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Chapter 3 Review of Literature CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3.1. Banana Crop: The banana is evolved in the humid tropical regions of North-Eastern Asia with India as one of its centers of origin. The modern day edible bananas are a mix of wild and cultivated, species and hybrids associated with Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana but Musa acuminata is the most widespread of the species in section Musa (Daniells et al., 2001).The banana is the subsequent most essential fruit crop in India after that of mango. Its availability, affordability, variety, tastes, medicinal and nutritive values make it the much loved fruit among all people in the world. It is a very trendy fruit because of its low cost and more nutritive value. Banana is consumed in cooked or fresh condition from both as ripe and raw fruit. 3.2. Different varieties of banana: (Perrier et al., 2011) There are more than 400 varieties of bananas in the world, but only a few are commercially grown on a large scale in all over the world. These are Cavendish banana, Giant Cavendish, Dwarf Cavendish Lacatan, Robusta, Gross Michel etc. There are other varieties like, Lady Fingers (or Baby bananas), Apple banana and Red banana with rare occurrence. The plantains of banana are green, large cooking variety about 30-40 cm long. Around 20 cultivars like Grand Nain, Dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, Monthan, Nendran, Red banana, Nyali, Safed Velchi, Mysore, Basarai, Shrimanti, Rajpuri, Ardhapuri, Rasthali, Karpurvalli, and Karthali are being mostly grown in India (Chandel and Agrawal, 2000). In India, banana is grown under diverse conditions and production systems. Selection of varieties therefore, is based on the various kinds of needs and situations. The Grand Nain is a very popular variety and most of the farmers preferred this variety for banana cultivation. Bunches of banana fruits have well spaced hands with straight orientation, and are bigger in size. The fruit Grand Nain variety developes attractive uniform yellow color with better shelf life and quality than other cultivars like Robusta, Williams and Gross Michel. Among the leading cooking varieties grown in India, Nendran in Kerala and Monthan in South India (Chandel and Agrawal, 2000) are very popular. Bananas are mostly dessert types used for table purpose, while plantains are cooking types or dual purpose varieties. The major and important varieties of banana belong to different genomic groups cultivated throughout the India are as follows (William, 1992): 10 Dwarf Cavendish (AAA): It was first known from China and widely cultivated, especially in the Canary Island, East Africa and South Africa. This variety is popular as commercial cultivar grown extensively as well as table and processing purpose in the states of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka in India. From the group of Cavendish, 'Basrai' is a very foremost commercial variety in the Maharashtra. Their sizes of bunch, length of fruit are quite good though the keeping quality is less. The average bunch weight is about 15-25 kg banana with greenish in colour even the fruits are ripened. Another type i.e. Gandevi selection known as 'Hanuman' or 'Padarre' is gaining importance inspite of its longer crop duration. Dwarf Cavendish is an extremely successful banana cultivar but highly susceptible to Yellow Sigatoka leaf spot disease in a commercial cultivation. Robusta (AAA): Robusta (AAA) is a semi-tall variety, mostly grown in Tamil Nadu with semi tall variety and also useful in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh for table purpose. It is a highly productive and to produce bunch of large size with about 25-30 kg weight and well developed dark green fruits turn bright yellow after ripened. Fruit of this verity is very sweet with a good quality. Robusta is highly vulnerable to Sigatoka leaf spot disease in humid tropics condition. Rasthali (AAB): It is a commercially growing medium tall variety from Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh. The colour of fruit is yellowish green then pale yellow to golden yellow after ripened. Fruit is very tasty with a good aroma and mostly use for table purpose. It is susceptible to Fusarium wilt, so that requires cover to protect fruits bunch from sun cracking and formation of hard lumps in fruits. Poovan (AAB): It is a most important commercial cultivar grown throughout the country such as in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and North Eastern area. Tamil Nadu is the leading manufacturer of Poovan cultivar due to its climatic and soil situation. Poovan is also cultivated for leaf industry overall Tamil Nadu and in some areas of Kerala. Fruit is firm, slightly acidic and typical sour-sweet smell. Fruits turn to gorgeous golden yellow after ripening. The plus points of this variety are medium sized fruit bunch, closely packed, good quality. But it is highly susceptible to some viral diseases 11 such as Banana Bract Mosaic Viral (BBMV) disease and Banana Streak Virus, (BSV), which cause significant reduction in yield. Nendran (AAB): This variety is well popular in Kerala as well as commercial cultivation of Nendran has picked up quickly in Tamil Nadu in the recent past years. Nendran is known to display considerable diversity in plant height, pseudostem colour, absence or presence of male axis, bunch size (12-15 kg), etc. Fruits have a separate neck with broad green skin turning polish yellow after ripening. It is greatly susceptible to Nematodes, Borers and Banana Bract Mosaic Virus (BBMV). Red Banana (AAA): It is the most important and very costly variety of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Red Banana is also accepted in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and some area of Western and Central India. In the state of Bihar it is well known as a Lal Velchi as well as in Karnataka as a Chandra Bale. It is a healthy plant with bunches of 20-30 kg weight with good managing practices. Fruits are sweet, orange yellow coloured and with a pleasant fragrance. It is very much susceptible to some diseases like Fusarium wilt, nematodes and Bunchy Top Virus. Ney Poovan (AB): It is the choicest diploid choicest cultivar, which is under commercial cultivation on a big scale particularly in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. In the state of Kerala it is grown in backyards and now shifting to large scale cultivation. Ney Poovan is a slim plant bearing bunches of about 15-30 kg. Fruit is highly aromatic, tasty, powdery, rigid golden yellow with a very excellent quality. It is tolerant to Sigatoka leaf spot but susceptible to Banana Bract Mosaic Virus and Fusarium wilt disease. Virupakashi (AAB): It is a very best, vigorous and hardy variety in especially grown for table purpose in Palani and Shevroy hills of Tamil Nadu state. Fruits are a typical blended; possess a lovely aroma and wonderful taste. Virupakashi has many ecotypes like 'Sirumalai', 'Vannan', 'Kali' etc. well suited for cultivation in plains. It is susceptible to Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV). Pachanadan (AAB): It is a popular variety for its cooling effects in hot tracts in summer especially cultivated from Tamil Nadu. After 11-12 months weight of bunch ranges from 12-15 12 kg. This variety is susceptible to wilt disease but tolerant to Sigatoka Leaf Spot and Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) diseases. Monthan (ABB): It is a fairly tall and robust plant bearing bunches of 18-20 kg after 12 months and widely cultivated variety for processing. Fruits are stocky, bold, knobbed and pale green in colour and the skin is usually green. The clones of Monthan namely 'Kanchi Vazhai' and 'Chakkia' are newly becoming popular in Tamil Nadu. It is also cultivated for production of leaves in Trichy and Tanjore (districts) of Tamil Nadu. It has many enviable characteristics like immunity to Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) diseases, but it is very susceptible to Fusarium wilt disease of banana. Karpuravalli (ABB): It is grown in medium rich soils with good table purpose. It is commercial cultivated in Central and Southern districts of Bihar, Kerala and Tamil Nadu in India. Karpuravalli is the sweetest among Indian bananas and occasionally seeded depending on the seasonal variability. It has ash coated golden yellow and sweet fruits. It is highly susceptible to diseases like wilt disease and tolerant to Leaf Spot disease. Safed Velchi (AB): It is a very good quality fruit for table purpose mostly cultivated in the Thane and Nasik districts of Maharashtra and Karnataka. This is medium sized banana variety with slender yellowish green pseudostem, reddish petiole margin, big and sweet fruits. The weight of average bunch is about 12 kg that is about 160 fruits/bunch. Grand Nain (AAA): It is a Cavendish variety with highly yielding property introduced to India from Israel. The growth of plant is about 6.5 to 7.5 ft height. The fruits of Grand Nain banana variety are tasty to eat with good quality compared to our native varieties. characteristics of Grand Nain variety are high yield is about 30 kg per plant, long cylindrical fruits with less curvature, good quality, attractive yellowish green color. In India, three systems of banana cultivation are in use viz, irrigated or wetland cultivation, homestead or backyard cultivation and rainfed hill cultivation. There are large numbers of cultivars more than 50 that are commercially cultivated all over India. Important cultivars cultivated in world as well as especially in India includes Dwarf Cavendish (AAA), Robusta (AAA), Monthan (ABB), Poovan (AAB), Nendran (AAB), Red banana (AAA), Nyali, Safed Velchi (AB), Basrai (AAA), 13 Ardhapuri (AAA), Rasthali (AAB), Karpurvalli (ABB), Udhyam (ABB), and Grand Nain (AAA) etc. Exotic Varieties of banana: The exotic varieties of banana (Table. 3.2.1.) found in different countries are as follows: Table.
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