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Old English Old Frisian Old Saxon Old Dutch Old High German LING 322 MIDDLE ENGLISH: LANGUAGE AND CHANGE Germanic PIE Phonology: traditional reconstruction Proto-Indo-European consonants Velar Labial dental labio- Laryngeal palatal plain velar Oral *p (*b) *t *d *ḱ *ǵ *k *g *kʷ *gʷ stops asp. *bʰ *dʰ *ǵʰ *gʰ *gʷʰ Nasal stops *m *n *h , *h , Fricative *s *h ₁ ₂ Lateral *l ₃ Trill *r Semivowels *y *w PIE > Germanic Proto-Indo- European Proto-Germanic (c500 BC to c500 AD) Fragmentary 2nd to 5th Cent. runic inscriptions confirm Proto-Germanic stage Øvre Stabu spearhead (2C) raunijaz (ON reynir ‘tester’) Golden Horns of Gallehus (5C) ek Hlewagastiz Holtijaz horna tawidō I Hlewagastiz Holtijaz the horn made End of Proto-Germanic just prior to the first substantial Germanic text The Codex Argenteus (Gothic, East Germanic, 6th Cent.) Germanic tribe settlements North Germanic East Germanic Ingvaeones Istvaeones Irminones (North Sea Germanic) (Weser-Rhine Germanic) (Elbe Germanic) Frisians Saxons Angles Jutes Germanic inheritance from PIE SOV OE: hū ðā æþelingas ellen fremedon ‘how the heroes deeds of valour performed’ Beowulf l.3 Germanic was possibly pro-drop Three grammatical genders: PIE animate inanimate GERM masc fem neut Three numbers: singular, dual, plural Dual began to disappear early e.g. only Gothic retained dual markings on verbs niman to take 1st sing nima nimada 2nd sing nimis nimaza 1st dual nimōs - 2nd dual nimats - Germanic characteristics 1. Main stress fixed on the first syllable of a word Led to weakening of vowels in unstressed syllables > long vowels become short, short vowels weaken Early PG *awī ‘ewe’ > Lat PG *awi Legacy for English OE regularly stressed first syllables. Textual indecision indicates English vowel reduction in final syllables as early as the 10th century ə loss of distinct height and backness loss of length cccc 2. First Consonant shift (Grimm’s law) 1. PIE voiceless stops > Germanic voiceless fricatives . p → f t → Ɵ k → x (or h) kw → hw 2. PIE voiced stops > Germanic voiceless stops. b → p d → t g → k gw → kw 3. PIE voiced aspirated stops > Germanic voiced stops. bh → b dh → d gh → g gwh → gw, w Proto-Germanic consonants Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labial–velar Nasal m n Plosive p b t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ Fricative ɸ θ s z x xʷ Trill r Approximant j w Lateral l Vowels Front Back short long overl. short long High i iː u uː High-mid e eː Low-mid ɛː ɛːː ɔː Low ɑ ɑː NOUN inflections: a process of reduction Sing. PIE PGmc Plur. PIE PGmc Nom. -s -s Nom. -es -ez Acc. -m -un Acc. -ns -unz Gen. -es -ez Gen. -ōm -ōn Dat. -ey/-y -i Dat. -mis -miz West Germanic reflexes ‘foot’ Sing. PGmc OE Plur. PGmc OE Nom. fōts fōt Nom. fōtez fēt Acc. fōtun fōt Acc. fōtunz fēt Gen. fōtez fōtes Gen. fōtōn fōta Dat. fōti fēt Dat. fōtmiz fōtum Germanic Innovations Four to Three moods: PIE indicative optative subjunctive imperative PGerm indicative subjunctive imperative Reduction from eight to six nominal cases nominative accusative dative genitive vocative instrumental Vocative: only Gothic evidence, Instrumental: only West Germanic evidence Germanic Simplifications Tense: PIE: past present future Germanic: past non-past Verb Inflection: Rise of weak verbs (origin debated) Demonstrative pronouns PIE three-grade system: ‘this, next to me’ ‘this, next to you’ that, far from both of us’ Germanic: proximal (here) distal (there) West Germanic Ingvaeonic Istvaeonic Irminonic Old English Old Frisian Old Saxon Old Dutch Old High German Middle English M. L. German Middle Dutch Middle High German Old Yiddish English Frisian Low German Dutch Afrikaans German Yiddish Ingvaeonic Germanic Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law: N Ø / ___ [+cont] ⇢ OE ūs Frisian ūs vs OHG uns Gothic uns PIE *gansi ‘goose’ OE OHG gans Three Proto-Germanic plural verb endings reduced to one (3. pers. pl. ind.) *-anþi PGerm. (3. pers. pl. subjnc.) *-ain -(a)þ (3. pers. pl. imp.) *- ainþau The loss of the Germanic reflexive pronoun PIE *swe *se ‘self’ (3. pers. acc. sng) Germanic *se- (Mod. Germ. sich Ice. sig etc.) In OE reflexive performed by simple pronouns ða beþohte he hine lit. then bethought he him (3. masc. nom. sing) (3. masc. acc. sng) ‘then he thought to himself’ East Germanic With your neighbour use the Modern gloss to identify cognates in the two excerpts from theGothic: Codex Argenteus Warþ þan in dagans jainans, urrann gagrefts from kaisara Agustau, gameljan allana midjungard. (gagrefts ‘decree’, gameljan ‘write (down)’) And it happened in those days, that there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus written to the whole world Urrann þan jah Iosef us Galeilaia, us baurg Nazaraiþ, in Iudaian, in baurg Daweidis sei haitada Beþla<i>haim, duþe ei was us garda fadreinais Daweidis And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judaea, into the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and lineage of David Germanic moves to England The Germanic move to England The Romans leave England in 410, Germanic tribes begin to arrive shortly after. The venerable Bede (d. 26 May 735) names Angles, Saxons and Jutes. He writes in his Ecclesiastical History “the Angles, being invited into Britain, at first drove off the enemy; but not long after, making a league with them, turned their weapons against their allies . their country, whilst their real intentions were to conquer it.” But was it really an invasion? Numbers of migrants unknown No obvious signs of widespread death and destruction of Britons Archaeology points to combo of: displacement assimilation no interaction at all Post-arrival Celtic influence on English is minimal. Wales = OE weahlas ‘foreigners’ fewer than a hundred words borrowed. Mostly local geographic features cumb ‘valley’ ‘ torr ‘projecting hill or rock’ luh ‘lake’ dun ‘hill’ Local creatures: brocc ‘badger’ Some Celtic relics in place names. Cornwall, Carlisle, Avon, Devon, Dover, London, Usk Lancaster Lat -castor > Celtic -ceaster > OE Settlement http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britain_peoples_circa_600.svg Old English Preliminaries Writings preserved in 4 dialects (Northumbria, Mercian, West Saxon, Kentish) West Saxon under the leadership and educational reforms of King Alfred, raised to the literary standard of the day. Borrowing from Latin and in LOE Scandinavian and French but relatively few Latin: biscop, munuc, preost etc Calqued: Gk euangelion ‘reward for good news’ > Lat. bona adnuntiatio > OE gōd good + spell tale = gōdspel ‘gospel’ OE þrines ‘trinity’ Adaptation of OE words bletsian ‘to bless’ Eastron ‘Easter’ geol ‘yule’ Broad characteristics of OE With your neighbour work through the OE version of the Lord’s prayer below. How many words do you recognise as still in use in Mod Eng? List significant differences in word forms. Can you explain the differences? Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum, si þin nama gehalgod. To becume þin rice, gewurþe ðin willa, on eorðan swa swa on heofonum. Urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us todæg, and forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum. And ne gelæd þu us on costnunge, ac alys us of yfele. Soþlice. With your neighbour work through the OE version of the Lord’s prayer below. How many words do you recognise as still in use in Mod Eng? List significant differences in word forms. Can you explain the differences? 54 words, 43 still in use. Most have cognates or survive as archaisms. gyltendum guilt rice kingdom (Germ. Reich) gedæghwamlican day + ly soþlice sooth + ly (truth + ly) ‘soothsayer’ hlaf loaf syle sell (OE give > ModEng. give for money).
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