding became cate with karinding that later developed as an opening gate to introduce other forms it is now. of Sundanese culture such as iket, pangsi, Initially, the public response was ordi- Sundanese le ers, heritage, and Sunda- nary for there were just a few people who nese religion called Sunda wiwitan. Cur- knew karinding. However, it did not dis- rently, karinding is believed to be a musical courage individual member of the commu- instrument that can raise the awareness of nity of Bandung Death Metal Syndicate to the youths to local values, especially un- introduce karinding and Sundanese culture derground musicians in Bandung. One of to the metal music fans in particular and the music gorups that brought this pheno- Bandung society in general. menon is Karinding A ack, a music group Basically, at that time they thought that formed by the pioneers of the metal com- Panggung Vol. 27 No. 4, Desember 2017 354 munity, Ujungberung Rebels (it is believed are inspired to perform various cultural ac- to be the fi rst and largest music community tivities or even explore the potential of each in Indonesia), whose each band has thou- individual that they later implemented in sands of fans. the form of creative cultural products with Conservation eff orts by utilizing the high economic values through karinding. development of Internet, technology and A sequence of interesting events related to mass media, as well as a local economic karinding during the period of 2008-2016 base development, are eff ective tools to took place in some areas in Bandung such popularize karinding. Karinding expansion as Soreang (Bandung Regency), Lembang to major cities in West Java has caused some (West Bandung Regency), and other cities movements such as tourism activities, ka- in West Java. rinding networking, educational activities, In particular, the fi gures (initiators) in revitalization of traditional arts other than Soreang and Lembang, as research loca- karinding, development of karinding music tions, consciously acknowledged that the and its forms, development of literacy asso- presence of karinding in their regions is ciated with karinding arts and development strongly infl uenced by the music band Ka- of a creative economic base. rat. Their pa erns of spreading and movement the music are very similar to those of METHOD Karat. They also admi ed that since they The problems examined in this study used social media, almost every product are focused on the impact of the popular- (songs and merch) that they launched was ity of karinding among Bandung people. appreciated extensively, both positively and To answer the questions, this study uses a negatively. Appreciation of their patrons qualitative method which is basically a ho- (fans) in social media could usually lead listic method that combines data analysis to invitations to perform in events such as with relevant aspects in order to produce music concerts, performances, gatherings, a description or a picture systematically, home bands, or wedding. factually, and accurately about facts and 2. Community Involved in Shaping the relationships between observed phenome- Appearance of Karinding in Bandung na. This research includes observation and Some communities are closely related in-depth interview which were carried out to Karat and give a signifi cant infl uence on in Bandung, Soreang, and Lembang, invol- the development of karinding in Bandung. ving the members of the Karinding A ack Among them is the Ujungberung Rebels band (later shortened- Karat) and other kar- community. The acquaintance of karinding inding practitioners associated with data with Ujungberung Rebels community be- necessary for this study. gan when Bandung Death Metal Syndicate (BDMS) was formed. BDMS was initiated RESULTS AND DISCUSSION by some Bandung underground music fi - The spread of Karinding in Bandung gures, namely Amenk (Disinfected), Man 1. Area (Jasad), and Okid (Gugat), which aims to The acquaintance of Abah Olot with liven up death metal music that was rela- Bandung metal musicians has brought a tively quiet at that time. Developing local new story to the world of karinding in Ban- identity became their vision, because in ad- dung. From creative hands of the metal com- dition to its uniqueness, they also assume munity, karinding arises and transforms into that there was the same spirit with the mu- a new form. Regarding this, some youths sic they brought. Daryana: The Popularity of Karinding among Bandung Society 355

Since 2007 they add martial arts like in Bandung can be classifi ed into four sta- pencak silat and debus on their performance ges, namely: based on an advice of their friends. Since 1) Innovation then, a traditional art began to get posi- Karat is able to present relatively buhun tive responses from Bandung metal music (old) music in a new concept. fans and led to close relationship between 2) Communication Channels BDMS and Sundanese music groups. At There are three types of communication that point, Ki Amenk and Man got to know channels used by Karat, among others: (1) karinding, and their tutors were Mang Eng- mass media (printed and electronic); (2) in- kus and Mang Utun. Since then karinding ternet (social media); and (3) interpersonal quickly spread among the metal musicians communication. of Ujungberung Rebels until now. 3) Time Period Karat is a band that was born from the The time span of 8 years is relatively a event namely “Jumat Keramat” (“Sacred short time for Karat’s achievement. Increasing Friday”). It was a weekly activity held eve- numbers of players and researchers of karind- ry Friday at a place called Common Room. ing are a clear evidence of their success. From the search done by the writer on its of- 4) Social System fi c ial website, the Common Room Networks The similarity of the innovators’ mind- Foundation is a place facilitating the needs set in the eff ort of spreading karinding en- of dialogue and multidisciplinary collabora- couraged them to perform a series of pene- tions between individuals, communities, and trations that were initially impossible to be organizations with multiple backgrounds to possible. Problems are solved and goals can share their experiences and knowledge, with be achieved. both local people and foreigners. b. Factors Aff ecting Diff usion Process Regarding this, the Common Room is 1) Social Level a meeting point for people with diff erent The success of karinding spread in Ban- interests and becomes a strategic place for dung is caused by the backgrounds of the Karat in accelerating the spread of karin- Karinding A ack members, in which the ding. As they joined in the Common Room, members can be considered the trendse er they met a French who was interested in in the area of metal music in Bandung, and their music and off ered a recording session, even in Indonesia. so that the Karat’s fi rst song “Ma Hampura 2) Strategic Location 1” was produced. After the single was up- The central point of dissemination for loaded on Youtube, it soon a racted lots of information (Common Room) is fairly stra- friends and viewers, especially metal mu- tegic (located in Central Bandung) and it is sicians, and as the result, Karinding A ack the success determinant of the information was born. dissemination of karinding to other areas in 3. Diff usion Pa erns Bandung, such as East, West, South, and The birth of some groups of karinding North Bandung. Until now, the most ac- music in Bandung and its surrounding areas tive karinding music groups are commonly can be identifi ed as the impact of the Karat found in the region of West Bandung (Lem- popularity among the Bandung society. bang) and Southern Bandung (Soreang). Thus, the difusion pa erns are analyzed by 3) Adopters’ Characteristics using Rogers’ diff usion theory (1971: 5). Individual acceptance is regarded as a. Diff usion Process one of the main factors aff ecting the process Basically, the karinding spread process of karinding spread in Bandung. The adopt- Panggung Vol. 27 No. 4, Desember 2017 356 ers’ characteristics include musical taste for discussion), conversation (social net- similarity, open-mindedness, and music working as a two-way communication), atmosphere in Bandung. community (communicating eff ectively in the community that shares same interest), The Popularity of Karinding in Bandung and connectedness (making relationships 1. The Parameters of Popularity with many people). The term “popularity” used in this ar- Social media help karinding practiti- ticle means to be well-known and liked by oners and their managers to interact with many people. It means that the karinding their fans, partners and event organizers in popularity is defi ned as a traditional art a more fl exible way that leads to ge ing job which begins to a ract Bandung society’s off ers or collaboration for performances or a ention and is favored by many people. other activities. Social media platform that These popularity parameters can be seen are commonly used by karinding practitio- from multiple variables, including the ners are Facebook, Twi er, Instagram, You- growing number of the karinding music tube, and Reverbnation. groups, karinding performances, and cre- With those media, karinding practitio- ative economic actors related to the com- ners can easily measure their band popu- munity or the practitioners of karinding. larity among its audience. 2. Factors Contributing to the Popular- b. Television as Mass Media Communication ity of Karinding in Bandung If we look close to online-news websites a. Internet and Social Media and social media, they give similar contents The development of information tech- of information with television but some- nology is considered as something that can times faster, more detail, and more accurate. change habits and a itudes of the global However, people are more a racted to tele- world community. Whether it is realized vision other than to online website and social or not, people nowadays are living in two media. A number of technical issues such as worlds, the real world, and cyberspace a low signal of Internet connection, compli- (cyber community). This phenomenon is cated use of gadget may be the reasons why called “New Media” by Ron Rice. He de- public prefer television to social media. fi n es it as a communication technology that As mass media, television has three involves computers that is able to facilitate major functions for society, namely: (1) the communication with its users (Setiawan, environment supervisor; (2) correlation 2013: 362). The power of the “New Media” between parts of society in responding to lies on the Internet connection as a medium the environment; and (3) transmission of for fi nding and spreading information. socio-cultural heritage, information deli- Social media is a term which refers to vered continuously from generation to the online technology used for sharing opi- generation. In this context, television func- nions and information, having discussion, tions as a medium to express a culture and promotion, and establishing relationships. introduce a new culture (cultural hybrid) Its services are a mixture of technology, in order to enhance and preserve its values telecommunication, and social interaction. (Eskaputra, 2012: 34). Mayfi eld (2008) revealed that social media The phenomenon of the karinding popu- as a new form of online media has some larity in Bandung can be assumed as the re- characteristics, among others: participation sult of mass media utilization by karinding (eliminating the distance between media players in order to maintain the existence and audience), openness (creating a room and popularity of their band. Persuasive Daryana: The Popularity of Karinding among Bandung Society 357 approaches can be done well, so that the as in Lembang. Karinding active movement karinding is often broadcasted by some local in Lembang was also supported by a spon- and national television stations. Karat ef- sor that facilitated sound system and a ma- forts of penetrating broader music industry nager of a tourist destination who provided by performing in various national television a meal as they were interested when they shows have great impacts on the youth’s saw Karinding on The Street program initi- interest in Bandung. Karat has performed ated by Iwan and Hendra (karinding initia- in several private television programs like tors in Lembang). They also were off ered Ini Talk Show hosted by Sule and Andre, an to manage a tourist-destination village at electronic cinema Kelas Internasional, Live Floating Market (leuit kampong), but due to with Trio Lestari, and Music Everywhere with their lack of managerial experience, the col- Noah Band. laboration was ended. On the other hand, there was a home band of karinding in a cafe The Impact of the Karinding Popularity in Lembang that performed karinding regu- on the Bandung Community larly to entertain the cafe’s visitors. At this After Karat was born, karinding imme- point, it is clear how it all began with the diately spread everywhere, including Ban- karinding movement which then a racted dung, Lembang and Soreang. Youth’s en- the managers of tourist-destinations, started thusiasm in responding to karinding in the networking and benefi ted from karinding. location of the study has amazed the entire 2. Development of Karinding Network personnel of Karat. They can see that young It cannot be denied that the main factor people are very interested in ge ing infor- contributing to the popularity of karinding mation about this instrument. “Mystical” in Bandung was the birth of Karat. Since it impression which always complements ka- was established in 2008, there were about rinding instrument has also encouraged the 40 karinding bands that actively practiced personnel of Karat, especially Kimung, to and performed. Now, the number has in- dig more information about karinding and creased to approximately 200 bands. That discover a series of musical development to means within 8 years, the number of karin- answer questions proposed by the youth. ding music group has increased to 400%. In addition to musical satisfaction, the popularity of karinding also has impacts on other aspects of the life of the music community in Bandung. The built of tourism activities, education, economy, traditional arts revitalization other than karinding, development of forms and music, development of the national and international network, and development of literacy related to karinding arts become a series of positive impacts that Graph 1. The growth of Karinding Group take place when karinding began to be popular in Bandung. The impacts on the research locations are varied, but basically, cover The massive movements of karinding in some of the following activities: Bandung were then connected with a lot 1. Tourism Activities of performances either small or big scales, The popularity of karinding turned out held independently or by the sponsors. to have an impact on tourism activity, such Furthermore, the increasing number of ka- Panggung Vol. 27 No. 4, Desember 2017 358 rinding music groups and performances been well developed. The lesson for basic strengthened relationships between karin- level typically starts with history of karinding music groups in Bandung and led to an ding in Priangan to karinding playing tech- annual activity called Karinding Camping. niques. Another program is group lesson to It is an event usually fi lled with group ritual learn karinding, so that students will get gui- prayer, karinding music performances, and dance in creating a piece of karinding music. ended with tree-planting. Karinding Camping There are three levels of karinding was usually followed by dozens of karinding course: music groups from various regions around Bandung. KARINDING LESSON MATERIAL 3. Karinding Educational Activities Grade One Grade Two Grade Three (KEKAR) Classic karin- Modern karin- Songs Ar- ding history ding history rangement Since karinding gained its popularity (continued) and a racted media’s a ention, Karat as the Abah Olotan Potency of cre- Pentatonic initiator had the initiative to do a movement techniques ative economy Karinding of playing pi- by holding gatherings every week. The es- rigan tablishment of KEKAR is a kind of Karat’s (play pa ern) responsibility. As they are famous now, Evaluation (if Celempung Diatonic Ka- student pass- learning rinding they feel responsible for giving information es the test, he Evaluation (if about karinding to those who are interested can proceed student passes to the next the test, he can in having karinding class. grade) proceed to the Each traditional music community (ang- next grade) klung, for example) is supposed to train -- Technical Stage and someone’s musicality. The values of toge- Technical Re- therness, sensitivity, and desire to preserve cords the culture are maintained. Similar to ka- Table 1. Lesson Materials for Karinding Class rinding, its practitioners continue to develop methods that suit an educational purpose. After students pass the evaluation of all Viewed from the perspective of karinding stages, students are encouraged to organize as an educational tool, it is now in line a karinding recital for the next three months. with objectives proposed by Bloom (1956) Tutors who have the initiative to give guid- in which these objectives are divided into ance for free are the Karat members and kar- multiple domains, including cognitive do- inding-course graduates. Recently, KEKAR main, which contains behaviors emphasi- has been re-opened and run in Soreang. zing the intellectual aspects, such as know- 4. Revitalization of Traditional Arts ledge, comprehension, and thinking skills. Other than Karinding The aff ective domain contains behaviors Another movement considered as the that emphasize aspects of feelings and emo- result of the karinding popularity is the re- tions, such as interest, a itude, apprecia- appearance of instruments such as celem- tion, adaptation, and motor skills such as pung, terbang, toleat, and tarawangsa. This is writing, typing, swimming, and operating also the result of karinding appreciation in a machine (Prasetya, 2012: 108). Manifesta- daily life. The appreciation of karinding as tions of the educational goals proposed by a sacred instrument gave impact on its de- Bloom can be seen from grading system velopment and usage in ritual practices and formulated by Kimung and Karat. custom ceremonies such as hajat buruan, In detail, programs run by KEKAR have seren taun, ngarajah, pabaru Sunda, tumpekan, Daryana: The Popularity of Karinding among Bandung Society 359 etc. In a series of such ceremony, karinding period in 2012, there was a new generation is often collaborated with other traditional (young people) that explored karinding with instruments, so that when karinding be- Sundanese pop music style. Furthermore, comes more popular, other musical instru- in 2013-2014, karinding musical exploration ments are also well-known by the public. began to turn to buhun music. “Bangbung 5. Karinding Music Development Hideung” became obligatory repertoire in In Bandung, karinding music groups can the performance of this new generation. be categorized into two types: Ironically, they admi ed that the karinding a. Conventional Karinding band they heard fi rst was Karat, with their Conventional karinding usually com- metal-style appearances they often wore bines several Sundanese instruments in e- clothes from metal bands like Burgerkill, very ensemble. It uses conventional playing Jasad, Disinfected, and Gugat, as they be- techniques. The instruments that always lieved that the members of those bands had accompany it are celempung anak or renteng risen karinding in West Java. (rhythm guidance), suling (melody carrier), 6. Literacy Development tarawangsa, toleat, and goong tiup. The song Literacy in Sundanese culture is still themes from each karinding music group low. Many types of traditional performing are ranging from daily life, social condi- arts, especially bamboo music, have not tion, political situation, manners, natural been wri en in books or academic writings. beauty, etc. A fi gure from Cilengkrang (now Cijerah), Basically, almost all conventional mu- grown in a metal community in Bandung, sic groups that still exist today in Bandung named Iman Rahman Angga Kusuma, have not-too-complicated musical forms, known as Kimung, became a pioneer in de- tend to have lots of repetition, and almost veloping literacy culture in the fi eld of ka- do not have accompanying instruments rinding music. Having decades of musical (chord). Nevertheless, in terms of the in- experience and history degree from Padja- strument, almost all groups spread across djaran University, he decided to focus his several areas of Bandung have similarities. research on karinding. They have several instruments that serve as At least there are three books related to a melodic instrument (fl ute or tarawangsa) karinding art wri en by Kimung. Memoar Me- and percussion (celempung). This indicates lawan Lupa (Minor Books, 2011), Jurnal Karat, that in terms of instrument, the form of ka- Karinding A acks Ujungberung Rebels (Minor rinding ensemble starts to develop. There is Books, 2012), and Ujungberung Rebels Panceg a possibility that one day there will be a dis- Dina Galur (Minor Books, 2012) are a trilogy tinctive feature in instruments used in the taking karinding as an object of study. These karinding ensemble. sources also have stimulated academics to b. Karinding Collaboration conduct various studieson it at several uni- In terms of music, there are some diff e- versities in Indonesia. Multiple approaches rences when it is compared to conventional were used in the study ranging from history, karinding. Karinding c o llaboration uses West- communication studies, politics, sociology, ern musical instruments, such as guitar and anthropology, musicology, creative economy, sequencer. The presence of the guitar and education, acoustic physics, graphic design, sequencer, according to the practitioners, cinema, and many more. enhances the music. The guitar functions 7. Creative Economy Development as a melodic instrument as well as a guide The spread of karinding in Bandung has (leader) in particular basic tones. In another engendered to a new movement of creative Panggung Vol. 27 No. 4, Desember 2017 360 economic activity. Economic benefi ts are karinding craftsman to always give identity received by artisans and karinding musical to each karinding they made, so that when groups today. The rise of karinding commu- the consumers want to buy again, they can nity network which has boosted the rise of directly contact the craftsman. new music groups certainly has an impact As a creative economy practitioner, on the demand of karinding instrument on Okid (2016) admits that the sales of karin- the market. Further, it expanded to the bam- ding in Bandung are quite diff erent from boo-craft industry. Some creative economic other regions. Karinding craftsmen in Lem- activities including the sales of karinding in- bang tend to have a stable rate of sales struments, albums, and merchandise manu- because they live in a tourist destination. facture indicated the karinding infl u ence on Most craftsmen distribute their hand-made the creative industry. Furthermore, these karinding through the distro in Bandung, creative products were then distributed others sell the crafts hand to hand or on the through channels of Bandung metal music tourist destination like Tangkuban Perahu. community, such as distribution stores (dis- b. Karinding Performances tro) or during traditional music and metal Karat is the only music group that able music performances in Bandung. to penetrate music industry because it is supported by a strong and stable network. a. Sales of Karinding Instruments and Their music album distributed massively Merchandise by Karat has an important role in penetra- Economic-based development with a vi- ting a wider music industry. Supported by sion to prosper bamboo craftsmen is an idea a militant network of metal music commu- brought up by the Karat members. They re- nity, Karat is a group that gets national and fuse brokers or the intermediary practices international appreciation. Some printed among the craftsmen. Thus, members of and electronic media such as Ireland local the group such as Okid encourages every television and the British magazine Metal Hammer had proven that the metal music network supporting Karinding A ack could not be underestimated. Some con- straints related to the album or merchandise distribution to wider market, among others: 1) Unready management to fulfi l the distributor’s demand (record company). 2) Easy listening songs for listeners are not available, as is the case for Karat, people still do not understand the messages trying to be delivered in their works. Karat that serves as an inspiration and an innovator for many karinding music groups inspired a new mindset for later karinding groups that traditional arts could not be underestimated, especially from fi nancial aspect; it is not to commercialize artistic tra- Figure 1. T-Shirt of karinding music group ditions, instead, it is meant to develop more Sukmaraksa Soreang (Source: Personal Collection, 2016) appreciation to traditional performing arts. Daryana: The Popularity of Karinding among Bandung Society 361

c. Album Sales up to now. In addition to that, the mapping For the karinding music group in Ban- of karinding music network in West Java is a dung, launching a karinding album is still target set by Karat in distributing and pro- something new. The socialization of the im- moting its products. Yet, since the karinding portance of having works released in a CD- networking is not fully ready, the band uses format album is continuously done by Ki- social media to reach listeners and fans out- mung and friends in Karat. Improving their side Bandung. knowledge of both sound exploration and recording techniques are kept being done, CONCLUSION so that local karinding music group can re- The characteristics of the Indie mu- lease albums soon. For a musical group, sic community, especially metal music in releasing an album means risking its repu- Bandung, that is open to a new culture, is tation, because it shows the group’s musica- the channel for karinding to access some a- lity, quality, identity, and vision. However, reas outside Bandung. Karinding becomes another important thing is the support of an opening gate to introduce other Sun- market and distribution network in order to danese cultures such as iket, pangsi, aksara reach wider listeners. Sunda, pusaka and even Sundanese religion A karinding music group’s album re- called Sunda wiwitan. Recently, karinding is leased in CD format is sold and promoted assumed as an instrument to raise young through a distribution channel commonly people of Bandung’s awareness, especially used by Indie bands; their CDs are entrusted of the underground music community, for to be sold in several distros managed by Re- local values. Its pioneer is Karinding At- mains Distro. Karat’s album is released and tack, a music band founded by the pioneers distributed independently. Karat claimed of metal community Ujungberung Rebels that its album is the fi rst album created by (which is believed as the fi rst and biggest a karinding music group that is contained music community in Indonesia), whose their own songs. This distribution pa ern each band has thousands of fans. had never been done by the other tradition- Karinding now has spread to some areas al music groups. in Bandung and its surroundings. The karinding practitioners in those areas consciously admi ed that their musical movements were much infl uenced by the existence of Karinding A ack. The massive movement of karinding in Bandung has a racted a lot of a entions, especially form media which become more active in investigating and reporting its practitioners. Slowly but sure, the karinding practitioners keep trying to develop karinding. They always set targets every year in order to keep the existence of karinding and also to establish the network Figure 2. Karinding A ack’s Album Cover ( Source: Private Collection, 2013 ) on local, national and global scales. Finally, the karinding expansion to other Metal and Indie music networks gene- big cities in West Java has caused some bene- rally are the distribution channel chosen by fi c ial activities such as tourism activities, the Karat and are considered an eff ective way expansion of karinding networking, educa- Panggung Vol. 27 No. 4, Desember 2017 362 tional activities, revitalization of traditional gram Studi Penciptaan dan Pengka- arts other than karinding, the development jian Seni Pascasarjana. Bandung: Se- of karinding music, literacy development, kolah Tinggi Seni Indonesia. and activities of the creative economy. Hafi zh Eskaputra Bibliography 2012 “Televisi Lokal Dan Budaya Daerah Abun Somawijaya (Studi Deskriptif Kualitatif Peran 1996 “Khasanah Musik Bambu.” Laporan Serta TV dalam Pelestarian dan Pe- Penelitian. Projek Operasional Pera- ngembangan Seni Keroncong di Su- watan dan Fasilitas (OPF). Bandung: rakarta).” Thesis. Program Studi Il- ASTI. mu Komunikasi Fakultas Ilmu So- sial Dan Ilmu Politik. Surakarta: U- --- niversitas Sebelas Maret 2009 Analisa Musikalisasi Musik Bambu Jawa Barat. Laporan Penelitian. Ban- Jakob Sumardjo dung: STSI Bandung. 2000 Filsafat seni. Bandung: ITB.

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