DOCSLIB.ORG

Regional Variation in the Realization of Intonation Contours in the Netherlands

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Regional Variation in the Realization of Intonation Contours in the Netherlands Regional variation in the realization of intonation contours in the Netherlands Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6111 Trans 10 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: Judith Hanssen, Imprints of the waves on a Zeelandic beach. ISBN: 978-94-6093-229-8 NUR 616 Copyright © 2017: Judith Hanssen. All rights reserved. Regional variation in the realization of intonation contours in the Netherlands Een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Letteren Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. J.H.J.M. van Krieken, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 10 maart 2017 om 14:30 uur precies door Judith Elisabeth Gerarda Hanssen geboren op 17 december 1979 te Born Promotoren: Prof. dr. C.H.M. Gussenhoven (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen) Prof. dr. J. Peters (Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. R. van Hout (voorzitter; Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen) Prof. dr. M. Grice (Universität zu Köln, Duitsland) Prof. dr. M. van Oostendorp (Meertens Instituut, Universiteit Leiden) The research reported in this dissertation was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), Grant No. 360-7-180 awarded to Prof. dr. C.H.M. Gussenhoven. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS These words of gratitude are the last ones to be written and yet they appear on one of the first pages. Of course that is because without the help of everyone mentioned here, all the other pages would never have existed. Let me start by expressing my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Carlos Gussenhoven and Jörg Peters for their most valuable advice and for their elaborate comments on drafts and papers. Carlos, this has been a rocky road to say the least. I kept taking unnecessary by-paths, sometimes getting almost out of sight. Nevertheless, you’ve managed to guide me towards the main road more than once and eventually to the finish line. I greatly appreciate your ongoing support and your incredibly quick responses to my questions no matter the time of day (or night). Jörg, you were my daily supervisor at the initial stages of the project and taught me about statistics and the phonetics of intonation. I enjoyed creating and piloting the experimental materials together, and traveling to various places for the first set of recordings. My work has benefited from your eye for detail time and again. Thank you for staying involved. At various stages during the project, I have benefited from interesting discussions with, and advice from, various people. Anneke Neijt, Bettina Braun, Frank Kügler, Toni Rietveld and Vincent van Heuven, thank you for sharing your knowledge. Thank you also to the members of the manuscript committee, Roeland van Hout, Martine Grice and Marc van Oostendorp, for taking the time to read my manuscript, and for their helpful comments. Joop Kerkhoff has provided technical support from the start. Frank van den Beuken, Lian van Hoof, Jan Michalsky, Juul Thijssen and Renske Teeuw have assisted in recording, processing or annotating the speech materials. Thank you all for your contribution to the project. Very special thanks to Rachel Fournier for technical and practical help, but even more so for valuable personal support which has often boosted my confidence. Many people have contributed to the data collection in Goes, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Grou and Winschoten, either by offering advice, by translating the materials, by recruiting participants or by providing time and space for the recordings. I would like to thank Pieter Duijff and Wytske Rypma (Fryske Akademy), everyone at Bureau Hooghiemster, Omroep Friesland, Kor Hylkema (De Grouster), Dr. Marron Fort, Hennie Lemein, Marjo van Koppen, Tom Geenen (Scouting Maasgroep 18), Piet Karman, Jan Karman, Marcel van den Borgt (Ostrea Lyceum), and Ingrid and Iwan van Klingeren (Scouting Phoenix). Of course I am also indebted to all the speakers, for their time and willingness to participate. Over the years, I have had the pleasure to work with and meet many people. In particular, I want to mention Marjel van Dijk, Lotte Hogeweg, Xuliang He, Yiya Chen, Maike Prehn, Marco van de Ven and Monique Lamers. Thank you for many enjoyable conversations, (career) advice, and your general interest. I am grateful to my colleagues at Avans. I feel lucky to be part of such a pleasant, inspiring and supportive team. Particularly, I wish to acknowledge Natasja Nova and Ron Tenge, who have facilitated writing this thesis by providing time and understanding. A special word of thanks to my parents Truus and Theo, my ‘other’ parents Anny and Jan, my sisters Lilian and Inge, and my brothers and sister in-law for expressing their belief in me, for never ceasing to support me in so many ways, as well as for many hours of babysitting. Thanks also to Annelies, Claudine, Dieuwertje, Eveline, Joanne, Lotte, Marina, Marloes and Renske for knowing when (not) to ask about progress, and for essential moments of fun during camping trips, coffee breaks and diners. Thanks to Joep and Maarten for agreeing to be my paranymphs on top of that. A big thanks to my children Felix, Oskar and Tygo for being patient when I had to work on ‘the book’, and for bringing so much laughter into our home. Finally, I am incredibly grateful to Bas. Thank you for putting up with my nocturnal writing habits for so many years, thank you for your unlimited patience, care (and soup). Without it, and without you, I would not have been able to complete this thesis. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Intonation in Dutch dialectal research ................................................... 1 1.2 International studies on dialect intonation ............................................ 4 1.3 Outline and scope of the thesis ............................................................... 6 References ................................................................................................................ 10 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................... 13 2.1 The structure of intonation .................................................................... 13 2.2 The realization of phonological structures .......................................... 17 2.2.1 Tonal context............................................................................................ 19 2.2.2 Segmental effects on timing ................................................................... 21 2.2.3 Prosodic context ...................................................................................... 22 2.2.4 Pitch variation for paralinguistic purposes .......................................... 24 2.3 Cross-linguistic variation in intonation ................................................ 25 2.4 Variation: phonology or phonetics? ...................................................... 27 References ................................................................................................................ 28 REGIONAL VARIATION IN PHONETIC RESPONSES TO TIME PRESSURE IN DUTCH IP-FINAL NUCLEAR CONTOURS .................................................. 31 Abstract .................................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 31 3.1.1 Measuring alignment ............................................................................... 37 3.1.2 Phonetics or phonology? ........................................................................ 38 3.2 Materials and method .............................................................................. 39 3.2.1 Varieties and subjects .............................................................................. 39 3.2.2 Materials .................................................................................................... 41 3.2.3 Procedure .................................................................................................. 42 3.2.4 Data selection and analysis ..................................................................... 43 3.2.5 Statistical and visual analysis .................................................................. 47 3.3 Results ........................................................................................................ 47 3.3.1 Sonorant rime duration ........................................................................... 47 3.3.2 Avoidance of complex contours ........................................................... 49 3.3.3 Durational differences between complex vs simple contours .......... 50 3.3.4 Timing adjustments under time pressure ............................................. 50 3.3.4.1 Simple vs complex contours ............................................................... 51 3.3.4.2 Falls ......................................................................................................... 51 3.3.4.3 Fall-rises .................................................................................................. 53 3.3.4.4 Rises ........................................................................................................ 54 3.3.5 Shape adjustments under time pressure ............................................... 55 3.3.5.1 Falls ........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ALEMANA GERMAN, ALEMÁN, ALLEMAND Language
    ALEMANA GERMAN, ALEMÁN, ALLEMAND Language family: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German. Language codes: ISO 639-1 de ISO 639-2 ger (ISO 639-2/B) deu (ISO 639-2/T) ISO 639-3 Variously: deu – Standard German gmh – Middle High german goh – Old High German gct – Aleman Coloniero bar – Austro-Bavarian cim – Cimbrian geh – Hutterite German kksh – Kölsch nds – Low German sli – Lower Silesian ltz – Luxembourgish vmf – Main-Franconian mhn – Mócheno pfl – Palatinate German pdc – Pennsylvania German pdt – Plautdietsch swg – Swabian German gsw – Swiss German uln – Unserdeutssch sxu – Upper Saxon wae – Walser German wep – Westphalian Glotolog: high1287. Linguasphere: [show] Beste izen batzuk (autoglotonimoa: Deutsch). deutsch alt german, standard [GER]. german, standard [GER] hizk. Alemania; baita AEB, Arabiar Emirerri Batuak, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgika, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brasil, Danimarka, Ekuador, Errumania, Errusia (Europa), Eslovakia, Eslovenia, Estonia, Filipinak, Finlandia, Frantzia, Hegoafrika, Hungaria, Italia, Kanada, Kazakhstan, Kirgizistan, Liechtenstein, Luxenburgo, Moldavia, Namibia, Paraguai, Polonia, Puerto Rico, Suitza, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Txekiar Errepublika, Txile, Ukraina eta Uruguain ere. Dialektoa: erzgebirgisch. Hizkuntza eskualde erlazionatuenak dira Bavarian, Schwäbisch, Allemannisch, Mainfränkisch, Hessisch, Palatinian, Rheinfränkisch, Westfälisch, Saxonian, Thuringian, Brandenburgisch eta Low saxon. Aldaera asko ez dira ulerkorrak beren artean. high
    [Show full text]
  • Tonal Categories in Prosodic Annotation of Dialectal Variation
    Tonal categories in prosodic annotation of dialectal variation Frank Kügler University of Cologne / Goethe University of Frankfurt The aim of this talk is to discuss prosodic categories from the point of view of phonological and pre-phonological analysis. The pre-phonological analysis refers to the workshop’s theme of labelling surface intonation contours. I will illustrate the discussion by the annotation of similar intonation contours of two different German dialects. The approach to discover tonal categories in a language variety or in a dialect is similar to the approach to develop the tonal inventory of a hitherto unknown or undescribed language. Different ways of establishing tonal categories have been proposed and have successfully been shown to pin down the phonological oppositions of a tonal grammar: (i) contrasting prosodically minimal pairs which for instance was applied for German dialects [1, 2], (ii) going from phonetic characteristics of F0-contours to tonal categories [1, 3–6], (iii) using perceptual tests to express the functional load of a prosodic or tonal category [7, 8]. The variation in F0-contours between different dialects is hard to grasp unless a phonological analysis contrasts relevant contours. On a pre- phonological level similar contours may misleadingly be described by one and the same tonal label (or category, depending on the level of description). This talk will discuss data from two German dialects (Swabian and Upper Saxon German) analysed in [1]. A rising-falling contour serves for illustration. The rise-fall in Swabian German is phonologically analysed as a rising pitch accent L*H followed by a low tone L, which represents a tonal affix (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • CUASI NOMÁS INGLÉS: PROSODY at the CROSSROADS of SPANISH and ENGLISH in 20TH CENTURY NEW MEXICO Jackelyn Van Buren Doctoral Student, Linguistics
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Linguistics ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fall 11-15-2017 CUASI NOMÁS INGLÉS: PROSODY AT THE CROSSROADS OF SPANISH AND ENGLISH IN 20TH CENTURY NEW MEXICO Jackelyn Van Buren Doctoral Student, Linguistics Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ling_etds Part of the Anthropological Linguistics and Sociolinguistics Commons, and the Phonetics and Phonology Commons Recommended Citation Van Buren, Jackelyn. "CUASI NOMÁS INGLÉS: PROSODY AT THE CROSSROADS OF SPANISH AND ENGLISH IN 20TH CENTURY NEW MEXICO." (2017). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ling_etds/55 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Linguistics ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Jackelyn Van Buren Candidate Linguistics Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Chris Koops, Chairperson Dr. Naomi Lapidus Shin Dr. Caroline Smith Dr. Damián Vergara Wilson i CUASI NOMÁS INGLÉS: PROSODY AT THE CROSSROADS OF SPANISH AND ENGLISH IN 20TH CENTURY NEW MEXICO by JACKELYN VAN BUREN B.A., Linguistics, University of Utah, 2009 M.A., Linguistics, University of Montana, 2012 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico December 2017 ii Acknowledgments A dissertation is not written without the support of a community of peers and loved ones. Now that the journey has come to an end, and I have grown as a human and a scholar and a friend throughout this process (and have gotten married, become an aunt, bought a house, and gone through an existential crisis), I can reflect on the people who have been the foundation for every change I have gone through.
    [Show full text]
  • Possessive Constructions in Modern Low Saxon
    POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN MODERN LOW SAXON a thesis submitted to the department of linguistics of stanford university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts Jan Strunk June 2004 °c Copyright by Jan Strunk 2004 All Rights Reserved ii I certify that I have read this thesis and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Joan Bresnan (Principal Adviser) I certify that I have read this thesis and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Tom Wasow I certify that I have read this thesis and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Dan Jurafsky iii iv Abstract This thesis is a study of nominal possessive constructions in modern Low Saxon, a West Germanic language which is closely related to Dutch, Frisian, and German. After identifying the possessive constructions in current use in modern Low Saxon, I give a formal syntactic analysis of the four most common possessive constructions within the framework of Lexical Functional Grammar in the ¯rst part of this thesis. The four constructions that I will analyze in detail include a pronominal possessive construction with a possessive pronoun used as a determiner of the head noun, another prenominal construction that resembles the English s-possessive, a linker construction in which a possessive pronoun occurs as a possessive marker in between a prenominal possessor phrase and the head noun, and a postnominal construction that involves the preposition van/von/vun and is largely parallel to the English of -possessive.
    [Show full text]
  • Saxony: Landscapes/Rivers and Lakes/Climate
    Freistaat Sachsen State Chancellery Message and Greeting ................................................................................................................................................. 2 State and People Delightful Saxony: Landscapes/Rivers and Lakes/Climate ......................................................................................... 5 The Saxons – A people unto themselves: Spatial distribution/Population structure/Religion .......................... 7 The Sorbs – Much more than folklore ............................................................................................................ 11 Then and Now Saxony makes history: From early days to the modern era ..................................................................................... 13 Tabular Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 Constitution and Legislature Saxony in fine constitutional shape: Saxony as Free State/Constitution/Coat of arms/Flag/Anthem ....................... 21 Saxony’s strong forces: State assembly/Political parties/Associations/Civic commitment ..................................... 23 Administrations and Politics Saxony’s lean administration: Prime minister, ministries/State administration/ State budget/Local government/E-government/Simplification of the law ............................................................................... 29 Saxony in Europe and in the world: Federalism/Europe/International
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Louden, Mark. 2016. Pennsylvania Dutch: the Story of an American Language
    Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies Volume 4 Issue 2 Special section: Old Colony Mennonites Article 10 2016 Review of Louden, Mark. 2016. Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Pp. 473. Steve Hartman Keiser Follow this and additional works at: https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/amishstudies Part of the German Language and Literature Commons Please take a moment to share how this work helps you through this survey. Your feedback will be important as we plan further development of our repository. Recommended Citation Keiser, Steve Hartman. 2016. "Review of Louden, Mark. 2016. Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Pp. 473." Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies 4(2):222-27. This Book Reviews is brought to you for free and open access by IdeaExchange@UAkron, the institutional repository of The University of Akron in Akron, Ohio, USA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies by an authorized administrator of IdeaExchange@UAkron. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 222 Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies 4(2) helpfully peaceful role, during the formation of the EPMC, of such bishops as David Thomas and Raymond Charles of the Lancaster Conference, and Homer Bomberger and Isaac Sensenig among those withdrawing. (3) There is due recognition of and appreciation for the remarkableness of the Lancaster Conference’s “amiable”
    [Show full text]
  • Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)
    <DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present"SUBJECT "Impact 18"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Germanic Standardizations Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Associate Editor Annick De Houwer Elizabeth Lanza University of Antwerp University of Oslo Advisory Board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 18 Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Germanic Standardizations Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert Monash University Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Germanic standardizations : past to present / edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche.
    [Show full text]
  • (MIMORE): Mapping Partial Grammars of Flemish, Brabantish and Dutch
    + Models LINGUA-2385; No. of Pages 27 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Lingua xxx (2016) xxx--xxx www.elsevier.com/locate/lingua MIcrocomparative MOrphosyntactic REsearch (MIMORE): Mapping partial grammars of Flemish, Brabantish and Dutch§ Sjef Barbiers a,b, Marjo van Koppen b,*, Hans Bennis a,c, Norbert Corver b a Meertens Institute, Netherlands b Utrecht University/UiL-OTS, Netherlands c University of Amsterdam, Netherlands Received 23 October 2014; received in revised form 16 October 2015; accepted 22 October 2015 Abstract In this paper we discuss and analyze a set of correlations that we discovered using two of the large-scale Dutch dialect syntax databases available in the online tool MIMORE (the abbreviation of the MIcrocomparative MOrphosyntactic REsearch tool) (www. meertens.knaw.nl/mimore), i.e. DiDDD and DynaSAND. These correlations lead to the identification of several larger dialect groupings, basically to a typology of dialects. In particular, we investigate the following four empirical phenomena: subject doubling, demonstrative doubling, complementizer agreement and D-pronoun fronting in imperatives. We furthermore provide an analysis of these phenomena and for the typology, showing that the syntactic base structures are identical in the dialect groups and the derivations are highly similar. Parametrization arises at two points: lexical properties with respect to the spell out of ϕ and the trigger of subject doubling. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Keywords: Microvariation; Microparameters; (Morpho-)syntax; Subject doubling; Demonstrative doubling; Dutch (dialects) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Concepts and Methods of Historical Linguistics-The Germanic Family Of
    CURSO 2016 - 2017 CONCEPTS AND METHODS OF HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS Tutor: Carlos Hernández Simón Sir William Jones, Jacob Grimm and Karl Verner from Lisa Minnick 2011: “Let them eat metaphors, Part 1: Order from Chaos and the Indo-European Hypothesis” Functional Shift https://functionalshift.wordpress.com/2011/10/09/metaphors1/ [retrieved February 17, 2017] CONCEPTS AND METHODS OF HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS HISTORICAL AND COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS AIMS OF STUDY 1) Language change and stability 2) Reconstruction of earlier stages of languages 3) Discovery and implementation of research methodologies Theodora Bynon (1981) 1) Grammars that result from the study of different time spans in the evolution of a language 2) Contrast them with the description of other related languages 3) Linguistic variation cannot be separated from sociological and geographical factors 3 CONCEPTS AND METHODS OF HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS ORIGINS • Renaissance: Contrastive studies of Greek and Latin • Nineteenth Century: Sanskrit 1) Acknowledgement of linguistic change 2) Development of the Comparative Method • Robert Beekes (1995) 1) The Greeks 2) Languages Change • R. Lawrence Trask (1996) 1) 6000-8000 years 2) Historical linguist as a kind of archaeologist 4 CONCEPTS AND METHODS OF HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS THE COMPARATIVE METHOD • Sir William Jones (1786): Greek, Sanskrit and Latin • Reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European • Regular principle of phonological change 1) The Neogrammarians 2) Grimm´s Law (1822) and Verner’s Law (1875) 3) Laryngeal Theory : Ferdinand de Saussure (1879) • Two steps: 1) Isolation of a set of cognates: Latin: decem; Greek: deca; Sanskrit: daśa; Gothic: taihun 2) Phonological correspondences extracted: 1. Latin d; Greek d; Sanskrit d; Gothic t 2. Latin e; Greek e; Sanskrit a; Gothic ai 3.
    [Show full text]
  • ICOMOS Advisory Process Was
    Background A nomination under the title “Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří” was submitted by the States (Germany/Czechia) Parties in January 2014 for evaluation as a cultural landscape under criteria (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv). The No 1478 nomination dossier was withdrawn by the States Parties following the receipt of the interim report. At the request of the States Parties, an ICOMOS Advisory process was carried out in May-September 2016. Official name as proposed by the States Parties The previous nomination dossier consisted of a serial Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region property of 85 components. ICOMOS noticed the different approaches used by both States Parties to identify the Location components and to determine their boundaries; in some Germany (DE), Free State of Saxony; Parts of the cases, an extreme atomization of heritage assets was administrative districts of Mittelsachsen, Erzgebirgskreis, noticed. This is a new, revised nomination that takes into Meißen, Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirgeand Zwickau account the ICOMOS Advisory process recommendations. Czechia (CZ); Parts of the regions of Karlovy Vary (Karlovarskýkraj) and Ústí (Ústeckýkraj), districts of Consultations and technical evaluation mission Karlovy Vary, Teplice and Chomutov Desk reviews have been provided by ICOMOS International Scientific Committees, members and Brief description independent experts. Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří (Ore Mountains) is a mining region located in southeastern Germany (Saxony) and An ICOMOS technical evaluation mission visited the northwestern Czechia. The area, some 95 km long and property in June 2018. 45 km wide, is rich in a variety of metals, which gave place to mining practices from the Middle Ages onwards. In Additional information received by ICOMOS relation to those activities, mining towns were established, A letter was sent to the States Parties on 17 October 2018 together with water management systems, training requesting further information about development projects academies, factories and other structures.
    [Show full text]
  • Belgium-Luxembourg-7-Preview.Pdf
    ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Belgium & Luxembourg Bruges, Ghent & Antwerp & Northwest Belgium Northeast Belgium p83 p142 #_ Brussels p34 Wallonia p183 Luxembourg p243 #_ Mark Elliott, Catherine Le Nevez, Helena Smith, Regis St Louis, Benedict Walker PLAN YOUR TRIP ON THE ROAD Welcome to BRUSSELS . 34 ANTWERP Belgium & Luxembourg . 4 Sights . 38 & NORTHEAST Belgium & Luxembourg Tours . .. 60 BELGIUM . 142 Map . 6 Sleeping . 62 Antwerp (Antwerpen) . 144 Belgium & Luxembourg’s Eating . 65 Top 15 . 8 Around Antwerp . 164 Drinking & Nightlife . 71 Westmalle . 164 Need to Know . 16 Entertainment . 76 Turnhout . 165 First Time Shopping . 78 Lier . 167 Belgium & Luxembourg . .. 18 Information . 80 Mechelen . 168 If You Like . 20 Getting There & Away . 81 Leuven . 174 Getting Around . 81 Month by Month . 22 Hageland . 179 Itineraries . 26 Diest . 179 BRUGES, GHENT Hasselt . 179 Travel with Children . 29 & NORTHWEST Haspengouw . 180 Regions at a Glance . .. 31 BELGIUM . 83 Tienen . 180 Bruges . 85 Zoutleeuw . 180 Damme . 103 ALEKSEI VELIZHANIN / SHUTTERSTOCK © SHUTTERSTOCK / VELIZHANIN ALEKSEI Sint-Truiden . 180 Belgian Coast . 103 Tongeren . 181 Knokke-Heist . 103 De Haan . 105 Bredene . 106 WALLONIA . 183 Zeebrugge & Western Wallonia . 186 Lissewege . 106 Tournai . 186 Ostend (Oostende) . 106 Pipaix . 190 Nieuwpoort . 111 Aubechies . 190 Oostduinkerke . 111 Ath . 190 De Panne . 112 Lessines . 191 GALERIES ST-HUBERT, Beer Country . 113 Enghien . 191 BRUSSELS P38 Veurne . 113 Mons . 191 Diksmuide . 114 Binche . 195 MISTERVLAD / HUTTERSTOCK © HUTTERSTOCK / MISTERVLAD Poperinge . 114 Nivelles . 196 Ypres (Ieper) . 116 Waterloo Ypres Salient . 120 Battlefield . 197 Kortrijk . 123 Louvain-la-Neuve . 199 Oudenaarde . 125 Charleroi . 199 Geraardsbergen . 127 Thuin . 201 Ghent . 128 Aulne . 201 BRABO FOUNTAIN, ANTWERP P145 Contents UNDERSTAND Belgium & Luxembourg Today .
    [Show full text]
  • Text Segmentation by Language Using Minimum Description Length
    Text Segmentation by Language Using Minimum Description Length Hiroshi Yamaguchi Kumiko Tanaka-Ishii Graduate School of Faculty and Graduate School of Information Information Science and Technology, Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Tokyo Kyushu University [email protected] [email protected] Abstract addressed in this paper is rare. The most similar The problem addressed in this paper is to seg- previous work that we know of comes from two ment a given multilingual document into seg- sources and can be summarized as follows. First, ments for each language and then identify the (Teahan, 2000) attempted to segment multilingual language of each segment. The problem was texts by using text segmentation methods used for motivated by an attempt to collect a large non-segmented languages. For this purpose, he used amount of linguistic data for non-major lan- a gold standard of multilingual texts annotated by guages from the web. The problem is formu- lated in terms of obtaining the minimum de- borders and languages. This segmentation approach scription length of a text, and the proposed so- is similar to that of word segmentation for non- lution finds the segments and their languages segmented texts, and he tested it on six different through dynamic programming. Empirical re- European languages. Although the problem set- sults demonstrating the potential of this ap- ting is similar to ours, the formulation and solution proach are presented for experiments using are different, particularly in that our method uses texts taken from the Universal Declaration of only a monolingual gold standard, not a multilin- Human Rights and Wikipedia, covering more than 200 languages.
    [Show full text]