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Fishermen's Migrations in West Africa

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Fishermen's Migrations in West Africa FAO LIBRARY FICHE AN: 317533-577 (OAF/ WP /36 April19:11 FISHERMEN'S MIGRATIONS IN 'WEST AFRICA FAO /DANIDA/NORWAY IDAF/WP/36 April 1991 FISHERMEN'S MIGRATIONS IN WEST AFRICA Edited by Jan M. HAAKONSEN & M. Chimère DIAW Programme de Développement Intégré des Péches Artisanales en Afrique de l'OUEST - DIPA Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa-IDAF. With financial assistance from Denmark and in collaboration with the Republic of Benin, the Fisheries Department of FAO is implementing in West Africa a programme of small scale fisheries development, commonly called the IDAF Project. Thisprogramme is based upon an integrated approach involving production, processing and marketing of fish, and related activities ; it alsoinvolvesan active participation of the targetfishing communities. This report isa working paper and the conclusions and recommendations are those considered appropriate at the time of preparation. The working papers havenotnecessarilybeen cleared for publication by the government (s)concerned nor by FAO. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages of the Project andissued later in other series. The designations employed and the presentation ofmaterial do not imply the expression of any opinionon the part of FAO or a financing agency concerning the legal status ofany country or territory, city or area, or concerning the determinationof its frontiers or boundaries. IDAF Project FAO Boite Postale 1369 Cotonou, R.Benin Telex :5291 FOODAGRI Tél. 330925/330624 Fax : (229) 313649 Mr. Jan Haakonsen is socio-economist/anthropologist at the IDAF programme in Cotonou and the organizer of theKokrobite Round Table on Fishermen's Migrations in West Africa.Mr. Diaw, a participant at the same meeting, is currentlyon study leave at the Université Laval in Québec, though normallybased at CRODT, Dakar. He was hired as a consultant by FAO to helpedit this volume. Table of Contents Pages Preface List of authors iv TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF FISHERMEN'S MIGRATIONS IN WEST AFRICA, by J. M. Haakonsen 1 THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF FISHERIES MIGRATIONS IN THE CECAF REGION (end of 19th century - 1980's), by J.P. Chauveau 12 SOME ASPECTS OF FISHERMEN's MIGRATIONS IN THE ARTISANAL MARITIME SECTOR OF MAURITANIA, by H. Diop & I. Thiam 36 MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS IN MARINE FISHERIES, SENEGAL A Quantitative Study, by C. Chaboud & M. Kébé 52 NOTE ON THE ARTISANAL FISHERY OF THE GAMBIA, AND THE MOVEMENT OF FISHERMEN, by G.V. Everett 75 MIGRANT FISHERMEN FROM CASAMANCE AND SOUTHERN RIVER AREAS, by M.C. Diaw 77 NOTES ON FOREIGN MIGRANT FISHERMEN IN GUINEA, by S. Bouju 94 FISHERMEN's MIGRATIONS IN SIERRA LEONE : A case Study of Tambo Fishing Village, by K. Wagner 119 ARTISANAL FISHERIES AND FISHERMEN's MIGRATIONS IN LIBERIA, by J.M. Haakonsen 136 ARTISANAL MARITIME FISHERIES IN COTE D'IVOIRE, by K. Delaunay 157 ii MIGRATIONS OF FANTE FISHERMEN, by I. Odotei 168 MIGRATIONS IN ARTISANAL MARINE FISHERIES AMONG GA-ADANGBE FISHERMEN AND WOMEN IN GHANA, by E. Bortei-Doku 180 THE ANLO-EWE FISHERMEN's MIGRATIONS, by G.K. Nukunya 208 A NOTE ON SOME SPECIFICITIES OF THE ARTISANAL FISHING TECHNIQUES IN GHANA AND THEIR LOW DIFFUSION THROUGH MIGRANT FISHERMEN, by E. Charles- Dominique 223 FLOWS AND MOVEMENTS IN THE GHANAIAN CANOE CARVING INDUSTRY, by G.T. Sheves 233 FISHERMEN's MIGRATIONS IN TOGO AND BENIN, by C. Atti-Mama 243 MIGRATIONS IN ARTISANAL MARINE FISHERIES IN NIGERIA, by A. Ijff 255 REPORT ON MARINE ARTISANAL FISHERIES OF CAMEROON AND MOVEMENTS OF FISHERMEN, by G.V. Everett 266 REPORT ON FISHERIES IN EQUATORIAL GUINEA AND MIGRA- TIONS OF ARTISANAL FISHERMEN, by G.V. Everett 268 MIGRATIONS IN ARTISANAL MARINE FISHERIES IN GABON, by A. Ijff 270 FISHERMEN MIGRATIONS IN CONGO: The so-called "Popo" fishermen, by J. C. Nguinguiri 283 THE MIGRATION OF GHANAIAN WOMEN IN THE CANOE FISHING INDUSTRY, by I. Odotei 294 iii Preface This is a collection of papers presented at the Round Table on Fishermen Migrations which took place in Kokrobite (Ghana) 6-9 November 1990. The participants were especially selected on basis of their first-hand knowledge of artisanal fisheries in West Africa and assigned to write a paper on fishermen's migrations in a specific country or area of West Africa or about the migrations of a specific ethnic group. A few papers do not fall within this category, including the first which is a sort of report on the round-table; the second, where the author wasasked to present a historical overview of West African fishermen's migrations; and the last, where the author kindly volunteered to present an "extra" paper on the very importantrole women play in the migration of fishermen, an often neglected aspect of the phenomenon.Two others were relevant last-minute contributions of a more technical nature (purse-seining and canoe carving), while G.V. Everett kindly filled in information on countries where for one reason or other we were unable to identify a suitable contributor in time for the meeting. Some of the papers in this volume were originally presented in French, and we apologize for any possible inaccuracies in the translation. The French version of all the papers is in any case under preparation. I take the opportunity once again to thank the various authors for their papers which I think will greatly increase the readers' understanding of artisanal fisheries in West Africa in general and their mov'ements in particular. J.M.H. Cotonou, April 1991. iv LIST OF AUTHORS (Those marked with and asterisk (*) did not take partinthe Kokrobite meeting) Cyriaque ATTI-MAMA* Dr. Ellen BORTEI-DOKU Sociologist at the Benin Rural sociologist ; Researcher Model Project in Cotonou ; at the Institute of Social Studies currently on study leave and Economic Research (ISSER), at the University du Quebec University of Ghana, à Rimouski, Canada Accra - Legon Stéphane BOUJU Christian CHABOUD* Anthropologist attached Economist with ORSTOM to ORSTOM/Centre de at the Centre de Recherches Recherches Halieutiques Océanographiques de de Boussoura, Conakry Dakar-Thiaroye (CRODT) Emmanuel CHARLES-DOMINIQUE Jean Pierre CHAUVEAU Biologist at ORSTOM Sociologist; Director of Montpellier; previously Studies at ORSTOM several years at CRO Montpellier; previously in Abidjan stationed in Abidjan and Dakar Karine DELAUNAY M. Chimére DIAW Historian ; Research Sociologist/Anthropologist ; Fellow at the CRA of the Coordinator of the Casamance University of Paris I project at CRODT ; currently on study-leave at Université Laval, Quebec City Hamady DIOP George V. EVERETT Economist at the Centre Biologist ; Coordinator of the FAO de Recherches Océnogra- Programme for Integrated Develop- phiques et de Péches ment of Artisanal Fisheries in West (CNROP) in Nouadhibou Africa (IDAF) based in Cotonou Mauritania Jan M. HAAKONSEN AnnetM. IJFF Socio-economist/ APO Anthropologist with Anthropologist with the the FAO-DIPA FAO-DIPA Programme in ProgrammeinCotonou Cotonou Moustapha KEBE Jean-Claude NGUINGUIRI Economist with the Institut Agricultural engineer/ Senegalais de Recherches socio-economist with DGRST Agronomiques (ISRA) at at the ORSTOM centre in CRODT in Dakar Pointe-Noire, Congo Dr.G.K. NUKUNYA Dr.Irene ODOTEI Sociologist ; Professor Historian ; Lecturer at the Dept. of Sociology, at the Institute of University of Ghana African Studies, University of Ghana Dr.Gordon T. SHEVES Ismaila THIAM* Geographer/economist; FAO Economist at the fisheries expert, former CNROP in Nouadhibou Chief Technical Adviser for the Benin Model Project, Cotonou Dr.Kurt WAGNER Sociologist in the GTZ financed Tombo Fisheries Development Project, Sierra Leone TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF FISHERMEN'S MIGRATIONS IN WEST AFRICA by Jan M. Haakonsen 1. Background Almost since its inceptionin 1983, the Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheriesin West Africa (IDAF) has realized the enormous importance fishermen's migrations or fishermen's movements in West Africa do have in most aspects of artisanal fisheries in the region. IDAF's first associated project,the Benin Model Project,encountered the phenomenonas an unexpected complication in itsdevelopment effort.As the whole project approach was based on community participation and consultation in the coastal communities where the Government had requested development assistance, the Model Project went about to consult with the communities, receiving good response. Soon, however, it emerged that, despite their moderate sizes of the order of 500 individuals or so, many "communities" were far from homogeneous entities, as part of them were composed of "temporary" immigrants without any rights to own property and thus seen as"foreigners" (though many are actually Beninese nationals). Particularly problematic for the project was the additional fact that mostof thefisherfolk, obviously the primary target group for a fisheries project, belonged to this "foreign" group which had little or no voice in the affairs of their host community as a whole. Thus many of the priority needs for development in the villages presented in community consultations had in fact little to do with fishing or related activities. This grossly summarized example is included here just as an illustration of the problems fisheries development agents may run into in West Africa if the migration factor is not taken into proper consideration. On a wider scale, ignoring the importance of migrant fishermen may lead to policy decisions by governments which drastically reduce national fish-production and increase import dependency, as we have seen several examples of in the sub-region since the 1960's. 2 It is on this background that a development agencylike FAO and a regional coordinating artisanal fisheries programme like IDAF, have focused on the occurrence of migrations of West African fishermen. Among the first efforts in this direction was to engage the former IDAF socio-economist to do a two month study of migrations in the Gulf of Guinea.It soon became clear, however, that two months were barely enough to catch a glimpse of such a wide-spread phenomenon.
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