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Migration Des Pecheurs En Afrique De L'ouest

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Migration Des Pecheurs En Afrique De L'ouest rDIPA/WP/36 September19Dt1 MIGI1 ATION DES PECHEURS EN AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST FAO /COWNIESA /NORWAY DIPA/WP/36 September 1991 MIGRATION DES PECBEURS EN AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST Edité par Jan M. HAAKONSEN & M. Chimère DIAN Programme de Développement Intégré des Péches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest - DIPA. Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa-IDAF. Encooperation avec le Danemark et laNorvége et en collaboration avec la Republique du Bénin, le Département des Péches de laFAO realise depuis Juin1983 un programme de développement s'adressant aux communautés de péches artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Ce programme est base sur une approche intégrée qui tient compte à la fois des aspects techniques du développement et des besoins socio-économiques des communautés de pecheurs. Ce rapport est un document de travail et les conclusions et recommendations données dansce rapportet danslesautres rapports du DIPA (Développement Intégré des Péches Artisanales) sont jugées appropriées au moment de la preparation Les documents de travail n'ont pas été nécessairement approuvés pour publication par le(s) Gouvernment(s) concerne(s) ni par la FAO. Le rapport peut are modifié aufuret à mesure que nos connaissances s'élargissent. Les designations employees et la presentation des elements dans cette publication n'impliquent pas l'expression de quelque opinion que ce soit de la part de la FAO en ce qui concerne le statut légal de tout pays, territoire, ville ou zone ou en ce qui concerne la delimitation des frontières ou limites. Projet DIPA FAO Boite Postale 1369 Cotonou, R. Benin Telex : 5291 FOODAGRI Tél. 33.09.25 Fax : (229) 313649 33.06.24 Mr. Haakonsen est socio-économiste/anthropologue au Programme DIPAaCotonou.Il était le responsable chargé de l'organisation de la table Ronde sur les migrations des pécheurs en Afrique de l'Ouest. Mr. Diaw, qui a participé à cette reunion, suit présentement un stageal'Université Laval au Quebec mais est normalement base au CRODT,Dakar.Il a été engage comme consultantparlaFAO pourassister à la redaction de ce document. Table des matières Page Préface iii Liste des auteurs iv VERS UNE MEILLEURE COMPREHENSION DES MIGRATIONS DES PECHEURS EN AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST, par 1 J.M. Haakonsen GEOGRAPHIE HISTORIQUE DES MIGRATIONS DE PECHE DANS LA ZONE DU COPACE (fin XIXa siècle - années 13 1980), par J.P. Chauveau QUELQUES ASPECTS DES MIGRATIONS DE PECHEURS DU SECTEUR ARTISANAL MARITIME EN MAURITANIE, 39 par H. Diop et I. Thiam LES MIGRATIONS DE PECHE MARITIME AU SENEGAL Essai d'approche quantitative, par C. Chaboud 56 et M. Kébé LA PECHE ARTISANALE EN GAMBIE ET LES MOVEMENTS DES PECHEURS, par G.V. Everett 76 PECHEURS MIGRANTS DE LA CASAMANCE ET "DES RIVIERES DU SUD", par M.C. Diaw 78 NOTES SUR LES PECHEURS MIGRANTS EN GUINEE, 99 par S. Bouju LES MIGRATIONS DES PECHEURS EN SIERRA LEONE Une étude du cas du village de Tombo, par K. Wagner 128 LA PECHE ARTISANALE ET LES MIGRATIONS DES PECHEURS AU LIBERIA, par J.M. Haakonsen 150 LES MIGRATIONS DE PECHEURS EN COTE D'IVOIRE, par K. Delaunay 169 MIGRATION DES PECHEURS FANTE, par I. Odotei 182 LES MIGRATIONS EN PECHE MARITIME ARTISANALE PARMI LES PECHEURS GA-ADANGBE ET LES FEMMES AU GHANA, par E. Bortei-Doku 194 LES MIGRATIONS DES PECHEURS ANLO EWE, par G.K. 221 Nukunya NOTE SUR QUELQUES SPECIFIQUES DES TECHNIQUES DE PECHES ARTISANALES DU GHANA ET LEUR FAIBLE DIFFUSION PAR LA VOIE DES PECHEURS MIGRANTS, 238 par E. Charles-Dominique FLUX ET MOUVEMENTS DANS LE SECTEUR ARTISANAL DE FABRICATION DES PIROGUES AU GHANA, par 248 G.T. Sheves MIGRATION DES PECHEURS AU BENIN ET AU TOGO, par C. Atti-Mama 259 LES MIGRATIONS EN PECHE MARITIME AU NIGERIA, par A. 17ff 274 RAPPORT SUR LA PECHE ARTISANALE AU CAMEROUN ET MOUVEMENTS DES PECHEURS, par G.V. Everett 286 RAPPORT SUR LA GUINEE EQUATORIALE ET LES MIGRATIONS DES PECHEURS, par G.V. Everett 288 LA MIGRATION EN PECHE ARTISANALE AU GABON, par A. IJff. 290 LES MIGRATIONS DES PECHEURS AU CONGO Les pêcheurs dits "Popo", par J. G. Nguinguiri 303 MIGRATION DES FEMMES GHANEENNES TRAVAILLANT DANS LES ENTREPRISES DE PECHE EN PIROGUE, 321 par I. Odotei. PREFACE Ce volume est le recueil des communications presentees à la Table Ronde sur les migrations des pécheurs, Table-Ronde qui s'est tenue à Kokrobite (Ghana) du 6 au 9 Novembre 90. Les participantsavaient été spécifiquement choisis en fonction de leurs connaissances "première main"(acquises par eux-mémes sur le terrain) sur la péche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest et il avait été demandé à cheque participant de presenter une communication sur les migrations de pécheurs dens une region ou pays donnés de l'Afrique de l'Ouest ou bien sur les migrations d'un groupe ethnique spécifique. Quelques unes de cescommunications n'entrent pas dans cette catégorie, comme la première qui esten quelque sorte un compte-rendu de la Table-Ronde, la seconde donton avait demandé l'auteur de presenter un apergu historique desmigrations de pécheurs en Afrique de l'Ouest et ladernière pour laquelle l'auteur s'est gentiment propose de presenterune étude supple.- mentaire sur lerale très important des femmes dans les migrations, aspect souvent negligé lors de l'étudedes phénomènes de migration. Deux autres publications ont étédes contributions de dernière minute, se rapportant à des sujetsplus techniques (péche à la seine et fabrication de pirogues)tandis que G.V. Everett a eu l'amabilité d'apporter les complementsd'information sur les pays où pour une raison ou une autre,nous n'avions pu identifier à tempsla personne qualifiée pour préparerune communication. Certaines descommunications de cet ouvrage ont été l'origine presentees en anglais etnous nous excusons pour toute éventuelle infidélité dans la traduction. La versionanglaise de tousles documents est de toutesfagons désormais également disponible. Je saisis l'occasion encore une foispour remercier les différents auteursde leurs contributions qui, jel'espere, permettrad'avoir une meilleure comprehensionde la péche artisanale dans sonensemble en Afrique de l'Ouestetdes migrations des pécheurs en particulier. Cotonou, Juillet 1991 J. M. H. iv Iciste rims anteurs (Les noms avec un * sont ceux des personnes n'ayant pas pris part à la reunion de Kokrobite). Cyriaque ATTI-MAMA* Sociologue au Projet pilote Benin, Cotonou actuellement en stage l'Université du Quebec Rimousky, Canada. Stéphane BOUJU Anthropologue à l'ORSTOM/Centre de rechercheshalieutiques de Boussoura, Conakry Emmanuel CHARLES- Biologiste à l'ORSTOM/Montpellier précé- DOMINIQUE dement au CRO d'Abidjan plusieurs années. Karine DELAUNAY Historien - Allocataire de Recherche au CRA, Université de Paris I. Hamady DIOP Economiste au C.N.R.O.P. à Nouadhibou, Mauritanie. J.M. HAAKONSEN Socio-économiste/Anthropologue FAO au Programme DIPAe,Cotonou Dr. Ellen BORTEI-DOKU Sociologue rural - Chercheur a l'Institut des Etudes sociales et de recherches économiques (ISSER) Université du Ghana Accra-Legon. Christian CHABOUD * Economiste ORSTOM au Centre de recherches océanographiques de Dakar- Thiaroye (CRODT). Jean-Pierre CHAUVEAU Sociologue; Directeur de Laboratoire l'ORSTOM de Montpellier, précédemment en poste à Abidjan et Dakar. M. Chimère DIAW Sociologue-Anthropologue, Coordonnateur du Projet Casamance au CRODT, actuellement en stage & l'Université de Level Quebec. Georges V. EVERETT Biologiste, Coordonnateur du Programme FAO pour le Développement Intégré de la peche artisanale en Afrique de 1-Ouest (DIPA) dont le siege est à Cotonou. Annet M. IJff Anthropologue - Expert associé FAO au Programme DIPA à Cotonou. V Moustapha KEBE Economiste l'Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agronomiques (ISRA) au CRODT/DAKAR. Dr. G.K. NUKUNYA Sociologue - Professeur au Département de Sociologie de l'Université du Ghana. Dr. Gordon T. SHEVES Economiste-Géographe, Expert FAO pour la pêche, Ancien conseiller technique principal Projet Pilote Bénin (DIPA) Dr. Kurt WAGNER Sociologue au Projet de développement des pêchee de Tombo financé par la GTZ, Sierra Léone. Jean-Claude NGUINGUIRI Ingénieur Agronome/Socio-économiste l'ORSTOM/Pointe Noire CONGO. Dr. Irêne ODOTEI Historien - Maitre de conférences l'Institut des EtudesAfricaines de l'Université du Ghana. Ismaila THIAM * Economiste au CNROP de Nouadhibou. VERB UNE MEILLEURE COMPREHENSION DES MIGRATIONS DES PECHEURS EN AHRIQUE DE L'OUEST* Par Jan M. Haakonsen 1. Généralités C'est pratiquement depuis son démarrage. en 1983 que le Programme pour le développement intégré de la pêche artisanale DIPA a compris l'impact très important des migrationsou des déplacements des pêcheurs sur la plupart des différentes formes de pêcheries artisanales de la région. Le premier projet associé du DIPA, le projet pilote du Bénin, avait considéréce phénoméne comme une entrave inattendue à ses efforts de développement. Etant donné que l'approche du projet était entièrement baséesur la participation communautaire et la consultationdes populations de la zone cötière pour lesquelles le Gouvernement avaitdemandé une assistance au développement, le projet pilote a été amenda consulter les communautés qui s'y sont prêtés volontiers. Sans tarder, il est apparu cependant, qu'en dépit de leur taille moyenne de 500 individus environ, de nombreuses communautés" étaient loin d'être des entités homogénes vu que certaines d'entre elles comprenaient des immigrants"temporaires" sans aucune possibilité d'être propriétaires de plein droit et donc considérés comme des "étrangers"(bien que nombre d'entre eux soient de nationalité béninoise). Le fait additionnelque la plupart des pêcheurs eux-mêmes,principal groupe cible d'un projet de pêche, appartenaient à cette collectivité"étrangère" qui avait peu ou pas du tout droit à la parole dans les affaires de leur communauté höte prise dans son ensemble,a constitué un problème particulier au Projet. Ainsi, un grand nombre des besoins prioritaires pour le développement des villages, présentés lors des enquêtes communautaires avaitpeu de rapport avec la pêche ou autres activités s'y rapportant. Cet exemple brièvement résumé est inclu icijuste pour donner une idée des problèmes que les agents de développementdes pêches rencontrent en Afrique de l'Ouest si le facteur migration n'est pas bien pris en compte.
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