The Allies Turn the Tide

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American medal awarded for supporting the war Step-by-Step SECTION Instruction WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO 3 Support the War! Objectives For the Allies to succeed against the relentless Axis war As you teach this section, keep students machine, everyone—on the home front as well as on the focused on the following objectives to help battleﬁeld—had to work tirelessly. Ships needed to be them answer the Section Focus Question built in a matter of days, not months. Airplanes, tanks, and and master core content. 3 ammunition had to be mass-produced. As factories 3 converted to war production, the production of consumer ■ Understand how nations devoted all of British poster goods such as automobiles ceased. All efforts were encouraging their resources to ﬁghting World women to work focused on the massive production of the materials of war. War II. in factories to Focus Question How did the Allies begin to push back ■ Explain how Allied victories began to increase the Axis powers? production push back the Axis powers. ■ Describe D-Day and the Allied advance toward Germany. The Allies Turn the Tide

Objectives As 1942 began, the Allies were in trouble. German bombers flew • Understand how nations devoted all of their unrelenting raids over Britain, and the German army advanced deep resources to fighting World War II. into the Soviet Union. In the Pacific, the Japanese onslaught seemed unstoppable. But helped by extraordinary efforts on the home front Prepare to Read • Explain how Allied victories began to push back and a series of military victories, the tide was about to turn. the Axis powers. Build Background Knowledge L3 • Describe D-Day and the Allied advance toward Germany. Using a map of the world, point to an All-Out War area of fighting at this stage of the war To defeat the Axis war machine, the Allies had to commit them- and ask volunteers to summarize the Axis selves to total war. Total war means nations devote all of their and Allied positions there. Guide stu- resources to the war effort. dents to see that the Axis had the upper Terms, People, and Places hand almost everywhere. Governments Increase Power To achieve maximum war pro- Rosie the Riveter Stalingrad duction, democratic governments in the United States and Great aircraft carrier D-Day Set a Purpose L3 Dwight Eisenhower Yalta Conference Britain increased their political power. They directed economic resources into the war effort, ordering factories to stop making ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection

cars or refrigerators and to turn out airplanes or tanks instead. aloud or play the audio. Governments implemented programs to ration or control the Recognize Sequence In a flowchart like the one AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, amount of food and other vital goods consumers could buy. They below, sequence the events that turned the tide of raised money by holding war bond drives, in which citizens lent Support the War! the war towards the Allies. their government certain sums of money that would be returned Ask What will the Allies need to Allies Turn the Tide with interest later. Prices and wages were also regulated. While carry out this great effort? (raw the war brought some shortages and hardships, the increase in materials and workers) With so many 1942 1943 1944 production ended the unemployment of the depression era. men going to fight in the war, who Under the pressures of war, even democratic governments lim- will fill the need for workers? • Allies • Jan. — • ited the rights of citizens, censored the press, and used propa- (women) increase Germans ganda to win public support for the war. In the United States and production. surrender at • Canada, many citizens of Japanese descent lost their jobs, prop- ■ Focus Point out the Section Focus • Stalingrad. • • erty, and civil rights. Many Japanese Americans and Japanese Question and write it on the board. • Canadians were even interned in camps after their governments Tell students to refer to this question as they read. (Answer appears with Section 3 Assessment answers.) Vocabulary Builder ■ Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use words from this section. Terms, People, and Places. Teaching Resources, Unit 4, p. 70; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 ■ Have students read this

High-Use Words Definitions and Sample Sentences section using the Paragraph Shrinking incessant, p. 582 adj. uninterrupted; ceaseless strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, Because of the incessant rain yesterday, we never made it to the beach. have students fill in the flowchart describing the sequence of events that inevitable, p. 583 adj. unavoidable; inescapable turned the tide of the war. The soccer squads’ victory in the state finals seemed inevitable, because the team had outplayed its competitor during the entire game. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 183

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decided that they were a security risk. The British took similar action Teach against German refugees. Some 40 years later, both the United States and Canada provided former internees with reparations, or payment for damages, but for many the compensation came too late. All-Out War L3 Women Help Win the War As men joined the military, millions of Instruct women around the world replaced them in essential war industry jobs. ■ Introduce Display Color Transpar- Women, symbolized by the character “Rosie the Riveter” in the United ency 176: World War II Poster. States, built ships and planes and produced munitions. Have students also look at the British British and American women served in the armed forces in many aux- poster on the previous page. Discuss iliary roles—driving ambulances, delivering airplanes, and decoding how posters, advertisements, and mov- messages. In occupied Europe, women fought in the resistance. Marie ies helped to instill patriotism and a Fourcade, a French woman, helped downed Allied pilots escape to safety. desire to cooperate in the war effort. Soviet women served in combat roles. Soviet pilot Lily Litvak, for exam- Color Transparencies, 176 ple, shot down 12 German planes before she herself was killed.

■ Teach Ask Why would Britain and How did the Allies mobilize all of their resources for the the United States need to ration, or war effort? limit, the amount of consumer goods available? (to preserve supplies The Allies Forge Ahead for the war effort) What impact did The years 1942–1943 marked the turning point of the war. The Allies increased production have on the won victories on four fronts—the Pacific, North Africa and Italy, the economy? (It finally ended the Soviet Union, and France—to push back the Axis tide. depression.) Japanese Navy Battered In the Pacific, the Japanese suffered their ■ Quick Activity Ask Why did Allied first serious setback at the Battle of the Coral Sea. The battle lasted for governments intern people with five days in May 1942. For the first time in naval history, the enemy ships Japanese and German ancestry in never even saw each other. Attacks were carried out by planes launched camps? (from fear that they were secu- from aircraft carriers, or ships that transport aircraft and accommodate rity risks) Using the Numbered Heads the take-off and landing of airplanes. The Japanese were prevented from strategy (TE, p. T23), ask students to Air War in the Pacific seizing several important islands. More importantly, the Americans sank discuss the following: In times of war, Allied forces won decisive victories in the one Japanese aircraft carrier and several cruisers and destroyers. does a government have the right to Coral Sea and at Midway Island. The This Allied victory was followed by an even more impressive win at the Japanese pilots below may have taken part Battle of Midway in June 1942, which was also fought entirely from the take away civil liberties? in these battles, which were fought from planes launched from aircraft carriers. How air. The Americans destroyed four Japanese carriers and more than 250 Independent Practice do you think aircraft carriers changed planes. The battle was a devastating blow to the Japanese. After Midway, naval warfare? Japan was unable to launch any more offensive operations. Have students take the role of an Ameri- can woman who has entered the work- Alaska The Big Three Plot Their Strategy After the United States entered force for the first time and write a letter (U.S.) the war, the Allied leaders met periodically to hammer out their strategy. s to a male relative in the army. Have them Sea of land Japan Aleutian Is explain why they wanted to work. JAPAN Tokyo Midway Pearl Haw aiia Harbor n Is Monitor Progress lan ds New As students complete their flowcharts, Guinea circulate to make sure they correctly Guadalcanal Pacific C Ocean o r Coral Sea identify and sequence the key events. a l S e For a completed version of the flowchart, AUSTRALIA a see Note Taking Transparencies, 186

History Background Answers Social Impact of War To meet the needs of total The war also provided new opportunities at home. converted factories from making consumer war, Americans of all backgrounds joined the armed At first, defense industries did not want to hire African goods to making airplanes, tanks, and ships; forces. Filipino and Korean Americans were especially Americans. In 1942, President Roosevelt issued Execu- rationed goods; regulated wages and prices; eager to fight, not only to aid the Allied effort, but also tive Order 8802, which banned discrimination in job worked to recruit all members of society to the to liberate their homelands from Japanese conquest. training programs and in defense industries. He also war effort African Americans were initially limited to support set up the Fair Employment Practices Committee, to Caption Sample: Naval warfare became less pre- roles, but soon were given the opportunity to fight in review charges of job discrimination. By the end of dictable; enemy ships no longer had to be very combat. African American soldiers went on to win the war, nearly two million African Americans worked close to each other to engage in battle. nearly 800 medals. in defense factories.

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INFOGRAPHIC

The Allies Forge Ahead L3

Deadlier bombs, machines that broke secret codes, dive-bombers—all of these Instruct technologies gave those who used them a military advantage. Scientists and ■ Introduce: Key Terms Have students engineers on both sides of World War II created and improved technologies at a find the key term aircraft carrier (in fast and furious pace in a desperate effort to win the war. blue) in the text. Point out that Japan Nylon replaced ᭤ silk as a lightweight was more than 3,000 miles from some material used to of its conquests in Southeast Asia. Ask make parachutes. Why do you think aircraft carriers were such a vital part of the war ᭣ Radar uses the behavior of effort? (Sample: Large fleets were electromagnetic waves to detect needed to move airplanes, troops, and objects. It helped defenders to supplies around the vast area of the “see” and destroy planes before Pacific.) they could reach their targets. ■ Teach Have students refer to the map of the Pacific theater in Section 4 and locate the Battles of Coral Sea and ᭢ Improved sonar technology allowed Midway. Then have them refer to the submarines to use sound waves map of the European theater on the underwater to “see” enemy submarines. next spread to see the location of El Alamein, the points where Italy was Thinking Critically invaded, and the site of Stalingrad. Ask 1. Draw Conclusions Radar helped the How did these battles turn the tide British win the Battle of Britain. Explain for the Allies? (Midway and the Coral why it made such a difference. Sea badly damaged Japanese power, 2. Determine Relevance How did Hitler preventing Japan from launching any use technology in his blitzkrieg tactics? further offensive operations. El Alamein and Stalingrad stopped the Axis powers at their farthest advance. The invasion of Italy was the first assault on the Axis’ In 1942, the “Big Three”—Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin—agreed to homelands.) focus on finishing the war in Europe before trying to end the war in Asia. From the outset, the Allies distrusted one another. Churchill and ■ Analyzing the Visuals To help stu- Roosevelt feared that Stalin wanted to dominate Europe. Stalin believed dents visualize the battle of Stalingrad, the West wanted to destroy communism. None of the new Allies wanted display Color Transparency 177: to risk a breakdown in their alliance, however. At a conference in Tehran, Battle of Stalingrad. Ask a volunteer Iran, in late 1943, Churchill and Roosevelt yielded to Stalin by agreeing to read the description of the battle to let the borders outlined in the Nazi-Soviet Pact stand, against the from the text. As the student reads wishes of Poland’s government-in-exile. However, Stalin also wanted each sentence, point to the map to show Roosevelt and Churchill to open a second front against Germany in West- where the action took place. Then use ern Europe to relieve the pressure on the Soviet Union. Roosevelt and the lesson suggested in the transpar- Churchill replied that they did not yet have the resources. Stalin saw the ency book to guide a discussion. delay as a deliberate policy to weaken the Soviet Union. Color Transparencies, 177 Allied Victory in North Africa In North Africa, the British led by Gen- eral Bernard Montgomery fought Rommel. After the fierce Battle of El Alamein in November 1942, the Allies finally halted the Desert Fox’s advance. Allied tanks drove the Axis back across Libya into Tunisia. Later in 1942, American General Dwight Eisenhower took com- mand of a joint British and American force in Morocco and Algeria. Advancing on Tunisia from the west, the Allies trapped Rommel’s army, which surrendered in May 1943.

Link to Math The Enigma Code Intelligence work helped pro- new device that decoded messages created by a duce the American victory at Midway—and that work revised version of Enigma. The Germans had given an owed its success in part to a Polish mathematician. In Enigma machine to the Japanese, and the Americans Answers the 1930s, the Germans developed a machine called created their own machine to decode it. As a result, Thinking Critically Enigma that allowed them to put military communica- American naval intelligence ofﬁcers intercepted Japa- 1. because it allowed the British to know when tions in code. Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski nese plans to attack Midway. That allowed the navy to German planes were coming and where they led a team that cracked the code. The Polish team have a ﬂeet lying in wait to beat back the Japanese were going gave their information to the British, who developed a attack. 2. Improved aircraft and tank technology helped Hitler to overwhelm his opponents.

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Independent Practice Allies Advance Through Italy With North Africa under their control, ■ Have students fill in the Outline Map the Allies were able to cross the Medi- Europe and North Africa. terranean into Italy. In July 1943, a Teaching Resources, Unit 4, p. 77 combined British and American army landed first in Sicily and then in ■ Have students access Web Code nbp- southern Italy. They defeated the 2931 to take the Geography Interac- Italian forces there in about a month. tive Audio Guided Tour and then After the defeats, the Italians over- answer the map skills questions in threw Mussolini and signed an armi- the text. stice, but fighting did not end. Hitler sent German troops to rescue Musso- Monitor Progress The Pain of Defeat lini and stiffen the will of Italians German prisoners are marched through the fighting in the north. For the next 18 months, the Allies pushed slowly up ■ Have students write a brief paragraph snowy streets of Stalingrad after their defeat the Italian peninsula, suffering heavy losses against strong German resis- by the Soviet army. explaining why Churchill, Roosevelt, tance. Still, the Italian invasion was a decisive event for the Allies because and Stalin cooperated during the war, it weakened Hitler by forcing him to fight on another front. what agreements they reached in their 1942 conference, and what factors Germans Defeated at Stalingrad A major turning point occurred in caused problems among them. the Soviet Union. After their lightning advance in 1941, the Germans were stalled outside Moscow and Leningrad. In 1942, Hitler launched a ■ Circulate to make sure students have new offensive. This time, he aimed for the rich oil fields of the south. His correctly labeled their Outline Maps. troops, however, got only as far as Stalingrad. Administer the Geography Quiz. The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the costliest of the war. Hitler was Teaching Resources, Unit 4, p. 79 determined to capture Stalin’s namesake city, and Stalin was equally determined to defend it. The battle began when the Germans surrounded the city. As winter closed in, a bitter street-by-street, house-by-house struggle raged. A German officer wrote that soldiers fought for two weeks for a single building. Corpses “are strewn in the cellars, on the landings and the staircases,” he said. In November, the Soviets encircled their attackers. Trapped, without food or ammunition and with no hope of rescue, the German commander finally surrendered in January 1943. After the Battle of Stalingrad, the Red Army took the offensive and drove the invaders out of the Soviet Union entirely. Hitler’s forces suffered irreplaceable losses of both troops and equipment. By early 1944, Soviet troops were advancing into Eastern Europe. How did the Allies push back the Axis powers on four fronts?

The Allies Push Toward Germany By 1944, the Western Allies were at last ready to open a second front in Europe by invading France. Allied leaders under Eisenhower faced the enormous task of planning the operation and assembling troops and supplies. To prepare the way for the invasion, Allied bombers ﬂew constant missions over Germany. They targeted factories and destroyed aircraft that might be used against the invasion force. They also bombed railroads and bridges in France.

The D-Day Assault The Allies chose June 6, 1944—known as D-Day— for the invasion of France. Just before midnight on June 5, Allied planes dropped paratroopers behind enemy lines. Then, at dawn, thousands of ships ferried 156,000 Allied troops across the English Channel. The troops

Solutions for All Learners

L2 Less Proﬁcient Readers Answer Tell students that many historians consider the Battle of Use the following resources to help students acquire Midway blocked the Japanese advance in the Stalingrad to be the key turning point in World War II. basic skills.

Paciﬁc. El Alamein was the beginning of the Work with students to help them to ﬁnd reliable internet Adapted Reading and Note Taking end of German control of North Africa. The sources and grade-level reference sources about the bat- Study Guide invasion of Italy attacked one of the Axis home tle. Then challenge them to describe or illustrate one of ■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 183 the aspect battle—for example, the military movements lands. Stalingrad destroyed a large German ■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 184 or daily life in the city. army in the east.

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For: Interactive map and timeline World War II in Europe and North Africa, 1942–1945 Web Code: nbp-2931 The Allies Push Toward Germany L3 Map Skills Axis power reached its height in Europe 2. Place Describe the extent of Axis control in 1942. in 1942. Then the tide began to turn. 3. Make Inferences How did geography both help Instruct 1. Locate (a) Vichy France (b) Soviet Union and hinder Allied advances? ■ (c) El Alamein (d) Normandy (e) Berlin Introduce: Vocabulary Builder Have students read the Vocabulary Builder terms and deﬁnitions. Give them the following sentence and ask 70° N which term would best ﬁll in the blank to complete the sentence: The Europe Axis powers, 1942 10° E Maximum Axis control, 1942 attacks on German cities were Neutral nations, 1942 repeated against Japan. (incessant) Allied territory, 1942 D LAN ■ Allied advances FIN Teach Ask Why did the Americans Major battles SWEDEN and British wait until 1944 to 0° invade France? (They said they were d ngra NORWAY Leni not ready until then.) How long did it 60° N take the Allied forces to liberate

ow Paris and all of France? (about two osc N M I O and half months to regain Paris and a N e S U ic T another month to free the rest of France) 10° W DENMARK lt I E No r t Ba V rad h 5 O ng UNIT 94 S ali What kinds of targets did the Allies ED S e a Danzig 1 St KING 44 43 IREL DOM 19 19 bomb in Germany in 1944? (military AND Elb 43 e R rsk 19 . 1945 Ku Berlin arsaw bases, factories, railroads, oil depots, London NETH. W 1944 3 5 1 94 Dunkirk 194 945 1 and cities) Why was it important for A 44 t l 50° N BELG 19 a n t IUM LUX. Y i c 45 G E R M A N the Allied leaders to meet early in O N 1944 19 c e a ormand AKIA n y Rhine R. SLOV 1945? (They were closing in on Germany P 1945 aris st FRANCE Budape a from both sides by that time, and the Y Yalt HUNGAR SWITZ. NIA e a 4 44 MA k S war in Europe was nearing an end; they 4 19 RO . a c Vichy 9 e R B l 1 anub had to agree on the strategy to end the V ITALY D i 1 2 chy IA ERBIA 4 9 CROAT S 9 France 4 A war and on post-war arrangements.) 4 RI 1 NT. LGA MO BU Y K E 40° U R ■ Quick Activity Show students Triumph N L Rome T A Anzio alerno ALB. G S at Normandy from the Witness U SPAIN EECE T GR ™ R 1944 RIA History Discovery School video O 1943 SY P Q Palermo N IRA program. Ask volunteers to describe .) Sicily (FR ) 1 on R. some of the planning and resources 9 Algiers E ban F 4 Tunis 1943 W Le ( 2 n Spa a nish Algeria R.) needed to carry out the D-Day invasion M (B d orocco S a ine r Ora (FR.) e st o Casa n n S ale j blanca 942 n e a P s of Normandy. 1 e r r a n e d i t in a M bruk ame r To l T M El A iro I O R O ripoli Ca UD C C O T SA BIA RA Conic Projection Tunisia A (FR.) 942 0200 400 mi 19 1 T 43 GYP LIBYA E 0200 400 km

Jan 1943 Jul 1943 Jan 1945 Germans surrender Allied forces Soviets enter Warsaw May 7, 1945 at Stalingrad land in Sicily Germany surrenders 19421943 1944 1945 1946 Nov 1942 Sep 1943 Jun 6, 1944 Mar 1945 British defeat Germans Italians surrender D-Day invasion British and American at El Alamein to Allies at Normandy forces cross Rhine

Answers Map Skills Careers 1. Review locations with students. 2. The Axis controlled all of Eastern and Western Cartographer Mapmakers, or cartographers, help cartographers carry out their work. They turn Europe except the neutral nations (Sweden, Ire- make maps that show geographic data—latitude information taken from observations of the land into land, Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland) and and longitude, the distance between objects, and data that can be incorporated onto maps. These the United Kingdom, which was ﬁghting them. the height or depth of physical features—or other workers need less training than cartographers, and They also controlled the western part of the data, such as political boundaries, the location of the demand for them is expected to grow more rap- Soviet Union and almost all of North Africa. economic resources, and living patterns. They usually idly than for cartographers in the future. However, 3. helped: They could attack Germany from all learn their skills by taking a college degree. They also they earn less than people in cartography, which is sides; hindered: The Americans and British had need strong computer skills. Mapping technicians considered a more advanced career. to move resources through the Atlantic to North Africa and southern Europe.

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Independent Practice BIOGRAPHY ■ Have each student select one of the three leaders, Churchill, Stalin, or Roosevelt. Have them learn more about this leader and then write an obituary, which summarizes his role and achievements during World War II. ■ Have students take the role of a soldier who fought at D-Day and write a letter to family members back home describing the experience.

Monitor Progress Churchill Roosevelt Stalin ■ Have students create an outline of the Winston Churchill (1874–1965) was a In 1933, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Joseph Stalin (1879–1953) was born subsection The Allies Push Toward staunch antisocialist and defender of (1882–1945) started his first term as Joseph Dzhugashvili (joo gush VYEE Germany that organizes and highlights the British Empire. As a member of president, promising to bring the lyee). He changed his name to Stalin, the key points. Parliament, he loudly warned the British United States out of the Great Depres- meaning “man of steel,” after he joined of the threat posed by Nazi Germany. sion. During his second term, FDR lent, the Bolshevik underground in the early ■ Check Reading and Note Taking Study After Neville Chamberlain’s government and then gave, millions of dollars in war 1900s. Stalin emerged as the sole ruler Guide entries for student understanding. failed to defend Norway from Hitler, supplies to the struggling British. of the Soviet Union in the 1920s, and he Churchill replaced him as prime minister Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor quickly maintained an iron grasp on the nation on May 10, 1940. Within seven weeks, brought the United States into the war. until his death in 1953. When Hitler’s France had surrendered, and Nazi forces From the start of American involve- army invaded the Soviet Union and threatened Britain. Churchill’s courage ment, Roosevelt took the lead in estab- threatened Moscow in 1941, Stalin and defiance steeled British resolve in lishing alliances among all countries refused to leave the capital city. He the darkest days of the war when Britain fighting the Axis powers—including the eventually forced the Germans into re- stood alone against the Nazis. How did Soviet Union. How did Roosevelt treat. Why would Churchill and Churchill inspire the British people? influence World War II before Pearl Roosevelt have distrusted Stalin? Harbor?

WITNESS HISTORY VIDEO fought their way to shore amid underwater mines and raking machine-gun ﬁre. As one soldier who landed in the ﬁrst wave of D-Day assault recalled, Watch Triumph at Normandy on the Witness ™ History Discovery School video program to Primary Source experience the planning and execution of the D-Day invasion. It all seemed unreal, a sort of dreaming while awake, men were screaming and “ dying all around me. . . I honestly could have walked the full length of the beach without touching the ground, they were that thickly strewn about. —Melvin B. Farrell, War Memories ” Still, the Allied troops clawed their way inland through the tangled hedges of Normandy. In early August, a massive armored division under American General George S. Patton helped the joint British and Ameri- can forces break through German defenses and advance toward Paris. Meanwhile, other Allied forces sailed from Italy to land in southern France. In Paris, French resistance forces rose up against the occupying Germans. Under pressure from all sides, the Germans retreated. On August 25, the Allies entered Paris. Within a month, all of France was free.

Vocabulary Builder Allies Continue to Advance By this time, Germany was reeling incessant—(in SES unt) adj. under incessant, round-the-clock bombing. For two years, Allied bombers uninterrupted, ceaseless had hammered military bases, factories, railroads, oil depots, and cities.

Solutions for All Learners Answer L4 Advanced Readers L4 Gifted and Talented BIOGRAPHY Churchill: with his courage Point out that the war saw heavy use of air attacks bombing carried out during the war and write an and defiant attitude; Roosevelt: He gave sup- on cities. Explain that cities often held key military essay exploring whether the targeting of cities was plies and guidance to help the British fight the targets, such as factories, railroad depots, bridges, justified, not justified, or justified in some cases but Nazis; Stalin: because he showed ruthlessness and oil facilities. They also held millions of people, not others. Remind students to offer facts as well as in killing or exiling all his rivals before gaining however, and targeting during World War II was not well-reasoned arguments to support their opinions. power and because he had earlier allied him- precise. Have students investigate the issue of the self with Hitler

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The goal of this kind of bombing was to cripple Germany’s industries and destroy the morale of its civilians. In one 10-day period, bombing almost Assess and Reteach erased the huge industrial city of Hamburg, killing 40,000 civilians and forcing one million to ﬂee their homes. In February 1945, Allied raids on Assess Progress L3 Dresden, not an industrial target, but considered one of the most beautiful ■ Have students complete the cities in Europe, killed as many as 135,000 people. Section Assessment. After freeing France, Allied forces battled toward Germany. As their armies advanced into Belgium in December, Germany launched a mas- ■ Administer the Section Quiz. sive counterattack. At the bloody Battle of the Bulge, which lasted more Teaching Resources, Unit 4, p. 67 than a month, both sides took terrible losses. The Germans were unable to break through. The battle delayed the Allied advance from the west, ■ To further assess student under- but only for six weeks. Meanwhile, the Soviet army battled through Ger- standing, use many and advanced on Berlin from the east. Hitler’s support within Ger- Progress Monitoring many was declining, and he had already survived one assassination Transparencies, 125 attempt by senior ofﬁcers in the German military. By early 1945, the Vocabulary Builder defeat of Germany seemed inevitable. inevitable—(in EV ih tuh bul) adj. unavoidable, inescapable Reteach Uneasy Agreement at Yalta In February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, If students need more instruction, have and Stalin met again at Yalta, in the southern Soviet Union. Once again, them read the section summary. the Big Three planned strategy in an atmosphere of distrust. Stalin Reading and Note Taking L3 insisted that the Soviet Union needed to maintain control of Eastern Study Guide, Europe to be able to protect itself from future aggression. Churchill and p. 184 Roosevelt favored self-determination for Eastern Europe, which would give people the right to choose their own form of government. However, Adapted Reading and L1 L2 Churchill and Roosevelt needed Stalin’s help to win the war. Note Taking Study Guide, p. 184 At the Yalta Conference, the three leaders agreed that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan within three months of Ger- Spanish Reading and L2 many’s surrender. In return, Churchill and Roosevelt promised Stalin Note Taking Study Guide, p. 184 that the Soviets would take possession of southern Sakhalin Island, the Kuril Islands, and an occupation zone in Korea. They also agreed that Extend L4 Germany would be temporarily divided into four zones, to be governed by Have students compare the role of Ameri- American, French, British, and Soviet forces. Stalin agreed to hold free elections in Eastern Europe. However, as you will read later, growing can women during World War II to their mistrust would later cause a split between the Allies. role in World War I. Encourage them to do additional research to gather informa- What agreements did Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin tion on both periods. come to at Yalta?

Answer Progress Monitoring Online Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan in return

For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice for gaining land. He also agreed to hold free 3 Web Code: nba-2931 elections in Eastern Europe after the war. They Terms, People, and Places Comprehension and Critical Thinking ● Writing About History all agreed to divide Germany into four occupa- 1. For each term, person, or place listed at 3. Analyze Information How did demo- Quick Write: Develop a Thesis A thesis tion zones. the beginning of the section, write a cratic governments mobilize their econ- statement summarizes the main idea of your sentence explaining its signiﬁcance. omies for war? research paper. The thesis statement should 4. Determine Relevance Explain why express an idea that can be defended or the battles of Midway, El Alamein, refuted. It should also be narrow enough to 2. Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence and Stalingrad were important turn- be addressed clearly in your writing. Use your completed timeline to answer ing points in the war. Based on what you have read, write a the Focus Question: How did the Allies 5. Predict Consequences Why didn’t thesis statement for an essay explaining begin to push back the Axis powers? the Yalta Conference lead to lasting the importance of the Battle of Stalingrad. unity among the Big Three leaders?

3. They directed and controlled economic ● Writing About History Section 3 Assessment resources for the war effort, regulated Students’ thesis statements should explain 1. Sentences should reflect an understanding prices and wages, and enlisted the efforts why Stalingrad was an important battle. of each term, person, or place listed at the of all their citizens. beginning of the section. 4. At Midway, American planes crippled Jap- 2. American air power inflicted heavy losses anese naval power. El Alamein stopped on the Japanese in the Pacific. The Ameri- the German advance in North Africa. cans and British combined to drive the Stalingrad allowed the Soviets to take the Germans out of North Africa and to offensive against the Germans. For additional assessment, have students invade Italy. At the same time, the Soviets 5. Mutual mistrust and differing goals and access Progress Monitoring Online at defeated the Germans at Stalingrad. concerns divided the three leaders. Web Code nba-2931.

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